Old Lithuanian “añskat”, “šiskat”, “tàskat” and Cognates

11s aipsniai / a icles danieL Pe i École no male supé ieu e, Pa is oLd Li huanian AñSKAT, šÌSKAT, TàSKAT and cogna es senosios lie u ių kalbos añska , šska , àska i su jais susiję žodžiai 0. in oduc ion i s in oduced by he g eek g amma ians (ch ysippos, apollonios dyskolos) and la e elabo a ed by he ge man psychologis ka l bühle (1934: 80), he no ion o ‘deixis’ has been much deba ed h oughou he 20 h cen u y1. al hough in ui i ely appealing, i is an a i ac , which encompasses a ious ypes o ges u al e e ence and co e s a wide ange o phenomena wi h di e en seman ic ea u es. among he mos s iking exp essions o deixis, he so-called ‘ he ic judgemen s’ occupy a special posi ion, in ha hey simply epo he exis ence o a si ua ion (e.g. engl. he e is a ca sleeping in my oom), while ‘ca ego ical judgmen s’ si- mul aneously asse he exis ence o an objec and desc ibe i s ac ion o s a e (e.g. engl. a ca is sleeping in my oom = he e is a ca + i is sleeping in my oom). his dis inc ion is well known2. howe e , a subclass o he ic judgmen s seems o ha e been gene ally o e looked in he s anda d ex books o linguis ics and in mos specialized monog aphs and a icles dealing wi h deixis3. Many lan- guages p esen special deic ic pa icles, which d aw he a en ion o a speech pa ne o some e en o s a e o a ai s (e.g. La . ecce, uss. o , . oici, oilà ‘he e is/a e’). by hei mos salien syn ac ic and seman ic ea u es, especially by 11 see o example cha les illmo e (1997) o s ephen Le inson (2006) o a ecen o e iew. 12 see o example hans-jü gen sasse (1987). 13 an excep ion is Le inson (2006: 111), who uses he e m ‘p esen a i e pa icles’, o he wise e y a e in english-language linguis ics. ALL_62_63_make as.indd 11 2011.06.17 08:23:46 12 danieL Pe i ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII hei e e ence o a speech pa ne , such pa icles di e om he o he deic ic pa icles (e.g. La . ibi, uss. zdes’, . ici, là ‘he e’). in schola ly li e a u e, hey a e some imes named ‘p esen a i e pa icles’; his echnical e m goes back o he desc ip ion o he biblical heb ew pa icle hinneh ‘he e is/a e’ and has been a e wa ds applied o he ench pa icles oici, oilà. as i ied o show else- whe e4, he no ion o ‘p esen a i e pa icles’ is a powe ul and a ac i e no ion which could accoun o he use o some deic ic pa icles o he bal ic lan- guages, especially Li h. š a, La . e, aũ, lũk and še ‘ecce’. he aim o his pape is o discuss he o igin o a subclass o p esen a i e pa icles ha is wide- ly a es ed in old Li huanian and in some Li huanian dialec s, bu emains un- explained om an e ymological poin o iew. 1. desc iP ion in old Li huanian li e a u e and in some mode n Li huanian dialec s, we ind a se o p esen a i e pa icles, which ob iously sha e some common mo phological ea u es, bu s ill lack a con incing e ymology. desc ip i ely, hese pa icles a e a compound o a demons a i e s em (anàs, šs, esp. às) and an ending -(s)ka( ) o -(s)ga( ). in able 1 all ele an o ms a e lis ed and b ie ly desc ibed. judging om he main uses o hese di e en pa icles in Li huanian, i is clea ha hey belong o he ca ego y ha i ha e b ie ly p esen ed abo e unde he name o ‘p esen a i e pa icles’: hei basic meaning co esponds o ha o he La in pa icle ecce. o begin wi h, some o hese pa icles may in oduce a nomi- nal o m. examples wi h šska : [1] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 118 2–3 [1573]): ſchiſka a /nai e weſʒpa ies. ‘he e is he maid se an o he Lo d!’ [2] jonas b e kūnas, Pos illa (bP i 84 21 [1591]): Jei awe gandin Sme is bei p apůlims / adda ſchiſka awa gelbe oias K iſ us. ‘i dea h and pe di ion igh en you, hen behold you sa iou , ch is !’ Wi h šsga ės: [3] simonas daukan as (LkŽ XiV 914): šisga ės piemuo! ‘he e is he shephe d!’ 14 daniel Pe i (2010). ALL_62_63_make as.indd 12 2011.06.17 08:23:46 senosios lie u ių kalbos añska , šska , àska i su jais susiję žodžiai 13s aipsniai / a icles abLe 1 s em ans- s em šis- s em as- wi h oiceless consonan -k- -ka šiska daukan as -ka anska b e kūnas šiska Wol enbü el Pos illa, b e kūnas aska Wol enbü el Pos illa, b e kūnas, klein, sapūnas, Mielcke, cla is ge manico-Li h ana, Lexi con Li huanicum, nesselmann, ku scha -ka e šiska e Wol enbü el Pos illa -ka egi aska eghi Wol enbü el Pos illa wi h oiced consonan -g- -g àsg dialec s o Papilė, i kšliai -ga ansga juška šiga juška, dialec s o alsėdžiai, skaud ilė šsga kossa zewski, dialec o audėnai àsga Pab ėža, juška, dia- lec s o Plungė, audėnai, Žemaičių kal a ija -ga àsga dialec s o k ė da - na, ie a as, salan ai -ga ės añga ės dialec s o kuliai, Pla e- liai, salan ai añsga ės alsėdžiai, ga gždai, g ūšlaukis, s akliškės šga ės se eiskis, dialec s o salan ai, skuodas šsga ės daukan as, juška, kossa zewski, dialec s o alsė- džiai, ga gždai, Pla eliai, salan ai, Vei i žėnai, Ža ėnai àsga ės juška, Lazdynų Pėlėda, ba onas, dialec s o g ūšlaukis, ylakiai, k ėda na, Luokė, Plungė, ie a as, salan ai, seda, i kšliai, uska a, e ai, Viekšniai, Ža ėnai -ga i àsga i dialec o Žemaičių kal a ija -ga ies šsga ies dialec o Ža ėnai -ga is šsga is niede - mann, senn, b ende and salys àsga is Pab ėža, Valančius, juška, dialec s o k e inga, Mosėdis, Pla eliai, audėnai, salan ai, Žemaičių kal a ija -gačiuos àsgačiuos dialec o Ša ės ALL_62_63_make as.indd 13 2011.06.17 08:23:46 14 danieL Pe i ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII Wi h àska : [4] Ma ynas Maž ydas, Gesmes Ch ikſcʒoniſkas (MŽ 447 4 [1570]): Mo iſchk aſka sunus awa! ‘Mo he ! he e is you son!’ [5] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb song 5, 2 [1590]): aska balsas mana P ie eliaus uskinanczio. ‘ he e is he oice o my iend who is knocking.’ in his cons uc ion, he p esen a i e pa icles a e egula ly ollowed by a nom- ina i e. his nominal cons uc ion is p edominan ly a es ed o in old Li huanian eligious li e a u e; an in luence o he biblical ph aseology is possible. howe e , some ins ances may be ound in la e sou ces as well. example wi h àsga: [6] an anas juška, Литовскій словарь ([1897–1922], c . LkŽ XV 961): Tàsga iba jo di os! ‘he e is he edge o his ield!’ a cons uc ion wi h an indi ec in e oga i e clause is also ound, bu seems o be e y a e. o judge om he ma e ial collec ed om he LkŽ and old Li hua- nian li e a u e, e y ew ins ances can be p oduced, and mos o hem a e doub - ul. o example: [7] ju gis Pab ėža’s w i ings (LkŽ XV 961): Tasga, koks ėl eikalas! ‘Look o e he e! Wha a s o y!’ ob iously, we a e dealing he e no wi h an indi ec in e oga i e clause, bu wi h an independen pa icle asga ollowed by an exclama ion koks ėl eika- las! ‘wha a s o y!’. We a e no ye able o de e mine whe he his impossibili y o use hese pa icles wi h indi ec in e oga i e clauses is due o he scan iness o ou documen a ion o e lec s a signi ican ea u e. he same pa icles may be used as sen ence-opening pa icles, in oducing independen e bal p edica es. his cons uc ion is abundan ly a es ed no only in old Li huanian li e a u e, whe e one migh eckon wi h he in luence o bibli- cal ph aseology, bu also in he mode n dialec s, whe e such an in luence is p e- cluded. examples wi h añska : [8] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb 22 kings 4, 25 [1590]): Ansſka a eia Sunami iene. ‘behold! he woman om sunam is a i ed.’ ALL_62_63_make as.indd 14 2011.06.17 08:23:46 senosios lie u ių kalbos añska , šska , àska i su jais susiję žodžiai 15s aipsniai / a icles Wi h šska : [9] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 158 30 [1573]): J ſchiſka Ri  me  ankſ i iſch wiſsi ſʒali mu as paſsikiele. ‘and behold! ea ly mo ning a ose om all coun ies a wall.’ [10] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb judg 15, 16 [1590]): Schiſka anis gul pulkais. ‘behold! hey a e lying ga he ed oge he .’ [11] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb Lk 7, 27 [1590]): Schiſka ſiuncʒiu Angel mana. ‘behold! i am sending my angel.’ Wi h šska e: [12] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 195 12–13 [1573]): A meſs ſchiſka e, ka/iamis miname. ‘and we – behold! – a e ampling down wi h ou ee .’ Wi h àska : [13] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 16 28–29 [1573]): A aſka a inaſi iumis ka aliſ/ e Dangaus! ‘and behold! he wo d o he ealm o hea en is coming o you!’ [14] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb gen 29, 6 [1590]): I ſchi ai aſka jo duk e Rahel a ei su a imis. ‘and behold! his daugh e ahel is a i ing wi h he sheep.’ [15] jonas b e kūnas, Pos illa (bP i 303 7 [1591]): Todelei mielas K ikſchcʒonie u aſka eſſi k ikſch i as. ‘ he e o e, o dea ch is ! behold! you we e bap ized.’ Wi h àska egi: [16] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 117 10 [1573]): Taſka egi panas Die=‖was awe paaukß inaija. ‘behold! he Lo d god has aised you.’ Wi h àsga ės: [17] dialec o yškiai (LkŽ XV 961): Tàsga ės ka e bu o, ne juokai! ‘behold! i was in wa , is no a joke.’ ALL_62_63_make as.indd 15 2011.06.17 08:23:46 16 danieL Pe i ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII 2. Mo PhoLogy om a mo phological poin o iew, i is ob ious ha we a e dealing he e wi h wo di e en o ma ions. as a as i can see, o ms wi h a oiceless consonan (-ka-) a e exclusi ely old Li huanian: hey occu in he Wol enbü el Pos illa (1573) and in he wo ks o jonas b e kūnas (ca 1590), daniel klein (1653, 1654) o k is- upas sapūnas (1673). hey a e s ill men ioned in some 19 h cen u y dic iona ies, whe e hey we e p obably aken om olde sou ces: we ha e o example aska , Ad . siehe da in he dic iona ies o geo g nesselmann (1851: 95) and ied ich ku scha (1883: 450). on he o he hand, o ms wi h a oiced consonan (-ga-) occu ed only mo e ecen ly. o my knowledge, hei oldes a es a ions go back o he w i ings o ju gis Pab ėža (1771–1849) and Mo iejus Valančius (1801–1875). he e is hus a ch onological di e ence be ween bo h ypes o endings: o ms wi h -ka- a e olde han o ms wi h -ga- . his i s imp ession is co obo a ed by he dialec ological dis ibu ion. in old Li huanian, o ms wi h -ka- a e bes a es ed in he Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 1573), bu occu ences a e ound in a ious ex s based on o he dialec s as well, e.g. Ma ynas Maž ydas, b e kūnas o Mikalojus daukša. i is hus likely ha he ending -ka- ep esen s a common Li huanian inhe i ance. he pic u e is adically di e en wi h he younge o ms wi h -ga-, since hey a e es ic ed o a li le numbe o Low Li huanian (Žemai ian) dialec s: hey a e p edominan ly a es ed in he no h o a line d awn be ween klaipėda and ku šėnai (e.g. in k e inga, skuodas, elšiai, ie a as, Luokė, Papilė). om olde li e a u e one may men ion he w i ings o Pab ėža and Valančius, bo h bo n p ecisely in his a ea (skuodas, esp. k e inga). i is clea ha he oiced ending (-ga-) is a local inno a ion o he no he n Low Li huanian dialec s. howe e , i can ha dly be conside ed a egula e olu ion o an olde -ka- . 3 . e yMoLogy since he 19 h cen u y, he e ymology o hese pa icles has been much dis- cussed. in a b ie no e, he La ian mas e jānis endzelīns (di ii 499 [1913]) explained he ending -ska in añska , šska , àska as cogna e wi h he s em o he La ian e b ska î ‘ o see, o look’. his explana ion was also adop ed by edua d he mann (1926: 387). ano he iew was p oposed by adalbe bezzen- be ge (1877: 175–176), who saw in añska , šìska and àska compound o ms o he demons a i e p onouns añs (anàs), šìs, esp. às in combina ion wi h di e en ALL_62_63_make as.indd 16 2011.06.17 08:23:46 senosios lie u ių kalbos añska , šska , àska i su jais susiję žodžiai 17s aipsniai / a icles deic ic pa icles. he de i ed he i s pa icle -ka- om he Pie coo dina ion *ke ‘and’ (c . g . τε, oind. ca) and compa ed he second pa icle - ( om - e) wi h he ending o Li h. nè ‘e en’. in a sligh ly di e en way, e ns aenkel (1921: 3, 33, c . LeW i 11 [1962]) de i ed añska , šska and àska om he demons a- i e p onouns añs (anàs), šs, esp. às in combina ion wi h a deic ic pa icle -ka- . howe e , he did no ace back he ending - o ano he deic ic pa icle, bu o a sho ened o m o he 2nd singula pe sonal p onoun in he da i e case (- i ‘ o you’ > - ). he same iew was aken by Pe e a umaa (1933: 35) and mo e e- cen ly by Wojciech smoczyński (2007: 17, 640, 661). none o hese schola s seems o ha e suppo ed any o hese explana ions by p ecise his o ical o ypological e idence. i would pe haps no be un ai o apply o all o hem he skep ical judgemen p onounced by al ils augs kalns (1934–1935: 67) on aenkel’s p o- posal: Diese Ve mu ung läß sich abe , sowei ich sehe, auch du ch nich s e klä en . a ho ough examina ion o all he implica ions in ol ed by hese e ymologies is s ill o be conduc ed. Le us begin wi h endzelīns’ p oposal. in suppo o his claim ha he ending o añska , šska and àska goes back o a e bal o m cogna e o La . ska î ‘ o see, o look’ one could men ion he Mode n ench p esen a i e pa icles oici, oilà. hese pa icles we e c ea ed in Middle ench om he impe a i e o he e b oi ‘ o see’ in combina ion wi h he local pa icles ci ‘he e’, esp. là ‘ he e’. in con as o . oici, oilà om ois ci, ois là (impe a i e + local pa icle), Li h. añska , šska , àska would display he opposi e wo d o de (local pa icles *anà, *š, * à + impe a i e o *ska ī i = La . ska î ). om his poin o iew, he egu- la use o hese pa icles wi h he nomina i e (as in ſchiſka a nai e weſʒpa ies ‘he e is he maid o he Lo d’ WP 118 2–3 [1573]) would be seconda y. a simila case would be he g eek p esen a i e pa icle ἰδού ‘ecce’, which goes back o he im- pe a i e o m o he ao is ἰδεῖν ‘ o see’: i was o iginally ollowed by noun ph ases in he accusa i e, bu in hellenis ic g eek i came o be used wi h noun ph ases in he nomina i e (e.g. ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος ‘ecce homo’ jn 19, 5). howe e a ac i e i may appea a i s glance, endzelīns’ e ymology aces a se ious di icul y: he segmen a ion p oposed by endzelīns (*anà, *šì, * à + *ska -) does no accoun o he o ms wi h a oiced consonan (c . àsga , e c.), no o he o ms wi hou inal den al (c . šiska, àsga, e c.). i is likely ha he ending - is no inhe en o he s uc u e, bu is a he an ad en i ious elemen added o an al eady cons i- u ed s em, which sugges s ha , he connec ion wi h he e bal oo o La . ska î mus be seen as mis aken. i now u n o bezzenbe ge ’s and aenkel’s e ymologies. Whiche e solu ion one p e e s, bo h ha e in common he idea ha -ka-, esp. -ga- a e o iginally ALL_62_63_make as.indd 17 2011.06.17 08:23:46 18 danieL Pe i ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXII–LXIII deic ic pa icles added o he demons a i e s ems o añs (anàs), šs, esp. às. al- hough a e, a deic ic pa icle -ka- occu s in some Li huanian dialec s, ins ead o s anda d Li huanian -ki-. a pa icle -ga- has le some aces in old Li huanian (e.g. nesanga ‘because, o ’, be aiga ‘bu ’, c . oP uss. anga ‘i , whe he ’) alongside he mo e equen pa icle -gi-. he sibilan be o e hese deic ic pa icles mus belong o he demons a i e s ems. i should p obably be in e p e ed as he mas- culine nomina i e singula ending (añs = anàs, šs, às), and indeed in many cases he con ex implies ag eemen wi h a masculine singula noun, see o in- s ance he ollowing examples: [18] Ma ynas Maž ydas, Gesmes Ch ikſcʒoniſkas (MŽ 447 4 [1570]): Mo iſchk aſka sunus awa! ‘Mo he ! he e is you son!’ (ag eemen o aska ‘ his one he e’ wi h sunus ‘son’). [19] simonas daukan as (LkŽ XiV 914): šisga ės piemuo! ‘he e is he shephe d!’ (ag eemen o šisga ės ‘ his one he e’ wi h piemuo ‘shephe d’). howe e , coun e -examples a e ela i ely equen , ei he wi h eminine gende nouns, as in he ollowing examples: [20] Wol enbü el Pos illa (WP 118 2–3 [1573]): ſchiſka a /nai e weſʒpa ies! ‘he e is he maidse an o he Lo d!’ (disag eemen o šiska ‘ his one he e’ wi h a nai ė ‘maid se an ’). [21] an anas juška, Литовскій словарь ([1897–1922], c . LkŽ XV 961): Tàsga iba jo di os! ‘he e is he edge o his ield!’ (disag eemen o asga ‘ his one he e’ wi h iba ‘edge’). o wi h plu al nouns: [22] jonas b e kūnas, Biblia (bb judg 15, 16 [1590]): Schiſka anis gul pulkais. ‘behold, hey a e lying ga he ed oge he .’ o e en wi hou any subs an i e a all: [23] dialec o yškiai (LkŽ XV 961): Tàsga ės ka e bu o, ne juokai! ‘behold, i was in wa , i was no a joke.’ ALL_62_63_make as.indd 18 2011.06.17 08:23:46 senosios lie u ių kalbos añska , šska , àska i su jais susiję žodžiai 19s aipsniai / a icles his migh be he esul o a seconda y ex ension, once añska , šska , àska ha e been eanalyzed as unin lec ed pa icles. as a pa allel, one could men ion he hi i e p esen a i e pa icles kāša, kāšma ‘look he e, behold’ and āšma ‘lo, behold’, which, acco ding o a s anda d e ymology, go back o he common gende nomi- na i e singula o demons a i e p onouns kāš ‘ his one he e’ (< Pie *ḱós, c . Li h. šs < *ḱi-), esp. *āš ‘ his one’ (< Pie *h1ós), in combina ion wi h a deic ic pa i- cle *-(m)a (c . hi . imma ‘ uly, eally, indeed’, namma ‘ hen, once again, u he - mo e’), bu may be used mo e widely as pe i ied ad e bial o ma ions. one may likewise assume ha he i s pa o añska , šska and àska is a ozen masculine singula nomina i e ending. he o ms we e eanalyzed as un- in lec ed ad e bs o pa icles. i should be no ed ha o ms wi hou sibilan a e a es ed in some Li huanian dialec s: šiga, šga ės (beside šsga ės), añga ės (beside añsga ės); hey mus be seen as enewed ad e bial o ma ions. he ending - emains as he main p oblem. his is p ecisely he poin whe e bezzenbe ge ’s and aenkel’s explana ions di e ge. i shall i s discuss aenkel’s e ymology, since nowadays i u ns ou o p edomina e in he s anda d handbooks. his claim is ha he ending - e lec s a second singula pe sonal p onoun in he da i e case - ( om - i ‘ o you, o you’). al hough no men ioned by aenkel no by any schola ha ing endo sed his opinion, his e ymology could appa en ly be s eng hened by a as amoun o ypological e idence, showing a ph aseological p edilec ion o p esen a i e pa icles o being linked wi h second singula o plu- al pe sonal p onouns in he da i e. in La in, o example, he p esen a i e pa icles ecce and em ‘he e is / he e a e’ a e equen ly ollowed by he da i e singula ibi ‘ o you, o you’. examples wi h La . ecce ibi ‘he e is / he e a e’: [24] cice o, P o ses io 89: Ecce ibi consul, p ae o , ibunus plebis noua noui gene is edic a p oponun ! ‘see now he consul, he p e o , he ibune o he people p oposes new edic s o a new so !’ [25] cice o, ad a icum 7, 19: Ecce ibi an e diem e ium Nonas Feb ua ias mane accepi uas li e as! ‘bu he e, his 3 d o eb ua y, i ha e ecei ed in he mo ning a le e om you!’ Wi h La . em ibi ‘he e is / he e a e’: [26] Plau us, asina ia 880: Em ibi hominem! ‘ he e is you man!’ [27] Plau us, amphi yon 778: Em ibi pa e am, eccam! ‘ he e! you bowl, see!’ ALL_62_63_make as.indd 19 2011.06.17 08:23:46