11s aipsniai / a icles
danieL Pe i
École no male supé ieu e, Pa is
oLd Li huanian
AñSKAT, šÌSKAT, TàSKAT
and cogna es
senosios lie u ių kalbos añska , šska , àska
i su jais susiję žodžiai
0. in oduc ion
i s in oduced by he g eek g amma ians (ch ysippos, apollonios dyskolos)
and la e elabo a ed by he ge man psychologis ka l bühle (1934: 80), he
no ion o ‘deixis’ has been much deba ed h oughou he 20 h cen u y1. al hough
in ui i ely appealing, i is an a i ac , which encompasses a ious ypes o ges u al
e e ence and co e s a wide ange o phenomena wi h di e en seman ic ea u es.
among he mos s iking exp essions o deixis, he so-called ‘ he ic judgemen s’
occupy a special posi ion, in ha hey simply epo he exis ence o a si ua ion
(e.g. engl. he e is a ca sleeping in my oom), while ‘ca ego ical judgmen s’ si-
mul aneously asse he exis ence o an objec and desc ibe i s ac ion o s a e
(e.g. engl. a ca is sleeping in my oom = he e is a ca + i is sleeping in my oom).
his dis inc ion is well known2. howe e , a subclass o he ic judgmen s seems
o ha e been gene ally o e looked in he s anda d ex books o linguis ics and
in mos specialized monog aphs and a icles dealing wi h deixis3. Many lan-
guages p esen special deic ic pa icles, which d aw he a en ion o a speech
pa ne o some e en o s a e o a ai s (e.g. La . ecce, uss. o , . oici, oilà
‘he e is/a e’). by hei mos salien syn ac ic and seman ic ea u es, especially by
11 see o example cha les illmo e (1997) o s ephen Le inson (2006) o a ecen o e iew.
12 see o example hans-jü gen sasse (1987).
13 an excep ion is Le inson (2006: 111), who uses he e m ‘p esen a i e pa icles’, o he wise e y a e
in english-language linguis ics.
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danieL Pe i
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII
hei e e ence o a speech pa ne , such pa icles di e om he o he deic ic
pa icles (e.g. La . ibi, uss. zdes’, . ici, là ‘he e’). in schola ly li e a u e, hey
a e some imes named ‘p esen a i e pa icles’; his echnical e m goes back o
he desc ip ion o he biblical heb ew pa icle hinneh ‘he e is/a e’ and has been
a e wa ds applied o he ench pa icles oici, oilà. as i ied o show else-
whe e4, he no ion o ‘p esen a i e pa icles’ is a powe ul and a ac i e no ion
which could accoun o he use o some deic ic pa icles o he bal ic lan-
guages, especially Li h. š a, La . e, aũ, lũk and še ‘ecce’. he aim o his
pape is o discuss he o igin o a subclass o p esen a i e pa icles ha is wide-
ly a es ed in old Li huanian and in some Li huanian dialec s, bu emains un-
explained om an e ymological poin o iew.
1. desc iP ion
in old Li huanian li e a u e and in some mode n Li huanian dialec s, we ind
a se o p esen a i e pa icles, which ob iously sha e some common mo phological
ea u es, bu s ill lack a con incing e ymology. desc ip i ely, hese pa icles a e a
compound o a demons a i e s em (anàs, šs, esp. às) and an ending -(s)ka( )
o -(s)ga( ). in able 1 all ele an o ms a e lis ed and b ie ly desc ibed.
judging om he main uses o hese di e en pa icles in Li huanian, i is clea
ha hey belong o he ca ego y ha i ha e b ie ly p esen ed abo e unde he
name o ‘p esen a i e pa icles’: hei basic meaning co esponds o ha o he
La in pa icle ecce. o begin wi h, some o hese pa icles may in oduce a nomi-
nal o m. examples wi h šska :
[1] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 118 2–3 [1573]):
ſchiſka a /nai e weſʒpa ies.
‘he e is he maid se an o he Lo d!’
[2] jonas b e kūnas, Pos illa (bP i 84 21 [1591]):
Jei awe gandin Sme is bei p apůlims / adda ſchiſka awa gelbe oias K iſ us.
‘i dea h and pe di ion igh en you, hen behold you sa iou , ch is !’
Wi h šsga ės:
[3] simonas daukan as (LkŽ XiV 914):
šisga ės piemuo!
‘he e is he shephe d!’
14 daniel Pe i (2010).
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 12 2011.06.17 08:23:46
senosios lie u ių kalbos añska ,
šska , àska i su jais susiję žodžiai
13s aipsniai / a icles
abLe 1 s em ans- s em šis- s em as-
wi h
oiceless
consonan
-k-
-ka šiska daukan as
-ka anska
b e kūnas
šiska Wol enbü el
Pos illa, b e kūnas
aska Wol enbü el
Pos illa, b e kūnas, klein,
sapūnas, Mielcke, cla is
ge manico-Li h ana,
Lexi con Li huanicum,
nesselmann, ku scha
-ka e šiska e Wol enbü el
Pos illa
-ka egi aska eghi Wol enbü el
Pos illa
wi h
oiced
consonan
-g-
-g àsg dialec s o Papilė,
i kšliai
-ga ansga juška šiga juška, dialec s
o alsėdžiai,
skaud ilė
šsga kossa zewski,
dialec o audėnai
àsga Pab ėža, juška, dia-
lec s o Plungė, audėnai,
Žemaičių kal a ija
-ga àsga dialec s o k ė da -
na, ie a as, salan ai
-ga ės añga ės
dialec s o
kuliai, Pla e-
liai, salan ai
añsga ės
alsėdžiai,
ga gždai,
g ūšlaukis,
s akliškės
šga ės se eiskis,
dialec s o salan ai,
skuodas
šsga ės daukan as,
juška, kossa zewski,
dialec s o alsė-
džiai, ga gždai,
Pla eliai, salan ai,
Vei i žėnai, Ža ėnai
àsga ės juška, Lazdynų
Pėlėda, ba onas, dialec s
o g ūšlaukis, ylakiai,
k ėda na, Luokė, Plungė,
ie a as, salan ai,
seda, i kšliai, uska a,
e ai, Viekšniai, Ža ėnai
-ga i àsga i dialec o Žemaičių
kal a ija
-ga ies šsga ies dialec
o Ža ėnai
-ga is šsga is niede -
mann, senn,
b ende and salys
àsga is Pab ėža, Valančius,
juška, dialec s o k e inga,
Mosėdis, Pla eliai,
audėnai, salan ai,
Žemaičių kal a ija
-gačiuos àsgačiuos dialec o Ša ės
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 13 2011.06.17 08:23:46
14
danieL Pe i
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII
Wi h àska :
[4] Ma ynas Maž ydas, Gesmes Ch ikſcʒoniſkas (MŽ 447 4 [1570]):
Mo iſchk aſka sunus awa!
‘Mo he ! he e is you son!’
[5] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb song 5, 2 [1590]):
aska balsas mana P ie eliaus uskinanczio.
‘ he e is he oice o my iend who is knocking.’
in his cons uc ion, he p esen a i e pa icles a e egula ly ollowed by a nom-
ina i e. his nominal cons uc ion is p edominan ly a es ed o in old Li huanian
eligious li e a u e; an in luence o he biblical ph aseology is possible. howe e ,
some ins ances may be ound in la e sou ces as well. example wi h àsga:
[6] an anas juška, Литовскій словарь ([1897–1922], c . LkŽ XV 961):
Tàsga iba jo di os!
‘he e is he edge o his ield!’
a cons uc ion wi h an indi ec in e oga i e clause is also ound, bu seems o
be e y a e. o judge om he ma e ial collec ed om he LkŽ and old Li hua-
nian li e a u e, e y ew ins ances can be p oduced, and mos o hem a e doub -
ul. o example:
[7] ju gis Pab ėža’s w i ings (LkŽ XV 961):
Tasga, koks ėl eikalas!
‘Look o e he e! Wha a s o y!’
ob iously, we a e dealing he e no wi h an indi ec in e oga i e clause, bu
wi h an independen pa icle asga ollowed by an exclama ion koks ėl eika-
las! ‘wha a s o y!’. We a e no ye able o de e mine whe he his impossibili y o
use hese pa icles wi h indi ec in e oga i e clauses is due o he scan iness o
ou documen a ion o e lec s a signi ican ea u e.
he same pa icles may be used as sen ence-opening pa icles, in oducing
independen e bal p edica es. his cons uc ion is abundan ly a es ed no only
in old Li huanian li e a u e, whe e one migh eckon wi h he in luence o bibli-
cal ph aseology, bu also in he mode n dialec s, whe e such an in luence is p e-
cluded. examples wi h añska :
[8] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb 22 kings 4, 25 [1590]):
Ansſka a eia Sunami iene.
‘behold! he woman om sunam is a i ed.’
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senosios lie u ių kalbos añska ,
šska , àska i su jais susiję žodžiai
15s aipsniai / a icles
Wi h šska :
[9] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 158 30 [1573]):
J ſchiſka Ri  me  ankſ i iſch wiſsi ſʒali mu as paſsikiele.
‘and behold! ea ly mo ning a ose om all coun ies a wall.’
[10] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb judg 15, 16 [1590]):
Schiſka anis gul pulkais.
‘behold! hey a e lying ga he ed oge he .’
[11] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb Lk 7, 27 [1590]):
Schiſka ſiuncʒiu Angel mana.
‘behold! i am sending my angel.’
Wi h šska e:
[12] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 195 12–13 [1573]):
A meſs ſchiſka e, ka/iamis miname.
‘and we – behold! – a e ampling down wi h ou ee .’
Wi h àska :
[13] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 16 28–29 [1573]):
A aſka a inaſi iumis ka aliſ/ e Dangaus!
‘and behold! he wo d o he ealm o hea en is coming o you!’
[14] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb gen 29, 6 [1590]):
I ſchi ai aſka jo duk e Rahel a ei su a imis.
‘and behold! his daugh e ahel is a i ing wi h he sheep.’
[15] jonas b e kūnas, Pos illa (bP i 303 7 [1591]):
Todelei mielas K ikſchcʒonie u aſka eſſi k ikſch i as.
‘ he e o e, o dea ch is ! behold! you we e bap ized.’
Wi h àska egi:
[16] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 117 10 [1573]):
Taſka egi panas Die=‖was awe paaukß inaija.
‘behold! he Lo d god has aised you.’
Wi h àsga ės:
[17] dialec o yškiai (LkŽ XV 961):
Tàsga ės ka e bu o, ne juokai!
‘behold! i was in wa , is no a joke.’
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16
danieL Pe i
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII
2. Mo PhoLogy
om a mo phological poin o iew, i is ob ious ha we a e dealing he e wi h
wo di e en o ma ions. as a as i can see, o ms wi h a oiceless consonan
(-ka-) a e exclusi ely old Li huanian: hey occu in he Wol enbü el Pos illa (1573)
and in he wo ks o jonas b e kūnas (ca 1590), daniel klein (1653, 1654) o k is-
upas sapūnas (1673). hey a e s ill men ioned in some 19 h cen u y dic iona ies,
whe e hey we e p obably aken om olde sou ces: we ha e o example aska ,
Ad . siehe da in he dic iona ies o geo g nesselmann (1851: 95) and ied ich
ku scha (1883: 450). on he o he hand, o ms wi h a oiced consonan (-ga-)
occu ed only mo e ecen ly. o my knowledge, hei oldes a es a ions go back
o he w i ings o ju gis Pab ėža (1771–1849) and Mo iejus Valančius (1801–1875).
he e is hus a ch onological di e ence be ween bo h ypes o endings: o ms wi h
-ka- a e olde han o ms wi h -ga- .
his i s imp ession is co obo a ed by he dialec ological dis ibu ion. in old
Li huanian, o ms wi h -ka- a e bes a es ed in he Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP
1573), bu occu ences a e ound in a ious ex s based on o he dialec s as well,
e.g. Ma ynas Maž ydas, b e kūnas o Mikalojus daukša. i is hus likely ha he
ending -ka- ep esen s a common Li huanian inhe i ance. he pic u e is adically
di e en wi h he younge o ms wi h -ga-, since hey a e es ic ed o a li le
numbe o Low Li huanian (Žemai ian) dialec s: hey a e p edominan ly a es ed
in he no h o a line d awn be ween klaipėda and ku šėnai (e.g. in k e inga,
skuodas, elšiai, ie a as, Luokė, Papilė). om olde li e a u e one may men ion
he w i ings o Pab ėža and Valančius, bo h bo n p ecisely in his a ea (skuodas,
esp. k e inga). i is clea ha he oiced ending (-ga-) is a local inno a ion o he
no he n Low Li huanian dialec s. howe e , i can ha dly be conside ed a egula
e olu ion o an olde -ka- .
3 . e yMoLogy
since he 19 h cen u y, he e ymology o hese pa icles has been much dis-
cussed. in a b ie no e, he La ian mas e jānis endzelīns (di ii 499 [1913])
explained he ending -ska in añska , šska , àska as cogna e wi h he s em o
he La ian e b ska î ‘ o see, o look’. his explana ion was also adop ed by
edua d he mann (1926: 387). ano he iew was p oposed by adalbe bezzen-
be ge (1877: 175–176), who saw in añska , šìska and àska compound o ms o
he demons a i e p onouns añs (anàs), šìs, esp. às in combina ion wi h di e en
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 16 2011.06.17 08:23:46
senosios lie u ių kalbos añska ,
šska , àska i su jais susiję žodžiai
17s aipsniai / a icles
deic ic pa icles. he de i ed he i s pa icle -ka- om he Pie coo dina ion *ke
‘and’ (c . g . τε, oind. ca) and compa ed he second pa icle - ( om - e) wi h
he ending o Li h. nè ‘e en’. in a sligh ly di e en way, e ns aenkel (1921:
3, 33, c . LeW i 11 [1962]) de i ed añska , šska and àska om he demons a-
i e p onouns añs (anàs), šs, esp. às in combina ion wi h a deic ic pa icle -ka- .
howe e , he did no ace back he ending - o ano he deic ic pa icle, bu o
a sho ened o m o he 2nd singula pe sonal p onoun in he da i e case (- i ‘ o
you’ > - ). he same iew was aken by Pe e a umaa (1933: 35) and mo e e-
cen ly by Wojciech smoczyński (2007: 17, 640, 661). none o hese schola s seems
o ha e suppo ed any o hese explana ions by p ecise his o ical o ypological
e idence. i would pe haps no be un ai o apply o all o hem he skep ical
judgemen p onounced by al ils augs kalns (1934–1935: 67) on aenkel’s p o-
posal: Diese Ve mu ung läß sich abe , sowei ich sehe, auch du ch nich s e klä en .
a ho ough examina ion o all he implica ions in ol ed by hese e ymologies is
s ill o be conduc ed.
Le us begin wi h endzelīns’ p oposal. in suppo o his claim ha he ending
o añska , šska and àska goes back o a e bal o m cogna e o La . ska î ‘ o
see, o look’ one could men ion he Mode n ench p esen a i e pa icles oici,
oilà. hese pa icles we e c ea ed in Middle ench om he impe a i e o he
e b oi ‘ o see’ in combina ion wi h he local pa icles ci ‘he e’, esp. là ‘ he e’.
in con as o . oici, oilà om ois ci, ois là (impe a i e + local pa icle), Li h.
añska , šska , àska would display he opposi e wo d o de (local pa icles *anà,
*š, * à + impe a i e o *ska ī i = La . ska î ). om his poin o iew, he egu-
la use o hese pa icles wi h he nomina i e (as in ſchiſka a nai e weſʒpa ies ‘he e
is he maid o he Lo d’ WP 118 2–3 [1573]) would be seconda y. a simila case
would be he g eek p esen a i e pa icle ἰδού ‘ecce’, which goes back o he im-
pe a i e o m o he ao is ἰδεῖν ‘ o see’: i was o iginally ollowed by noun ph ases
in he accusa i e, bu in hellenis ic g eek i came o be used wi h noun ph ases in
he nomina i e (e.g. ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ‘ecce homo’ jn 19, 5). howe e a ac i e i
may appea a i s glance, endzelīns’ e ymology aces a se ious di icul y: he
segmen a ion p oposed by endzelīns (*anà, *šì, * à + *ska -) does no accoun o
he o ms wi h a oiced consonan (c . àsga , e c.), no o he o ms wi hou
inal den al (c . šiska, àsga, e c.). i is likely ha he ending - is no inhe en o
he s uc u e, bu is a he an ad en i ious elemen added o an al eady cons i-
u ed s em, which sugges s ha , he connec ion wi h he e bal oo o La . ska î
mus be seen as mis aken.
i now u n o bezzenbe ge ’s and aenkel’s e ymologies. Whiche e solu ion
one p e e s, bo h ha e in common he idea ha -ka-, esp. -ga- a e o iginally
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danieL Pe i
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII
deic ic pa icles added o he demons a i e s ems o añs (anàs), šs, esp. às. al-
hough a e, a deic ic pa icle -ka- occu s in some Li huanian dialec s, ins ead o
s anda d Li huanian -ki-. a pa icle -ga- has le some aces in old Li huanian
(e.g. nesanga ‘because, o ’, be aiga ‘bu ’, c . oP uss. anga ‘i , whe he ’) alongside
he mo e equen pa icle -gi-. he sibilan be o e hese deic ic pa icles mus
belong o he demons a i e s ems. i should p obably be in e p e ed as he mas-
culine nomina i e singula ending (añs = anàs, šs, às), and indeed in many
cases he con ex implies ag eemen wi h a masculine singula noun, see o in-
s ance he ollowing examples:
[18] Ma ynas Maž ydas, Gesmes Ch ikſcʒoniſkas (MŽ 447 4 [1570]):
Mo iſchk aſka sunus awa!
‘Mo he ! he e is you son!’
(ag eemen o aska ‘ his one he e’ wi h sunus ‘son’).
[19] simonas daukan as (LkŽ XiV 914):
šisga ės piemuo!
‘he e is he shephe d!’
(ag eemen o šisga ės ‘ his one he e’ wi h piemuo ‘shephe d’).
howe e , coun e -examples a e ela i ely equen , ei he wi h eminine gende
nouns, as in he ollowing examples:
[20] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 118 2–3 [1573]):
ſchiſka a /nai e weſʒpa ies!
‘he e is he maidse an o he Lo d!’
(disag eemen o šiska ‘ his one he e’ wi h a nai ė ‘maid se an ’).
[21] an anas juška, Литовскій словарь ([1897–1922], c . LkŽ XV 961):
Tàsga iba jo di os!
‘he e is he edge o his ield!’
(disag eemen o asga ‘ his one he e’ wi h iba ‘edge’).
o wi h plu al nouns:
[22] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb judg 15, 16 [1590]):
Schiſka anis gul pulkais.
‘behold, hey a e lying ga he ed oge he .’
o e en wi hou any subs an i e a all:
[23] dialec o yškiai (LkŽ XV 961):
Tàsga ės ka e bu o, ne juokai!
‘behold, i was in wa , i was no a joke.’
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 18 2011.06.17 08:23:46
senosios lie u ių kalbos añska ,
šska , àska i su jais susiję žodžiai
19s aipsniai / a icles
his migh be he esul o a seconda y ex ension, once añska , šska , àska
ha e been eanalyzed as unin lec ed pa icles. as a pa allel, one could men ion he
hi i e p esen a i e pa icles kāša, kāšma ‘look he e, behold’ and āšma ‘lo, behold’,
which, acco ding o a s anda d e ymology, go back o he common gende nomi-
na i e singula o demons a i e p onouns kāš ‘ his one he e’ (< Pie *ḱós, c . Li h.
šs < *ḱi-), esp. *āš ‘ his one’ (< Pie *h1ós), in combina ion wi h a deic ic pa i-
cle *-(m)a (c . hi . imma ‘ uly, eally, indeed’, namma ‘ hen, once again, u he -
mo e’), bu may be used mo e widely as pe i ied ad e bial o ma ions.
one may likewise assume ha he i s pa o añska , šska and àska is a
ozen masculine singula nomina i e ending. he o ms we e eanalyzed as un-
in lec ed ad e bs o pa icles. i should be no ed ha o ms wi hou sibilan a e
a es ed in some Li huanian dialec s: šiga, šga ės (beside šsga ės), añga ės (beside
añsga ės); hey mus be seen as enewed ad e bial o ma ions.
he ending - emains as he main p oblem. his is p ecisely he poin whe e
bezzenbe ge ’s and aenkel’s explana ions di e ge. i shall i s discuss aenkel’s
e ymology, since nowadays i u ns ou o p edomina e in he s anda d handbooks.
his claim is ha he ending - e lec s a second singula pe sonal p onoun in he
da i e case - ( om - i ‘ o you, o you’). al hough no men ioned by aenkel no
by any schola ha ing endo sed his opinion, his e ymology could appa en ly be
s eng hened by a as amoun o ypological e idence, showing a ph aseological
p edilec ion o p esen a i e pa icles o being linked wi h second singula o plu-
al pe sonal p onouns in he da i e. in La in, o example, he p esen a i e pa icles
ecce and em ‘he e is / he e a e’ a e equen ly ollowed by he da i e singula ibi
‘ o you, o you’. examples wi h La . ecce ibi ‘he e is / he e a e’:
[24] cice o, P o ses io 89:
Ecce ibi consul, p ae o , ibunus plebis noua noui gene is edic a p oponun !
‘see now he consul, he p e o , he ibune o he people p oposes new edic s o a
new so !’
[25] cice o, ad a icum 7, 19:
Ecce ibi an e diem e ium Nonas Feb ua ias mane accepi uas li e as!
‘bu he e, his 3 d o eb ua y, i ha e ecei ed in he mo ning a le e om you!’
Wi h La . em ibi ‘he e is / he e a e’:
[26] Plau us, asina ia 880:
Em ibi hominem!
‘ he e is you man!’
[27] Plau us, amphi yon 778:
Em ibi pa e am, eccam!
‘ he e! you bowl, see!’
ALL_62_63_make as.indd 19 2011.06.17 08:23:46