LIETUVIŲ KALBOTYROS KLAUSIMAI XL (1998)

Daiva MURMULAITYTĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas, Vilnius

DERIVATIVES WITH THE SUFFIX -ynė(s) IN THE “MODERN LITHUANIAN DICTIONARY”

Word formation in Lithuanian has been extensively studied from both historical and synchronic perspectives. The use of computers has made it possible to diversify this research, for example, by also examining word formation statistically. Of course, rigorous statistical analysis is not simply a matter of counting words; nevertheless, it is useful at the outset to have precise absolute and relative data on word formation, since no exact statistics have been available to date. Working with the computerized version of the “Modern Lithuanian Dictionary” (hereafter DLKŽ(k)), the aim was to calculate how many derivatives with a particular suffix it contains in total, how they are distributed among the general word-formation meanings, from which parts of speech and what structural types of base words they are formed, whether their derivational base has changed (and how), and so on.

1. General data

In DLKŽ(k), 189 words end in -ynė¹. Rūgštynė and stýpynė are listed twice because each has two possible stress patterns. In 11 cases (5.82%), these are not derivatives with the suffix -ynė: aguõntrynė, dynė ntk., gadýnė psn., linãmynė, mynė, pynė, plýnė, šeivãtrynė, trynė, urkštýnė and žvýnė. Two place names are formed with the compound suffix -umynė: klampumynė, tankumynė. Three other words contain the suffix -ynė but are not its derivatives—their base words already had it; that is, the suffix -ynė was a derivational formant at an earlier stage of word formation, for example, papušynė (: pušynas), protėvynė (: tėvynė) and gūndotrynė (: nótrynė). Thus, 173 words remain as derivatives with the suffix -ynė. This represents 91.53% of all words with this ending and 98.30% of all words containing this suffix.

Twenty plural nouns are derivatives with the suffix -ynės. Because of its two possible stress patterns, the word rūgštynės (2, 1) is listed twice in DLKŽ(k).

2. Derivatives by word-formation categories

Before classifying derivatives with this suffix into word-formation categories and determining how many derivatives belong to each category, it should be noted that

¹ Of course, a computer is not needed to statistically study a dataset of this size; however, for instance, there are about 14,500 nouns with the suffix -imas in DLKŽ(k). Thus, the study of derivatives with the suffix -ynė was simply intended to test some of the possibilities offered by working with a computer.

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Often, one and the same word, having several meanings, may belong to several derivational categories, e.g., nakvynė 1. “a place to stay overnight,” 2. “staying overnight.” Therefore, in studying the derivational statistics of derivatives, not only the number of words themselves but also the number of their meanings is important. In this article, the term sememe is used for a word in any one of its meanings, as distinct from a derived word in general, which may have more meanings. There are 228 such sememes of the suffix -ynė in DLKŽ(k).

Turning to a discussion of verb-based derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s), a couple of remarks are in order regarding the word dilgynė. In DLKŽ(k), it is presented as a word with two meanings: 1. see d i l g ė l ė (bot. “a weed, medicinal and fiber plant whose stems and leaves bear stinging hairs (Urtica)”); 2. see d i l g ė l y n a s (“a place overgrown with nettles”). In LKŽ II 549, it is likewise a word with two meanings, but they are presented somewhat differently: 1. “a clump of nettles”; 2. “a nettle,” although examples for the first meaning—Dilgynei radau vištą periant Ds. and others—would also be suitable for illustrating the meaning ‘place’. Thus, two homonyms may be discerned here, differing not only in their general derivational meaning but also in being formed from words belonging to different parts of speech: dilgynė “nettle” denotes an agent or bearer of a property (depending on which word is considered the base—the verb dilginti or the adjective dilgus), whereas dilgynė “a nettle patch” denotes a place, and its base is the noun dilgė. Since there is uncertainty about which word to treat as the base of the first homonym, it is excluded from the statistics².

2.1. Derivatives with the suffix -ynė may be based on verbs and nominal words (nouns and adjectives). There are 72 derivatives formed from verbs, with a total of 116 meanings. These account for 41.62% of all words formed with this suffix (51.10% when sememes are counted). Nominal words serve as bases for 101 words, with a total of 111 meanings (58.38% and 48.90%). It is striking that the ratio of verb-based to nominal-based derivatives differs when words and sememes are counted. Counting words, verb-based and nominal-based derivatives with the suffix -ynė are distributed in an approximate ratio of 4:6, whereas counting sememes gives roughly equal proportions. The nearly 10% difference arises because more polysemous words are formed from verbs than from nominal words. This is because the derivational categories characteristic of verb-based derivatives have long been interconnected: names of actions, results of actions, instruments, places, and agents are often formed with the same affixes (cf. DDR 18, 232). Nominal-based derivatives in DLKŽ(k) much more often than verb-based ones have only a single meaning (cf. 92.16% and 60.44%, respectively).

It was noted that DLKŽ(k) contains 20 plural derivatives with the suffix -ynės. The word rūgštynės is formed from an adjective; the other 19 are verb-based derivatives. One of them—stumdynės—has two meanings: 1. “a crush”; 2. “a brawl, a scuffle.”

²In what follows, derivatives of uncertain formation are likewise excluded from the statistics; percentages are calculated using only examples with clear derivation.

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2.2. P. Skardžius’s work (LKŽD 270–272) only briefly and very approximately identifies the main derivational meanings of derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s). From V. Urbutis’s chapter on noun formation in “Lietuvių kalbos gramatika” (hereafter LKG), we learn that derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) may generally be: action nouns (NA), agent nouns³ (NAg), nouns denoting bearers of a property⁴ (NAt), instrument nouns (NI), place nouns (NL), collective nouns (NC), and names of feasts and rituals (NF)⁵. NAt (LKG I §596 15), §597 2)) and NC (LKG I §730 4)) are characteristic of nominal-based derivatives; NA (LKG I §443), NAg (LKG I §515), NL (LKG I §642), and NF (LKG I §738 1)) of verb-based derivatives; while NL (LKG I §668) occurs with both nominal- and verb-based derivatives.

Turning to an overview of the statistics for verb-based derivatives, here are several examples whose assignment to one or another derivational type is uncertain.

Gužynė colloq. “a merry-making, a dance, a party” could be an NA, but compare gėrynė “drinking intoxicating beverages, a drinking bout,” which is an NF (LKG I §738 1)).

Maišalynė 1. “a dish made from various ingredients” and makalynė 2. “a poor, mixed-up meal” are probably NR or a concretized NA. LKG does not indicate that verb-based derivatives with this suffix can denote the result of an action; however, as noted above, NA, NR, NI, as well as NL and NAg, are closely related, and it is sometimes difficult to determine unequivocally which derivational category a derivative belongs to. The derivatives maišalynė and makalynė denoting dishes are classified here as NR.

Maišalynė 2. “confusion, disorder” and makalynė 3. figurative “confusion, muddle, disorder” are counted together with NA. The derivative kamšalynė is also considered to belong to this derivational category: DLKŽ(k) explains it with a single word, “kamšatis,” which in turn means a crowding together, a crush. It is true that in LKG I §668 a similar derivative, kamšynė (kimšynė) “crowding together, a crush,” is listed alongside other place names. P. Skardžius (LKŽD 270) regards the word kamšynė “crowding together, a crush” as an NA.

Pādanỹnė 2. collective “tools, implements.” Although marked as collective, this derivative should apparently be considered an NI. Collective derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) are usually based on nouns (āvalynė, bimbalynė, patalynė, etc.). LKM 80 states that collective nouns are not formed from verbs. On the other hand, NC (admittedly, predominantly nominal-based) is most closely associated with place names (LKŽD 271, LKG I §725), and these can also be formed from verbs; cf. knibždynė.

³ In LKG, these are also called names of bearers of a verbal property.

⁴ LKG uses the term names of bearers of a nominal property.

⁵ The conventional notation is based on the Latin names of derivational categories: NA – nomina actionis, NAg – nomina agentis, NAt – nomina attributiva, NR – nomina resultativa, NI – nomina instrumenti, NL – nomina loci, NC – nomina collectiva, and NF – nomina feriarum et ritualia. The article also uses the abbreviations NL(C) (denoting place names that also have a collective meaning) and NLgr (meaning “pure” place names).

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“a moving, bustling multitude,” makalynė 1. “a liquid muddy place, a bog,” makasynė “same,” marmalynė 1. “muddy ground”; 2. “a quagmire, a bog,” mirgalynė “a multitude of shimmering things”—these derivatives are counted here together with place names, as in LKG. In the tables at the end of the article, derivatives of this kind are distinguished from all place names by the abbreviation NL(C), but together with the other (“pure,” lacking a collective-meaning nuance) place names they form the general derivational category NL.

The meaning of Sėdynė, “a place to sit in a carriage, a seat,” LKŽD 271, LKG I §642, and probably also LKMA 65 and LKM 78 (since the meaning of this word is not specified there), is classified as a name of an instrument. However, it is doubtful that this word means an instrument in the sense “the part of the body one sits on, the buttocks.” Perhaps these are place names in both cases? In any case, instrument names tend to become place names (not only in Lithuanian); they are formed with the same suffixes (cf. DDR 208). On the other hand, it has already been mentioned that place names with this suffix usually also denote a collection of things (although this is more characteristic of nominal derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s)). That is not the case here. Thus, in its first meaning, “a seat,” this word is counted among place names, whereas the second sememe, like gužynė, is not included in the statistics.

2.3. Thus, the distribution of verbal derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) across word-formation categories is examined on the basis of 114 derivatives (sememes) whose formation is clear, as listed in DLKŽ(k).

The data in Table 1 show that almost half (42.98%) of the derivatives under discussion in the dictionary are instrument names (e.g., griežynė, laidynė), while action names (e.g., kaitalynė, lojynė) make up slightly more than one tenth (12.28%). On the other hand, among plural derivatives with the suffix -ynės, verbal abstracts predominate (90.00%, e.g., badynės, gaudynės, etc.). Their large share somewhat alters the overall statistical picture as well: action names make up almost a quarter (23.88%) of derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s). This derivational category rises from fourth to second place, surpassing place and agent names (18.66% and 17.16%, respectively). The dictionary contains no plural examples in the latter two categories or among names of action results. About three quarters of the place names formed from verbs denote only a place and have no additional collective-meaning nuance, e.g., čiuožynė, landynė, pėrdary­nė, slėpynė, etc.

Agent names may be of common gender—18 (78.26%)—or feminine gender—5 (21.74%). The latter usually denote objects; some can also be considered instrument names, e.g., tarškynė “some object that makes a rattling sound, a rattle, a clatterer” (cf. the word terkšlė has five meanings, and in all five cases these are instrument names). If this derivative, as well as girgždynė “something that creaks, a creaking contraption” (cf. padarynė 1. “implement, tool”) and spygy­nė “a tiny lantern” were considered instrument names (LKG I §515 nevertheless assigns girždynė and spy­gynė to NAg, as does DLKG §245, although their meanings are not given here—

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the number of examples of this type would increase somewhat, but the position of NAg among the other action categories would remain unchanged.

2.4. It has already been mentioned that 101 words (111 sememes) are formed from nominal bases with the suffix -ynė. By their base words, they are distributed as follows: from nouns—84 words (83.17% of all denominal derivatives), or 88 sememes (79.28%); from adjectives—17 words (16.89%), or 23 sememes (20.72%). One adjectival derivative, rūgštynė (2, 1), is listed twice because it has two possible stress patterns.

LKG indicates that nominal derivatives with the suffix -ynė may belong to the following derivational categories: names of possessors of a property (NAt, LKG I §596 15), §597 2)), place names (NL, LKG I §668), and collective nouns (NC, LKG I §830 4)).

In examining the distribution of denominal derivatives with the suffix -ynė across derivational categories, the word jovalynė “something that is messed up or mixed together; disorder” was first set aside, because it is unclear which derivational category it belongs to. There are only three examples of NAt: puodynė “an earthenware pot; the amount it holds,” rupūžynė 2. vulgar “an ugly thing,” vakar(y)nė “a northwesterly wind on the Curonian Lagoon coast.” These account for 3.45% of all nominal sememes. LKG I §597 2) gives dialectal, Samogitian derivatives with the suffix -ynė that name foods: bulbynė, kankolynė, etc. There are no examples of this category in DLKŽ(k).

Eighty-one derivatives (93.10% of all those formed from nouns) denote places. In 36 cases, the words many or abundant are used to define the place, e.g.: beržynė “a place where many birches grow,” žabynė “a place where brushwood is abundant”; thus, they are also collective nouns. A collection may, however, be expressed in another way, e.g., alksnynė “a place overgrown with alders.” Also noteworthy are various names for land, as well as for meadows, bogs, roads, forests, and the like: durpynė “wet, peaty land near peat deposits,” kupstynė “a hummocky place, a meadow,” ledynė “a place covered with ice, an icy road,” liūgynė “a place with liūgai, a muddy place,” miškynė “a wooded place,” velėnynė “a place with an unbroken turf cover, uncultivated land,” etc. Thus, NL(C) is much more numerous: 77 (95.06% of all NL), i.e., almost all denominal place names also denote a collection of things. DLKŽ(k) contains only three words (four sememes, 4.94%) among “pure” place names (NLgr): šilynė “a sandy heath,” i.e., “land beside sand”; tėvynė 1. “homeland”; 2. “place of origin”; uosvynė “the in-laws’ home.”

Three derivatives (3.45% of all denominal sememes) are collective nouns: avalynė “footwear” (cf. LKG I §730 4), DLKG §443 3), although P. Skardžius’s LKŽD 271 classifies it as NI), kirmėlyne 2. figurative “a swarm” (if we regard this as a “pure” collective noun without an additional place-meaning nuance, since this derivative is NL(C) in its first meaning—1. “a multitude of worms; a place where there are many worms”), patalynė “all the bedding (sheet, blanket, pillow).”

Seventeen derivatives with the suffix -ynė are formed from adjectives (16.83% of all words derived from nominals); together, they have 23 meanings (20.72% of all nominal sememes). The great majority—19 (82.61%)—are place names, e.g., dykynė 1. “a poor field”; 2. “an empty, uninhabited place,” kiau(r)ynė 1. “a hole,”

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‘hollow; emptiness’; 2. ‘abyss, chasm⁶, mėlynė 1. ‘a blue mark on the body (usually from a bruise)’; 2. ‘the blue of the sky, azure’; 3. specialist term: ‘blue discoloration of sapwood caused by a fungus’.

3 words (4 sememes (17.39%)) denote possessors of a property: mėlynė 4. bot. ‘a shrub of the heather family growing in forests and bogs, bearing blue, juicy, somewhat tart berries (Vaccinium myrtillus); its berry’, rūgštynė bot. ‘a wild and cultivated edible and medicinal plant of the dock family, a weed (Rumex)’, šlykštynė 1. ‘a disgusting object or thing’; 2. colloq. ‘a disgusting person or animal’.

DLKŽ(k) contains only one plural nominal derivative with the suffix -ynės. This is NAt rūgštynės, derived from an adjective.

The data in Table 2 show that the vast majority of nominal derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) (90.10%) denote places; about three quarters of them (77.00%) also carry a collective-meaning nuance, while ‘pure’ collective nouns account for just 2.70%.

2.5. Of the eight derivational categories mentioned, NL stands out in that place-denoting derivatives with the suffix -ynė are formed from both verbs and nominals. Derivatives in the remaining seven derivational categories are either verbal (NI, NA, NAg, NF, and NR) or nominal (NAt and NC, the latter being exclusively substantival).

Four times as many NL derivatives with the suffix -ynė are formed from nominals as from verbs (80.00% and 20.00%), but DLKŽ(k) has more verbal derivatives (20.00%) than adjectival ones (15.20%).

Place names often also denote an accumulation of things and can therefore be considered collective nouns as well. The vast majority of NL(C) derivatives are formed from nouns; the dictionary contains no examples derived from adjectives, and very few derived from verbs (7.23%, just 6 sememes, e.g., knibždynė ‘a moving, wriggling mass’, makalynė 1. ‘a watery muddy place, a mire’, makasynė ‘same’, etc.)⁷.

‘Pure’ place names (NLgr) are formed in nearly equal proportions from verbs (45.24%) and nominals (54.76%), but there are five times as many adjectival derivatives as substantival ones (45.24% and 9.52%).

The ratio of verbal NLgr to NL(C) is inversely proportional to the ratio of nominal NLgr to NL(C): more ‘pure’ place names are formed from verbs, whereas the vast majority of nominal place names also carry a collective-meaning nuance. This is especially characteristic of derivatives from nouns (77 sememes are NL(C), e.g., alksnynė ‘a place overgrown with alders’, and only 4 are NLgr, e.g., tėvynė 1. ‘native land’; 2. ‘place of origin’).

Overall, place names account for about half (51.02%) of all derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) in DLKŽ(k).

⁶ P. Skardžius, in LKŽD 272, classifies kiáurynė ‘narrowness, hole’ as a derivative with a different meaning (i.e., not NA, NAg, NI, NC, or NL).

⁷ Darybos raidos požiūriu tokius vedinius nagrinėjo S. Ambrazas (1995: 185–186, 196).

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3. Derivatives by number of meanings

3.1. There are 37 unambiguous deverbal derivatives with the suffix -ynė (50.68% of all words derived from verbs with this suffix): NI – 15, NL – 10, NAg – 7, NA – 3, NF – 1,? – 1 (gužynė); 18 derivatives were formed with the suffix -ynės (94.74%): NA – 16, NI – 1, NF – 1; altogether, with -ynė(s) – 55 (60.44%): NA – 19, NL – 16, NL – 10, NAg – 7, NF – 2,? – 1. Thus, unambiguous deverbal derivatives are predominantly action names (34.55% of all unambiguous deverbal derivatives).

36 (39.56%) of the words formed from verbs have more than one meaning: with -ynė – 35 (48.61%), with -ynės – 1 (5.26%, stumdynės – both of the previously mentioned meanings are NA). Thirty words have two meanings, and in 15 of these both meanings belong to the same derivational category⁸; 3 have three meanings each (one, paláidynė, names tools in all three cases); 3 have four meanings each (all four meanings of landynė and laužynė are NL, while those of sukynė are NI).

For 57.14% of all polysemous deverbal derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s), all meanings belong to the same derivational category; most of them name tools (55.00%).

By derivational meaning, 15 (41.66%) of the polysemous words may belong to two derivational categories; in 8 cases (53.34%) these are NI and NAg (in seven of them (87.50%), the first meaning is NI), in 4 cases (26.67%) they are NA and NAg (the first meaning of all the words is NA), and in 1 case each (6.67%) they are NA and NL (nakvynė), NI and NL (stovynė), and NR and NA (maišalynė). If Makàlynė ‘poor, mixed-up meal’ is treated as a name for the result of an action, this word alone among the 36 polysemous words (2.78%) has meanings from three derivational categories – NL, NR, and NA.

3.2. Nominal derivatives in DLKŽ(k) are unambiguous much more often than verbal ones – 92.16%; as already noted, only 60.44% of verbal derivatives are unambiguous. Most unambiguous nominal derivatives denote places (93.55%) (cf. verbal derivatives, which denote actions (34.55%); place names rank second in this case).

Eight nominal derivatives with the suffix -ynė (7.84% of all -ynė(s) derivatives from nominals) have more than one meaning: 4 words are derived from nouns (4.76% of all denominal derivatives), and 4 from adjectives (16.67% of all deadjectival derivatives). Seven nominal derivatives (87.50%) are bisemous; one (12.50%) has four meanings. All polysemous denominal derivatives have two meanings; in two cases they belong to the same derivational category (NL – pempynė and tėvynė), and in the other two, to different categories: kirmėlynė – NL and NC; rupiūžynė – NL and NAt. The meanings of three bisemous deadjectival derivatives belong to one derivational category: dykynė and kiaurynė – NL; šlykštynė – NAt. Four meanings

⁸ Excluding the aforementioned sėdynė.

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The meanings of the word mėlynė are of two derivational categories: the first three are NC, and the fourth is NAt.

Thus, 62.50% of the meanings of polysemous nominal derivatives belong to the same derivational category (50.00% of nouns and 75.00% of adjectives), while 37.50% belong to different categories (50.00% of nouns and 25.00% of adjectives). Place names most often have meanings in the same derivational category—80.00% (all the nouns and 66.67% of the adjectives). It should be noted that the relative figures in this case are highly provisional, since they are calculated from a small dataset: the DLKŽ(k) contains only 8 polysemous nominal derivatives with the suffix -ynė. The DLKŽ(k) contains no plural-only derivatives of this suffix from nominal bases.

4. Derivatives according to the structure of their verbal bases

The computerized word-formation analysis program for the DLKŽ gives the morphemic structure of a word alongside its headword. This makes it possible to supplement the derivational analysis. For example, one can check whether the suffix under examination in derivatives immediately follows the root, or is second, third, and so on. This can be used to infer the structure of the base words—whether they are simple or derived, suffixal, and whether their suffixes have carried over into the derivatives. For instance, it was observed that 55 of the 72 verbal derivatives with the suffix -ynė (76.39%) have this suffix immediately after the root, while in 17 derivatives (23.61%) it is second; that is, the latter derivatives are formed from derived verbs (with extended suffixes).

4.1. 11 derivatives (64.71% of all those with some formant between the root and the suffix -ynė(s)) are formed from verbs with the suffixes -al(i)uoti(s), -al(i)oti(s): barškalyne, gargalyne, kaitalyne, kamšalyne, maišalyne, makalyne, marmalyne, mirgalyne, plepalyne, tarškalyne, tauškalyne. From the formal point of view, their derivation could be explained in either of two ways: they are derivatives with the suffix -ynė 1) from deverbal nouns, derivatives with the suffix -alas (cf. bimbalynė: bimbalas, ávalynė, jovalynė); or 2) from secondary verbs, themselves formed from nominal words with the suffix -alas. Semantics indicates that verbs should be regarded as the base words. Cf. LKG gargalynė (I §515) and kaitalynė (I §444), as well as DDR makalynė (§386), which are classified as verbal derivatives.

One derivative (5.88%)—erzel ynė—has a base verb ending in -eliuoti (ėrzeliuoti: erzelis).

4 derivatives (23.53%)—grumdynė, lakdynė, šildynė, šokdynė—have a form carried over from their base verbs, -d-. Šildynė and grumdynė are formed from mixed -dyti verbs, while lakdynė and šokdynė are formed from suffixal -dinti verbs, whose extended suffix’s final part, -in-, is not carried over into the derivative.

One derivative (5.88%)—spy gsynė—contains the formant -s- carried over from the mixed verb spygsóti or spygsėti.

Of the 19 plural-only derivatives with the suffix -ynės, 5 (26.36%) have certain formants between the root and the suffix in question: 1) kraustynės and slapstynės are formed from

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mixed -styti verbs (the formant -st- was carried over into the derivatives); 2) stumdynės, šaudynės and žudynės—from mixed -dyti verbs (the formant -d- was carried over into the derivatives).

Thus, in general, verbal derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) in DLKŽ(k) may contain the following formants, inherited from the base secondary and mixed verbs: -al- (11, or 50.55% of all words with formants between the root and the suffix -ynė(s)), -d- (7, or 31.81%), -st- (2, or 9.09%), -el- (1, or 4.55%), and -s- (1, or 4.55%). There are 22 such derivatives out of 91 (24.18%) in total.

4.2. Derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) can be formed from verbs of various structures: primary, suffixed, mixed, and prefixed (see Table 3 for statistical data). It is not easy to determine precisely the base verbs of some derivatives. For example, tarškynė 1. “an object that makes a rattling sound, a rattle”; 2. colloq. “a chatterbox” may be formed from either tarškšti or tarškėti. The base word for the derivative šokynė 1. “a stand with a bar over which one jumps”; 2. “a board from which one jumps into water, a diving board” could presumably also be considered the primary verb šokti, although the similar-sense words šankynė 1. “an obstacle over which one jumps,” 2. “a board from which one jumps into water, a diving board,” and šokdynė “a jumping device” (“a rope with handles for jumping”), formed from the causative suffixed verbs šankinti and šokdinti, suggest that the word šokynė might also be based on the suffixed causative verb šokinti. It might be worthwhile to investigate what structures these parallel base verbs can have, e.g., primary and mixed, primary and suffixed, several mixed, several suffixed, and so on. In this case, however, there are very few such examples, insufficient for reliable statistical generalizations.

In general, most words with the suffix -ynė(s) are formed from primary verbs (35.16%), although plural derivatives are more often based on mixed verbs (57.89% of all plural derivatives). Almost equal proportions of derivatives with this suffix are based on suffixed and mixed verbs—24.17% and 23.08%, respectively. However, derivatives presented in the singular form are twice as often formed from suffixed verbs (cf. 27.78% and 13.89%), whereas plural derivatives are almost six times more often based on mixed verbs (10.53% and 57.89%). Four nouns are formed from prefixed verbs: padarynė, palaidynė, pašėlynė, pėrdarynė. A considerable number of derivatives (12.09%) may be motivated by several base words. These are mostly names of agents or instruments formed from sound-imitative verbs, which may be based on primary, mixed, or suffixed verbs, e.g., birzgynė: birgzti and birzgėti, čirškynė: čirškšti and čirškėti, tauškynė: taukšti and tauškėti, etc.

⁹ Statistics for these derivatives are given in the fifth row of Table 3.

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4.3. Counting derivatives (sememes) in the individual derivational categories shows (see the fourth group of tables) that verbal derivatives in the NI, NA, NL, and NAg categories are formed from verbs of various structures (primary, suffixed, mixed, and prefixed); a considerable proportion of them (14.93%) are associated with several base words. Almost half of the instrument names are formed from primary verbs. The base verbs of most place and agent names are also primary (40.00% and 30.43%, respectively), whereas most action names are formed from suffixed and mixed verbs (37.50% each), and derivatives of primary verbs account for less than a fifth of all action names (18.75%). More place and agent names are formed from suffixed than from mixed verbs, while instrument names, conversely, are more often derivatives of mixed than of suffixed verbs (although in both cases the statistical figures for base verbs of the two structures do not differ greatly, by 6–10%). Formation from prefixed verbs is generally uncommon among derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) (about 6% of all verbal derivatives). Because of the scarcity of data, it is difficult to say anything more precise about the structure of the base verbs for NR and NF.

4.4. Comparing derivatives listed in the singular form in DLKŽ(k) with plural derivatives shows that “singular” derivatives are more often formed from primary verbs (37.72%), while more than half of plural derivatives (60.00%) are formed from mixed verbs. The dictionary contains no plural derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) formed from prefixed verbs. “Singular” derivatives are three times more likely than plural derivatives to be associated with several base verbs.

Action names listed in the singular and plural forms differ greatly in the structure of their base verbs. Most singular derivatives (71.43%) are formed from derived verbs, e.g., barškalynė, erzelynė, kaitalynė, etc.; only 7.14% are formed from primary verbs (lojynė), and none are derived from mixed verbs. By contrast, most plural derivatives (61.11%) are derived from mixed verbs (gaudynės, šaudynės, tasynės), 27.78% from primary verbs (niovynės, slėpynės, žaidynės), and only 11.11% (six times fewer than from mixed verbs) from suffixed verbs (kumštynės).

4.5. The following changes to the derivational base are characteristic of verbal derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s):

1. The base verb’s suffix or the final part of an extended suffix is omitted, e.g., kankynė: kankinti, kumštynės: kumščiuotis, erzelynė: erzėliuoti. Omission of part of the suffix is characteristic only of the examples listed in DLKŽ(k) in the singular form. In total, about 25% of derivatives have a derivational base altered in this way.

2. Omission of the reflexive affix, e.g., niovynės: niautis, slapstynės: slapstytis. This is more characteristic of plural forms (about 50% of all plural derivatives

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(plural), considerably fewer—in derivatives presented in the singular form (maudynė: maudytis).

3. Root vowel alternation (e.g., landynė: lįsti) is found in only about 4% of derivatives with this suffix (singular forms).

In the future, it would be possible to investigate further what changes to the derivational base are characteristic of derivatives in individual derivational categories; however, DLKŽ(k) lacks data for more precise statistics from this perspective.

TABLES

1. Verbal derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s), by derivational category

No. | Derivational category | -ynė (no. |%) | -ynės (no. |%) | -ynė(s) (no. |%) | No. 1. | NI | 49 | 42,98 | 1 | 5,00 | 50 | 37,31 | 1. 2. | NL: | 25: | 21,93 | - | - | 25: | 18,66 | 3. | NL(C) | 6 | 24,00* | - | - | 6 | 24,00* | | NLgr | 19 | 76,00* | - | - | 19 | 76,00* | 3. | NAg | 23 | 20,18 | - | - | 23 | 17,16 | 4. 4. | NA | 14 | 12,28 | 18 | 90,00 | 32 | 23,88 | 2. 5. | NR | 2 | 1,76 | - | - | 2 | 1,49 | 5–6. 6. | NF | 1 | 0,88 | 1 | 5,00 | 2 | 1,49 | 5–6. Clear derivation | 114 | 100,00 | 20 | 100,00 | 134 | 100,00 | Clearly derived forms | | (98,28) | - | - | | (98,53) | derivational derivatives? | 2 | 1,72 | - | - | 2 | 1,47 |? Total | 116 | 100,00 | 20 | 100,00 | 136 | 100,00 | Total

2. Nominal derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s), by derivational category

No. | Derivational category | -ynė (no. |%) | -ynės (no. |%) | -ynė(s) (no. |%) 1. | NL: | 100: | 90,91 | – | – | 100: | 90,10 | NL(C) | 77 | 77,00* | – | – | 77 | 77,00* | NLgr | 23 | 23,00* | – | – | 23 | 23,00* 2. | NAt | 7 | 6,36 | 1 | 100,00 | 8 | 7,21 3. | NC | 3 | 2,72 | – | – | 3 | 2,70 Clear derivation | 110 | 100,00 | 1 | 100,00 | 111 | 100,00 derivatives | | (99,10) | | | | (99,11)? | 1 | 0,90 | – | – | 1 | 0,89 Total | 111 | 100,00 | 1 | 100,00 | 112 | 100,00

* Of all NL.

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3. Derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) according to the structure of the base verbs

Base verbs | -ynė | no. |% | -ynės | no. |% | -ynė(s) | no. |% Primary | 27 | 37,50 | 5 | 26,32 | 32 | 35,16 Suffixal | 20 | 27,78 | 2 | 10,53 | 22 | 24,17 Mixed | 10 | 13,89 | 11 | 57,89 | 21 | 23,08 Prefixed | 4 | 5,55 | – | – | 4 | 4,40 Several verbs | 10 | 13,89 | 1 | 5,26 | 11 | 12,09? | 1 | 1,39 | – | – | 1 | 1,10 Total | 72 | 100,00 | 19 | 100,00 | 91 | 100,00

4. Derivatives with the suffix -ynė(s) according to derivational categories and the structure of the base verbs:

a) derivatives presented in the singular form

Derivational categories | Base verbs | primary | suffixal | mixed | prefixed | several verbs | Total NI | no. | 24 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 49 NI |% | 48,98 | 10,20 | 16,33 | 10,20 | 14,29 | 100,00 NL | no. | 10 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 25 NL |% | 40,00 | 28,00 | 12,00 | 4,00 | 16,00 | 100,00 NAg | no. | 7 | 5 | 3 | – | 8 | 23 NAg |% | 30,43 | 21,74 | 13,04 | – | 34,78 | 100,00 NA | no. | 1 | 10 | – | 2 | 1 | 14 NA |% | 7,14 | 71,43 | – | 14,29 | 7,14 | 100,00 NR | no. | – | 2 | – | – | – | 2 NR |% | – | 100,00 | – | – | – | 100,00 NF | no. | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 NF |% | 100,00 | – | – | – | – | 100,00 Total | no. | 43 | 29 | 15 | 8 | 19 | 114 Total |% | 37,72 | 25,44 | 13,16 | 7,02 | 16,67 | 100,00

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b) plural-only derivatives

Derivational categories | Base verbs | Total | primary | suffixal | mixed | prefixed | several verbs | NA | no. | 5 | 2 | 11 | – | – | 18 |% | 27,78 | 11,11 | 61,11 | – | – | 100,00 NF | no. | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |% | – | – | 100,00 | – | – | 100,00 NI | no. | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |% | – | – | – | – | 100,00 | 100,00 Total | no. | 5 | 2 | 12 | – | 1 | 20 |% | 25,00 | 10,00 | 60,00 | – | 5,00 | 100,00

c) all derivatives

Derivational categories | Base verbs | Total | primary | suffixal | mixed | prefixed | several verbs | NI | no. | 24 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 8 | 50 |% | 48,00 | 100,00 | 16,00 | 10,00 | 16,00 | 100,00 NA | no. | 6 | 12 | 12 | 2 | – | 32 |% | 18,75 | 37,50 | 37,50 | 6,25 | – | 100,00 NL | no. | 10 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 25 |% | 40,00 | 28,00 | 12,00 | 4,00 | 16,00 | 100,00 NAg | no. | 7 | 5 | 3 | – | 8 | 23 |% | 30,43 | 21,74 | 13,04 | – | 34,78 | 100,00 NR | no. | – | 2 | – | – | – | 2 |% | – | 100,00 | – | – | – | 100,00 NF | no. | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | 2 |% | 50,00 | – | 50,00 | – | – | 100,00 Total | no. | 48 | 31 | 27 | 8 | 20 | 134 |% | 35,82 | 23,13 | 20,15 | 5,97 | 14,93 | 100,00

Received 1998 07 01

ABBREVIATIONS

DDR – Ambrazas S. The Development of Noun Formation. Lithuanian Verbal Derivatives, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. DLKG – Grammar of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1996. DLKŽ – Dictionary of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1993. DLKŽ(k) – electronic version of DLKŽ.

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LKG – Grammar of the Lithuanian Language 1, Vilnius: Mintis, 1965.

LKI – Institute of the Lithuanian Language.

LKM – Paulauskienė A. Lithuanian Morphology: Lectures for Lithuanian Philology Students, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994.

LKMA – Paulauskienė A. Lietuvių kalbos morfologijos apybraiža, Kaunas: Šviesa, 1983.

LKŽ – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1–2, Vilnius: Mintis, 1968–1969; 3–6, Vilnius: Valstybinė politinės ir mokslinės literatūros leidykla, 1956–1962; 7–9, Vilnius: Mintis, 1966–1973; 10–15, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1976–1991; 16–17, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1995–1996.

LKŽD – Skardžius P. Lietuvių kalbos žodžių daryba, Vilnius, 1943.

LITERATŪRA

Ambrazas S. 1995: Lietuvių kalbos kuopinių ir vardžodinių vietų pavadinimų darybos raida. – Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 33, Vilnius: LKI, 180 – 200.

Jakaitienė E. 1980: Lietuvių kalbos leksikologija, Vilnius: Mokslas.

Jakaitienė E. 1988: Leksinė semantika, Vilnius: Mokslas.

Urbutis V. 1988: Žodžių darybos teorija, Vilnius: Mokslas.

ABLEITUNGEN MIT DEM SUFFIX -ynė(s) in “DABARTINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ŽODYNAS”

(Wörterbuch der litauischen Gegenwartssprache”)

Zusammenfassung

Im Beitrag werden manche Möglichkeiten, die Wortbildung mit Hilfe des Computers zu untersuchen dargelegt. Bei der Analyse der Bildungen mit dem Suffix -ynė(s) werden vorwiegend die Verbalableitungen in Betracht gezogen.

Bei der Einteilungen der Verbalableitungen nach Kategorien ist festgestellt worden, daß diese Bildungen vorwiegend Geräte, Handlungen (der größte Teil der Pluralbildungen), auch handelnde Personen, Ortsangaben bezeichnen. Für Bezeichnungen von Handlungsresultaten, Feiertagen und Bräuchen liegen nur wenige Belege vor.

Für Ortsbezeichnungen sind nicht nur Verbal – sondern auch Nominalableitungen charakteristisch. Die letzteren machen den größten Teil (mehr als 90%) der Nominalableitungen aus, wobei sie häufiger als die Verbalableitungen die semantische Schaltierung eines Sammelbegriffs aufweisen.

Der größte Teil der Nomina mit dem Suffix -ynė(s) (cca 80%) ist von Substantiven und nur cca 1/5 von Adjektiven abgeleitet.

Die Verbalableitungen stammen größtenteils von ursprünglichen Verben ab. Wenn Ableitungen mit dem zu erörternden Suffix aus sekundären oder gemischten Verben entstehen, fallen die Suffixe der letzteren (vgl.: kankynė: kankinti) oder die Endteile ihrer erweiterten Suffixe aus. Im letzteren Fall gehen aus dem Grundverb in die Ableitungen die Formanten -al- (gargalynė), -d- (šildynė), -st- (kraustynės) u. a. über.

Außer diesen erörterten Veränderungen des Grundverbs ist kennzeichnend für die Ableitungen mit dem Suffix -ynė(s) der Austal des reflexiven Affixes des Grundverbs (niovynės: niautis), seltener die Verschiebung seines Wurzelvokals (landynė -lįsti).

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DERIVATIVES WITH THE SUFFIX -ynė(s) IN „THE DICTIONARY OF MODERN LITHUANIAN“

Summary

The present article deals with the deverbative words with the suffix -ynė(s) from „The Dictionary of the Modern Lithuanian“. It is the attempt to show how the computer may help in the investigation of some linguistic problems. There are some statistical data of the word formation with mentioned suffix in the article.

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