Ac a
Linguis ica
Li huanica
LIX
(2008),
81 -
107
Combina ion
o pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
wi h
main
e bs
in
Li huanian:
Aspec
and
ansi i i y’
EIko
SAKURAI
Unuwe si y
o
Tokyo
This
pape
is
aimed
a
p o iding
some
obse a ions
abou
ce ain
con-
s ain s
which
de e mine
how
pas
pa iciples,
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
(in
semi-p edica i e
usage),
combine
wi h
main
e bs
in
Li huanian.
In
p e ious
s udies
(Saku ai
2000;
2003)
I
p esen ed
some
ema ks
on
he
seman ic
cons ain s,
in
pa icula
hose
looked
upon
om
he
angle
o
aspec ,
unde
which
pas
pa iciples,
unc ioning
as
ad e bials,
combine
wi h
main
e bs.
This
issue
has no
ye
been
add essed
o
da e
ei he
in
adi ional
Li huanian
g amma
(LKG,
DLKG)
o
in
o he
s udies
abou
Li huanian.
He e,
by
adding
o
his
analysis
he
iewpoin
on
ansi i i y,
I
am
going
o
emphasize
he close
linkage
be ween
aspec
and
ansi i -
i y
in
his
p oblem:
in
<s a e>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
and
main
e bs
cons uc
one
p edica e
as
a
single
en i y
whe e
he
combina o y
possibili ies
a e
s ic ly
cons ained
by
he
p inciple
o
seman ic
consis ency
in
s a i i y
and
in ansi i i y.
1]
wish
o
hank
Tasaku
Tsunoda
(Tokyo)
and
Tamio
Yanagisawa
(Nagoya)
o
hei
de ailed
and
aluable
commen s
on
ea lie
e sions o
he
p esen
pape .
This
is
pa
o
he
esul s
o
my
esea ch
in
Li huania
which
is
ounded
by
he
Japan
Socie y
o
he
P omo ion
o
Science
(JSPS)
and
by
he
Japanese
Minis y
o
Educa ion.
I
am
g a e ul
o
all
my
Li huanian
consul an s,
especially,
Dalia
S amba y é
(Vilnius),
Ramu é
Bingeliené
(Vilnius),
and
English
consul an
Ma k
Roza
(Tokyo)
o
hei
help,
and
o
wo
anonymous
e iewe s
o
hei
aluable
commen s
and
sugges ions.
I
am
also
much
obliged
o
Aldona
Paulauskiené
(Vilnius)
o
p o iding
o
my
esea ch
in
Li huania.
My
deepes
hea el
hanks go
o
Rena a
Pe oske i iené
(Tokyo)
who
always
o e s
me
a
lo
o
in o ma ion on
Li huanian
and
knowledge
abou
English.
All
e o s
and
sho comings
a e
o
cou se
my
own.
81
Eiko
Saku a
1.
INTRODUCTION
Two
ypes
o
pas
pa iciples
a e
dis inguished
in
Li huanian
—
adjec i al
pa iciples
(daly iai)
and
ad e bial
pa iciples,
o
ge unds
(padaly iai):
(a)
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
a e
declinable
acco ding
o
gende ,
numbe ,
and
case,
and
ag ee
g amma ically
wi h
he
subjec .
They
ha e
ac i e
and
passi e
oice.
In
he
ac i e
oice,
hey a e
di ided
in o
pas
pa iciples
and
pas
habi ual
pa iciples.
(b)
ad e bial
pas
pa iciples
a e
indeclinable.
They
ha e
only
ac i e
oice
and
no
passi e
oice.
The
seman ic
subjec
is
indica ed
by
he da i e
case.
As
a ule,
all
pas
pa iciples
in
Li huanian
ha e
he
p ope y
o
unc ion-
ing
as
ad e bials.
Howe e ,
as
he
equency
o
usage
o
pas
habi ual
pa -
iciples
o
ype
(a)
in
ad e bial
unc ion
is
e y
low,
hey
will
be
le
ou o
conside a ion
in
his
pape .
Also,
compa ed
o
hei
ac i e
o ms, he
passi e
o ms
o
pas
pa iciples
a e
a ely
used
in his
unc ion.
Depending
on
he ype o
ime
ela ion
hey
ha e
wi h
main
e bs,
o
p edica es,
pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
ha e been
dis in-
guished
so
a
in
Li huanian
s udies
as
possessing
he
ollowing
p ope y:
(i)
pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
indica e
ela i e
<an e io i-
y>
in
hei
ela ion
o
he
p edica e
e b.
In
his
ega d,
Saku ai
(2003)
e e s
o
he
Russian
language
o a
com-
pa a i e
analysis
in
an
a emp
o
make
he
ollowing
a i ma ions:
(ii)
pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
may
indica e
no
only
<an e-
io i y>
in
ela ion
o
he
p edica e
e b
bu
also
ela i e
ime
<simul a-
nei y
>.
The
empo al
meanings
and
unc ions
o
hese
pas
pa iciples
a e
buil
and
de e mined
by
he
whole
o
he sen ence;
(iii)
no
only
in
hei
o ms,
bu
also
in
hei
meanings,
Li huanian
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
show
as onge
dependence
on
he
p edica e
e b
as
com-
pa ed
bo h
o
Russian
ad e bial
pas
pa iciples
wi h
simila
p ope ies
and
o
Li huanian
ad e bial
pas
pa iciples.
On
he
o he
hand,
wi h
ega d
o
ansi i i y,
Saku ai
(2003)
ollows
adi ional
g amma
when
gi ing
de ini ions
o
‘ ansi i e’
and
‘in ansi i e’
e bs:
a
e b
is
de ined
as
‘ ansi i e’
i
i
equi es
adi ec
objec
( ypically
in
he
accusa i e
case)
o
‘in ansi i e’
i
i
does
no ,
wi h
neu al
e bs no
being
dis inguished.
The e o e,
in
o de
o
gi e
a
p ope
explana ion
o
he
82
Combina ion
o
pa iciples
and
main
e bs:
aspec
and
ansi i i y
cons ain s
on
he
combina ion
o
pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
wi h
main
e bs,
i
is
impo an
(1)
o
app oach
ansi i i y
no
only
as a
s uc u e
o
g amma ical
pa icipan s
bu
as
a
seman ic
s uc u e
as
well;
(2)
ins ead
o
d awing
clea -cu
line
be ween
ansi i e
and
in ansi i e e bs,
o
aim
a
iewing
hem
as
p esen ing
a
ma e
o
con inuum/scale,
which
de ines
he
deg ee
o
ansi i i y.
In
his
ega d,
by
ollowing
Hoppe
&
Thompson’s
(1980)
and
Tsunoda’s
(1985)
app oach,
I
in oduce
he
idea
o
he
‘p o o ype’
when
dealing
wi h
he
issue
o
ansi i i y.
The
seman ic
de -
ini ion
o
p o o ypical
ansi i e
e bs
is
adop ed
om
Tsunoda
(1985:
387)
as
ollows:
‘ hose
e bs
which
desc ibe
an
ac ion
ha
no
only
impinges
on
he
pa ien
bu
necessa ily
c ea es
a
change
in
i ’
(e.g.
uZmus i,
nuzudy i
‘kill’,
sulauzy i
‘b eak’,
susaldy i
‘ eeze’).
Thus,
p o o ypical
ansi i e
p edica es
a e
de ined
as
‘ hose
p edica es
which
ha e
2 o
mo e
pa icipan s,
agen
and
objec ,
and
desc ibe
an
ac ion
ha
no
only
impinges
on
he objec
bu
necessa ily
c ea es
a
change
in
i ’.
E en
i
he e
is
a
g amma ical
s uc u e
o
a
e b
equi ing
a
ansi i e objec ,
he
e b
(o
e b
ph ase)
will
be
conside ed
as
non-p o o ypical
i
he
condi ion
s a ed
abo e
has no
been
me
(e.g.
u é i
‘ha e’,
mylé i
‘lo e’,
Zino i
‘know’,
Zid é i
‘look
(a )’,
p a as i
samone
‘loose
consciousness’).
2.
ADVERBIAL
FUNCTION
OF
PARTICIPLES
I is
assumed
in
his
s udy
ha
he
basic
ad e bial
unc ion
o
pa iciples
is
‘ o
exp ess
he
seconda y
si ua ion
ha
accompanies
he
main
si ua ion
exp essed
by
he
main
e b
(o
ini e e b
p edica e)’,
i.
e.,
o
ac
in
he
unc-
ion
o
seconda y
p edica es
in a
sen ence.
In
he
sys em
o
Li huanian
pas
pa iciples,
adjec i al
pa iciples
unc-
ioning
as
ad e bials
ha e
he
same
subjec
(in
he
nomina i e
case)
as
he
main
e b
o
he
sen ence
(same
subjec
use)
and
ag ee
wi h
ha
subjec
bo h
in
case
and
in
numbe
and
gende
(see
ex.
(1)).
On
he o he
hand,
as
has
been
s a ed
abo e,
ad e bial
pa iciples
a e
indeclinable.
They
do
no
ha e
he
same
subjec
as
he
main
e b
(di e en -subjec
use).
The
seman ic
subjec
is
used
in
he
da i e
case?
(see
ex.
(2)).
2
The
abb e ia ions
in
his
pape
a e
used
in
he
ollowing
way:
ACC
accusa i e;
ACT
ac i e;
ADJ.
adjec i al;
ADV.
ad e bial;
DAT
da i e;
F
eminine;
GEN
geni i e;
83
E xo
SAKURAI
(1)
Pe skai es
knyga,
ha ing
inished
eading-ACT.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM_
he
book-ACC
jis
iséjo
pasi aiks¢io i.
he-3M-SG-NOM
wen
ou -V-PAST-3
o
a
walk-INF
‘Ha ing
inished
eading
he
book,
he
wen
ou
o
a
walk.’
(2)
Man
pe skaicius
knyga,
jis
I-DAT
inished
eading-ADV.PP
he
book-ACC
he-3M-SG-NOM.
uojau
(pa )
a éjo
jos
pasiskolin i.
immedia ely
came
in-V-PAST-3
i -GEN
o
bo ow-INF
‘When
I
inished
eading
he
book,
he
immedia ely
came
in
o
bo ow
i .’
3.
VERBAL
ASPECTS
IN
LITHUANIAN
Be o e
making
u he
obse a ions,
we
i s
need
o
b ie ly
ouch
upon
he
aspec ual
p ope ies
o
Li huanian
e bs.
I
is
assumed
ha
a
sys em
o
e -
bal
aspec
ha
employs
p e ixes
and
su ixes o
se e
as
ma ke s
o
aspec
has
de eloped
in
Li huanian
in
a
simila
way
as
in
Russian
and
in
o he
Sla ic
languages.
Howe e ,
despi e
he
simila i ies
in
he
o ms
o
e bs,
he e
a e
ma ked
di e ences
be ween
Li huanian
and
Russian
ha
can
be
o mula ed
as
ollows’.
INF
in ini i e;
IPFV.
impe ec i e;
M
masculine;
NOM
nomina i e;
O
objec ;
PASS
passi e;
PFV.
pe ec i e;
PL
plu al;
PP
pas
pa iciple;
PRES
p esen ;
PRES.P
p esen
pa iciple;
S
subjec ;
SG
singula ;
V
e b.
The
example
sen ences
ha e
been
checked
by
na i e
in o man s.
The
symbols
(?),
(??),
(*)
indica e
he
e alua ion
o
he
sen-
ences
by
he
in o man s
as
being
“unna u al”,
“ e y
unna u al”,
o
“g amma ically
inco ec ”.
°
[use
he
e m
‘aspec ’
in a
wide
sense,
which
co e s no
only
g amma ical
bu
also
lexical
seman ic-no ional
ca ego ies.
I
hold
on
o
he
mos
gene al
de ini ion
o
‘pe ec i e’
as
a
e e ence
o
a
si ua ion
wi hou
ega d
o
in e nal
empo al
s uc-
u e,
iewing
a
si ua ion
in
i s
en i e y,
as a single
whole
and
‘impe ec i e’
—
as
a
e e ence
o
he
in e nal
empo al
s uc u e
o
a
si ua ion,
iewing
a
si ua ion
as
pa
o
i s
en i e y
(see
Com ie
1976).
In
his
pape
I
use
he
abb e ia ions
<PFV.>
and
<IPFV.>
o
e e
o
he
seman ic
de ini ion
o
pe ec i e
and
impe ec i e,
whe eas
use
he
e ms
‘pe ec i e
e b’
and
‘impe ec i e
e b’
o
e e
o
he
aspec ual
pai
o
e bs
in
Russian
(o
o he
Sla ic
languages).
This
is
la gely
in
o de
o
a oid
con-
usion
abou
he
seman ic
and
he
g amma ical-mo phological
ca ego ies.
‘Fo
mo e
de ailed
obse a ions
see
in
pa icula
Damb i inas
(1960),
Galnai y é
84
Combina ion
o
pa iciples
and
main
e bs:
aspec
and
ansi i i y
In
Russian,
e bs
basically
o m
aspec ual
pai s
o
pe ec i e
and
impe -
ec i e,
which
a e
ega ded
as
su icien ly
ma ching
he
de ini ion
o
he
<PFV./IPFV.>
opposi ion
ound
in
he
gene al
heo y
o
aspec
(gene al
aspec ology).
In
his
ega d
i
should
be
said
o
Li huanian
ha
when
p e-
ixes
and
su ixes,
which
ca y
he
ea u e
o
aspec ,
a e
a ached
o
a
e b,
in
many
cases
i s
lexical
meaning
is
changed
and
a
g oup
o
de i a i e
e bs
wi h
a
ixed
seman ic
ea u e
is
o med.
Wi hou
o ming
a
comple e
<PFV./
IPFV.>
opposi ion,
like
in
Russian,
e bal aspec
in
Li huanian
akes
posi-
ion
in
be ween
a
lexical-seman ic
ca ego y
and
a
g amma ical
ca ego y®.
In
my
opinion,
as
I
ha e
al eady
poin ed
ou
(Saku ai
1997,
1999,
2002),
in
many
cases
in
Li huanian,
he
aspec ual
pai s
which
a e
adi ionally
in-
e p e ed
as
‘pe ec i e/impe ec i e’,
should
a he
be
de ined
as
pai s
o
‘ elic/a elic’,
o
‘bounded/nonbounded”,
Tha
is
he
eason
why
he
<PFV./
(1963),
Sa a ewicz
(1967),
Mus eikis
(1972),
Paulauskiené
(1979),
GeniuSiene
(1990),
Wieme
(2001)
and
Hol oe
&
Cizik
(2004).
*
ega d
ha
aspec
1s
also
a
ma e
o
con inuum
a he
han
a
clea -cu
dicho o-
my,
and
ha
aspec ual
pai s
o
e bs
can
be
anked
on
he
aspec ual
scale.
F om
his
poin
o
iew,
e bal
aspec
in
Li huanian
canno
be
classi ied
as
ypical
Ak ionsa ,
as
i
includes
bo h
pai s
ha
ha e
mo e
high-aspec ual
ea u es
and
pai s
ha
ha e
ewe
high-aspec ual
ea u es,
I
will
discuss
his
p oblem
in
o he
pape s,
as
i
is
beyond
he
scope
o
he
p esen
pape .
°
Dahl
(1981)
p o ided
an
impo an
con ibu ion
on
he
heo y
o
aspec
by
in o-
ducing
he
de ini ion
o
‘ elic
(bounded)
e b’
as
a
e b
con eying
in
i sel
he
no ion
o
bounda ies
and
e ealing
he
si ua ion
as
mo ing
owa ds
hose
bounda ies;
while
de ining
he
‘a elic
(nonbounded)
e b’
as
a
e b
no
con eying
such
no ion
and
e ealing
he
si ua ion
ha
doesn’
ha e
any
bounda ies,
In
ou
e minology,
he
e ms
o
‘ elic/a elic’
a e
used
in
a
wide
sense:
elic
e bs
may
deno e
a
si ua ion
which
is
bounded
a
he
s a
(ing essi e,
i.e.
inchoa i e),
a
he
end
( e mina i e),
o
bo h
a
he
s a
and
a
he
end
(delimina i e
o
punc ual);
a elic
e bs
deno e
a
si ua ion
which
1s
open
a
bo h
sides
(See
Lehman
1994).
The
e ms
elic/a elic
a e
used
simila ly
as
Russian
e ms
p edel’ny)/nep edel’nyj
he e.
No e
ha
acco d-
ing
o
his
e minology
non-p e ixed
Li huanian
e bs
such
as
skai y i
(knygq)
‘ ead
(a
book)’,
asy i
(laiskq)
‘w i e
(a
le e )’
a e
ega ded
as
a elic,
because
hey
do
no
mean
ei he
a
e mina i e
p ocess
o
an
e en ,
which
should
be
exp essed
by
p e ixed
elic
e bs
such
as
pe -skai y
‘ ead
h ough,
inish
eading’,
pa- aiy i
‘w i e,
inish
w i ing’.
Thus,
I
conside
ha
Li huanian
e bs
which
a e
adi ionally
in e p e ed
as
‘neu al’
o
‘biaspec ual’
and
which
exp ess
bo h
pe ec i e
and
impe ec i e
aspec
should
be
ega ded
as
elic
e bs.
Among
hem,
p e ixed
e bs
such
as
a -ei i
‘come’,
1S- aziuo i
‘lea e
(by
anspo )’,
uz-mes i
‘ h ow
o e ’
a e
o mally
ma ked
membe s,
i.e.
hei
elic
meaning
is
added
by
p e ixes,
while
non-p e ixed
(simple)
e bs
such
85

E1xo
Saku RAl
IPFV.
>
meanings
and
unc ions a e
mo e
ob ious
in
he
ense-aspec
sys em
in
Li huanian,
whe e
he
ense
o ms
ha e
a
la ge
unc ional
load.
Tha
is,
he
seman ic
dis inc ion
o
<PFV./IPFV.>
usually
becomes
e iden
jus
h ough
he
combina ion
o
aspec ual
meanings
o
e bs
and
hei
ense
o ms’.
4.
CLASSIFICATION
OF
BASIC
TYPES
OF
PREDICATES
ACCORDING
TO
THEIR
ASPECTUAL
MEANING
On
he
p emise
ha
was
s a ed
abo e,
in his
s udy
he
classi ica ion
o
p edica es
is
based
on
hei
aspec ual
meaning,
wi h
h ee
basic
ypes
o
p edica es,
i.e.
<PFV.
ac ion>,
<IPFV.
ac ion>
and
<s a e>
being
dis-
inguished.
The
example
sen ences
o
illus a e
he
obse a ions
s a ed
he e
a e
mos ly
used
in
he
pas
ense
because
i
bes
e eals
he
di e ences
ha
exis
in
he
aspec ual
meaning
o
e bs.
<PFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
(3)
Té as
uojau
(pa )
{a sigulé
/
a he -M-SG-NOM
immedia ely
lay
down
/
a sisédo
an
so os /
pe skai é
knygq
/
sa
down
on
he
so a/
inished
eading
he
book
/
a ida é
du is}.
opened
he
doo -V-PAST-3
( elic
e b)
‘Fa he
immedia ely
{lay
down
/sa
down
on
he
so a/ inished
eading
he
book/opened
he
doo }’.
(4)
Knyga
uojau
(pa )
bu o
he
book-F-SG-NOM
immedia ely
was-be-PAST-3
pe skai y a
Algio.
ead
un il
he
end-PASS.ADJ.PP-F-SG-NOM
( elic
e b)
by
Algis-
-GEN
‘The
book
was
immedia ely
ead
un il
he
end
by
Algis.’
as
baig i
‘ inish’,
as i
‘ ind’,
gau i
‘ge ’,
mi i
‘die’
a e
unma ked
membe s,
i.e.
hey
a e
inhe en ly
elic
e bs.
7
Main
ense
o ms
1n
Li huanian
a e
basic
simple
o ms
o
p esen ,
pas ,
pas
e-
quen a i e,
i.
e.
pas
habi ual,
and
u u e.
Also,
he e
a e
adi ionally
called
com-
pound
o ms
o
each
ense
in
Li huanian,
i.e.
analy ic
o ms,
be- e b
ba i
+
adjec i-
al
pa iciple
in
nomina i e
case.
86
Combina ion
o
pa iciples
and
main
e bs:
aspec
and
ansi i i y
<IPFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
(5)
(6)
Ji
lé ai
{bégo
/
skai é
knygq
/
she-3F-SG-NOM
slowly
was
unning
/
was
eading
a
book
/
o é
Zole}.
was
pulling
he
g ass-V-PAST-3
(a elic
e b)
‘She
{was
slowly
unning
/
was
slowly
eading
a
book
/
was
slowly
pulling
he
g ass}.’
Knyga
lé ai
bu o
he
book-F-SG-NOM
slowly
was-be-PAST-3
skai oma
Algio
(being)
ead-PASS.ADJ.PRES.P-F-SG-NOM
(a elic
e b)
by
Algis-
-GEN
‘The
book
was
slowly
being
ead
by
Algis.’
<S a e>
ype
p edica e
(7)
(8)
Be niukas
isq
laikq
{guléjo
/
he
boy-M-SG-NOM
ll
he
ime
lay
(was
lying)
/
sédéjo
an
so os
/
u éjo
lai elj}
was
si ing
on
he
so a
/
had
he
oy
ship-V-PAST-3
(a elic
e b)
‘The
boy
{lay
(was
lying)
/
was
si ing
on
he
so a
/
had
he
oy
ship}
all
he
ime.’
Du ys
isq
laikq
bu o
he
doo -F-PL-NOM
all
he
ime
was-be-PAST-3
a ida y os.
opened-PASS.ADJ.PP-F-PL-NOM
( elic
e b)
‘The
doo
was
opened
(le
open)
all
he
ime.’
In
my
iew,
his
kind
o
classi ica ion
o
basic
ypes’o
p edica es
and
he
ansi i i y
o
e bs
a e
ela ed
in
he
ollowing
way.
As
is
shown
in
ex. (3)
and
(5),
in
he ac i e oice,
a
e b
ha
ep esen s
an
<ac ion>
ype
p e-
dica e
can
be
ei he
in ansi i e,
non-p o o ypical
ansi i e,
o
p o o ypical
ansi i e.
Ye ,
as
can be
seen
in
ex.
(7),
a
e b
ha
ep esen s
a
<s a e>
ype
p edica e
can be
ei he
in ansi i e
o
non-p o o ypical
ansi i e
wi h
a
low
deg ee
o
ansi i i y
(beha ing
mo e
like
in ansi i e),
ye
i
canno
be
p o o ypical
ansi i e.
Now,
in
he
passi e
oice,
a
e b
ha
ep esen s
an
<ac ion>
ype
p edica e
can
also
be
non-p o o ypical
ansi i e as
in
ex.
87
Eiko
Saxu a
(4)
and
(6),
ye
i
can
only
be
p o o ypical
ansi i e
wi h
a
<s a e>
ype
p edica e,
as
shown
in
ex.
(8).
5.
WORD
ORDER
BETWEEN
ADVERBIAL
PAST
PARTICIPLES
AND
MAIN
VERBS®
When
he
connec ion
be ween
pas
pa iciples
and
main
e bs
is
b ough
in o
he
ocus
o
conside a ion,
i
becomes
clea
ha
he
pa e n
o
he
p e-
dominan
wo d
o de
changes
depending
on
he
ype
o
p edica e
used.
In
he
ollowing
pa ag aphs
(a)
and
(b)
he
pa e ns
o
wo d
o de
will
be
sum-
med
up
in
connec ion
wi h
he
ela i e
ime
e e ence
o
pas
pa iciples.
(a)
Adjec i al
pas
pa iciples:
(a-i)
in
<PFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
hese
pa iciples
e e
o
<an e io i y
>
o
he
seconda y
si ua ion.
As
is
shown
in
examples
(9a,
b),
he
pas
pa iciple
usually
s ands
be o e
he
main
e b
(PP-V),
while
he
e e se
o de
(V-PP)
is
unna u al
in
a
minimal
con ex ,
unless
used
in
a
pa icula
con ex .
(a-ii)
in
<IPFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
hese
pa iciples
can
e-
e
bo h
o
<an e io i y>
o
he
p eceding
seconda y
si ua ion
and
o
<si-
mul anei y>
o
he
esul a i e
s a e.
As
in
examples
(10a,
a’,
b,
b’),
bo h
PP-V
and
V-PP
a e
na u al.
(a-iii)
in
<s a e>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
hese
pa iciples
e e o
<si-
mul anei y>
o
he
esul a i e
s a e
o he
p eceding
seconda y
si ua ion.
As
in
examples
(11a,
b),
he
pas
pa iciple
usually
comes
a e
he
main
e b
(V-PP)°.
The
e e se
o de
(PP-V)
is
unna u al
in
a
minimal
con ex ,
unless
used
in
a
pa icula
con ex .
®
Basic
wo d
o de
in
Li huanian
is
SVO,
modi ie -modi ied.
Usually,
pa iciple
unc ioning
as
an
a ibu i e
goes
be o e
he
noun
in
he
same
way
as
adjec i e
does,
whe eas
pa iciple
unc ioning
as
a
p edica e
ollows
he
subjec .
Now,
he
pa iciples
unde
conside a ion
he e,
1.
.,
pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials,
can
ei he
p ecede
o ollow
he
main
e b.
Mo eo e ,
when
used
oge he
wi h
subo dina e
wo ds
o
when
p eceding
he
main
e b,
hese
pa iciples
a e
o en
sepa a ed
by
in o-
na ion
o
a
pause
(by
a
comma
in
a
w i en
ex )
and
become
mo e
independen .
Now,
acco ding
o
he
o hog aphy,
in
single
occu ence
cases
when
pas
pa iciples
do
no
ha e
any
subo dina e
wo ds,
a
comma
is
no
used.
°
The
combina ion
o
an
adjec i al
pas
pa iciple
unc ioning
as
an
ad e bial
wi h
a
<s a e>
ype
p edica e
is
simila
in
s uc u e
o
he
analy ic
o m
(be- e b
+
ad-
88
Combina ion
o
pa iciples
and
main
e bs:
aspec
and
ansi i i y
(b)
Ad e bial
pas
pa iciples:
(b-i)
in
<PFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
hese
pa iciples
e e
o
<an e io i y
>
o
he
seconda y
si ua ion,
as
is
he
case
wi h
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples.
As
in
examples
(12a,
b),
no mally
hey
p ecede
he
main
e b
(PP-V).
The
e e se
wo d
o de
(V-PP)
is
unna u al
in
a
minimal
con ex ,
unless
used
in
a
pa icula
con ex .
(b-ii)
in
<IPFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
hese
pa iciples
e e
o
bo h
<an e io i y>
o
he
p eceding
seconda y
si ua ion
and
<simul anei-
y>
o
he
esul a i e
s a e,
as
is
he case
wi h
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples.
As
is
shown
in
examples
(13a,
b),
no mally
hey
s and be o e he
main
e b
(PP-V).
The
e e se
wo d
o de
(V-PP)
is
unna u al
in
a
minimal
con ex ,
unless
used
in
a
pa icula
con ex .
(b-iii)
in
<s a e>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
hese
pa iciples
e e
o
<si-
mul anei y
>
o
he
seconda y
si ua ion.
Con a y
o
he
case
wi h
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples,
his
ype
o
seconda y
si ua ion
usually
coincides
wi h
he
s a i e
main
si ua ion
and
does
no
imply
any
<an e io i y
>.
As
is
seen
in
examples
(14a,
a’,
b, b’)
hey
always
s and
be o e
he
main
e b
(PP-V).
The
e e se
wo d
o de
(V-PP)
is
g amma ically
inco ec .
(9)
a.
Té as
g iges
a he -M-SG-NOM
ha ing
come
back-ACT.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
iska
a sigulé.
(PP-V)
a
once
lay
down-V-PAST-3
‘Ha ing
come
back,
a he
lay
down
a
once.’
b.
Uggesines
lempa,
ha ing
swi ched
o -ACT.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM_
he
lamp-ACC
jis
uimigo.
(PP-V)
jec i al
pas
pa iciple
in
nomina i e
case)
which
has
a
meaning
o
so-called
s a i e
pe ec ,
o
esul a i e
(see
Geniugiené
&
Nedjalko
1988).
c .)
a.
Ji
ilgai
bu o
p a adusi
she-3F-SG-NOM
o
long
ime
had
los -be-PAST-3
+
ACT.ADJ.PP-F-SG-NOM
sqmone.
consciousness-ACC
‘She
was
unconscious
(li .
had
los
consciousness)
o
a
long
ime.’
b.
Mo ina
nuo
y o
[y a]
sil ai
apsi engusi.
mo he -F-SG-NOM
since
mo ning
has
wa mly
d essed-he sel -be-PRES-3
+
+
ACT.ADJ.PP-F-SG-NOM
‘Mo he
has
been
d essed
in
wa m
clo hes
(li .
has
wa mly
d essed-he sel )
since
mo ning.’
89
E ko
Saku a
ha ing
los -ACT.ADJ.PP-F-SG-NOM
_consciousness-ACC
‘She
was
lying
o
A
LonG
TIME
unconscious
(li .
ha ing
los
consciousness).’
Mo ina
NUO
RYTO
guli
lo oje
mo he -F-SG-NOM
since
mo ning
is
lying-V-PAST-3
in
bed
Sil ai
apsi engusi.
(V-PP)
wa mly
ha ing
d essed-he sel -ACT.ADJ.PP-F-SG-NOM
“Mo he
is
lying
in
bed
since
Mo ninc
d essed
in
wa m
clo hes
(li .
ha ing
wa mly
d essed-he sel ).’
6.1.2.
<IPFV.
ac ion>
p edica e
sen ences
In
case o
<IPFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
co-occu ing
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
a e
o med
only
om
elic
e bs.
E en
hough
hei
lexical-seman ic
cons ain s
a e
somewha
loose
han
in
<s a e>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
in
gene al
hey
ha e
in
many
cases
simila
meanings
as
desc ibed
in
pa ag aphs
I
and
II
o
sec ion
6.1.1
in
con-
nec ion
wi h
<s a e>
p edica e
sen ences.
Following
below
in
(22a,
b)
a e
example
sen ences
wi h
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
in
he
ac i e
oice
o med
om
in ansi i e
e bs,
and
in
(23a,
b)
om
ansi i e
e bs,
(24a,
b)
a e
example
sen ences
wi h
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
in
he
passi e
oice.
(22)
a.
Pada éja
pasis iebusi
he
wai ess-F-SG-NOM_
ha ing
s ood
on
ip oe-ACT.ADJ.PP-F-
-SG-NOM
se e éle
Sluos é
Jo
eidq.
(PP-V)
96
wi h
a
napkin
was
wiping-V-PAST-3
_
his
ace-ACC
‘S anding
(li .
Ha ing
s ood)
on
ip oe,
he
wai ess
was
wip-
ing
his
ace
wi h
a
napkin.’
.
Susimas es,
Jis
ha ing
become
los
in
hough -
_he-3M-SG-NOM
ACT.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
glos é
aikui
gal q.
(PP-V)
was
s oking-V-PAST-3
child-DAT
head-ACC
‘Though ully
(li .
Ha ing
become
los
in
hough ),
he
was
s oking
he
child’s
head.’

Combina ion
o
pa iciples
and
main
e bs:
aspec
and
ansi i i y
(23)
a.
Jis
bégo
he-3M-SG-NOM
_
was
unning-V-PAST-3
iskéles
uodegg.
(V-PP)
ha ing
aised
up-ACT.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
his
ail-ACC
‘He
was
unning
wi h
his
ail
aised
up
(li .
ha ing
aised
up
his
ail).’
b.
Ji
éjo
ga e
she-3F-SG-NOM
was
walking
down-V-PAST-3
_
he
s ee
sugniauzusi
kums yje
ha ing
clenched-ACT.ADJ.PP-F-SG-NOM
__
in
he
is
popie élj.
(V-PP)
a
small
piece
o
pape -ACC
‘She
was
walking
down
he
s ee
clenching
(li .
ha ing
clenched)
in
he
is
a
small
piece
o
pape .’
(24)
a.
Jjung as
nuo
pa
y o
ha ing
been
u ned
on-PASS.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
since
mo ning
adijas skleidé
he
adio-M-SG-NOM
__
was
emi ing-V-PAST-3
keis us
ga sus.
(PP-V)
s ange
sounds
‘Ha ing
been
u ned
on
since
mo ning,
he
adio
was
emi ing
s ange
sounds.’
b.
Jos
bu na
d ebéjo
he
mou h-F-SG-NOM
was
qui e ing-V-PAST-3
uzspaus a
jo
ki a
anka.
(V-PP)
p essed
igh ly-PASS.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
unde
his
hand
‘He
mou h
was
qui e ing
p essed
igh ly
unde
his
hand.’
The
examples
below
show
he
ypes
o
co-occu ing
aspec ual
ad e bials
o
du a ion,
o
con inui y:
(25)
a.
Me gina
ILGAL
si i ejo
he
young
woman-F-SG-NOM
o
a
long
ime
was
s a ing-V-
-PAST-3
iia
iSsigandusi.
(V-PP)
a
he
ha ing
igh ened-he sel -ACT.ADJ.PP-F-SG-NOM
97
E iko
Saku a
‘The
young woman
was
s a ing
a
he
Fo
A
LONG
TIME
igh ened
(li .
ha ing
igh ened-he sel ).’
b.
Nuo
y o
ugsiglaudes
Sesélyje
since
mo ning
_
ha ing
hidden-himsel -
in
he
shadow
-ACT.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
jis
lauké
aukinio.
(PP-V)
he-3M-SG-NOM
was
wai ing
o -V-PAST-3
he
ain-GEN
‘Hiding
(li .
Ha ing
hidden-himsel )
in
he
shadow
sinck
Mo n-
ING,
he
was
wai ing
o
he
ain.’
6.1.3.
<PFV.
ac ion>
p edica e
sen ences
In
case
o
<PFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
sen ences
lexical-seman ic
cons-
ain s
a e
loose
han
in
all
o he
cases.
To
begin
wi h,
he
ac
ha
adjec-
i al
pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
can
be
o med
om
a elic
e bs
makes
hese
sen ences
e y
di e en
om
<s a e>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
Fu he ,
while
hey
can
be
o med
om
p o o ypical
ansi i e
e bs
in
he
ac i e oice,
hey
can
also
be
o med
om
non-p o o ypical
ansi i e
e bs
in
he
passi e
oice.
Howe e ,
he
condi ion
should
be
me
ha
he
con en s
exp essed
by
pas
pa iciples
and
main
e bs
ha e
some
kind
o
logical
link
and
ha e
no
spli ,
o
gap,
in
ime.
Following
below
a e
example
sen ences
wi h
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
in
he
ac i e
oice
o med
om
in ansi i e
e bs
(26a,
b)
and
ansi i e
e bs
(27a,
b),
Examples
(28a,
b)
a e
sen ences
wi h
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
in
passi e
oice.
(26)
a.
Zmogus,
s aiga
isibégéjes,
he
man-M-SG-NOM
unexpec edly
ha ing
dashed-
-ACT.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM.
enké
gal q
i
sieng.
(PP-V)
slammed-V-PAST-3
head-ACC
agains
he
wall
‘Dashing
o
(li .
Ha ing
dashed)
unexpec edly,
he
man
slammed
his
head
agains
he
wall.’
b.
Ejes
pe
be iynélj
ha ing
walked-ACT.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
in
he
g o e
o
bi ch
ees
98
Combina ion
o
pa iciples
and
main
e bs:
aspec
and
ansi i i y
d i
alandas,
jis
s aiga
nusime é
o
wo
hou s
he-3M-SG-NOM
suddenly
o e
o -V-PAST-3
kauke.
(PP-V)
he
mask-ACC
‘Ha ing
walked
in o
he
g o e
o
bi ch
ees
o
wo
hou s,
he
suddenly
o e
o
he
mask.’
(27)
a.
Geog a as,
a si e es
he
geog aphe -M-SG-NOM
ha ing
opened-ACT.ADJ.PP-M-
-SG-NOM
ug asy knyga,
pasid ozée
pies ukq.
(PP-V)
he
no ebook-ACC
sha pened-V-PAST-3
he
pencil-ACC
‘The
geog aphe ,
ha ing
opened
he
no ebook,
sha pened
he
pencil.’
b.
Pama es
senu e,
ha ing
seen-ACT,ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
he
old
lady-ACC
jis
nubégo
jai
pade i.
(PP-V)
he-3M-SG-NOM
dashed
ou -V-PAST-3
o
help
he
‘When
he
saw
(li .
Ha ing
seen)
he old
lady,
he dashed
ou
o
help
he .’
(28)
a.
Suo,
s ip iai__mus as
he
dog-M-SG-NOM
s ongly
bea en-PASS.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
aiko,
nu aukes
i e,
by
he
child-GEN
ha ing
b oken-ACT.ADJ.PP-
he
s ing-ACC
-M-SG-NOM
pabégo.
(PP-V)
an
away-V-PAST-3
li .
‘The dog,
s ongly
bea en
by
he
child,
ha ing
b oken
he
s ing,
an
away.”
b.
Apgau as
pa da éjos,
chea ed-PASS.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM_
by
a
saleswoman-GEN
jis
pa asé
skundg.
(PP-V)
he-3M-SG-NOM__
w o e-V-PAST-3_
a
complain -ACC
‘Chea ed by
a
saleswoman,
he
w o e
a
complain .’
When
hese
pa iciples
a e
o med
om
elic
e bs,
he
co-occu ing
aspec-
ual
ad e bials
usually
exp ess
punc ual
ime
(ex.
(29)).
When
hey
a e
o -
med
om
a elic
e bs,
he
co-occu ing
aspec ual
ad e bials
a e
hose
o
99
EIKo
SAKURAI
he
du a ion
o
con inui y
ype,
whe eas
he
main
e bs
can
be
used
wi h
co-occu ing
ad e bial
wo ds
exp essing
punc ual
ime
(ex.
(30)).
(29)
Pamas es
AKIMIRKA,
ha ing
hough -ACT.ADJ.PP-M-SG-NOM
o
a
spli
second
jis
a saké,
(PP-V)
he-3M-SG-NOM
answe ed-V-PAST-3
‘A e
hinking
(li .
Ha ing
hough )
o
a
spu
secon,
he
ga e
he
answe .’
(30)
a.
[nea
Zygia e
pe
smélj,
o
a
long
ime
ha ing
walked-ACT.ADJ.PP-
on
he
sand
-M-PL-NOM
Jie
PAGALIAU
PO
PENKIU
VALANDU
hey-3M-PL-NOM
inally
a e
i e
hou s
a ado
kelig.
(PP-V)
ound-V-PAST-3_
he
way-ACC
‘Ha ing
walked
o
aLone
i e
on
he
sand,
hey
FINALLY
AFTER
FIVE
Hou s
ound
he
way.’
b.
Nuo
y o
éjes,
jis
since
mo ning
ha ing
walked-ACT.ADJ.PP-
he-3M-SG-NOM
-M-SG-NOM
p iéjo
obele
TRECIA
VALANDA.
(PP-V)
eached-V-PAST-3
a
wooden
cabin-ACC
a
h ee
‘Ha ing
walked
since
mo ning,
he
eached
a
wooden
cabin
a
THREE.’
6.2.
Ad e bial
pas
pa iciples
Bo h
om
he
s andpoin
o
aspec
and
ansi i i y,
he
combina ion
o
ad e bial
pas
pa iciples
wi h
main
e bs
is
no
subjec
o
he
cons ain s
obse ed
wi h
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
( e e
o
examples
(2),
(12a,
b),
(13a,
b),
(14a,
a’,
b,
b’)).
Mo eo e ,
in
con as
o
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples,
ad e bial
pas
pa iciples
can
ha e
co-occu ing
ad e bials
exp essing
punc-
ual
ime
e en
in
cases
o
<s a e>
p edica e.
(31)
a.
Jam
a sk idus
LYGIAI
TRECIA
VALANDA,
he-DAT
a i ed
by
plane-ADV.PP
a
h ee
o’clock
sha p
100
Combina ion
o
pa iciples
and
main
e bs:
aspec
and
ansi i i y
jo
é as
bu o
o o
uos e.
(PP-V)
his
a he -M-SG-NOM
was-V-PAST-3
a
he
ai po .
‘When
he
a i ed
by
plane
a
THREE
o’cLock
sHaRP,
his
a he
was
a
he
ai po .’
b.
Po
PENKIV
VALANDU
STAIGA
su emus,
a e
i e
hou s
suddenly
he
wiligh
ell-ADV.PP
mes
da
bu ome
miske.
(PP-V)
we-1PL-NOM
s ill
we e-V-PAST-1PL
in
he
o es
‘When
he
wiligh
ell
suppen y
a e
Fi e
HOURS,
we
we e
s ill
in
he
o es .’
7.
SUMMARY
AND
CONCLUSIONS
In
he
p esen
pape
I
ha e
a emp ed
o
p o e
ha :
(i)
he
combina ion
o
pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
wi h
main
e bs
is
subjec
o
ce ain
cons ain s
which
depend
on
a ious
condi ions
con ained
in
he
seman ic
s uc u e
o
he sen ence,
whe e
aspec
and
an-
si i i y
play
a
cen al
ole.
(ii)
in
<s a e>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
and
main
e bs
cons uc
one
p edica e
as
a
single en i y
whe e
he
combina-
o y
possibili ies
a e
mos
s ic ly
cons ained
by
he
p inciple
o
seman ic
consis ency
in
s a i i y
and
in ansi i i y.
Meanwhile,
in
<PFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
sen ences,
he
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
o m
ano he ,
mo e
independen
p edica e
in
addi ion
o ha
o
he
main
e b,
and
he
seman ic
cons ain s
a e
mos
loose.
<IPFV.
ac ion>
ype
p edica e
sen ences
ake
he
posi ion
in
be ween
he
o he
wo
ypes
o
p edica e
sen ences
summa-
ized
abo e.
(ii) in
he
case o
ad e bial
pas
pa iciples,
he
cons ain s
ha
a e
obse -
ed
wi h
adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
do
no
apply
in
hei
combina ion
wi h
main
e bs,
nei he
om
he
pe spec i e
o
aspec
no
om
ha
o
ansi-
i i y.
The
obse a ions
in his
pape
a e
summa ized
in
Table
1
below.
(‘+’
means
ha
he
o ma ion
is
possible;
’
means
ha
he
o ma ion
is
impos-
sible).
101

EIKO
SAKURAI
Table
1:
The
seman ic
dependency
o
pas
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
on
main
e bs
in
Li huanian
Deg ee
o
high
( igh
cons ain s)
<—»
low
(loose
cons ain s)
dependency:
Adjec i al
pas
pa iciples
Ad e bial
pas
(ac i e/passi e
oice)
|
pa iciples
(same-subjec
use)
(di e en -subjec
use)
Types
o
<s a e>
<IPEV.
<PFV.
p edica es
ac ion>
ac ion>
(a)
ela i e
ime
<simul anei y>
«>
<an e io i y>
(same
as
adjec i al
e e ence
pas
pa iciples)
(b)
p edominan
V-PP
V-PP
/
PP-V PP-V PP-V
wo d
o de
(c)
a elic
-
=
ae
+
(nonbounded)
e bs
(d)
ac i e
oice:
p o o ypical
-
oO
+
+
ansi i e
e bs
(e)
passi e
oice.
non-p o o yp-
-
oO
+
(no
passi e
oice)
ical
ansi i e
e bs
The
close
link
be ween
aspec
and
ansi i i y
is
al eady
sugges ed
in
Hoppe
&
Thompson’s
ansi i i y
hypo hesis
(1980).
Howe e ,
he
p oblem
o
pa iciples
unc ioning
as
ad e bials
has
no
ye
been
discussed
om
ha
poin
o
iew
o
da e.
So
i
is
p edic ed
ha
my
in e p e a ion
can
gi e
a
new
pe spec i e
on
he
issue
o
co ela ion
be ween
aspec
and
ansi i i y.
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