130 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: au oma inė sin aksinė analizė; sakinio sin aksinė s uk ū a; sin aksiniai
he ela ionships; syn ac ic ace o wo ds; he syn ac ic
s uc u e o he pa icipan , he communi y and he noun.
Keywo ds: au oma ic syn ac ic analysis and syn ac ic s uc u e o a sen ence;
syn ac ic ela ions; syn ac ic pull o wo ds; syn ac ic pull o pa iciple, in ini i e and
noun.
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include compu e linguis ics, au oma ic syn ax
analysis.
sin aksinė ŽodŽių auka
syn ac ic Pull o Wo ds
anno a ion Du ing a compu e analysis o he syn ax o he Li huanian language, a new phenomenon was
no iced ha had no ye been desc ibed in he li e a u e. I he e a e wo wo ds in a sen ence ha
ha e he same owel and he owel s ands be ween hem, which wo d will o m a compound wi h he
owel ha has he owel and which o hem will emain unexpanded? he syn ac ic s uc u e o he
pa icipan , he noun and he conjunc ion is desc ibed, compa isons o obse ed cases wi h he
co espondences o o he languages a e p o ided. he e m o he syn ac ic wo d a ac ion i sel is also de ined.
anno a ion by c ea ing syn ac ic analysis o he Li huanian language e ealed a new phenomenon,
which has no been p e iously discussed in li e a u e. I he e a e wo wo ds in a sen ence
go e ning he same case, and ha case s ands be ween hem, which o he wo ds will o m a
wo d ph ase wi h he go e ned case, and which o hem will emain unexpanded? he a icle
desc ibes he syn ac ic pull o he pa iciple, he noun and he in ini i e; compa isons o he
cases iden i ied and he equi alen s om o he languages a e p o ided. he e m o syn ac ic
pull o wo ds is de ined as well.
The in en ion o compu e s made i possible o au oma e he men al wo k done
by humans. F om 1968 o 1978, g amma ical analysis o languages was he main
opic o AI esea ch. bu he languages o he peoples,
sin aksinė žodžių auka
131 a icles eadily a ailable o humans appea ed o be di icul o compu e s o
diges (jensen, heido n, icha dson, 1993: 2). So he au oma ed p ocessing o he
languages o he peoples has no ye achie ed he good esul s ha o he a eas o
compu e use ha e. The main goal o his esea ch is o se gene al p inciples o
1.1. sin aksės kompiu e iza imo da bai Lie u oje
bene pi masis bandymas ap ašy i au oma inės sin aksinės analizės me odą,
au oma ic syn ac ical analysis o he Li huanian language" (dauda a ičius 2002: 6). A
s a biausias ikslas bu o „nus a y i pag indinius lie u ių kalbos au oma inės sin-
g aph o connec ions e lec ing knowledge abou a pa icula language (in his case
Li huanian), i.e. syn ac ic connec ions be ween wo ds. he ops o he g aph a e
g amma ical ca ego ies, and he lines indica e he ela ionships be ween hose
g amma ical ca ego ies. The link g aph (Figu e 1) (dauda a ičius 2002: 38) was
compiled based on he syn ax o Vi o Labucius (1996).
1 o V. G aph o Li huanian language connec ions (dauda a ičius 2002: 38)
132 ac a
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
The e a e i e possible a ian s o he gi en sen ence, so hey a e all shown in he
dependency g aph (Figu e 4) and hey a e all p esen ed sepa a ely as equi alen s (Figu e 5).
2 o V. The da a o he mo phological analyze (dauda a ičius 2002: 35) 3 PaV. The mos
common wo d combina ions in a sen ence a e "G acie dziewczyny" and "G acie gėlę piewo"
(dauda a ičius 2002: 35) om his g aph o each sen ence a ee o dependencies is
o med, co e ing all possible a ian s i he sen ences a e plu al. The o ma ion o a ee
is di ided in o wo s ages: i s , a ela ionship g aph is d awn, e lec ing all possible
syn ac ic connec ions in a pa icula sen ence, and la e , a ee o dependencies is
sepa a ed om i (da ičius 2002: 55). The analysis is illus a ed by he sen ence Beau i ul
gi l wa ches beau i ul lowe in he ga den. The da a om he mo phological analyze
(Figu e 2) is used o o m a syn ax link g aph (Figu e 3) ha lis s all possible connec ions
be ween wo ds in a sen ence, and hen ex apola es om i he ee o dependencies, i.e.
he syn ac ic s uc u e o a sen ence o a ew ees, i he sen ence is syn ac ically
plu al.
sin aksinė žodžių auka
133 a icles by a icle
4 PaV. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. All possible a ian s o he sen ence Beau i ul gi l wa ches beau i ul lowe in he meadow (dauda a ičius)
2002: 46)
5 o he VAT. All possible a ian s o he sen ence Beau i ul gi l wa ches beau i ul lowe
2002: 47)
in he ga den (dauda a ičius ha he au ho s a ed he wo k and ended i , because he
de ended he disse a ion on ano he opic and no ed in i : "I is nai e o hink ha he
me hods ha a e success ully applied o English a e also applicable o o he languages" (dauda a ičius 2012: 3).
134 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX on a cycle scale […] be ween he s udy p o o ype
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
and he ull unc ionali y p o o ype […] (g asping a syn ac ic analysis solu ion), he
da be pažymima, kad „ ealizuo a sis ema užima a pinę ie ą sis emos gy a i-
e alua ion o he sys em's wo k was ca ied ou no a he sen ence le el, bu a he
gony ė 2006: 36). a gumen uojan uo, kad „ ealizuo a sis ema ne isais a ejais
sen ence pa le el, i.e. i was assessed how accu a ely he sys em de e mines he
pa o he sen ence, and no a all how accu a ely i o ms he syn ac ic s uc u e
o he sen ence. 20 Li huanian-language sen ences we e analysed o he wo k
checking o he sys em. One o he planned u he wo ks men ioned is o "de elop
he sys em and adap i o ee banks" (Eng. ee 6 PaV. Ano he mas e 's hesis on
syn ac ic analysis compu e iza ion was w i en by Gin a ė G igony ė. I uses a
me hod o uni ica ion (ha monisa ion) ha has been ex ensi ely desc ibed by Pe e
Hel ig (Hellwig 2003). gene alized ules a e d awn up, o example ha he wo
elemen s mus be ma ched by a numbe and a unnel. The sys em assesses which
ules can be adap ed o which wo ds in he sen ence. In his way, a compound is
c ea ed om he wo ds o a sen ence and he ules ha connec hem. A e
e iewing all a ailable ules, a lis o sen ence wo d combina ions is o med
(g igony ė 2006: 29). F om ha lis o compound wo ds, ees a e o med by applying
he unc ion o belie . The unc ion o ai h is he o iginal da a a e Li huanian
sen ences, and he esul is he abs ac ep esen a ion o i . The esul o he
apskaičiuojama emian is sin aksės aisyklėmis i žiniomis apie sakinį. analizės sis e-
sun lowe c ypo bac e icidal ea men is shown in Fig. 6.

sin aksinė žodžių auka
135s aipsniai / a icles
banks o o m. Howe e , his idea was no e en implemen ed, because he au ho ,
like Vidas Dauda a ičius, de ended he disse a ion on ano he opic. he planned
wo k […] syn ac ically anno a ing he Li huanian language ex […] was s a ed by
o he scien is s in 2013 a he Li huanian Language Ins i u e (1 In e ne e e ence).
1.2. Lack o linguis ic esea ch Some subjec s only become appa en wi h he ad en
kompiu e iai isose s i yse u ė ų di b i ge iau už žmones. P oblema ik, kad
nesugebame pasaky i jiems pakankamai aiškiai, kaip eikia a lik i pa eik ą užduo į.
o compu e iza ion o language. Wha we' e augh as child en, wi hou hinking
abou why i 's he way i is, he compu e has o do i i s . As ea ly as 1969, in
bū i pasaky a o maliai, . y. jam sup an ama kalba. dėl o ka ais eikalingi papil-
domi moksliniai y imai, ku ie ling is ikos požiū iu y a neak ualūs i odėl nebu-
desc ibing au oma ic ansla ion (syn ac ic analysis is pa o au oma ic
ansla ion […] i s second s age), i was said: […]The needs o au oma ic ansla ion
ac ually o ce linguis s o deepen hei heo e ical knowledge in a ious ields o
language p oblema ic ha ha e no ye been su icien ly s udied[…] (i ič 1973: 256).
1.2.1. De e mina ion o sen ence pa s Be o e he ad en o compu e linguis ics,
linguis s s udied sen ences and syn ax as a esul o s uc u e o ma ion. he al eady
eady-made sen ence s uc u e was examined. I wasn' in e es ed in how and on wha
basis a pe son decides ha his wo d pe o ms his pa icula syn ac ic unc ion and
no ano he . In he e a o compu e s, he p ocess o o ming a s uc u e becomes he
mos impo an hing, i becomes he main objec o esea ch. Some imes i 's a
ma e o looking a he sen ence in a non- adi ional way, ha is, a li le unusually, no
in he way i was seen be o e. In g amma , a desc ip ion o a pa o a sen ence (e.g.,
e b) is usually p o ided by lis ing which mo phological o ms can pe o m his unc ion
(Amb azas 1997: 487). ha he wo d is a e b, accep ed as an axiom, and discussed only in
he pa s o speech ha allow i o go. The mechanism o de e mining he e b upu
is desc ibed in mo e de ail in ea lie g amma s. Vy au as Si au as also ies o
analyze p oblema ic cases, o example, when he e a e wo wo ds ( a dininkai) in a
sen ence ha can go wi h he e b: […]when he e is a e b in a sen ence, i is a sick
pap as ai an asis a dininkas nebegali užim i eiksnio pozicijos. (jis jau ečia
day[…], and pe o ms o he syn ac ic unc ions[…] (Si au as 1978: 35). ha he i s
p onoun is an ac ion is aken he e as an axiom (wi hou ying o es ablish i a all and
ind ou whe he he i s p onoun eally pe o ms he unc ion o he ac ion), and
hen he ques ion o he second p onoun is al eady sol ed. Compu e sen ence analysis
136
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
showed he allacy o he quo ed s a emen , which people hadn' no iced un il now: in
ečia diena jis se ga an asis a dininkas eina eiksniu. Čia eikia iš p incipo naujo
he sen ence, he e's al eady a me hod o de e mining he pa s o he sen ence (in
his case, he e b). I is necessa y o look no only a wha pa o he language he
e b can be p onounced and wha i s possible mo phological o ms a e, bu mos
impo an ly […] how o de e mine which wo d is he e b. O he wo nouns in a
sen ence, he e b is no he one ha comes i s o second, bu he one ha is a
pe sonal p onoun. And his has only been no iced in compu e language p ocessing.
The e o e, i is necessa y o ag ee wi h he opinion o P o esso Laimučio Telksnio
ha he a ailable knowledge o he Li huanian language does no allow he ull o maliza ion o he Li huanian language syn ax, so i is necessa y o ca y ou addi ional heo e ical esea ch on he Li huanian language.
1.2.2. De e mina ion o wo d compounds
Pag indinė žodžių jungimosi galimybes ap ašan i cha ak e is ika y a jų alen ingu-
he mass. The mos widely desc ibed ac ion wo ds in Li huanian a e alen ines. The
meaning o a e b is de e mined by ce ain conjuga ion ph ases, which a e ealized in he
sen ence by joining he e b o he co esponding wo ds and hei o ms (sližienė 1994:
16). The e bs ha o m a compound wi h he e b a e di ided in o essen ial palind omes,
which canno be omi ed o make he sen ence g amma ically egula , and op ional
palind omes, which can be omi ed bu he sen ence emains g amma ical (Sližienė, 1994:
32). e bs ha a e no condi ioned by he meaning o he e b can also be combined wi h
he e b. hey shall be called ee membe s; In his case, he ela ionship wi h he e b is
de e mined by he abili y o he wo d o join o he wo ds and o ms (sližienė 1994: 35). I
has been w i en abou his be o e: […]The slang wo ds a e usually a ached o he main
ones: he e I saw a p e n a i eme ge om he be jel […] (si au s 1978: 21). Howe e , he
Li huanian au ho i ies' in es iga ions s op he e. I 's no clea how o de e mine he
dependence o he wo d las yea : did I see las yea o las yea . I is p ecisely o such
in es iga ions ha his A icle is in ended.
ap ašan aplinkybes nu odoma, kad kai omi jų komponen ai šliejami p ie a i-
I 's a combina ion o he e b "Jonas came back o see", and he e b "Ji came back
o buy". I is also emphasised ha "Sleeping is he p ima y phenomenon he e, and
econcilia ion is he seconda y phenomenon", i.e. he "belonging" o he
ci cums ances o he s o y is close (si au s 1978: 47). Bu a his le el, ha 's all
ha 's being said. The cases whe e he en i onmen can be linked o wo wo ds in a
sen ence (in hose days, only he encyclopedia allowed in Moscow was a ailable o
e e yone. The local en i onmen in Moscow can be linked and accessed, and allowed) […]
which o hem will o m a syn ac ic connec ion wi h he en i onmen ? I should be
added ha he p oblem desc ibed in sec ion 1.2.1 canno be sol ed by alency. he may
papildymo eiksnio a dininko i akul a y aus papildinio įnagininko (sližienė
sin aksinė žodžių auka
137 a icles by a icles
2004: 36). ačiau kaip nus a y i eiksnį, kai sakinyje du a dininkai, alen ingumas
indica e ha he wo d sickness is ambiguous, equi ing as no indica ing. So we need
new linguis ic wo ks ha answe ques ions like his. And ha 's exac ly he kind o
wo k ha his a icle is supposed o be abou . 2. syn ac ic analysis o LiZė
koMPiu e iu To make i clea e how he syn ac ic s uc u e is de e mined by he
compu e , a de ailed analysis o he sen ence will be gi en, showing all he s eps
aken. Figu e 7 shows wha in o ma ion he compu e ecei es om he use , i.e. he
sen ence is en e ed as a sequence o symbols. A he beginning, i is b oken down in o
segmen s o le e s and numbe s sepa a ed by […] spaces o punc ua ion ( ig. 8). The
sepa a ion ma ks hemsel es also o m a sepa a e segmen , only he spaces a e
igno ed: hey se e o de ine he bounda ies o he segmen s and ha is he end o
hei ole. hen a mo phological analysis o he sen ence is ca ied ou […] he
mo phological ca ego ies o he wo d used a e indica ed o each segmen (Figu e 9).
Some wo ds a e hen gi en seman ic a ibu es (Figu e 10). I is impo an o no e
ha his is no a comp ehensi e seman ic analysis and only ea u es ha se e
syn ac ic pu poses a e used, i.e. hose ha can de e mine he syn ac ic unc ion o
jau li uanis ikoje p iski iamas sin aksei, o ne seman ikai.
a wo d. Fo his eason, he use o e bs is also conside ed a seman ic ea u e he e,
which is 7 PaV anyway. The i s s ep is o ge sen ences om he use as a sequence o symbols. 8 o PaV. The second s ep is o b eak he sen ence down in o segmen s.
9 o he VAT. he hi d s ep […] is he mo phological analysis o he sen ence.
138 o he
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
Li huanian Linguis ic Ac LXIX
10 o he VAT. The ou h s ep is o gi e seman ic signs o some wo ds. I is hen
checked whe he he noun is in he sen ence, i no , he noun o he noun is in his
a y a daik aVa dŽio Va dininkas?
sen ence, and he e b unc ion is assigned o i ( ig. 11).
11 o he VAT. The i h s ep […] de e mines he e b o he sen ence.
Fu he mo e, i is sough whe he he e is a sen ence in he
Veiksnio unkciją a LiekanČio ŽodŽio asMeniu? daik a a džio a dininkas
a i inka ečiąjį asmenį, o sakinyje y a ečio asmens eiksmažodis, odėl jam p i-
ski iama a inio unkcija (12 pa .).
VeiksMaŽodis, he asMuo o which coincides wi h 12 PaV. The six h s ep […] de e mines he na a i e o he sen ence.
sin aksinė žodžių auka
The 145-line a icles in on o i connec he speake o i sel as a con olled link,
i.e. he non-execu able ype o pa icipan exp essed by he sign a ac s he
speake mo e s ongly han i s ma ked wo ding, see sen ence (10). i he e is no
non-execu able ype pa icipan , as shown in sen ence 11, o i he e is an adjec i e
in i s place in a de ailed sen ence, as seen in sen ence 12, he spokespe son o he
minis e emains di ec ly ela ed o he adjec i e in he message, as seen in
sen ences 11 and 12.
(10) This is a i med in a epo signed by he Minis e . (11) This is a i med in he
Minis e 's epo . This is a i med in he Minis e 's de ailed epo (12). he adjec i e
inse ed in he epo be ween he non-de i a i e sign minis e and he sign wo d in he
de ailed, passing h ough he de i a i e sign, does no indica e he syn ac ic
connec ion be ween he non-de i a i e sign minis e and he sign wo d in he epo ,
see sen ence (12) Bu he a ac ion o he non- unc ioning species is so s ong ha
i 's enough o b eak his bond, and i a ac s he wo m o i sel , u ning i in o i s
complemen . Thus, we can say ha he ace o he non- unc ional ype pa icipan is
s onge han he ace o he noun in ela ion o he e b. In con as o he
non-execu able ype, he pa icipan main ains he s eng h o his a ac ion and joins
i (see sen ence 13), which is no done by he adjec i e (see sen ence 14), analogously o
(10) and (12) in sen ences. (13) This is a i med in a signed minis e ial epo . This is
a i med in a de ailed minis e ial epo (14). I should be no ed ha in a spoken
language, in ona ion can also be used o gi e a sen ence he meaning ha a speake
gi es o an unp onounceable cha ac e e en i he pa icipan is no in he spoken
language, bu he e is no da a on in ona ion in he ex (unless he ex is specially
anno a ed), so ques ions ela ed o in ona ion a e no discussed in his a icle.
3.2. The name o he objec
A simila quali y as he pa icipan has also he objec wo d (no ma e wha i goes
[…] ac ion o supplemen ) […] i s a ac ion in e ms o ci cums ances is s onge han
he s o y. I can gi e you a couple o examples. The su oga e o a noun usually goes
a ound he s o y, bu i he s ands jus below he noun, he ecognizes ha noun: (15)
kiniuose ie ininkas y a po daik a a džio (einančio papildiniu) pa odą i pažymi jį
and (16) sa- (he could desc ibe he pa ade while in ano he place, no necessa ily in a
ca e). In cases whe e he subs i u e is a e he o he wo ds, i goes a ound and
o ms a syn ac ic connec ion wi h he na a o , as seen om sen ences (17) and (18) ( he show could also be in ano he place,

146
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
no necessa ily in a ca e). Thus, he a ac ion o he complemen , exp essed in he
o m o a hing, o he local en i onmen is s onge han he a ac ion o he
s o y, gi en he locali y o he complemen in he pos posi ional posi ion.
(15) He desc ibed he exhibi ion in de ail. (16) he desc ibed he pa ade in de ail in he ca e.
In he second case, i is possible o use a di e en ype o ci cums ance: o example,
(17) jis kaune išsamiai ap ašė pa odą.
(18) kaune pa odą jis išsamiai ap ašė.
he ci cums ance o he cause, exp essed by he p e ix cons uc ion, con i ms ha
he noun, in his in e al a e he noun, exp esses he e b and iden i ies i , and in he
a eju einan is eiksniu, u ėdamas ją pos pozicinėje padė yje, aukia s ip iau nei
a inys. (19) sakinyje p ielinksninė kons ukcija dėl su ikusio anspo o s o i be-
wen ie h sen ence i al eady goes a ound he cause and o ms a di ec syn ac ic
connec ion wi h he na a i e. (19) losses due o dis up ed expo s h ough he
Klaipėda e minal amoun ed o LTL 28 million. (20) losses amoun ed o LIT 28 million due o
dis up ed expo s h ough he Klaipėda e minal. The e o e, i can be concluded ha
he en i onmen , s anding in he sen ence di ec ly a e he noun, in his sen ence is
d awn mo e s ongly han he e b, s anding in he na a i e, i.e. he noun
en i onmen , s anding in he na a i e mo e s ongly han he e b, s anding in he
na a i e, i.e. he noun en i onmen (because he noun i ollows is a e b, an addi ional,
i eplaceable sign o a ain) is d awn mo e s ongly han he e b, s anding in he
na a i e.
3.3. he a ac ion o he communi y i in he sen ence he na a o is exp essed in he
o m o a e b, and he companion holds he same joy, he companion a ac s him mo e
s ongly han he na a o is exp essed in he o m o a e b. The noun o m o he e b,
which is he na a i e o m, joins he e b only i he e is no conjunc ion, as in (22) he
sen ence, bu i he e is a conjunc ion, see (21) he sen ence, i a ac s he e b, no
ma e wha posi ion i would be in he conjunc ion be ween he na a i e o m ( he
a ž ilgiu – p ieš ją a po jos. Ši sa ybė labai aiškiai ma y i, kai aldomas linksnis s o-
na a i e o m) and he e b, see (23) he sen ence. (21) he impo ing ade s should hen
p o ide p oduc quali y ce i ica es. (22) hen he impo ing ade s would ha e p oduc
quali y ce i ica es. (23) hen impo ing ade s should p o ide p oduc quali y
ce i ica es.
sin aksinė žodžių auka
147s aipsniai / a icles
so i can be said ha he syn ax o he communi y is s onge han ha o he
omos eiksmažodžio o mos, einančios a iniu, auką aldomo linksnio
neighbo hood. In e ses 24 and 25, i is seen ha he wo d "happy" is mo e s ongly
associa ed wi h he wo d "common" e en when i is opposed o he wo d "common"
in i s nega i e o m. And i 's only when he e b doesn' s ay in he sen ence ha he
s o y ( he eading o m o he e b) joins he e b, see sen ence (27). (24) He will be
ound by Minis e Eugenio Gen iloni. (25) He will be ound by Minis e Eugene Gen ile. 26
will ha e o be ound by Minis e Eugenio Gen iloni. 27 will be held by Minis e Eugenio
Gen iloni. The de ini ion o syn ac ic ocabula y has no ye been ex ensi ely s udied
and i is no possible o p o ide a la ge amoun o da a on i . In he u u e, a e
pe o ming syn ac ic anno a ion wo k on he ex , i may be possible o c ea e some
kadangi žodžių sin aksinė auka y a neseniai pas ebė as eiškinys, odėl labai
kind o classi ica ion o e en o gi e each wo d an app op ia e syn ac ic d ag
coe icien . Howe e , o he ime being, i is only possible o desc ibe he essence in
gene al e ms. Fi s o all, and mos impo an ly, wha should be said is ha his
p ope y is only ele an o language p ocessing by compu e , jus as wo ds ha e
mul iple meanings only in dic iona ies, and he p oblem o hei plu ali y a ises only
when ansla ing ex s in o o he languages. In e e yday speech, in e e yday use, we
ne e ha e a p oblem wi h he plu ali y o wo ds. (In he coun yside, g andmo he s
ha e been speaking Li huanian success ully o housands o yea s, wi hou e en
knowing such concep s as "language mul iplici y".) When p ocessing language wi h a
compu e , he sen ence is iewed a li le di e en ly, he o he side app oaches i a
li le di e en ly. The e o e, o he measu es a e needed o his wo k. he meaning
could be as ollows: syn ac ic ace […] is a measu e o he abili y o wo ds o ealize
hei own con ol. I 's e y di e en om alency. I 's all igh , and you' e go a
ce ain (le 's say, "ou " subjec ) wo d. Howe e , i he e a e wo wo ds in a
alen ingumo už enka, kol sakinyje y a ienas aldan is žodis, ku is gali p isijung-
sen ence ha ha e he same p onuncia ion and can join he wo d we a e conside ing,
which o hem will s ill join i and which will emain unexpanded? Valen im p o ides a
compa ison o con olled wo ds: some wo ds a e con olled mo e s ongly, o he s […]
weake (i.e. one wo d mus be added, o he s […] no ) (sližienė 1994: 56), he syn ac ic
ace is he cha ac e is ic o con olled wo ds. I compa es wo uling wo ds and
indica es ha he uling wo d's powe (o s eng h) o join he uling o m is
compa ed o ano he , equally uling ( uling he same chee ul) wo d in a sen ence.
Valen ine does no go beyond he bounda ies o one e b (o ano he con olling wo d,
such as an adjec i e), i does no exis wi h he o he con olling wo d whose
148
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX
conjunc ion i p o ides. syn ac ic ace co e s all con olling wo ds in a sen ence
ys žodžiai ame sakinyje, jis į juos niekaip nea siž elgia, neg e ina su sa o ap a-
and compa es hem wi h each o he in e ms o he abili y o ealize one's con ol.
de ini ion: The syn ac ic ace o wo ds […] is he s eng h o he abili y o
connec con olled o elaxed o ex ended. syn ac ic ace […] is a measu e
o he con olling wo ds, a c i e ion o compa ing hem wi h each o he .
4. Syn ax ace o wo ds in o he languages The p ope y o syn ac ic ace o
wo ds should be mo e ele an o languages wi h a loose wo d o de in he sen ence.
The co esponding sen ences in h ee o he languages: Russian, Ge man and English
a e p o ided o compa ison. These languages a e e y di e en in e ms o he
eedom o wo d o de , so i will be seen wha in luence he syn ac ic ace has on
he placemen o ce ain pa s o he language in he sen ence.
4.1. Russian language
Sec ion 3.1.1 s a es ha he syn ac ic a ac ion o he sign exp essed by he
pa icipan is s onge han he a ac ion o he na a i e exp essed by he
kiamas sakinio Iki ol daugeliui, pi miausia in eligen ijai, bu o p ieinama ik ai Mask-
pa icipan in e ms o he ci cums ances, illus a ed in he oo no e is allowed by he
ansla ion o he "G ea So ie Encyclopedia" (Bolshaja so e skaja enciklopedija).
(28) До того времени многим была доступна только в Москве издаваемая „Большая
советская энциклопедия“.
(29) До того времени многим была доступна только в Москве „Большая советская
энциклопедия“.
In his case, he Russian language da a coincides wi h he Li huanian language. i is
3.1.3 sky iaus eiginio, kad ne eikiamosios ūšies daly io auka y a s ip esnė
no longe possible o con i m in he Russian language, because he e he ine ec i e
o m o he species con ols he o he chee ul one: he Li huanian wo d is
ansla ed as a subjunc i e. These sen ences a e ansla ed in sen ences (30) and
(31) o he epo signed by he Minis e and his sen ence is ansla ed in sen ences (30) and (31) o he epo signed by he Minis e .
(30) Это утверждается в министром подписанном докладе.
(31) Это утверждается в докладе министра.
sin aksinė žodžių auka
149 a icles by a icles
3.2 sky iaus eiginį, kad daik a a dis aplinkybę, einančią be a piškai po jo, aukia
s onge han he s o y, as can be seen in he Russian language. This can be seen in bo h
he sen ences He desc ibed he exhibi ion in Kaunas in de ail and he exhibi ion in Kaunas he
desc ibed in de ail in he co esponding e sions […] (32) and (33) in he sen ences in which
he icini y is isi ed by a depu y, bo h he sen ences Losses due o dis up ed expo s
h ough he Klaipėda e minal amoun ed o 28 million li as and Due o dis up ed expo s
h ough he Klaipėda e minal he losses amoun ed o 28 million li as in he e sions […] (34) and (35).
(32) Он подробно описал выставку в Москве.
(33) В Москве он подробно описал выставку.
(34) Ущерб из-за прервавшегося экспорта через терминал достиг 28 млн.
(35) Из-за прервавшегося экспорта через терминал ущерб достиг 28 млн.
Sec ion 3.3's asse ion ha he common h ead is s onge han he na a i e ( ead e b
o m) h ead in e ms o he con olled un, is also con i med in he Russian language.
This ime he sen ences Then he impo ing ade s should p o ide he p oduc quali y
ce i ica es and Then he impo ing ade s should p o ide he p oduc quali y
ce i ica es and Then he impo ing ade s should p o ide he p oduc quali y
ce i ica es by aking as an example he sen ences o he Russian language wi h an
analogous s uc u e, illus a ing he a o emen ioned p ope ies o syn ac ic ela ions, see sen ences (36), (37) and (38).
(36) Он должен вернуть мне книгу.
(37) Он должен мне книгу.
(38) Он должен мне книгу вернуть.
So his is also a ea u e o he Russian language. Being close o he Li huanian
language in i s eedom o wo d o de , he Russian language has many simila
syn ac ic p ope ies, bu i canno be said o co espond comple ely.
4.2. Ge man language
The o de o wo ds in Ge man is much s ic e han in Li huanian o Russian, so i is
impossible o ansla e wo ds in Li huanian in o a sen ence. The s ic equi emen o
he na a i e in he second place does no allow he in oduc ion o he ci cums ance
o ime and he supplemen be o e he e b a he beginning o he sen ence, so ha
he sen ences we e no a ailable o many, especially he in elligen sia, un il he
co espondence o he "G ea So ie Encyclopedia" was allowed only in Moscow. In he
case o he Ge man language, as in he case o he Russian language, i is no possible o
3.1.3 sky iaus eiginio, kad ne eikiamosios ūšies daly io auka y a s ip esnė
con i m he ace o he noun in e ms o he e b, because ano he e b is also used
he e, in his case he p e ix cons uc ion on + Da i .
150 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX Ano he s a emen ha canno be e i ied
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
because o he s ic e wo d o de in Ge man is ha he noun (bo h e b and
adjec i e) a ound i , which is in he middle o i , a ac s mo e s ongly han he
e b, which goes h ough he na a i e (see chap e 3.2).
Due o he ac ha i is impossible o gi e a sen ence ha dis u bed he expo h ough
he Klaipėda e minal, he losses eached 28 million li as in Ge man, lea ing an analogous wo d
o de . Sec ion 3.3 s a es ha he ace o he conjunc ion is s onge han he ace o
he na a i e ( ead as he e b o m) in e ms o he con olled hy hm, which is con i med
in Ge man, i.e. he na a i e joins he con olled hy hm only i he e is no conjunc ion in he
sen ence. Then he ade s impo ing hem should ha e p oduc quali y ce i ica es and
hen he ade s impo ing hem should ha e p oduc quali y ce i ica es p o ided by
analogues p o ided by aking only he s uc u al compliance (I ha e his book and I ha e his
book o ead) which illus a es he p ope ies o he syn ac ic ela ionships unde
conside a ion, see sen ences (39) and (40).
(39) I ha e his book o ead.
I ha e his book.
Because o he speci ici ies o Ge man g amma , i is no possible o gi e an
analogous s uc u e o a sen ence, o example a sen ence. Then he me chan s
impo ing hem should p o ide p oduc quali y ce i ica es (I ha e o ead his
book). This is p e en ed by he Ge manic he o ic, which equi es ha he s o y's
conjunc ion and he meaning o he wo d o e whelm all he wo ds a e he second (s o y) posi ion.
4.3. in English in English i is no easy o compa e he pa icipan , who walks wi h a
sign, and he na a o , who speaks wi h a sign, in e ms o he ci cums ances,
because i is impossible o gi e a sen ence in Li huanian. Un il hen, only he
ansla ion o he "G ea So ie Encyclopedia" was a ailable o many, especially he
in elligen sia. In English, he e b can' come a e he s o y. because o he
di e ences in he p onuncia ion o he non- unc ional pa iciple and he de i a i e
o he noun (see sec ion 3.1.3), he same can be said o he English language as o he
Russian and Ge man languages […] he e ano he e b is used, in his case he p e ix
cons uc ion by + noun.
The ac ha he wo d " hing" indi ec ly a ac s he su oundings unde nea h i
mo e s ongly han he s o y (see chap e 3.2) is also seen in English. He desc ibed in
de ail he exhibi ion in Kaunas and Kaunas he desc ibed in de ail he exhibi ion in
ansla ion in examples (41) and (42). The same can be said o he design o he su ounding a ea.

sin aksinė žodžių auka
151s aipsniai / a icles
The loss due o dis up ed expo s h ough he Klaipėda e minal amoun ed o 20 million
li as and he loss due o dis up ed expo s h ough he Klaipėda e minal amoun ed o
20 million li as.
(41) He desc ibed he exhibi ion in London in de ail.
(42) In London he desc ibed he exhibi ion in de ail.
(43) Damage because o discon inuing o expo h ough he e minal amoun ed 20 million
dolla s.
(44) Damage amoun ed o 20 million dolla s because o discon inuing o expo h ough
he e minal.
dėl bend a ies sin aksinės aukos anglų kalboje galima pa eik i aip pa kaip i
okiečių kalboje d iejų sakinių a i ikmenis. sakiniai (45) i (46) nep ieš a auja 3.3 sky-
The s o y joins he noun in he e en ha he e is no common g ound.
(45) He has o ead his book.
(46) He has his book.
5. In summa izing he sen ence e iew in iŠVada, conclusions can be d awn ha a e
mo e o a end han a igo ous s a emen , since only a ew obse a ions a e
desc ibed and no de ailed s udies. compu e iza ion o he Li huanian language aises
p oblems ha a e no ele an o people's communica ion. The e o e, addi ional
heo e ical esea ch on he Li huanian language is needed. When obse ing compu e
e o s in au oma ic syn ax analysis, i was hypo hesized ha he e exis s a syn ax
wo d ace, which occu s especially in cases whe e he e a e wo wo ds in a
sen ence ha ha e he same p onuncia ion and only one is used. How do you decide
which dominan wo d will make a di ec syn ac ic connec ion o ha chee ul one, and
which will be le unex ended? Valency is a syn ac ic e m ha e e s o he abili y
o a wo d o be used in conjunc ion wi h ano he wo d ha has he same
p onuncia ion.
in he examples examined, he mos p onounced is he syn ac ic ace o he
pa icipan going by he no a ion. I has also been obse ed ha he compa ison o
eiksniu a papildiniu) bei bend a ies sin aksinė auka.
analogue cases wi h o he languages canno be conside ed comp ehensi e, as
equi alence ansla ions we e no always possible due o he loose wo d o de . All he
p oblems desc ibed in his a icle can be iewed in a di e en way. F om linguis ic
posi ions i can be said ha in he sen ence I ha e a book he wo d I ha e is sel -e iden
kas a inys, o sakinyje Aš u iu pe skai y i knygą, ik a inio jung is. Žmonėms ai
būna aišku, ačiau kompiu e is negali žino i, kad iename sakinyje as pa s žodis y a
152 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXIX is one, and he o he is di e en , al hough hei
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
spelling is no di e en . And his is whe e we need o s a looking o o mal cues ha
would allow he compu e o uniquely de e mine he ype o s o y om he
en i onmen al da a. As in his case, so in o he cases, he p ope ies o he ac ion o
syn ac ic wo ds can help. In summing up he examples gi en, he e is a endency o see
ha he concep o wo d syn ax is mo e impo an and mo e necessa y o languages
wi h a loose wo d o de . In English, he syn ac ic unc ion o a wo d educes i s place in
a sen ence and he aceabili y o wo ds he e, appa en ly, would help a li le bi in
de e mining he pa s o a sen ence. All Li huanians a e in i ed o discuss his a icle.
Pe haps i will be easie o speake s o no ice o he cases o wo d ac ion ha ha e
no been men ioned in his a icle, which, o cou se, may no be con i med.
minė i. jame ap a a ik ai, kas pas ebė a apdo ojan kalbą kompiu e iu, ik hipo-
Allen James, na u al language unde s anding, published in 1987. This is a lis o ilms
p oduced by he Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company.
Vy au as 1997: G amma o con empo a y Li huanian language. Vilnius: Ins i u e o
Science and Encyclopedia Publishing V. V. Da i chuk: The di ision o he ex in o ixed
compound segmen s. he summa y o he doc o al disse a ion. Kaunas: The
Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea . Da id Vidal, Syn axical analysis o he Li huanian
language. a mas e 's deg ee in compu e science. Kaunas: The Uni e si y o Vy au as
he G ea . Igna ia Gin a e, The applica ion o he g amma o dependencies in he
ea men o he Li huanian language, 2006 I 's he mas e 's wo k. The Uni e si y o
Technology o Kaunas.
H.E.L.B.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N-
.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.T.E.R.E.N.E.T.E.R.E.N.E.E.T.E.R.E.N.E.E.T.E.R.E.E.N.E.-
jensen ka en, heido n geo ge emil, icha dson s ephen d. 1993:
E.T.E.R.E.E.N.E.T.E.R.E.E.N.E.E.T.E.R.E.E.N.E.T.E.R.E.E.E.R.N.E.T.E.T.E.E.R.E.E.R.E.N.E.E.T.E.E.E.R.E.E.N.E.E.T.E.E.E.E.E.R.E.N.E.E.E.T.E.E.E.E.E.E.R.N.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.N.T.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.N.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E.E. Vilnius: The Min . Na u al language p ocessing: he PLNLP app oach. he ollowing able is inse ed:
Publishe s
Mondal P akash 2010: explo ing he n- h dimension o language. Na u al language
P ocessing and i s Applica ions.
esea ch in compu ing science 46, ed by alexande gelbukh. Mexico: Na ional
Poly echnic Ins i u e, 55 and 66. Ni enbu g Se gei 1987: Machine ansla ion:
heo e ical and me hodological issues. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. "Vi a" is a combina ion o he main pa s o he sen ence. Vilnius:
Li huanian Cen al Publishing House and Encyclopedias.
aukš ojo i specialiojo idu inio mokslo minis e ijos Leidybinė edakcinė a yba.
sližienė nijolė 1994: Lie u ių kalbos eiksmažodžių junglumo žodynas 1. Vilnius: Moks-
sin aksinė žodžių auka
153 a icles in he Sližienė nijolė 2004: Dic iona y o Li huanian Language Ac ions 2
(2) The Vilnius:
Li huanian language ins i u e publishing house.
The Swiss dic iona y: a g aphical ep esen a ion o he syn ac ic s uc u e o he
Li huanian sen ence. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. W. W. Te y, Language as a cogni i e p ocess The syn ax. London: addison-
This is Wesley Publishing Company.
Белецкая И. П. 1983: Деревья зависимостей как инструмент стнтаксического ана-
лиза текста. – Международный семинар по машинному переводу. Москва: ВЦП.
Билан В. Н., Крисевич В. С. и др. 1976: Семантико-синтаксический перевод в
группе Статистика речи. – Автоматический анализ текста. Минск: МГПИИЯ.
e e ences o he In e ne
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
2. h p://donelai is. du.l /main.php?id=4&n =1_1 suMMa y by c ea ing he au oma ic syn ac ic
syn ac ic Pull o Wo ds
analysis o Li huanian language a new phenomenon o language was pe cei ed. I wo wo ds o he
sen ence equi e he same case as he ex ension, which o hem will ha e he syn ac ic ela ion
wi h ha case, and which emains wi hou he ex ended accusa i e and pa iciple, which pe o ms
he syn ac ic unc ion o a ibu e, con ols he accusa i e oo, and ha case is loca ed in he
sion? i he lexible o m o a e b, which pe o ms he syn ac ic unc ion o p edica e con ols
sen ence be ween he e b and he pa iciple, he accusa i e equi ed case was called he
syn ac ic pull o a wo d. he pull o pa iciple, in ini i e and noun a e desc ibed and equi alen
is syn ac ic ela ed wi h he pa iciple. his powe o make he syn ac ic ela ion wi h he
sen ences in Russian, Ge man and English a e compa ed. he de ini ion o syn ac ic pull o wo ds is
gi en.
Deli e ed on 17 Ap il 2013
daiVa ŠVeikauskienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5-216, LT-10308 Vilnius, Lie u a
[Email p o ec ed]