87s aipsniai / a icles
e ika iMku ė
Vy au o didžiojo uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas: ex ual and compu e linguis ics, au oma ic
mo phological analysis and syn hesis, mo phological plu ali y and i s
limi a ion.
as a kaZLauskienė
Vy au o didžiojo uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include expe imen al phone ics, synch onous
accen ology, dialec ology, and applied linguis ics.
gaiLius aŠkinis
Vy au o didžiojo uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas: ecogni ion me hods, ecogni ion o musical
and speech signals, compu e and ex linguis ics.
Li huanian dialec s
Measu es o be aken
The mo phological s uc u e o Li huanian e bs is no ully unde s ood. The aim o his s udy is
o educe he bu den. I 's analyzed in almos 93,000 a icles. he esea ch ma e ial consis s o
a ious exce p s om he ex s collec ed in he ex books o he cu en Li huanian language.
mo phologically anno a ed ex s and obscu ed mo phemes. The e a e 116 mo phemes, each wi h a
s a y i i ap ašy i lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžių mo eminės s uk ū os modelius i jų ealiza-
di e en mo phological s uc u e: he mos p oduc i e mo pheme (shell) is one- i h o he o al,
and 26 ha e one o wo mo phemes. Ve bs can ha e om one o nine mo phemes. The mos common
Li huanian language (89%) has 24 mo phemes o e bs. 1 s udy was inanced by he Li huanian
Science Council (con ac numbe MiP-06/2010). These a e he wo ds: ac ion, oo , p eposi ion,
p eposi ion, end, p eposi ion, oice. keywo ds: e b, oo , p e ix, su ix, lexion, consonan , owel.
Wha is he meaning o he wo d?
88 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV Al hough many s uc u al models ha e been iden i ied, a
e ika iMku ė, as a kaZLauskienė, gaiLius aŠkinis
qua e o hem (26 models) make up as much as 95 pe cen o all he e bs analyzed. The mos
ypical models a e: (p e ix) + shak nis + shaknis + kai ybinė accesso y (11 pe cen ). In he
Li huanian language, he mos commonly used o ms o e bs a e unp onounceable, wi hou a
galūnė (33 p oc.), (p iešdėlis) + šaknis + kai ybinė p iesaga + galūnė (15 p oc.), (p iešdėlis) +
p e ix o wi h i , wi h one o wo al e na e a ixes. In he ma e ial examined, a hi d (33%) o he
e bs a e simple, wi h one o wo p e ixes […] abou 28%, wi h a p eposi ion su ix […] abou 15%,
wi h a p eposi ion and a p eposi ion su ix […] 12%, wi h a p e ix and is synonymous […] abou 6%.
Ve bs wi h o he combina ions o de i a i e mo phemes make up only one pe cen . I has been
no iced ha Li huanian languages no longe ha e e bs wi h mo e han wo e bs. Al hough he
a ie y o Li huanian e b mo pheme combina ions is la ge, he o osens b anduolį consis s o
1015 models (abou 7585 pe cen ) o e bs.
anno a ion Ve bs ha e been g ouped in o 116 ca ego ies acco ding o hei mo phemic
he aim o his esea ch was o iden i y and o desc ibe he mo phemic s uc u e o Li hua-
nian e bs om he quan i a i e poin o iew. Quan i a i e analysis o he mo phemic s uc u e
o Li huanian e bs was no add essed by p e ious esea ch. he in es iga ion ma e ial con-
sis ed o all e b okens (nea ly 93 housand) om he specially selec ed subse o Li huanian
language co pus. all e bs wi hin his da a se ha e been mo phologically anno a ed, i.e. mo -
phemes ha e been iden i ied and hei bounda ies ha e been labeled.
s uc u e. Ve bs we e ound o be composed o one o nine mo phemes. Howe e , he
majo i y o e bs (89 pe cen ) we e composed o wo o ou mo phemes.
ĮVadas
Lie u ių kalbos žodžių mo eminę s uk ū ą ap a ė Monika kuosienė knygoje
Mo eminė analizė (1986) i s asys keinys knygoje Bend inės lie u ių kalbos mo e-
mika (2009). ačiau šiuose da buose nė a kiekybinės lie u ių kalbos žodžių mo -
eminės s uk ū os analizės. g ama ikose, ado ėliuose pap as ai pa eikiami ik
bend o pobūdžio eiginiai apie lie u ių kalbos mo emas. Šiame y ime emiama-
I con ains a lo o ma e ial in he cu en Li huanian language, so i is expec ed o
e eal he mos impo an mo phological wo ds in he Li huanian language. The
s uc u e o e bs, e bs, e bs is desc ibed in g ea de ail (k uopienė: 2000; 2001; 2002;
2005). Many aspec s o he mo phological s uc u e o he oo o he e b a e
p esen ed in he ex emely comp ehensi e monog aph o Aud onė Kaukienė on he
his o y o he e b in he Li huanian language (1994-2002). Vida Zi a ka osienė (2004) has
also w i en abou he phono ac ic s uc u e o he common Li huanian su name oo .
The mo phological change in he mo phemes is he subjec o se e al wo ks by he
g aphic a is : he book Mo phological Balsial Wo d Changes in he Wo k (1996), he
Lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžių mo eminė s uk ū a
89s aipsniai / a icles
"Roo change: mo pheme models and s uc u al oo ypes" (2001), "Roo change
wi h de i a i e su names wi h p e e en ial p eposi ions" (2008). was unable o ind
de ailed wo ks on he mo phological s uc u e o wo ds in he La ian language
ha a e s uc u ally close. Mo phemic and Mo phological analysis o he La ian
language (1996), K is īne Le āne, and ejs spek o s Mo phemic analysis and
Mo phological agging o he La ian co pus (2000), Pe e Paikens Lexicon-based
Mo phological analysis o he La ian language (2007) ha e no desc ibed he
mo phological s uc u e in su icien de ail. hey discuss how in o ma ion on he
mo phological s uc u e o La ian wo ds can be inse ed in o he mo phological
anno a ion. The mo phological s uc u e o wo ds is impo an in de e mining he
da i uo, kad padeda a pažin i naujus daba inės la ių kalbos žodžius.
Le āne i spek o s s aipsnyje (2000) pa eik a labai apibend in a la ių kalbos
mo phological composi ion o a wo d: one o he wo ds *p iešdėlis + šaknis +
*p iesaga + (galūnė); o he wo ds *p iešdėlis + šaknis + *p iesaga + (galūnė) +
lis) + šaknis + *p iesaga + (galūnė)2 .
Minė ame s aipsnyje ap ašy a la ių kalbai suku a bandomoji mo eminio skai-
(sys em o p e en ing 3. O cou se, mo phemes a e no desc ibed in de ail. This
sys em also mo phologically analyzes La ian wo ds and can syn hesize he nex wo d indica ed
kai ybines o mas.
s aipsnio au o iai ne ado išsamios in o macijos apie usų kalbos mo eminę
a icles s uc u e in quan i a i e e ms, so he in o ma ion gi en below should be
ea ed wi h conside able cau ion4. he mos common wo d o ms in Russian, consis ing o wo o
ke u ių mo emų. galimi okie modeliai:
:
шоссе, около, вдруг
;
O he , o
ни-где, от-ныне
;
ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel
хорош-о, вод-а
;
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion:
по-утр-у, при-город-ы
;
I'm no
в-пят-ер-ом, за-город-н-ый
;
going o
тк-ач-их-а, труд-и-ть-ся
;
lie o you. I'm no going o lie o you.
рыб-ач-и-вш-ий
;
O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
пере-во-оруж-и-вш-ий
;
O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
по-на-вы-пис-ыва-л-и
;
O he , no u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
по-на-вы-дёрг-ива-л-о-сь5.
2 As e isk means ha he e may be no a ix o he e may be se e al a ixes; he pos e s on he
slides a e no necessa y.
3 can be ound a :
h p:
expe imen i.ailab.l /mo o.
4 in o ma ion om he websi e a h p: www.langus . u/ us_g am/ us_g 03.sh ml.
R s ands o oo , and x s ands o any a ix.
90 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica
e ika iMku ė, as a kaZLauskienė, gaiLius aŠkinis
LXIVLXV s a es ha he e a e e en
11 mo phemes de i a i es, e.g.,
pyl-e- lag-o-ne-p o-
ниц-а-ем-ость
(b) he ollowing able is inse ed:
Ana oliy a. Polika po in his pape s […]Menze a h's Law o Mo phemic s uc u es
o wo ds: a hypo hesis o he e olu iona y mechanism o i s a ising and i s
es ing[…] (2000a) and […]ch onological Mo phemic and wo d- o ma ional dic iona y o
Russian: some sys em egula i ies o Mo phemic s uc u es and uni s[…] (2000b),
based on he ch onological Russian dic iona y o mo phemes and wo d o man s,6
consis ing o mo e han 180,000 wo ds, analyzes and adap s Menze a h's
dic iona y.[…] The a icles desc ibe se e al ends: new wo ds a e o med wi h new
mo phemes; The olde he wo ds, he longe hei mo phemes; medium (e.g. he
mo emos ilgis y a a i kščiai p opo cingas a s umui nuo šaknies iki mo emos
u he away om he oo he appendage is, he sho e he appendage); The
longe he mo phemes, he ewe hey a e in a wo d; The mo e mo phemes in a
wo d, he sho e hey a e. These de ini ions a e based on Russian language da a. I
can be assumed ha simila ends should be e lec ed in he Li huanian language,
bu his would be he subjec o ano he s udy.
The esea ch ma e ial o my MedŽiaga consis s o a ious exce p s om he
cu en Li huanian language ex books (h p: eks ynas. du.l ) collec ed by
scien i ic s yle publica ions, publicis ex s, Li huanian au ho s' no els,
adminis a i e documen s (o de s, esolu ions, p o ocols, laws). The Saky inės
kalbos į ašų bazės (h ps: donelai is) has also been used o he s udy.
he ollowing able is added:
he agmen s. The esea ch ma e ial consis s o abou 430 housand wo ds (almos
80 housand di e en o ms). ex s anno a ed mo phologically, e o s co ec ed by
hand by he mo phological anno a o , he meaning o polysyllabic wo ds de e mined,
mo phological samples ejec ed8. Since he wo k analyses usage (no ocabula y) da a,
he e m equency is used, no p oduc i i y.
The bounda ies o mo phemes a e based on heo e ical p inciples e y ap ly o mula ed by Vinco U bucio
(2009: 165 […] 166). The wo d mo pheme is a combina ion o he ollowing wo ds: Ch onological Mo pheme and
Wo d Fo ma ion Dic iona y o he Russian Language.
7 Menze a h's law s a es ha he longe a uni , he sho e i s pa s. In English, his e b is ph ased as
ollows: […] he longe some […]cons uc […] ( he whole) he sho e should be i s […]componen s[…] (pa s)[…]
(Polika po 2000a; 2000b) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
8 Mo phological samples […] mos o en composed o se e al non-nominal wo ds ha ha e a common
meaning and pe o m he same syn ac ic unc ion, e.g. wi hou a doub , in ac , bu whe e.
Lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžių mo eminė s uk ū a
91 a icles o he seman ic pa o he wo d, as a as hey can be de e mined om
he poin o iew o he cu en language. he dis inguishable pa o he wo d is
conside ed a mo pheme: (a) i bo h (o all) pa s o he wo d (spėjamos mo emos) a e
epea ed in o he wo ds (e.g. nam-el-is house, house and able, child); (b) in cases whe e
only one pa o a wo d […] oo o a ix […] is epea ed in o he wo ds (e.g.
dile -an -as […] debu an , ainee). he mos complex mo pheme analysis was ca ied
ou when he e we e cases o con ac ion, elimina ion, degemina ion, e.g. neš- + -siu
(plg. neša) = nešiu; he ollowing able is inse ed: i z- + -s a (pl. i zo) = i z a, ne- + -esu =
I am no wi h you. I 's a combina ion o bo h mo phemes. This has no essen ial
in luence on mo phemic analysis, i he mo pheme also has mo e sounds. Howe e , in
cases whe e he mo pheme consis s o only one sound and i me ges, he p inciple o
he mo pheme is no longe alid. The e o e, he ollowing symbolic designa ion has
been chosen: nešiu ( 10 s uc u e), lūž a, i z a ( s ), nesu (P ). This choice is
pe haps deba able, bu he e a e no many o hem (abou 2 pe cen ) and he gene al
mo phological s uc u e o he e bs can be de e mined. In he u u e, i is in ended
o examine hese cases (ma ked wi h a special symbol in he in es iga i e ma e ial) in
mo e de ail.
Longe e bs, such as -ė i a ian s -alė i, -elė i, -dė i, -lė i, -nė i, -sė i, - ė i, a e
conside ed o be a ian s o e bs; O he species o he genus Eupho bia
(Eupho biaceae) The owels j, n, and a e called mo pheme expansions by some
schola s (Keynes 2009: 25) because hey a e inse ed be ween wo owels o elimina e
he hia us, e.g., jo- i, joj-a, joj-o; You, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you, you. In he
cu en g amma o Li huanian language (1996:327) hey a e called in e aces. hese
elemen s a e indica ed in he p epa a ion o he s udy ma e ial bu a e no e lec ed
in he gene alized s uc u al models. (as well as a ious mo pheme and owel changes)
a e in ended o be discussed in mo e de ail in he u u e. The wo ds o y, hi y,
e e y day, se e al imes, once, oday, always, and so on. Since hey now pe o m he
unc ion o a conjuga e sound, hey a e ma ked as conjuga e sounds in his s udy.
he objec o he s udy […] is a mo phological wo d analysis, so i is s ill subjec o wo p e ixes.
Name-calling ends a e synch onously indis inguishable (keyness 2009: 55[…]56). The p ecep s o he wo ks in
his wo k a e di ided in o do-i -you sel and do-i -you sel . This is no impo an om he poin o iew
o mo phological analysis. Howe e , wi hou his di ision, i would no be possible o de e mine how many
a e p imi i e e bs and how many a e adjec i es. 9 Ne e heless, i mus be acknowledged ha he line
be ween synch onici y and diach onici y is no always easy o d aw when analyzing wo ds mo phemically.
So he e we e wo ds whose mo phological s uc u es we e conside ed o a e y long ime (e.g., lo d,
god). The symbols used a e explained a he end o his chap e .

92
e ika iMku ė, as a kaZLauskienė, gaiLius aŠkinis
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV–LXV
s aipsnyje mo emos žymimos šiais simboliais: – šaknis, P – p iešdėlis, –
he consonan , d […] he owel pa , c […] he consonan sounds, sd […] he e b
conjuga ion, sk […] he ad e b conjuga ion, k […] he con ac ion, deno es he
conjuga ed mo phemes when one o hem is missing (e.g. he u u e ense o he p edica e consonan , auk). such as
a ejai pa eikiami ik pi moje len elėje.
Pag indiniai VeiksMaŽodŽių
Nea ly 93,000 (92,468) ac ion wo ds ( om ac ion wo ds) we e used in he
ma e ial being s udied by he Mo phological S uc u e Models.
jų 29 878 ski ingi). jų mo eminės s uk ū os į ai o ė didžiulė: ne 116 s uk ū-
inių modelių. iesa, modelių a osenos dažnumas labai ski iasi (nuo 1 iki 18 377
Ve bs can ange om one (e.g., spon aneous language equi emen ) o nine (e.g.,
do no in e e e) mo phemes. Howe e , one-mo phemes and longe han i e
mo phemes a e a e e bs. he b omine o he o osene (ne 89 pe cen ) is
composed o 24 mo phemes o e bs. O cou se, he ewe he mo phemes, he
smalle he a ie y o hei combina ions. Mos (69%, abou 40% o all models) o
s uc u al models a e in he g oup o 56 mo phemes (see Fig. 1). 1 o V. di e si y
o s uc u al models and amoun o mo phemes
Lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžių mo eminė s uk ū a
93 a icles by a icle
The e a e e y ew one-mo pheme e bs. he spon aneous language equi emen
ound in he ma e ial unde in es iga ion. The hi d pe son o ms o he u u e
ense and he second pe son o ms o he nex sen ence belong o his g oup: g įš,
leis, bėk, dink. Howe e , as al eady men ioned, hei mo phemic s uc u e can be
dispu ed, since i is whe e he las syllable o he oo and he co esponding
sedimen o u u e ense a e combined. The wo-dimensional o m makes up a
qua e (abou 25 pe cen ) o all he e bs in he s udy. he di e si y o
wo-mo pheme models canno be la ge (see Table 1). These a e e bs wi h a oo and
an end ( , pe sonal p onouns and e bs, e.g. was, can, was, is)11, e bs wi h a oo
and a p onoun su ix ( sk, pe sonal p onouns, companion, pa iciple, e.g. will, go, be,
wo k, a , aim) and singula e bs wi h only a p e ix and a oo (p , only spon aneous speech)
boje pa a o as ne eik).
T imo phic e bs ( hey a e sligh ly mo e han a hi d, abou 37%) can consis o a ious
oo s, e bs o ad e bs, ela ed o ms and pa icipan s, e.g. he e is no, i seems, sk
nės i sang ąžos a ikso kombinacijų. imo emiai y a de yni modeliai: P (as-
( o ms wi h endings, e.g. would, would, could, o cou se, would, would); P sk ( o ms
wi hou ends, e.g. will no , will come, ca y ou , help, excep when d awing up); sd
(pe sonal o ms and pa icipan s, e.g. had, li es, can, has); sdSk (mos o hese e bs
a e compound, e.g. o do, o speak, bu he e a e also pa iciple and pe sonal o ms, e.g.
o know, o need, o use, o pe o m); d (pe sonal o ms and se e al pa icipan s, e.g.
di e en , keep, igh , igh ), R.S.V.P. is a combina ion o he e bs R.S.V.P. and R.S.V.P.
( o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac ,
o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac ,
o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac , o ac . T imo phisms a e also a ely used in
e bs, such as " Sk", "being" ( SkSk). All o he models
mažodžiai gana dažni.
1 Len eLė. Veiksmažodžių mo eminės s uk ū os modeliai12
Mo emų
kiekis Modelis bend-
a is
da-
ly is
Pada-
ly is
Pusda-
ly is
asmen.
o mos
P o-
cen ai
2 19,874
Sk ( Skk) 5,459
P o 0,003
11 In all cases, he mos common examples o his s udy will be p o ided. 12 The able does no include
all models due o i s la ge size, bu only he mos ypical ones. The e's no mo e han six o hem he e.
mo emų i pa ienių umpesnių modelių. Š iesiausiai pažymė os o mos, ku ių pa a o a nuo 1 iki
100, amsiau – nuo 101 iki 500, amsiausiai – 501 i daugiau ka ų.
94
e ika iMku ė, as a kaZLauskienė, gaiLius aŠkinis
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIV–LXV
Mo emų
kiekis Modelis bend-
a is
da-
ly is
Pada-
ly is
Pusda-
ly is
asmen.
o mos
P o-
cen ai
3P 13,040 Sk
( skk ) 7,825 Wha is he name o he company?
The Commission
he e o e
concludes ha
he aid is
compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
O he 0,003
4P skk (P skk ) 7,232 (including
SdSk 4,716
P sdSk3,791
Pd 3,207 and
P sd is 2,614
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Pp 1,134 SdSd
0,545 Sd d 0,530
SdSkd 0,481
SdSdSk0,320 Sk d
( skk d) 0,287 This is
he i s ime ha he Commission has examined he compa ibili y o he aid wi h he in e nal ma ke .
PP sk (PP skk) is 0,258
Ki i 0,077
5P sdSk 4,382
Pd sk (Pd skk ) is 0,954
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
PP sk (PP skk ) 0,734
Pd sd 0,626
SdSdSk is 0,505
O he 1,509
6Pd sdSk 0,488
PP sdSk 0,335
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
O he 0,391
Lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžių mo eminė s uk ū a
95 a icles by
The e a e ou mo phemes in he e b o m (abou 26 pe cen ) and six een s uc u al
models. O hese, only h ee a e a e models. These a e wo-wo d e bs, such as
b eak as ( Sd ), old- ashioned ( SdSk), and a ew dozen skSk model e bs, such
as missing, missing. The ou mos common models o mo phemes a e: P sk , sdSk
(mos ly pa icipan s, e.g. can' , possible, used, used), P sdSk (especially many
associa ions, e.g. o es ablish, say, do), Pd (e.g. appea ed, happened, appea ed), P sd
(e.g. couldn' , old, didn' ). O he models a e a e , bu hey' e ce ainly no on he
pe iphe y o he language, as e idenced by hei examples: Pd sd (e.g. choose, acqui e,
ake in o accoun ), PP (e.g. no longe exis , ailed, didn' unde s and), SdSd (e.g.
insis , demand, pa icipa e), sd d (e.g. lead, ake ca e, o m), sdSkd (e.g. lea n,
ollow), sdSd (e.g. o ganize, use, insis , insis ), sk d (e.g. don' insis , don' ask).
The e a e only en pe cen o he i e mo phemes o e bs (9.5 pe cen ), bu hey a e
cha ac e ized by a a ie y o s uc u al models (no e en 34). And ha in i sel
de e mines he low equency o model consump ion. The six mos common models
accoun o as much as wo- hi ds o all ac ion wo ds in his g oup (8 pe cen o all ac ion
wo ds): P sdSk (e.g. ixed, ep esen a i e, w i en); Pd sk (e.g. occu ed, occu ed,
ga he ed); PsdSk (e.g. o enounce, o cla i y, o imagine); PP sk (e.g. i is no possible, i
is no possible, i is una oidable); Pd sd (e.g. you a e imagining, imagining, aking e ec );
SdSdSk (e.g. compu e ized, main ained, pa icipa ing) The six mo phemes o e bs ha e
he mos s uc u al models - as many as 35, bu oge he hey make up only one and a hal
pe cen o all e bs, o which one pe cen is made up o he h ee mos common models:
Pd sdSk (e.g. e ol ed, signed, imagined), PP sdSk (e.g. unbelie able, unexpec ed,
un ealized), P sdSdSk (e.g. con i med, implemen ed). wel e. These a e usually pe sonal
o ms and pa icipan s, wi h one o wo p e ixes, a leas a couple o p eposi ions, o en
Sep ynių mo emų eiksmažodžių nė a nė šim o (0,09 p oc.), o modelių ne
also synonyms, e.g. un easoning, simpli ied, es ablished, unspoken, hesi a ing, elaxed,
es ained, no smiling, no hypno ized. The e a e also a couple o double e bs in his
g oup, e.g., "someone who si s down" and "someone who doesn' si down". Eigh
mo phemes a e only en wo ds (0.01 pe cen ). such as mul iple pa icipan s,
hal -pa icipan s, a pai o pe sonal p o ec i e o ms, con aining wo o e en h ee
p e ixes, wo o h ee con ac ual o con ac ual pledges: obliged, unconscious,
unconscious, no longe appea ing. Only one o he nine mo phemes is ound: don' ge
in ol ed.
102 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV p e ace, some also he p e ace o es i
e ika iMku ė, as a kaZLauskienė, gaiLius aŠkinis
sang ąžiniai. The ollowing species a e included in his ca ego y: Sub-species o he
genus Eupho bia (Eupho biaceae), no o he wise speci ied: Sub-species o he genus
Eupho bia (Eupho biaceae), no o he wise speci ied: Sub-species o he genus
Eupho bia (Eupho biaceae), no o he wise speci ied: Sub-species o he genus
Eupho bia (Eupho biaceae)
(P oc sd ) This is a lis o coun ies by numbe o inhabi an s.
In he s udy, 93,000 e bs we e di ided in o 116 mo pheme-s uc u e models, wi h
e y di e se p oduc i i y: he mos p oduc i e model ( ) e bs make up
one- i h o all he examples examined, and as many as 26 models ha e one o wo
examples.
Ve bs can ha e om one o nine mo phemes. One-mo phemes a e a ely
longe han i e mo phemes. So he Li huanian language is cha ac e ized by
wo o ou mo phemes o e bs.
The mo phological s uc u e o e b o ms is in luenced by he o ma ion o he
o ms hemsel es: he e b and he pa iciple can end only in a p eposi ion, he
pa iciple and he semi-p eposi ion […] in a p eposi ion and in a sen ence. only pe sonal
p o ec i e equipmen may be mo e di e se. The analysis o he mo phological
s uc u e o he non-speci ic e b pa shows ha he i e mos cha ac e is ic
models accoun o as much as 86% o he usage cases: […] 33%, P […] 25%, sd […] 14%,
P sd […] 11%, Pd […] 3%. Al hough many s uc u al models ha e been iden i ied, a
qua e (26 o hem) accoun o as much as 95% o all e bs analyzed. The mos
common pa e ns a e: (P) […] abou 33 pe cen , (P) sk […] abou 15 pe cen , (P) sk […]
abou 11 pe cen , so in Li huanian, he mos commonly used o ms o e bs a e
non-p onouns, wi hou a p e ix o wi h one o wo p onouns. In he ma e ial unde
conside a ion, he hi d pa (33%) o he e bs a e simple, wi h one 15%, wi h p e ixes
a d iem (ge okai ečiau) p iešdėliais – apie 28 p oc., su da ybine p iesaga – apie
and e bs […] 12%, wi h a p e ix and is synonymous […] abou 6%. Ve bs wi h o he
combina ions o de i a i e mo phemes make up only one pe cen . I has been no iced
ha Li huanian languages no longe ha e e bs wi h mo e han wo e bs. In summa y,
he a ie y o combina ions o Li huanian e bs' mo pheme pa e ns is la ge, bu he
o osens b anduolį consis s o 1015 models (app oxima ely 75 and 85 pe cen ) o 24
e bs' mo phemes.

Lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžių mo eminė s uk ū a
103s aipsniai / a icles
Li e a ū a i ŠaL iniai
The wo d "mo phology" in he G eek language is de i ed om he G eek wo d
mo phologos, meaning " o change" o " o change" in a mo phological sense. Vilnius:
Vilnius Pedagogical Uni e si y publishing house. Akelai ienė g ažin a 2001: Cha ac e o
šaknies ipai. – Žmogus i žodis. Didak inė ling is ika 1(3), 3–9. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://
www.biblio eka. pu.l /zmogusi zodis/Pd /didak ineling is ika/2001/akel3-9.pd .
he oo s o he balls: mo phological models and s uc u al cha ac e is ics o he
akelai ienė g ažina 2008: P ibalsine p ecep s con aining de i a i es o he names o he
h p://www.min oli .l /a ch/14001/14402.pd
.
amb azas Vy au as, ed., 1996: Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika. Vilnius: Mokslo
oo s o he balls. A man and a wo d. Didac ic linguis ics 10(1), 59. Access o he In e ne : and he Encyclopedia Publishing Ins i u e.
The ex o he cu en Li huanian language. A ailable on he In e ne :
h p:// eks ynas. du.l . "Vida Zi a" (2004): The s uc u e o he oo o he
Li huanian name "Vida Zi a" Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house. Kaukienė
aud onė 1994-2002: The his o y o ac ion wo ds in he Li huanian language 12.
Klaipėda: he Uni e si y o Klaipėda.
In 2009 he published a book en i led "Bend inė: Mo phemics o he Li huanian
Language." Vilnius: Vilnius Pedagogical Uni e si y publishing house.
k uopienė i ena 2000: Bend inės lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžio šaknies s uk ū a. dak-
This is a disse a ion. Vilnius: The Uni e si y o Vilnius. The I ena 2000: The S uc u e
o he Roo s o a S abilized Cen e o Ac ion. […] Language 48(1), 71[…]82. Wha is he
meaning o he wo d […]?
In he case o I enaeus, he combina ion o he i s and las syllables is he oo
o he e b. […] Language 50(1), 67[…]82. Wha is he meaning o he wo d […]?
In 2002 he published a book called The S uc u e o he Va iable Cen e o he B ain. […]
51(1), 89–97.
Speech in he o m o an i ena 2005: he cha ac e is ics o he ini ial oo o he e b
ina ė. […] Speech and language. 54(1), 73–82.
Monika's i s book was Mo phine Analysis. Šiauliai: P eikšo pedagogical ins i u e
o he Šiauliai a m.
The ollowing is an exce p om he book "The Mo phological Analysis o he
gical agging o La ian co pus. – LREC2000 P oceedings, 1095–1098. P ieiga in e ne e:
Mo phology and Mo phology o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological
Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis o he Mo phological Analysis."
104 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIVLXV Paikens Pē e is 2007: Lexicon-based Mo phological
e ika iMku ė, as a kaZLauskienė, gaiLius aŠkinis
analysis o he La ian language. […] P oceedings o he 3 d Bal ic Con e ence on Human
Language Technologies, 235 […] 240. Menze a h's Law o Mo phemic S uc u es o Wo ds: a
hypo hesis o he e olu iona y mechanism o i s a ising and i s es ing. […] An abs ac o
a pape o p esen ing a he Qualico[…]2000 […] Quan i a i e Linguis ics Con e ence. Access
o he In e ne : h p: www.philol.msu. u o humlang.h ml. Polika po , A. 2000b: Ch onological
mo phological and wo d- o ma ional dic iona y o Russian: some sys em egula i ies o
mo phological s uc u es and uni s. Linguis ic wo k epo 5. This is Leipzig, 201212.
Saky inės kalbos į ašų bazė. P ieiga in e ne e:
h p://donelai is. du.l /ga synas/
.
sa kans ug i s 1996: Mo phemic and Mo phological analysis o he La ian Langua-
ge. – P oceedings o he Fo h con e ence on Compu a ional Lexicog aphy and Tex Resea ch,
219–225. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://www.ailab.l /use s/usa kans/complex.h ml.
u bu is Vincas 2009: Žodžių da ybos eo ija. Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos
ins i u as.
he Mo phemic s uc u e o Li huanian Ve bs suMMa y Ve bs ha e been g ouped in o 116
ca ego ies acco ding o hei mo phemic s uc u e. equencies o hese ca ego ies we e ound
o be e y di e en . The mos equen ca ego y was he oo -su ix model, which ep esen ed
he aim o his esea ch was o iden i y and o desc ibe he mo phemic s uc u e o Li hua-
nian e bs om he quan i a i e poin o iew. Quan i a i e analysis o he mo phemic s uc u e
o Li huanian e bs was no add essed by p e ious esea ch. he in es iga ion ma e ial con-
sis ed o all e b okens (nea ly 93 housand) om he specially selec ed subse o Li huanian
language co pus. all e bs wi hin his da a se ha e been mo phologically anno a ed, i.e. mo -
phemes ha e been iden i ied and hei bounda ies ha e been labeled.
one- i h o all e b occu ences, whe eas he 26 leas equen models each co e ed jus one o
wo e bs. Ve bs we e ound o be composed o one o nine mo phemes. Howe e , he majo i y o
e bs (89 pe cen ) we e composed o wo o ou mo phemes. Despi e he g ea e numbe o
models o mo phemic s uc u e, one qua e o hem (26 models) was enough o co e 95 pe cen o
all analyzed e bs. The mos ypical models we e (p e ix- oo - lexion, 33 pe cen ),
(p e ix- oo -su ix- lexion, 15 pe cen ), (p e ix- oo -su ix) in es iga ions showed ha p ima y
e bs amoun ed o one- hi d o all e bs, e bs wi h one o wo p e ixes amoun ed o 28 pe cen ,
e bs wi h a su ix amoun ed o 15 pe cen , e bs wi h p e ixes and a su ix amoun ed o 12
pe cen o all e bs. In gene al, e bs ha e no mo e han wo composi ional a ixes.
(11 pe cen ). in summa y, he non-su ix bo h p e ixed and non-p e ixed e b o ms composed
Lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžių mo eminė s uk ū a
The a icles o one o wo in lec ional a ixes we e he mos common models o mo phemic
s uc u e.
Li huanian e bs.
Al hough he di e si y o mo phemic s uc u es o Li huanian e bs is g ea , he co e o he
usage is co e ed by 10 o 15 models (75 and 85 pe cen co e age espec i ely).
Deli e ed on 20 Ap il 2011
e ika iMku ė
Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e as
K. Donelaičio g. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
[Email p o ec ed]
as a kaZLauskienė
Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e as
K. Donelaičio g. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
[Email p o ec ed]
gaiLius aŠkinis
Vy au o Didžiojo uni e si e as
K. Donelaičio g. 58, LT-44248 Kaunas, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
[Email p o ec ed]