154 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: dialek ologija, p iegaidė, d ibalsis, ekspe imen inė one ika, kokybinis
he sign.
keyWo ds: dialec ology, syllable accen , diph hong, expe imen al phone ics,
quali a i e ea u e.
iMa bakŠienė
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Resea ch a eas: expe imen al phone ics, phonology, dialec ology
and geolinguis ics
Ma ia M. P. Schnek os dVibalsia
P iegaidė: syllable accen s o
kokybiniai PoŽyMiai
diph hongs in he
Ma ijampolė sub-dialec : Quali a i e ea u es anno a ion in he a icle ins umen al me hods
a e analyzed he quali ies o he high-pi ched Kauniškių Ma ijampolės šnek os double-ba eled
gui a s: spec um, onali y, compac ness, di use, smoo hness. The s udy showed ha he
wai has a e y s ong in luence on he quali y o he spoken dialec s, especially he i s
dialec . The mos uni e sal a ibu e associa ed wi h an icipa ion is onali y. The lowe case
owels [a], [u], emphasized by he co esponding consonan , a e said o be lowe , while he
uppe case owels [e], [i] a e said o be highe . he second in impo ance is he cha ac e is ics
o compac ness o di usion. The compac owels [a], [e], emphasized by he consonan s, a e in
many cases mo e compac han he unaccen ed ones, and he di use owels [u], [i] a e mo e
di use. The s ess sign, as an indica o o an icipa ion, is impo an only o he high-pi ched
owels [u], [i] and [e], which a e qui e high-pi ched in speech. The adjec i e "beau i ul" is only
impo an o acu e double owels [au] and [eu] i s owels: hey a e less beau i ul han he
co esponding ci cle- lexi e double owels, which su e om se e e blu ing.
Based on ins umen al me hods, he a icle analyses he quali a i e ea u es o syllable accen s
o diph hongs in he Ma ijampolė sub-dialec o he Wes e n Uk ainian dialec o Kaunas: spec um,
onali y, compac ness, di useness and la ness. he s udy e ealed ha he onali y is he mos
uni e sal ea u e ela ed o syllable accen . Low-pi ched componen s [a], [u], highligh ed by he
Ma ijampolės šnek os d ibalsių p iegaidės:
kokybiniai požymiai
The syllable accen has a g ea in luence on he quali y o diph hongs, in pa icula hei i s
componen , in he sub-dialec .
p essu e o a ele an syllable accen , become lowe , whe eas highpi ched componen s [e], [i]
become highe . The ea u e o compac ness di useness is he second mos impo an ea u e.
Compac componen s [a], [e], highligh ed by he syllable accen , a e in mos cases mo e compac
han he componen s no highligh ed by he syllable accen , whe eas di use componen s [u], [i]
become mo e di use. The ea u e o ension as an indica o o syllable accen is only impo an
o high-pi ched owels [u], [i] and [e], which ea u e a a he high posi ion o he ongue in he
subdialec . The ea u e o la ness is only impo an o he ini ial componen s o acu e
diph hongs [au] and [eu]: hey a e less la compa ed o ele an componen s o ci cum lex
diph hongs unde going a s ong lip ounding.
Inco po a ed
The Ma ijampolė slum belongs o he sou he n pa o he wes e n highland slums. In his a ea, he leng h o
he endless owels is be e main ained, and only owels o ype [a] a e used a he beginning o he wo d; The
na ow owel [e] has a much wide dis ibu ion han in he no he n pa o Kaunas. Among he p osodic
subjec s, i is wo h men ioning ha he acu e owels [i], [u] a e p olonged and do no ha e a sys ema ic
con inuous hy hm […] in e ms o he ci cumsc ibed owels o owels, he owel spike is concen a ed on he
second owel ( o mo e on he peculia i ies o he syllable, see. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Commission conside s ha
he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. The aim o
his a icle is o discuss he esul s o a comp ehensi e quali a i e s udy o he Ma ijampolė snail's
wo-balls1 p ey. The ollowing challenges a ise: (1) o iden i y which quali y a ibu es ha e he g ea es
in luence on he di e en ia ion o ma ijampoliškių d ibalsių ecep acles; 2) o compa e he esul s ob ained
wi h he esul s o o he Vaksnek y s udies, he ma e ial unde in es iga ion was eco ded in he
Ma ijampolė dis ic , in he illage o S e lcos, loca ed app oxima ely 10 km sou hwes o Ma ijámpolė. The
i 3) išsiaiškin i, a ma ijampoliškių d ibalsių p iegaidžių kokybiniai požymiai
ski iasi nuo ki ų Vak šnek ų.
s udy in ol ed six speake s o one andomized double-blind, o polyph hongic, quali y ai s o he pa icipan s
analyzed oge he wi h he o es (see Bakšienė 2012: 300[…]305). The a icle also does no co e he double owel
[ui], which has a comple ely di e en phonemic sound, and he double owels o o eign o igin. Two mo e
a icles on he Ma ijampolė snail's wo- oice guides we e p epa ed and published by he au ho : on
quan i a i e signs […] o he jou nal Man and Wo d, and on signs o one and in ensi y […] o he jou nal
Li uanis ica. bo h a icles a e cu en ly in p in , so hese ea u es a e no analysed in his publica ion.
156 ac a
iMa bakŠienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
Th ee women and h ee men, well-educa ed, wi h an a e age age o abou 65. The
me hod o eco ding was as ollows: he dic iona y, which was well- e sed in g amma ,
would say he app op ia e sen ence, and he dic iona y would epea i h ee o i e
imes. In sho sen ences, he ollowing wo ds a e w i en wi h he necessa y owels:
he i ed ha sho : he slashed ha shoulde ha d; He s a ed o sc a ch ha belly: he
s a ed o sc a ch ha doc o ; Tha he s a ed shou ing a e me: ha he s a ed
shou ing a e me; I 's a e y na ow oad. The compu e p og am P aa coun s he
mean o he h ee o ma s ( 1, 2, 3) o he middle pa o he i s and second pa
o he es wo-balls (hz)4. In addi ion, he sound quali y analysis p og am
o Man 2EXE, which calcula es onali y ( ), di usi i y (d ), compac ness (c), ension
(b) indeksus. Visi ilius aciniai g a ikai b aižy i p og ama eXceL 2010 (plačiau
( ), and smoo hness ( ), e alua es he eco ding and ins umen al analysis me hodology.
2. The expec a ions o Li huanian bilinguals a e analyzed expe imen ally much less han hose o
monoph hongs. Pe haps i is because in his ype o skiemeny hey a e well dis inguished bo h in he gene al
language and in all languages. In desc ibing he passages o he wins, almos all he esea che s pu in he
i s place such phone ic ea u es as he leng hening o he co esponding s em and i s quali a i e
b igh ness. I is mo e di icul o de e mine he impo ance o he main one and in ensi y ea u es o he
wo-pa s o he p eposi ions, because hey a e in luenced by he peculia i ies o he sel -p oposal o he
na u e o he in ona ion o he ph ase (see below). Laigonai ė 1958; Lkg 1965: 60 and k . ; Pake ys 1968; Pake ys,
Plakuno a, u belienė 1972; Laigonai ė 1978: 14 and k . This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o
o he wise closely associa ed wi h Pake ys. ; Pake ys 1982: 189 and k . ; This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The e a e almos no
expe imen al wo ks ha would analyze in de ail he quali y o he wo-ball clo hing and i s ela ionship o he
accesso ies. is usually limi ed o s a emen s ha he quali a i e cha ac e is ics o he ga men
emb oide ed on he ga men a e mo e p onounced, bu does no speci y wha hose cha ac e is ics a e o
hei impo ance o he di e en ia ion o ga men s. The mos comp ehensi e s udies o common language
in his a ea ha e been ca ied ou by An ano Pake io (1968; 1982: 180 […] 182). Acco ding o i , he mos impo an
quali a i e cha ac e is ics dependen on he accesso ies a e he compac ness o he double-sided ga men s,
he di usion and he ension o he non- ension. The i s laye s o acu e wins [a], [e] a e mo e compac and
ense han he ci cumplex wins, and he second laye s o ci cumplex wins [i], [u] a e mo e di use and ense
(Pake ys 1968: 111, 14; 1982: 3 I am a ense colleague o he s who helped do his wo k. 4 In he quali a i e s udy, no
a emp was made o segmen he bi al es p ecisely in o he i s and second compa men s. A e cu ing
ou he en i e owel, he o ma i e d awing was e alua ed and he cleanes sec ion o he i s and second
pa s o he o ma i e d awing was simply chosen, whe e he ajec o ies o he o ma i e d awings we e
equal. calcula e he a e ages o he meanings o hose sec ions. 5 I should be no ed ha dic iona ies o
gene al language s udies a e usually selec ed om he sou he n wes e n highland Kauniškių a ea. Thus, he
esul s o he esea ch on he common language pa ly illus a e he peculia i ies o his ad ice.
Ma ijampolės šnek os d ibalsių p iegaidės:
kokybiniai požymiai
157 a icles by a icles
181–182). In pa icula , he esea che 's conclusion is impo an ha only he
quali a i e di e ences o he i s loo a e impo an o he pe cep ion o
1968: 114, 116; 1982: 189).
he p eceden s, oge he wi h he phonological opposi ion ( he quali y o he
dialec s o he Šaki and P ien šnek us has been s udied mo e ex ensi ely in ecen
yea s in he a ea o he wes e n highlands o Kauniški) (bace ičiū ė 2004: 104 […] 110;
ja osla ienė 2010: 91 […] 96). bo h esea che s no e ha he wai has a g ea e
in luence on he quali y o he i s d ess. he g ea e openness and
compac ness o he i s laye o acu e double balloons [a] is also emphasised (bace ičiū ė 2004: 107; ja osla ienė 2010: 91). We' e going o ake a look a he analogous s udies o Ma ijampolė's snails.
The quali y o he Ma iaMPoL
Šnek os dVibaLsių ( o ManČių anaLiZė) is also impo an .
3. o ma i e 1 and 2 meanings (see able 1) indica e acu e and ci cumplex double owels wi h
di e en quali y sounds. acu e double owels [ai], [au] he i s owels a e clea e , mo e like a owel
[a], ci cumsc ibed owels [a], [aũ] […] educed, expe iencing he eg essi e e ec o he second owel.
Bo h acu e and mild cases ha e a signi ican ly highe F1, so he dominan ea u e o he case is
openness, lowe ongue ele a ion. The i s ci cumsc ibed owels [a], [aũ] ha e a lowe 1, hey close.
The ealiza ion o he i s i em depends no only on he expec a ion, bu also on he quali y o he
second i em his is indica ed by he 2 a io. The i s syllable, 2, is lowe han he ci cum lex syllable,
so i 's a backwa d a icula ion. When we say ci cumplex [a]7, he i s consonan is d opped due o he
e ec o he p e-ocula [i]. In he double bass, bo h d ums a e in he pos e io ow, only one wi h a
lowe ise, he o he wi h a highe ise and a lowe ise. The i s syllable o acu e double-syllable [au]
has a highe 2 han he i s syllable o ci cumsc ibed [au]. The owel [u] has a e y low i s
wo- o man , so in ci cumsc ibed owel, he i s owel 2 is lowe ed. I 's associa ed wi h pos e io
a icula ion and mo e se e e up u e. he mo e p onounced second owel is ci cumsc ibed by owel
sounds. The second owel o he diph hong [a] has a lowe 1 and a highe 2, so i mo e closely
esembles he cha ac e is ics o he diph hong [i] is mo e closed and p ecedes he a icula ion. The
second owel [aũ] is cha ac e ized by a lowe 2, 1 does no show clea ela ionships. This disease is
cha ac e ized by a backwa d shi o he ongue and a pa icula ly s ong labializa ion. 6 calcula e he
a e ages o all he pe o mances o each pai , sepa a ely o male and emale o es.
The se en h de ailed ansc ip ion o he ci cumplexic owels wi h he i s syllable [a] should
ansc ibe [α] and [åũ], bu due o he simplici y o he addi ional cha ac e s in he a icle, i was abandoned.
158 ac a
iMa bakŠienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
This is Len e. mean alues o 1 and 2 midpoin s o he wo balls8
Example 1 hz 2 hz
The man. The mo he . The man. The mo he .
I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o make i . The highe 1 and he lowe 2 k<a> o 585 693 1503 1855 a<i>ko
481 563 1905 2224 ci cle. lowe 1 and highe 2 han 447 502 1952 2486 shu down 664 878 1283 1469 acu e. The
highe abid i o man s a e shown in ci cle 584 731 1166 1378 ci cle 522 595 1047 1140 ci cumsc ibed. The lowe
2, 1 a ies in in ensi y om 454 607 852 1094 o 573 690 1925 2320 acu e. The heigh o 1, 2 a ies p<e>k 520
604 1824 2349 ké<i>k 513 535 1995 2477 ci cle. lowe 1, 2 a ies pe[…]k 460 497 1989 2609 k[…]é>u as 586 741 1699
1962 acu e. F1 and F2 a e he same size, bu F1 and F1 a e he same size, and F1 and F1 a e he same size, bu
F1 and F2 a e he same size. The lowe abid i o man s se […]ũ as 470 562 979 1110 o he wo-balls wi h he
i s dėmeniu [e]9 a e also cha ac e ized by b igh quali a i e a ian s ela ed o he app oach and he
in e ac ion be ween he pieces. The i s shell o acu e double helix [ei] has a highe 1, so i is
cha ac e ized by g ea e openness han he co esponding ci cle- lex double helix. 2 a ies, no clea e
di e ence has been es ablished. bo h pa s o he double owel a e be o e he consonan , so he
in luence o he consonan on he signs o he consonan is p obably a he weak. The acu e
double-join ed [eu] i s join is cha ac e ized by a signi ican ly highe 2, so i is he mos dis inc
a icula ion be o e he co esponding ci cum lex double-join ed join . The second consonan o his owel
is he consonan o he consonan line [u], so when we say a ci cumsc ibed owel, he i s consonan is
also e y consonan . 8 and 3 alues a e calcula ed, bu hey a e no gi en in he able. Only he i s wo
o ms, he mos impo an in cha ac e izing sounds, meanings a e gi en. The 3 alues a e used in he
calcula ion o quali y indices (see able 2).
9 In Ma ijampolė dialec , he i s owel o he double owel [au] a e he so owel is e y s ongly
supp essed, so i is ansc ibed as [eu] and discussed wi h he double owel [ei]. This p onuncia ion
di e s ma kedly om no he n Kauniškių šnek ų, whe e he p eposi ion is o a lowe deg ee, mo e
p onounced labializa ion, is p onounced, o example, [.u as].

Ma ijampolės šnek os d ibalsių p iegaidės:
kokybiniai požymiai
159 a icles o a icles
1, 2 o he VAT. In he beginning and end a ian s (acu e […] black) o he di alen
[ai]10 he second owel o he ci cum lex [e[…]] has a lowe 1, so i is p ima ily lowe
žymi užda umu. 2 ski umo nenus a y a. d ibalsio [eũ] an asis dėmuo u i že-
in bo h o man s, i is mo e closed and pos e io a icula ion. Summing up he
p ima y o ma i e da a, i can be said ha he quali a i e ea u es in he
Ma ijampolė dialec a e e y impo an o he classi ica ion o bilingual
p eposi ions. As in o he in es iga ed Vak shnek os (pl. bace ičiū ė 2004: 109;
ja osla ienė 2010: 92), he i s o he wo-balls is cha ac e ized by b igh e
p iklauso nuo p iegaidės. Labiausiai p iegaidės į aka jun ama pi mųjų dėmenų [a],
quali a i e a ian s, i is mo e [e] open: emphasized in he acu e wo-balls han hey
a e much mo e open in he ci cle e lexes. he a iance o he sequence o speech
depends mo e on he in luence o he second i em. The seconda y owels [i] and [u]
change less due o he in luence o he ecei e . 4.The cha ac e is ics o he
sounds discussed a e also e lec ed in he achines diag ams (see Fig. 1-8). In he
hi d qua e o he coo dina e sys em, a e delaying he 2 alues on he
x-axis11, and he 1 alues on he y-axis, he a ios o he in es iga ed sounds a e
seen. Looking a he a angemen o he wo-dimensional [i] a ian s in he
coo dina e sys em (see Figu e 1), i is seen ha he quali a i e di e ences o he
i s dimension a e mo e p onounced. he ini ial a ea o he wo-ball in es iga ions
was e y small. The i s owel o acu e bilabial [a] is mo e open and pos e io , while
he i s owel o ci cumplex [a] is mo e closed and an e io . he quali a i e
a ian s o he second laye di e less, hei occupied a eas la gely o e lap each
o he . The second en icle o he ci cumplexal bi u ca ion [i] (see Figu e 2) ends
o be mo e an e io and closed, bu he di e ence is small. he diag ams also show
ha he a eas o he ci cumsc ibed pai s o bo h he i s and second pieces a e mo e ex ended ho izon ally, so hey a e cha ac e ised by a g ea e lexibili y o he ow o councils. The e's less acu e a iance.
10 d aw a g aph o he male and emale oices o each pai , bu he sound a ios a e se simila ly, so o
easons o economy only one male and emale oice g aph is p o ided. The 11 h poin ep esen s he
meanings o he in e media e o ma ions.
160
iMa bakŠienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
3, 4 o he VAT. The beginning and ending a ian s o he dual [au] (acu e […] black) in
he 12 diag ams a e pa icula ly b igh dual [au] posi ional a ian s ha a ise due o
an icipa ion. I can be seen ha he a eas o bo h he i s and second clo hes
ba ely ouch each o he . The beginning o he acu e duodenum [au] (see Figu e 3) is
mos dis inguished by g ea e openness. The sequence o speech di e s less, bo h
he acu e and he ci cumsc ibed beginning o he duali y has a lo o a ia ion. The
ini ial poin s o he mul i-ci cum lexion double-ba el a e concen a ed on he igh
side, which means ha he elbow ends o be a icula ed pos e io ly, bu wo poin s
a e o he le , so i is di icul o ell he di e ence in he sequence o speech. The
quali y o he seconda y clo hes o his double is also di e en . (See also Figu e 4.)
The mos dis inc i e ea u e is he ho izon al slope o he ongue […] he line o he
speech. The second owel [u] o he ci cumsc ibed [aũ] is much u he back han he
co esponding [au] owel. he deg ee o openness a ies less, i can be seen ha he
end o he ci cumplexion o he bicycle ends o be mo e closed. he a ea o he
second join o he acu e bila e al is mo e ex ended e ically […] i is cha ac e ized
by a g ea e a iabili y o openness, he second join o he ci cum lex is mo e
a ied acco ding o he o de o he speech. he di e ence be ween acu e and
ci cumplex double-spoke [ei] is less no iceable. he quali y o he i s laye is mo e
dis inc (see Figu e 5). he beginning o he acu e double bass ends o be mo e open,
he a ea descending sligh ly lowe , bu he e a e also closed sounds. The ho izon al slope o he ongue a he beginning o acu e [ei] a ies g ea ly, he a ea ex ending ho izon ally.
I is mo e di icul o see he di e ences be ween he clo hes o he second pai
(see Figu e 6). he acu e second demen ia, which is no emphasised by he spu um o
he spinal co d, is cha ac e ised by a high deg ee o a iabili y in he sequence o
counselling and openness. he a ea occupied by i s a ian s is e y la ge, i
comple ely co e s he a ea o he second memb ane o he ci cumplex bi al e. he
end o he ci cum lex [e] is mo e concen a ed, he a ea is highe , so i is cha ac e ized by a g ea e closu e.
12 The g aphics o his woman's oice did no show such clea ela ionships.
Ma ijampolės šnek os d ibalsių p iegaidės:
kokybiniai požymiai
161 a icles by a icle
5, 6 o he VAT. The di e ences be ween he beginning and ending a ian s o he acous ic [ei] (acu e […]
black) and he ci cumplex acous ic [eu] a e clea e o see. The beginning o he acu e double bass (see
Figu e 7) is dis inguished by a p e-acu e a icula ion, al hough a la ge a ia ion in speech sequence and
openness is obse ed. he beginning o he ci cumsc ibed double bass a ies mo e acco ding o he
deg ee o openness, he sign o he speech sequence is mo e s able. The seconda y memb anes o he
spleen (see Fig. 8) a e also di e en . he end o he ci cumplexion is mo e concen a ed, has less a iance,
and he acu e a ea occupied is e y la ge, he poin s a e sca e ed. The second pa o he ci cum lex is
ma ked by a pack o 7, 8 PaV. The quali a i e ela ionships o he sounds s udied a e also e lec ed in he
lesne a ikuliacija i aukš esniu liežu io pakilimu.
g aphs showing he change in he ajec o ies o he o ma ions (see Figu e 9-12).13 Fi s o all, he
di e en di ec ions o change in he o ma ion o each bina y a e isible. The sounds o he
double- ongued [ai] a e o e y di e en quali y: [a] […] lowe ongue ise, pos e io lines, [i] […] uppe
ongue ise, an e io a icula ion. The e o e, i s o ming dynamics a e he b igh es (see Fig. 9): 1
g adually descends, and 2 suddenly ises o he op. A he beginning o he a icle, d aw a g aph o all
he subjec s and all he double-ba elled wo ds. He e a e he ends ha bes e lec he gene al
ends o change ha a e o ming.
162 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX he dis ance be ween he o man s is ela i ely
iMa bakŠienė
small […] is said o be compac [a], and a he end he o man s a e s ongly sepa a ed
om each o he , highligh ing he di usion o he sound [i]. Compa ing he acu e and
ci cumsc ibed owels [au], i should be no ed ha he mo e acu e o ma ions a e
ini ially close oge he , he mo e s able hei ajec o ies emain o e he longe
pe iod o ime. F2 is going o go up a lo la e and s ay a lo lowe all he ime.
Ci cum lexion 2 almos immedia ely ises o he op o he s agge ing ajec o y. The
acu e 1 emains highe mos o he ime.
The dynamics o he wo-ball [au] o ma ions a e qui e di e en (see Figu e 10). I is also composed o
di e en quali y sounds: [a], as al eady men ioned, […] lowe , pos e io , [u] […] ai ly high ongue ise,
pos e io , lip. Bo h o he wo-ball o ma ions a e g adually descending, because he wo-balls a e
na u ally low. clea ly highligh s he di e ences in expec a ions. bo h acu e o man s emain highe all
he ime, he ci cum lex […] lowe . In addi ion, he ajec o y o 1 is e y di e en : in acu e double
helix i goes a ound o a while (supposedly mo e open sound [a]), only om he middle i goes down, and
in ci cula double helix he line immedia ely alls down, only om he middle o he ci cle (supposedly
mo e b igh sound [u]). 9, 10 o he VAT. The dynamics o he wo-balsi [ai] and [au] o ma ions (acu e […]
black)14 14 In g aphs o his ype, only he i s wo o ma ions a e chosen o illus a ion, he hi d is
no p o ided.