63s aipsniai / a icles
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: kalbinės nuos a os, domenas, diglosija, a i asis p es ižas, paslėp asis
he p es ige.
KeyWo ds: language a i udes, domain, diglossia, o e p es ige, co e p es ige. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
joLi a u banaVičienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include dialec ology, expe imen al phone ics,
phonology, lexicog aphy, con ac s be ween he Bal ic and Sla ic languages.
P o isions o he
eas e n and sou he n pa s o he p o ince o Vilnius
Language a i udes o esiden s o eas e n
and sou h-eas e n Vilnius (Vilniškiai)
The anno a ion o he a icle is based on he p ojec ca ied ou by he Li huanian Language
Ins i u e in 2011-2013 Mode n geolinguis ic esea ch in Li huania: op imiza ion o he poin ne wo k
and in e ac i e dissemina ion o language in o ma ion. The sociolinguis ic ques ionnai es comple ed
du ing he p ojec allow he s udy o he use o languages and dialec s in he ligh o a ious social
ac o s, co e ing he mos impo an a eas o language use and age g oups (younge (up o 30
yea s), middle (aged 31 o 50 yea s) and olde (aged 51 yea s). The a icle analyses da a om 34
eas e n high-al i ude illages collec ed in he dis ic s o T e , Adu , Š enčioni, Š enčion, Mielag,
S unac, and Sa Ri. The use o common languages, Vilnius dialec s and Sla ic (Bal a ian, Polish, Russian)
languages is s udied in h ee a eas: indi idual ( hough ), p i a e (home, amily) and public ( illage
communi y, o icial communica ion, school, chu ch).
anno a ion he a icle has been de eloped on he basis o he ma e ial unde he P ojec Mode n
esea ch o geolinguis ics in Li huania: op imiza ion o ne wo k o Poin s and in e ac i e sp ead o
dialec in o ma ion ca ied ou a he ins i u e o he Li huanian Language in he yea s 20112013.
The sociolinguis ic ques ionnai es illed in du ing he p ojec enable he explo a ion o he use o
languages and dialec s aking in o accoun di e en social ac o s co e ing he mos impo an
domains o language use and age g oups (younge (unde 30 yea s old), middle (31 < 50 yea s old) and
olde ( om 51 yea s old) gene a ions). he da a o 34 poin s o eas e n aukš ai ian sub-dialec o
Vilnius ga he ed in he locali ies o e ečius, adu iškis, y iMo P obLeMa ika and Me odai
64 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX Š enčionys, Š enčionėliai, Mielagėnai, s ūnai is, sa iai, which a e
joLi a u banaVičienė
a ibu ed o eas e n and sou h-eas e n sub-dialec s o Vilnius by dialec ologis s, a e unde
analysis. he ela ions be ween he s anda d language, sub-dialec o Vilnius and Sla ic languages
(Bela usian, Polish, Russian) amily) and public ( illage communi y, o icial communica ion, school,
chu ch).
we e analysed based on hei use in di e en domains: indi idual ( hinking), p i a e (home,
In ecen yea s, he ideology o egionalisa ion, which has become popula in Eu ope as a
coun e weigh o globalisa ion, has encou aged esea ch in o he social alue o
Lie u oje daugiausia dėmesio ski iama mies o gy en ojų (kadangi didžioji dalis –
egional p o isions. Two- hi ds o Li huanians li e in ci ies) and young people ( his age
g oup allows o p ognos ic su eys o public language beha iou ) linguis ic p o isions
(ž . Vaicekauskienė, saus e de 2012; amonienė 2013)
1
. kaimo ie o ėse dialek ų
socialinė e ė da nė a išsamiai i a, y a a lik a ik pa ienių a ealų analizė, pa yz-
o džiui, jonišklio, Pãs alio . ( amonienė 2006: 137[…]2013), Lyduõkių, ukme g[…]s .
(aliūkai ė 2005: 38–47). geoling is inius (ho izon aliuosius) i socioling is inius
( e ikaliuosius) (dėl e minų ž . aliūkai ė 2013 i en min. li .) kaimų dialek ų
su eys should be encou aged by he 2011 […] p ojec o he Li huanian Language
as Šiuolaikiniai geoling is ikos y imai Lie u oje: punk ų inklo op imizacija i in e ak-
Ins i u e's p ojec ed ansla ion in o ma ion lea le (led by danguolė Mikulė). In his
jek o kodas n . VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-k-01-028), ku iuo siekiama su ink i i išanali-
a icle, dialec ologis s classi y eas e n and sou he n Vilnius
d inama ykdan p ojek ą su ink a socioling is inė medžiaga iš 34 punk ų, ku iuos
2
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The ollowing species a e included in CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species, as de ined by CITES
Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species, as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species, as
de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species, as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed
species, as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o endange ed species, as de ined by CITES Appendix I: Lis o
endange ed species. i he poin is sunny (noise le el 2). in his case, he ma e ial is collec ed om bo h […]
old and […] new […] poin s.
2010–2013 ( ykdė Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, p ojek o ado ė Lo e a Vaicekauskienė).
an is), i jo apylinkėse (8–12 km a s umu) iškilusi ki a s ambesnė gy en ie ė, punk o s a usas su ei-
kiamas pas a ajai ie o ei ( oks naujasis punk as žymimas p ie senojo punk o nume io p idedan in-
y ų i pie yčių ilniškių kalbinės nuos a os
I is also known as he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden
T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle" o he "Golden T iangle"
o he "Golden T iangle". In p e ious s udies o eas e n highland illage s, he e a e
sociolinguis ic da a (e.g. Ka delis 2009; Ka delis e al. 2003), he use o dialec s,
non-Ta minese languages and Sla ic languages in he Vilnius a ea (Ka delis 2013) is
analyzed, bu he linguis ic p o isions o Vilnius ha e no ye been s udied.
me hod […] di ec in-dep h in e iew (~1.5 hou s) wi h 1 o 7
Li huanian-speaking esponden s
3
, o be selec ed on he basis o a andom mul iple selec ion. he age ( he in o man s
ep esen h ee gene a ions: he younges (up o 30 yea s old), he middle-aged (31 o
50 yea s old) and he oldes ( om 51 yea s old)), he educa ion (one in elligen place
pe poin , i possible) and he gende (i is a emp ed o su ey men and women
acco ding o he same c i e ia) we e aken in o accoun in he selec ion o
4
)
in o man s. Du ing he con e sa ion, a sociolinguis ic ques ionnai e was comple ed
alongside o he ques ionnai es, which was compiled by Laima Kalėdienė and dai a
aliūkai ė. The esea ch ma e ial o his a icle consis s o 120 ques ionnai es illed
in he Š enčionių and Ignalina dis ic s (see he lis o ocus poin s abo e). The ini ial
goal o he s udy was o iden i y he a eas (domains) o he use o he Vilnius dialec
and he common language: in which communica ion si ua ions he common language is
used mo e o en, in which […] pa a mė. O cou se, his o mula ion o he p oblem is
only condi ional, because he bounda y be ween he s anda d language a ian and he e i o ial language a ian
ne isada aiški
5
. be o, oks y imas, a lik as iesioginių in e iu me odu, pa odo
only he linguis ic p o isions o he use s o he language and no he ac ual usage. Howe e ,
esea che s ag ee ha linguis ic disposi ions mos o en de e mine he linguis ic beha io o
indi iduals (see amonienė 2013 and he e min. li .), and he change o linguis ic disposi ions is one o he
mos impo an ac o s o language change (Vaicekauskienė, saus e de 2012). The ield o p oblems in
he s udy had o be ex ended due o he speci ics o he egion unde s udy: he in o man s in daily
si ua ions claimed o use no only he common language and he Vilnius dialec , bu also Sla ic (Polish,
Bulga ian, Russian) languages. So he s udy co e s no only diglossia (common language and dialec ), bu
also bilingualism (se e al di e en languages) and he numbe o in o man s depends on he poin o
i ali y: in he las poin he e a e 12 in o man s, in he li ing […] 67 in o man s.
4 The numbe o emale in o man s is sligh ly highe han ha o men due o objec i e easons ( he
p opo ion o he emale popula ion, especially he olde gene a ion, is ela i ely highe han ha o
men) and due o ex alinguis ic easons (women's g ea e inna e communica ion skills, a p e e en ial
app oach o esea ch, e c.). 5 Fo example, dai a aliūkai ė (2010: 41) dis inguishes h ee a ian s o spoken
language: 1) spoken language (which exp esses he cha ac e is ics o he language), 2) semi-spoken
language (which does no exp ess he cha ac e is ics o he language) and 3) a new dialec (which does
no exp ess he cha ac e is ics o he language). Joshua Fishman dis inguishes eigh le els o dialec
nykimo (so-called, and ansi ion o he s anda d code) ( ishman 1991: 88[…]109). In e media e language
(in e media e language) (see aue 2011; see Vaicekauskienė, saus e de 2012) is a language ha is used in he con ex o a dialec ical si ua ion.
66 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX jus. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
joLi a u banaVičienė
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. In his a icle, he e ms o Sla ic languages a e summa ized as: Polish, Bulga ian,
6
Russian, bu in mo e de ailed u u e s udies, i is also necessa y o dis inguish be ween
he common language and i s local a ian , o example, Polish (which is augh in
schools, p aye is held) and local Polish slang (which is spoken a home, in he u al
communi y). I should be added ha he su eyed a ea is homogeneous om he poin
o iew o he municipali y, so ha he e m municipali y in he a icle in all cases
means he eas e n highland illages. he ul ima e objec i e o he s udy is o es ablish
he linguis ic p o isions o eas e n and sou he n Vilnius in e ms o language, common
language and Sla ic languages. aims o cla i y which language codes a e associa ed wi h
di e en a eas o language use. h ee main a eas o domains a e analyzed sepa a ely:
indi idual (mind), p i a e (home, amily) and public ( illage communi y, o icial
communica ion, school, chu ch)
(see also Ka aliūnas 2008: 316).
The in-dep h in o ma ion a ea asks he in o man s in wha languages (dialec
a ia ions) hey hink, coun and speak animals.
didžioji dalis (78 %) y esniosios ka os in o man ų eigia asmeninėje e d ėje
speaking in ongues. Language use in younge age g oups is dec easing: only one in wo (50%)
o in o man s aged 31 o 50 and 15% o in o man s o he younge gene a ion admi o
speaking in language. The use o he common language is also in e sely p opo ional o he
age o he in o man s: he s anda d language a ian is spoken by 10 pe cen o he olde
gene a ion, 15 pe cen o he middle gene a ion and 50 pe cen o he younge gene a ion. a
la ge p opo ion (10 % o he olde gene a ion, 31 % o he middle gene a ion and 30 % o he
younge gene a ion) o in o man s in he indi idual ield indica ed ha hey spoke bo h he common language and he Vilnius language
7
Animals a e spoken mo e o en in language, and common language is mo e o en coun ed. A small
p opo ion (3% o he olde gene a ion, 4% o he middle gene a ion and 5% o he younge gene a ion)
also need o change Sla ic languages in hei indi idual communica ion. These indi iduals who use se e al
( wo o h ee) language a ian s e en when communica ing indi idually a e conside ed o be
ep esen a i es o indi idual bilingualism (ka aliūnas 2008: 334). Fo example, an in o man (bo n in 1969)
om he Middle (5092) poin claimed ha he animals spoke Vilnius o Polish, while coun ing and hinking in
[…] Polish o Bulga ian. such pe sons usually come om mixed amilies whe e one language is no
su icien o communica ion. The language p o isions o he indi idual a ea a e summa ised in Table 1. 6
o he esea che s in simila wo ks do no di e en ia e Sla ic languages in de ail […] limi hemsel es o
he e m Sla ic memo y (see Ka delis 2013).
The use o he language and he common language in his case does no mean ha hey me ge in o a
single con inuum (Diaglossia, pl. aue 2011). he in o man indica es ha you can speak bo h he common
language and he spoken language (diglosia si ua ion).
y ų i pie yčių ilniškių kalbinės nuos a os
67-page a icles
This is Len e. linguis ic p o isions in he indi idual ield
kalbų a mainos
Va o ojų dalis (p ocen ais)
Vy esnioji
ka a
Vidu inioji
ka a
jaunesnioji
ka a
Vilniškių
bend inė kalba
Vilniškių pa a mė, bend inė kalba
Vilniškių pa a mė, lenkų kalba
bend inė kalba, lenkų kalba
bend inė kalba, usų kalba
Vilniškių pa a mė, Bulga ian language, Polish language
pa a mė (Spanish p onuncia ion) 78
10
10
1
1
50
15
31
4
15
50
30
5
he in es iga ion e ealed a disc epancy be ween he linguis ic and e hnic iden i y o
some o he in o man s. Bo h linguis ic ideology and na ional iden i y a e shaped by
a ious sociopoli ical ac o s (see Sa ille- oike 1990, 181-182). The dominance o Polish,
Russian (in he yea s o he G ea Pa io ic Wa ) and Bulga ian, Ge man languages,
especially cha ac e is ic o he si ua ion whe e he na ionali y does no always
coincide wi h he na i e language, has been expe ienced by he eas e n Li huanian
coun yside du ing he 20 h cen u y (Ca del 2009, 60; o he disc epancy be ween he
o icial na ionali y and he spoken language, see Kamoji a ea, 2011: 109 […] 110). one in en
(11%) o he Li huanian-speaking in o man s in ol ed in he s udy did no o icially
decla e hei Li huanian iden i y. such cases ha e been eco ded only among olde and
middle-gene a ion in o man s. he majo i y […] 85% […] o hem a e egis e ed as Poles,
and he es do no decla e hei iden i y a all because hey do no decide which one
o choose. Fo example, an in o man (bo n in 1933) om Adu iškio (485) claims o be able
o a ibu e himsel o bo h Li huanians and Bela usians. in o man (bo n 1940) om
S i k (4582), o me ly Polish, now w i ing a b ochu e ins ead o iden i y. in o man
(bo n in 1969) om he sa is himsel […]does no keep any hing[…]. The e was no
disc epancy be ween he linguis ic and e hnic iden i ies in he g oup o in o man s o
he younge gene a ion. indi iduals who do no associa e hei iden i y wi h he language communi y bu only wi h he place o esidence may be conside ed ep esen a i es o local iden i y.
P i ileged a ea
The p i a e sphe e is one o he mos impo an sphe es ha shape he linguis ic
iden i y o he indi idual, because he sphe e o he home ensu es he ansmission
o language om gene a ion o gene a ion and i s i ali y. I deals wi h he
communica ion needs o ou di e en gene a ions (g andpa en s, pa en s,
child en, g andchild en), wi h people's ela ionships wi h each o he and hei dimensions (closeness, s angeness, wa m h, coldness). The same language a ie y can be used

68
joLi a u banaVičienė
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
I'm wi h my amily, I'm di e en , I'm wi h people I don' see e y o en. Middle-aged and
younge -gene a ion in o man s in he p i a e domain say hey use he language mo e
d igubai dažniau negu indi idualiajame (plg. idu inioji ka a – 50 % i 27 %,
jaunesnioji ka a – 30 % i 15 %). Vy esnioji ka a – a i kščiai – šeimoje mažiau
han in he indi idual domain (55% and 77%), espec i ely. A qua e (25%) o he olde
and younge gene a ions and a hi d (34%) o he middle gene a ion o in o man s
claim o use bo h common language and spoken language a home. The language is
mos ly spoken by g andpa en s and he pa en s' amily (b o he s, sis e s),
aip pa su sa o pa ne iu ( y u, žmona), jei jis y a os pačios a mės a s o as, o su
aikais i anūkais – bend ine kalba
8
. Fo example, 7 % o olde gene a ion in o man s communica e wi h child en in
common language, wi h […] 14 % wi h g andchild en. Almos e e y second (44%)
ep esen a i e o he middle gene a ion s a ed ha he mos a ou able
9
.
p o isions o he common language we e exp essed by ep esen a i es o he
olde gene a ion in ela ion o hei child en speaking he common language. The plg. :
Now ge id o hose [language] wo ds, you say in Li huanian, o a nice language... nice
would be a common language [language], imes a e changing. I has o be spelled co ec ly,
i has o be spelled co ec ly, g amma ically. I needs o be mo e g amma ically [speak],
cul u ally (cul u e). (Pa eikėja (bo n in 1942) om Šu ų (527) poin .)
The olde gene a ion gi es a common language a social ad an age i is associa ed wi h a
highe social s a us, g ea e ca ee oppo uni ies, be e educa ion (plg. amonienė
2013). and he middle and younge gene a ion […] on he con a y […] in he p i a e
domain use he common language wice less han in he indi idual ield (e.g. in he amily 4
% and 25 %, in he indi idual ield […] 15 % and 50%). Thus, he p ocess o accommoda ion
encou ages he olde gene a ion o swi ch o he common language, and he middle and
younge gene a ion o swi ch o he language. Bilingualism is a common phenomenon in
amily communica ion: 21% o households claim o speak no only Li huanian bu also
esniosios ka os, 35 % idu iniosios ka os i 15 % jaunesniosios ka os in o man-
Sla ic languages. In he home en i onmen , one in o man may use wo o ou
di e en language a ian s (see able 2).
8 Plg. si uaciją Vilniaus mies e: „ a mė a ojama su os šeimos na iais, ku ioje gimė i augo. sukū ę
Vilnius amilies a e much less likely o speak hei language wi h hei pa ne s, and only one in i e pass
hei language on o hei child en, and one in en o hei g andchild en. u he plg. Laimos
ne inskai ė's obse a ion abou he language o os e amilies: "Compa a i ely ew people speak wi h
child en […] less o en han wi h iends, olde amily membe s and e en a wo k" (ne inskai ė 2010: 265).
The majo i y o pa en s belie e ha language can be a ba ie o lea ning a common language well (Balciunienne, 2007: 153).
y ų i pie yčių ilniškių kalbinės nuos a os
69 a icles by
2 The Len e. linguis ic p o isions in he p i a e sphe e
kalbų a mainos
Va o ojų dalis (p ocen ais)
Vy esnioji
ka a
Vidu inioji
ka a
jaunesnioji
ka a
Vilniškių
bend inė kalba
Vilniškių pa a mė, bend inė kalba
Vilniškių pa a mė, in he Bulga ian language
Vilniškių pa a mė, lenkų kalba
Vilniškių pa a mė, Russian
bend inė kalba, lenkų kalba
common language, Bulga ian language
bend inė kalba, usų kalba
Vilnius language, common language, Polish
language Vilnius language, common language,
Russian language Vilnius language, common
language, Bulga ian language
Vilniškių pa a mė, common language, Russian
language, Polish language
Vilniškių pa a mė, common language,
Bulga ian language, Russian language
pa a mė 54 Vilniškių pa a mė Vilniškių pa a mė Vilniškių pa a mė Vilniškių pa a mė Vilniškių pa a mė Vilniškių pa a mė Vilniškių pa a mė Vilniškių pa a mė Vilniškių pa a mė Vilniškių pa a mė
25
4
6
4
3
2
2
27
4
34
4
4
4
7
4
4
4
4
30
25
25
5
10
5
Fo example, he in o man (bo n in 1937) om Lazynki (423) emembe s speaking in his
pa en s' amily in Russian, wi h his g andpa en s in Polish, wi h his wi e o Russian
na ionali y in Russian, wi h child en li ing in Vilnius in common language, wi h hose who
wen o La ia in Russian, wi h g andchild en in Li huanian common language o in Russian.
The in o man (bo n in 1937) om he G ea Hall (4212) indica ed ha he spoke in Russian
wi h his g andpa en s, pa en s, […] wi h his wi e, Li huanian common language […] wi h
child en, g andchild en. The in o man s o he middle gene a ion, bo n a ound 19601980
ha e he mos con ac s wi h Sla ic languages ou o all he s udied gene a ions. The
in ensi y o his gene a ion's mul ilingualism may be ela ed o hei pe iod o g ow h and
ma u a ion wi h lou ishing socialism, bilingual schools, in ensi e con ac s wi h
neighbou ing Bal a s and equen ma iages wi h Sla s. Plg.: in o man ė (bo n 1962 in
S unice (5082) says wi h he g andpa en s she speaks Bulga ian, wi h he pa en s,
b o he s, sis e s she speaks Vilnius language, wi h he husband om Bela us […] Russian,
wi h he child en […] common language. in o man (b. 1969) om he Middle (5092) indica ed
ha he pa en s' amily spoke Polish, wi h he mo he 's amily […] Li huanian common
language, and wi h he husband and child en spoke acco ding o he man […] Vilniškių a me.
he younge gene a ion uses only Russian and Polish om Sla ic language a ian s. he
Bulga ian language disappea s om he language epe oi e o young people. i is ea ed
as non-p es ige and non-pe spec i e, so ha young people do no lea n i […] he Bulga ian language is changed o Russian.
70 ac a
joLi a u banaVičienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
si uacija, kai namų aplinkoje kasdien a ojamos ne ik lie u ių, be i kelios
(d i a ys) sla ų kalbų a mainos, y a būdinga daugiakalbys ei10.
Public spaces
Public space communica ion co e s a ious a eas o li e and social oles. In his a icle,
he linguis ic p o isions o he consume o he language a e analyzed sepa a ely in
ou a eas o public li e: u al communi ies, ins i u ions and associa ions (o icial
communica ion), schools and chu ches. The communica ion o he illage communi y, as
well as he indi idual and p i a e one, is classi ied as e e yday communica ion, while he
communica ion o ins i u ions, assemblies, schools, chu ches is conside ed p es igious
(see Ka aliūnas 2008: 345). I is only expec ed ha in o man s will choose a language mo e
o en o e e yday communica ion and a common language o p es igious communica ion.
The language o he i s illage communi y is mo e sui able o communica ion in he
illage communi y as i is mo e since e, wa m and open han he s anda d common
language (e.g. gi denis 2000: 250; aliūkai ė 2005: 42). The in o man asks wha kind o
language is spoken in hei illage en i onmen , wi h neighbou s o di e en ages,
wi h people hey know and people hey don' know. The illage space is semi-public
because he in o man s ei he know he speake well o speak in a amilia
en i onmen . he s a us o he ac o communica ion ( amilia us o malus) and he
choice o language a ia ion depend on he mu ual ela ions (in ima e […] s angeness)
o he speake s. he ac i e o passi e pa icipa ion o a pe son om ano he
language en i onmen in he con e sa ion may encou age he use o he s anda d
code […] common language […]. The s udy showed ha in u al communi ies, only he
nedidelė dalis in o man ų: 6 % y esniosios ka os, 8 % idu iniosios ka os i 20 %
younge gene a ion uses he common language (e.g. in indi idual and p i a e domains,
he common language is used mo e o en).
11
). Vy au as Ka delis poin s ou ha […]in desc ibing he sociolinguis ic si ua ion, i is necessa y o clea ly
dis inguish be ween he knowledge o a o eign language and he ac s o ue bilingualism[…] (Ka delis 2009: 66).
He a gues ha in he u al a eas o he Li huanian a eas o no heas e n Vilnius "i is no possible o see any
majo mani es a ions o bilingualism" (Ca delis 2009: 68), bu acknowledges ha in he mixed a eas o he
sou h, language con ac s may be maximum. Ou s udy shows ha one in ou (25 eas e n and sou he n Vilnius
ep esen a i es) encoun e s mul ilingualism in a p i a e space.
%)
11 Thus, he asse ion o Lo e o Vaicekauskienė and Ē ikos saus e dė ha […] he use o e ms in
Li huania is essen ially diglossian and is unambiguously associa ed wi h p i acy, especially amily
space, and mo e so wi h olde people[…] canno be accep ed (Vaicekauskienė, saus e de 2012). he
eas e n high- ise illages ha e he s onges posi ion in he communica ion o he u al
communi y.
y ų i pie yčių ilniškių kalbinės nuos a os
71 a icles by in o man s o he middle gene a ion (4%) and he younge gene a ion
(10%). Howe e , almos hal (41%) o he olde gene a ion speak only e nacula in
u al a eas. e e y o he in o man , ega dless o age, uses he common language
and he common language in a diglossi ied way: when communica ing wi h unknown
people, he common language is gi en p io i y, and wi h neighbo s - he common
language. he age o he neighbou s is also aken in o accoun in he choice o means
o communica ion, e.g. in o man s o he olde gene a ion speak o hei pee s in
o al language and o neighbou s o he middle and younge gene a ions in […] common
language (e.g. analogous communica ion be ween g andpa en s and g andchild en).
he language, as he dominan means o communica ion o he u al communi y, is
in oked by he in o man s hemsel es, some imes wi h he unconcealed eg e ha
hey a e o ced o speak in ongues. The plg. :
I'm alking o he neighbo s indi ec ly. They all speak Li huanian, so I'll be he only
Li huanian he e. Maybe i would be be e i we all spoke he common language, bu he
illage speaks he language. And wha you' e going o do now is you' e no going o pe e
hem. The e m is unde s ood as "g oup iden i y" ( amonienė 2006: 145), "a ibu e o he
linguis ic beha iou o he g oup" (Vaicekauskienė, saus e de 2012), "social solida i y"
( amonienė 2013). The communica ion o a u al communi y is made up o indi idual
communica ion ac s, in which he choice o language is de e mined no by he indi idual bu
by he no ms and social s a us o he communi y. indi iduals seeking o be equal membe s
o he u al communi y, no eeling isola ed, use he language. and ice e sa […] people
who wan o main ain social dis ance, emphasize hei highe educa ion, social s a us o
digni y use a common language. In he ligh o he o egoing conside a ions, he
a mę galima laiky i konsoliduojančiu kaimo bend uomenės kodu, o sudė ingus
Commission concludes ha he con es ed measu e cons i u es S a e aid wi hin he
meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y. One
e us, eigiamas požiū is į a mę iešai nedemons uojamas (a i kščiai, nemažai
esponden ų p ipažįs a, kad a mė „neg aži“, „p as a“), ki a e us, a mė a ojama
į ai iose kaimo bend uomenės si uacijose. bend uomenės na iais, nekalbančiais
a miškai, nepasi ikima, o su kalbančiais a miškai – solida izuojamasi. Plg.:
You'll be a lady in he illage i you don' speak in ongues. (in o man ė (bo n 1962) om Šulėnų
(419) punk o.)
kaimo bend uomenėje a mė e inama kaip bend uomenės na ių komunika-
cijos p iemonė. asmenims, ku ie nep ipažįs ami kaip ik ieji bend uomenės na iai
12 P
aslėp ąjį palankumą a mės a ž ilgiu joniškėlio (Pas alio .) apylinkėse y a ap ašiusi Meilu ė
amonienė: […]In he uno icial en i onmen , he use o he common language is usually no
ole a ed, membe s o hei own language communi y who speak in an un amilia way a e seen as
s ange s, hey a e idiculed, hey a e no us ed[…] ( amonienė 2006: 145).
Linguis ica Li uaniana
joLi a u banaVičienė
LXX is he o icial
language o Li huania
and he o icial language
o he Eu opean Union.
P i a e
a ea
The o icial
language o
Bulga ian and
language o
he illage is
he o icial
he illage is
Bulga ian.
3150 m + + +
up o 30 m.
Russian
language om
51 yea s old + + + +
3150 m + + + up
o 30 m + + +
The e ical (o quali a i e) e alua ion o he esul s shows a dec ease in he alue o
language, which is co ela ed wi h he ageing o in o man s: ep esen a i es o he
middle and younge gene a ions in all a eas o consump ion s udied a e less likely o
choose language han he olde gene a ion (see Figu es 1 and 2).
1 and 2 PaV. Language P o isions on he Use o he Language and he Common Language in
Indi idual, P i a e and Public A eas (in Pe cen ages)
1. pa o he in o man s is cha ac e ised by a diglossia o he language and
language o he communi y, o med by social ba ie s, e.g. in he p i a e sphe e […]
age (pa en […] child en, g andpa en […] g andchild en communica ion), in he public
sphe e […] educa ion, social class, social dis ance ( amilia […] unknown, o icial […] p i a e communica ion).

y ų i pie yčių ilniškių kalbinės nuos a os
79s aipsniai / a icles
2. i he e a e no social ba ie s, he posi ion o he media is s ill s ong, especially in
he public […] u al communi y […] space, whe e i is suppo ed by he hidden p es ige
di idualiojoje, iek p i ačiojoje s i yje a mės engiama dėl u ili a inių p iežasčių:
ge esnė ka je a, aukš esnis socialinis s a usas asocijuojasi su bend ine kalba.
o he media. bo h in3. The p es ige o open communica ion is demons a ed only by
he younge gene a ion, which is willing o include he language in i s epe oi e o
language ools, o make i pa o i s iden i y. The s udy e ealed he diminished
social s a us o Sla ic languages. The younge gene a ion has comple ely abandoned
usų kalbos socialinė e ė.
5. iš yškėjo in o man ų, gy enančių daugiakalbiuose a ealuose, kalbinė ole an-
he Bulga ian language, he Polish language has been wi hd awn om he public
sphe e, and accommoda ion beha iou has dec eased: a means o communica ion is allowed o be chosen by he speake .
6. e e y en h (11%) in o man does no decla e Li huanian iden i y. a small
p opo ion o in o man s (3%) associa e hei iden i y no wi h he language
communi y, bu wi h he place o esidence. hey a e ep esen a i es o he local iden i y.
The li e a y alchemis 's dai a 2005: ansla ion o con e sa ions: (possible)
co ela ions o social con e sa ions. –
Li huanian 1(61), 3847.
A.I.D. 2010: A New Dialec : A Possible Scena io o E alua ing he Speaking o he
In e media e. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. A. L. D. A. 2013: The ho izon al and
e ical dis inc ions in he con inui y o language: a ian s o 20 h-cen u y speech om
he poin o iew o a simple in e p e e o language. Taikomojikalbo y a 2. In e ne
access: www. aikomojikalbo y a.l . This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen
has been consul ed on his ma e . Pe e Aue , Dialec s. S anda d: A Typology o
Scena ios in Eu ope (2011), is a book by Pe e Aue . […] The languages and linguis ics o
153–158.
Eu ope. A comp ehensi e guide, 485 o 500. Balchiyenko's 2007 book, The Acquisi ion o he
Mo he Language. […] Language cul u e 80, dabashinskienė ine a, ga uckai ė amin a 2010:
linguis ic peculia i ies o he pas and p esen o Kaunas. […] Ci ies and languages, 231[…]249.
Fishman Joshua bo n 1991: Re e sing Language Shi . This is Mul ilingual Ma e s. Pe e
gi denis aleksas 2000: a mės i mokykla. – Kalbo y os da bai 2, 249–253.
Ga e , A i udes o Language This is a lis o uni e si ies in he Uni ed Kingdom. In 2010, he
published a sociolinguis ic po ai o he ci y o Vilnius. […] Ci ies and languages, 207[…]229.
Linguis ica Li uaniana LXX Ka aliūnas Simas 2008: The use o language and i s social
joLi a u banaVičienė
con ex . Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
Ca dinal Vy au as 2009: No h-eas e n highlands o Vilnius: bounda ies and di e en ia ion. The Vilnius:
Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house.
In his 2013 book, The Use o Languages in Eas e n Highe Educa ion, Ca dinal Vy au as: […]
u ių kalba 8 (į eik a). in e ne o p ieiga: www.lie u iukalba.l .
Lieka delis Vy au as, bi u ė sinočkina, Wieme bjö n, Zielińska anna 2003: si ua ion in he
language on he e i o y o Wisagini do hoduciszek in Li huania ( epo om he s udies
e enowych). – Ac a Bal ico-Sla ica 27, 33–52.
ka delis Vy au a s, n a ickai ė agnė 2006: Šiau ės y ų ilniškiai 1920–1930 m.
socioling is inės pas abos. – Bal is ica 41(3), 489–496.
Miliūnai ė i a 2010: kalbos p es ižas i jo plana imas. – Kalbos kul ū a 83, 231–256.
o ne i ns ka i ė La ima 2010: he sociolinguis ic po ai o he claipėdiec: he paymen o
i a ojimas klaipėdoje. – Mies ai i kalbos, 251–267.
amonienė Meilu ė 2006: nuos a os dėl bend inės kalbos i a mės: joniškėlio a e-
languages by him. Cul u e o he language 79, 137 […] 147.
amonienė Me il u ė 2013: a mės socialinė e ė: Lie u os mies ų jaunimo kalbinės
he p o isions. Mu iel 1990: The e hnog aphy o communica ion. This is an
www. aikomojikalbo y a.l
.
in oduc ion.
ox o d: basil blackwell.
U.D.C.L.E. 1972: Sex, co e p es ige and linguis ic change in u ban B i ish English […]
Language in socie y 1, 179[…]195 The phonological sys em o he S i kų šnek os:
ocalism and p ose. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. U ban illages in he Joli a
2011: adu iškio […] kamojų a eal: linguis ic iden i y o Li huanians and Bulga ians in he
neighbo hood. […] Spoken by 63(3), 95[…]114.
In 2012, he Li huanian ese e o a mes was es ablished. social and geog aphical
cons ain s on he mobili y o he a ge popula ion acco ding o di ec su eys.
The In e ne access is a www. aikomojikalbo y a.l .
y ų i pie yčių ilniškių kalbinės nuos a os
81 a icles by a icle
Language a i udes o esiden s o eas e n
and sou h-eas e n Vilnius (Vilniškiai)
The olde gene a ion, 50% o he middle gene a ion and 15% o he younge gene a ion in o man s
he esea ch e ealed a dec easing use o he dialec in he indi idual domain: 78% o
hink (calcula e, speak o animals) in he dialec . in he p i a e domain ( amily) he use o he dialec
and he s anda d language is p ede e mined by he communica ion needs o di e en gene a ions
(g andpa en s […] pa en s […] child en). in he g oup o he olde gene a ion he need o he
s anda d language inc eases signi ican ly (54% o he esponden s use only he dialec and 25% bo h
he dialec and he s anda d language), whe eas he esponden s o he younge gene a ion […] on
he con a y […] e u n o using he dialec when alking a home (30% use only he dialec , 25% […]
bo h he dialec and he s anda d language). In he public domain ( illage communi y), he use o he
dialec and he s anda d language depends on he amilia i y-un amilia i y be ween he pa icipan s
o he communica ion ac : 81% o he olde gene a ion, 65% o he middle gene a ion and 60% o he
younge gene a ion ep esen a i es choose he dialec o he s anda d language in e changeably
(based on he speake ). in he public domain he p es ige o he s anda d language is di ec ly
p opo ional o he age o he in o man s […] in o ices, mee ings, shops 15% o he olde gene a ion,
31% o he middle gene a ion and 55% o he younge gene a ion ep esen a i es use he s anda d
language. The use o he s anda d language in chu ch is e en mo e equen and is also ela ed o he
age o he in o man s: while p aying o communica ing wi h a p ies , 26% o he olde gene a ion, 65%
o he middle gene a ion and 85% o he younge gene a ion use he s anda d language.
Ne e heless, i is impossible o s a e unambiguously ha a nega i e a i ude owa ds dialec s is
unde o ma ion (especially among he you h). The dialec is s ill common in many communica ion ac s
o indi idual, p i a e and some public domains. 2) as dis inc om he p es igious s anda d language,
i is associa ed wi h in imacy, in o mali y, amilia i y; 3) he dialec is suppo ed by a co e dialec
p es ige (indi ec p essu e om he illage communi y); 4) a endency o he young gene a ion can
be obse ed o include he dialec in o he epe oi e o hei linguis ic ools and o make i pa o
hei local iden i y.
Į eik a 2013 m. lapk ičio 4 d.
joLi a u banaVičienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
[Email p o ec ed]