A icles o he 73 d
P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
Uni e si y o La ia
Resea ch a eas include onomas ics, his o ical
lexicog aphy, and seman ics.
VIETOVARDŽIAI SU SĀT-
The wo d "LATVIAS" is
de i ed om he La in wo d "la ismo", which means " o be o o be".
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Place-names wi h he Componen sā in
he Dic iona y o La ian Toponyms
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle is in ended o he analysis o place names wi h La ian place names dic iona y
(La ian place name dic iona y). A he beginning, a b ie desc ip ion o he dic iona y is
p o ided, desc ibing i s mos impo an sou ces.
Fo almos a cen u y, he e has been a discussion among linguis s abou he now obsole e
dialec sā s sā a sā e, which has su i ed in La ian e nacula s, e ymology, seman ics and
a osenā. Howe e , mos o he pa icipan s in he discussion disag eed wi h P o esso
Jānis Endzelīna's hypo hesis abou he o igin o he sā s inoug iška. Since he place names
wi h sā papli ė a e in Ku zemė, in he e i o y o he Ku š subs a e, i is mos likely ha i
is an old wo d o Ku š o igin. The a icle examines he dialec isms included in he […]La ian
e nacula ocabula y[…] S1 olume wi h sā -, hei seman ics and illus a es he a ea o
dis ibu ion wi h maps. I is concluded ha place names wi h sā kiekis in La ian su names
end o dec ease, especially in he g oup o mic onames. As you can see, he common La ian
wo d sā s sā a sā e used o be mo e common, la e i s a ea na owed in he wes e n
di ec ion, lea ing a ace in he oikons. ESMINIAI WORDS: a dic iona y o place names,
mic o oponyms, oikonyms, ku izms, and he ex inc ion o dialec s.
This a icle is pa o he S a e Resea ch P og amme La ians: His o y o La ia, Languages, Cul u e
and Values p ojec S udies o he La ian language in he con ex o 21s cen u y science.
P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
74 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXII
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle is looking a some o he La ian place-names included in he […]Dic iona y o
La ian Toponyms[…] (La ijas ie ā du ā dnīca), namely hose con aining he componen
sā -. I begins wi h a b ie desc ip ion o he dic iona y and i s sou ces. The now-obsole e
dialec al wo d sā s sā a sā e (‘house, home) and i s e ymology, seman ics and usage in
La ian place-names ha e been discussed o almos a cen u y. The linguis Jānis Endzelīns
p oposed a hypo hesis ha his wo d migh ha e Finno-Ug ic o igin, while se e al o he
linguis s did no ag ee wi h his opinion. Since oponyms wi h he elemen sa a e a e
mos ly obse ed in Ku zeme and, mo e p ecisely, in he e i o y o me ly inhabi ed by he
Bal ic ibe o he Cu onians, i is belie ed ha his lexeme has
Cu onian o igin.
The a icle p oceeds wi h he analysis o he wo ds con aining he elemen sā , and
included in he olume S1 (which is s ill in p og ess) o he “Dic iona y o La ian Top-
onyms”. Thei seman ics and a ea o dis ibu ion a e shown (illus a ed in he map). I is
concludes ha his pa icula g oup o place-names ends o diminish, especially wi h
ega d o mic o oponyms. The dialec al wo d sā ā has o me ly been mo e widesp ead, bu
he a ea has sh unk, lea ing some aces o he espec i e wo d in he wes e n pa o
he e i o y.
KEYWORDS: dic iona y o oponyms, mic o oponyms, oikonyms, Cu onian,
disappea ance o egional wo ds.
The dic iona y o La ian e nacula wo ds (La ian e nacula dic iona y) is a
mul i- olume publica ion ha ex ends he wo- olume dic iona y o La ian
e nacula wo ds by Jānis Endzelīns (La ian e nacula o he La ian SSR) (I
pa , olume 1, A[…]J, 1956) and I pa , olume 2, K[…]O, 1961). A e a long b eak a he
beginning o he 21s cen u y, in 2003 he i s olume o he […]La ian e nacula
dic iona y[…] inally appea ed, co e ing wo ds beginning wi h P […]Paaglis[…]Piķu,
which was ex ended by wo mo e olumes o P […]2006 m.Pilaci[…]P acapole and 2010
m.P aci ika[…]Puožu, as well as one olume o R. The i s edi ion o S omas
SabačiSēža is cu en ly being p epa ed and is scheduled o be published in 2017.
The basis o he […]La ian place names dic iona y[…] p epa ed by he La ian
Language Ins i u e consis s o se e al sou ces, he mos impo an o which is he
La ian place names a chi e (LVK) wi h app oxima ely 1 million ca ds cu en ly being
digi ized, consis ing o place names ha began o be w i en in expedi ions om he
20 h cen u y. a chi al ma e ial, such as he da a (VAR) o he Haken e ision o
Vidžeme in 1638 and he da a o he e ision o he mano s in 1826 s o ed in he S a e
His o y A chi e o La ia; as well as sou ces o a ious publica ions, including olde
legal dic iona ies (among hem men ioned, o example, J. Endzelin's wo-pa "La ian
A icles o he 75 h
Vie o a džiai su sā -
„La ijos ie o a džių žodyne“ (La ijas ie ā du ā dnīca)
place names" (La ian place names, 1922; 1925), Ju i Plaki's wo-pa "La ian place
names and pe sonal place names" (La ian place names and La ian pa a ds, 1936; 1939),
Valdis Ju i Zepo's "La ian place names" (The Places o La gola, 1984). The mos ecen
sou ces supplemen ing he […]La ian ocabula y o local wo ds[…] om ela i ely
ecen local ocabula ies and collec ions, such as he wo k o Ru as A o iņos
[…]S abu ago alsčius, a e men ioned. Local wo ds, geog aphy, cul u al he i age
(S abu aga pagas s. Vie ā di, geog aphy, cul u al he i age, 2007), as well as he la ge
da abase o local wo ds o he La ian S a e Geog aphical Space Agency (La ian
Geog aphical In o ma ion Agency) (LIA 2011)2.
Thus, bo h he a chi e o La ian place names and he olumes o he […]La ian
place name dic iona y[…], which ha e al eady been published, as well as he
manusc ip s o unpublished place name wo ds, a e a ich collec ion o La ian place
names, which has become an inexhaus ible sou ce o esea ching La ian oponymy.
While wo king on he newes , unpublished […]La ian e nacula dic iona y[…], he
olume Sabači[…]Sēža, a en ion was d awn o he a he la ge, mo e han
se en-page manusc ip dic iona y a icle […]Sā […]. I s basis is no some well-known
La ian appeal, bu in ou ime he wo d wi h i s mo phological a ian s sa s sā a
sā e ‘sodyba, sodyb ie ė is no longe used and e en no longe known in he dialec s.
I u ned ou ha his wo d, i s seman ics, e ymology and connec ions wi h La ian
place names had been he subjec o linguis ic discussions o almos a cen u y.
Thus, his sec ion o his a icle will be de o ed o discussing he abo e discussion. In
he pas , he common wo d sā s sā a sā e, which o ms he basis o many La ian
place names, was mos widesp ead in he Ku zemė egion. Because he esea che
jo kilmės y ėjų nuomonės ski iasi. S aipsnį apie Ku žemės ie o a džių su
sā - a ealą jau 1926 m. paskelbė la ių kalbininkas J. Plāķis. Jame ie o a džių
claimed ha sā s is a wo d o Bal ic o igin, e ymologically ela ed o la. I 's he same
hing. So is, so umas, so us, old Indian sa us […]p ieglauda, a place o hide, o hide,
[…]all in he names o places he, be ods, means some hing else[…] (Plāķis 1926: 318).
Acco ding o J. Plāķis, he o iginal meaning o he wo d was ‘open, sunli place in he
o es , om which la e eme ged he newe meaning ‘wo ked ield, a house buil in
he middle o he ield (Plāķis 1926: 319320).
In his a icle, J. Plāķis also men ions he ac ha place names wi h he p e ix * a e
included in he wo k o Augus o Bielens ein Die G enzen des le ischen Volks ammes
und de le ischen Sp ache in de Gegenwa und im 13. Jah hunde , poin ing ou
ha " his wo d was also known ou side he bo de s o he p esen -day Ku zemė"
(Plāķis 1926: 319): se e al place names exis and om he p esen -day Li huania
"Lampsah en, Do im Ki chspiel P eussisch-K e ingen" (Bielens ein 1892: 2 Abou he
"La ian place names" o mo e de ails see In Balode in 2009
P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
76 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXII
24 Lampsa en (A. Plāķio is inco ec ly indica ed as Lamsa en) (Bielens ein 1892: 279),
Na ssa ay (A. Plāķio is inco ec ly indica ed as Nassa ag), Gesinde (Bielens ein 1892:
389); One o hese examples is […] Sa agon (Bielens ein 1892: 275 [A. Plāķio e oneously
indica ed: 175]) as a cas le o hill op and kiligundos, o ancien adminis a i e dis ic ,
he name […] A. Bylenš ejn as a small place in Finland (Bielens ein 1892: 275). The
discussion con inued and o he opinions on he meaning and o igin o he wo d we e
aken by J. Endzelinas, who p esen s Kā lio Mīlenbaho's […]La ian language
dic iona y[…] (La ian language dic iona y, 1923-1932) among se e al o he sa s
homonyms as he ou h and meaning ul […]eine Baus elle, al e Gesindes ellen
(building, ya d, place o home)[…]. In e es ingly, J. Endzelinas also p o ides a
e e ence o A. Bielens ein's wo k, in ac , o he nex […] […]Die Holzbau en und
Holzge ä e de Le en [...][…], men ioning ha in he Ku zem egion in he e ening
he e is a […]Zaun, Baue ho (house, co age)[…]. J. Endzelinas is he i s , hough no
wi hou doub , o aise he hypo hesis ha he sa s a e o Finno-Ug ic o igin, mo e
p ecisely bo owed om he Ly ian language and ela ed o he Es onian sa s
‘eingezäun e Pla z; Rödung (closed place, cu ) (Mīlenbahs III 809). Wi hou elying on
he e ymology o he appella ion, he e ymology o he name, he meaning o he
wo d and he ea lie usage o he na i e S endhe in he local dialec s in his 1939
a icle "Vie as a dų gy as is" (Vie u ā du mūžs, 1939) is w i en by he w i e and
linguis Kā lis D a iņš. He men ions ha […] h ough he ma us o he dead and he
uins o he houses he ields we e called sa ais o sa es (pa sã iem (o sã ēm)), [...]
e.g., Peķsã e, Pũcsã e, Meži sã s, Sã i, Vcsã e, Kneĩjsã s u.c.[…] (D a iņš 1939: 413)
This is no he case. The au ho acknowledges ha a he ime o w i ing he
ma e ial […] in he ou h decade o he 20 h cen u y […] S endě appealed o he
sa s, which could no longe be explained in he sa e, i s meaning in he speech has
disappea ed. He explained his phenomenon by saying ha he ancien sa ys (sa i),
ha is, ields belonging o a mhouses, became uninhabi able a e he plague and
he houses, we e o e g own wi h ees, sh ubs, e en dense o es s, and he wo d
i sel su i ed. "I is emphasized ha now he wo d sa s in people's consciousness
is ela ed o he concep o old mano houses, ye i has no become hei li e al
ma ke " (D a iņš 1939: 413). A. Bielens eins (Bīlenš eins 2001: 133) has spoken abou
he ac ha " hese wo ds a e also used as place names o desc ibe places whe e
peasan es a es exis ed be o e he plague o be o e he No h Wa " in he ea ly
20 h cen u y. Ano he suppo e o he hypo hesis o he o igin o he wo d
inoug iškaja is he Es onian La ian Ka las Abenas, who in his 1957 a icle "Skoliniai
om Es onian and Li huanian languages in La ian language" (Aizgu umi no igauņu un
lībiešu alodas alodā) con i ms he opinion o J. Endzelīno, conside ing he La ian s
[…]namų ie a, sena soda syb ie ė[…] o be a eliable place o he wo d es i. In his
1957 s udy on he e ymology o sepa a e La ian wo ds, he La ian linguis
E nes as Blesė doub s he La ian sa s inoug iška o igin. The schola poin s o a
A icles by A icles 77
Vie o a džiai su sā -
„La ijos ie o a džių žodyne“ (La ijas ie ā du ā dnīca)
le e w i en by he Finnish linguis Ein Nieminen: […]Es . sā is a e m used only on
he island o Sa emo and he island o Muhu, as well as in he su ounding a ea o
Pe nu. This wo d canno be inhe i ed, a he i is bo owed om La ian language. In
addi ion, E. Blesė doub s ha he wo d sā has e e been used in Li huanian a all.
(Blese 1957: 104) How can we be su e ha his is he case? The e m "La ian" is
de i ed om he La ian wo d "La i," which is a combina ion o he wo ds "La ia"
103, 109).
and "La ia" in he La in alphabe .The e m "La ia" was coined by he La ian
linguis V. J. Zepp, who published he book "The Placen o La ians: A Dic iona y o
Eas La ian Toponyms" in 1962. The mos con incing a gumen s agains he
hypo hesis o he wo d inoug iškaja a e hose o he Es onian linguis Lembi as
Vaba, who, in his book desc ibing he bo owings o he Es onian language om he
La ian language, makes he assump ion, p ecisely in e e se, o he La ian o igin
o he hou (Vaba 1997: 196 […] 197). And in Sil ia Rae's a icle on J. Endzelina's
e ymology o Bal ic Finnish bo owings in La ian, he ques ion a ose: i he wo d
sa s we e a bo owing om a Li huanian language, which wo d in ha language
would i be ela ed o? A gi ne a s ‘Schei e hau en ( ed skies), which Ke unen
conside s o be La ian. Wha 's he ma e wi h you?
(See also Raģe 2003: 315).
Valija Dambė, he La ian onomas icis , has exp essed he opinion on he meaning
and o igin o sa s in he a icles published du ing a ious pe iods o he li e. In an
a icle w i en in Russian in 1970 on geog aphical e ms in he oponymy o he
La ian SSR, he speake acknowledges ha he appella ion ha o med he basis
o many place names a ha ime, a he beginning o he eigh een h cen u y, was
no longe known e en in he e i o ies, howe e , he au ho acknowledges ha i
was he e m ha mos e ec i ely ma ked he place o esidence in he o es ,
which he inhabi an s conside ed a a m. The e, V. Dambė also men ions J.
Endzelino's hypo hesis on he o igin o he wo d inoug iška, howe e , ejec ing i
and assuming ha possible connec ions wi h La ian sē ‘sė i and sē a ‘sodyba
p o e he o igin o he wo d indoeu opie ską (Dambe 2012b: 198). In u n, almos a
dozen yea s la e , in 1986, in an a icle en i led "Kalbų sąly is Šiau ės Ku žemės
ie o a džiuose" (Valodu saska eļku ie zemes ā dos) V. Dambė exp essed a
mo e cau ious opinion, acknowledging ha he e ymology and o igin o he wo d
sā s is no en i ely clea , bu no a all con adic ed by J. Endzelīno's opinion.
Con a y o his 1970 a icle, in 1986 V. Dambė acknowledges ha " he wo d
Ku žemės sā s is comple ely un ela ed o he wo d sē a", hus denying his own
p e iously exp essed opinion abou he unques ionable o igin o he wo d
indoeu opie sk. In his a icle, he au ho also p o ides a map o he dis ibu ion
o place names wi h sã , based on he manusc ip ma e ial o he La ian place name dic iona y a ailable a he ime and, by he way, place names

P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
Ac a Linguis ica LXXII, and no by he objec o meaning o he designa ion
(Dambe 2012a: 268).
Indi ec ly, when desc ibing he La ian wo ds ci y and ci y, Kons an inas Ka ulis
sā a sa ajame „La ių kalbos e imologijos žodyne“ (La iešu e imoloģijas ā dnī-
also looks a he wo d ca. The linguis belie es ha he o me ly widesp ead o m
pilsā s in Ku zemia o ms he basis pils + sā s, in o he wo ds, ‘ he ields o he
cas le, he place in on o he cas le o abou i . K. Ka ulis igh ly conside s he
wo d "sa s" o be a wo d o he Ku dish language, and J. Endzelin's hypo hesis
abou he o igin o he wo d "sa s" in he Feno-Ug ic language is no men ioned.
By he way, K. Ka ulis also men ions he name Pilsa en (Ka ulis II 5051) in he
Klaipėda dis ic o he his o ical land o Ku šiai in he 13 h cen u y.
Finally, e u ning o he w i en "La ian place names dic iona y" o place
names wi h sā -, we can s a e ha hey a e as abundan and di e se as he
olde nomenkla u a wo ds, e.g. In he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, he Cou o
Fi s Ins ance uled ha he Cou o Fi s Ins ance did no ha e ju isdic ion
o hea he appeal agains he judgmen o he Cou o Fi s Ins ance. Sã a
Hill in he Ap ik, he mansion o Sã u
In he case o he Uni ed Kingdom:
A e analyzing 286 cases o he wo d, i can be seen ha he wo d sa s, which
o ms he basis o place names, is mos commonly ound in he names o
meadows (~23%), e.g. The ollowing species a e included in he lis o endange ed
species: also in he names o houses, es a es (~ 19,93%), e.g. Sā a Juô ši sodyba in
K aukli (1970) and Čĩmsâ i house in Gudenieku (1973); also known as Sā a Juô ši
sodyba in K aukli (1970) and Čĩmsâ i house in Gudenieku (1973) ield names (~
15,38%), e.g. The a ea o B ūžu sā a in Tu la a (Endzelīns 1925: 105; Plāķis 1936: 165;
no eco ded 1972), he a ea o Sã iņlauks in Alsungoje (1970); in o es names (~
11,53%), e.g. Buñdžu sã a o es in he Ranks (Plāķis 1936: 143), Jâ niêksã e o es
in he Zlėkos (1963), Jah nik ah e (Plāķis 1936: 296); also known as Buñdžu sã a
o es in he Ranks (Plāķis 1936: 143); in moun ain names (~ 4,54%), e.g. Sã a
moun ain in he moun ains o Ap iki (1958); in he names o es a es (~ 4,19%), e.g.
The mano house in Nyk ac (Endzelīns 1925: 10) in he names o pas u es (~ 3,15%),
e.g. I is loca ed in Rudba žuose, nea he old pha macy (1966), Kalêjsā s ganykla
in Ma kulė (Endzelīns 1925: 116; Plāķis 1936: 205; 1962); in he names o illages,
hamle s, o he se lemen s (~ 3,15%), e.g. Sã iņu pagas s alsčius (1953),
Siêksâ es pagas s alsčius (Endzelīns 1925: 21), also known as Sã iņu pagas s
alsčius (1953), is a Polish ilm di ec ed by And zej Dąb owski. Only in a e cases
is he basis o he names o meadows, illages, di ches, uninhabi ed places,
clones, pe alks, ponds, mills, oads, illages and o he objec s.
Se e al local names wi h sā J we e eco ded in wo illages o Wes e n Ku zemė
- duolės and Sakos. Plock's ca ego ical a ilia ion was indica ed by he wo d
A icles o he 79 h
Vie o a džiai su sā -
„La ijos ie o a džių žodyne“ (La ijas ie ā du ā dnīca)
"sa a" (Plock 1936). Appa en ly, a he ime o he w i ing o place names in hese
illages, in he i s decades o he 20 h cen u y, sā a was a common wo d known
and used in e e yday speech, no jus a o m ha had become ixed in place
names. As a esul , ano he g oup o […] sodyb iečių (sā a) names (~ 5.24%), e.g. In
he case o he applican , he applican has no p o ided any e idence o suppo his claim ha he applican has no p o ided any e idence o suppo his claim ha he applican has no p o ided any e idence o suppo his claim ha he applican has no p o ided any e idence o suppo his claim.
1936: 58).
1 PAV. O he Sp ead o place names acco ding o he ma e ial o he […]La ian place name ocabula y[…]
P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
80 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII, con aining he ollowing sec ions:
Looking a place names wi h he same seman ics in La ian place name ocabula y,
i can be seen ha he e a e wo la ge g oups: he i s […] la ge […] is he g oup
o mic onames: names o meadows, ields, pas u es, moun ains and o es s; The
second la ge g oup is made up o oikonimai - in his case mos ly he names o
houses ( a ms), as well as d a as, illages and illages. Thus, i seems ha his
ma e ial a he con i ms he idea al eady exp essed by J. Plāķ, ha he common
wo ds (appella i e) sā s, sā a, sā e o iginally mean "meadow, ield (possible hing
in he o es )", only a e ha o use and name he ields abou he house, la e
sp ead o he names o houses, mansions and la ge se lemen s, o example,
illages and hamle s. In some places, such as S endhe, he wo d sa s is used o
e e o old houses and he su ounding ields and o he places. Compa ing he
ma e ial o di e en pe iods in he La ian place name a chi e and he […]La ian
place name dic iona y[…] manusc ip , i can be concluded ha he place names
wi h sā kiekis in La ian oponymy a e dec easing. Many o he names o houses,
meadows, ields, and pas u es, eco ded in ea ly 20 h-cen u y collec ions, a e
isiškai dingusi pa i ealija, a ba ie iniai gy en ojai nebežino jos pa adinimo.
S a bu pažymė i, kad iš 1936 m. J. Plāķio knygoje La ijas ie u ā di un la -
hal a cen u y o so, we e published in he public domain in 158 place names wi h 70
(o ~44%) o hem eco ded la e , mos ly in he se en h decade o he 20 h
cen u y, in a w i en hun . Since abou hal a cen u y has passed since hen, i is
e y likely ha he ex inc ion o hese wo ds, especially mic o onyms, has
con inued o his day. In e es ingly, he names o houses and mano s domina e
among place names ha , acco ding o in o man s, exis ed p e iously bu no
longe exis . I is clea ha his was de e mined by he his o ical si ua ion, he
cou ya ds a e he Second Wo ld Wa became schools o o he public
ins i u ions, and he es a es because o a ious d ama ic his o ical e en s we e
des oyed bo h du ing he wa , bo h a e he wa , and in la e imes. Among he
place names, abou which he in o man s ha e no hea d e e y hing, he names
o meadows and ields domina e. This ci cums ance is con i med by he ac ha
as ea ly as 1939 K. D a iņš no iced place names wi h a endency o ade: […][...]
he e is a dange o o ge ing he place names by which he named objec s
ei he disappea ed, o changed conside ably [...], o communica ed e y a ely, o
also ecei ed a new name in pa allel, which pushed he old one in o he shadow[…] (D a iņš 1939: 411). I is ue ha mic o oponyms in gene al ha e a endency o change and hei numbe o dec ease.
Based on he da a o La ian place name dic iona y, i can be seen ha in he
eas e n pa o he spoken a ea he e a e mos ly names o houses and mano s
wi h sā , and no names o meadows, ields o o he mic o oponimes. The
excep ion is he wo closely eco ded names o one g ass in Z a dé in 2011: Sā u
pu s and Sā u liekna (LIA 2011). This ce ainly sugges s ha he sp ead o he
ue wo d may ha e ini ially been g ea e , la e na owing in he wes , lea ing
oo p in s in he oikons.
A icles by A icles 81
Vie o a džiai su sā -
„La ijos ie o a džių žodyne“ (La ijas ie ā du ā dnīca)
Bo h ea lie s udies (J. Plāķio, V. Dambės and o he s) and he la es […]La ian place
name ocabula y[…] ma e ial con i m ha place names wi h sā papli ę in Ku zemė,
h oughou he Ku š subs a e e i o y (see Fig. 1), and indi idual place names a
om his egion a e ac ually o di e en o igin and ha e a di e en meaning (Dambe
2012a: 269). This, howe e , once again allows us o ejec J. Endzelin's assump ion
abou he o igin o he wo d sā s lybiškos o es iškos.
These doub s a e u he ein o ced by some Li huanian place names, such as Sõ upis
upė Ža ėnuose (Telšių aj) and Sò ai pie a K ėda noje, which he Li huanian onomas ic
Aleksand as Vanagas, al hough cau iously, ne e heless associa es wi h he La ian
place names o meadows Sā a, Sā s, Val a-sā u, upeo a d Pūc-sā e, Miši, as well as
o he place names o he La ian place wi h s- (Vanagas: 310). As you know, hese
Li huanian place names belong o he his o ical Ku šiai a ea. In addi ion, he lis o place
names con i ming he Ku sian o igin has been supplemen ed by he wo k o A.
Bylenš ein Die G enzen des le ischen Volkss ammes und de le ischen Sp ache [...]
including he ollowing examples: […]Lapsah en, Do im Ki chspiel
P eussisch-K e ingen[…] (Bielens ein 1892: 248), […]Lampsa en (li . Làpsa ē); c and
Sp ogys, l. c. Losa iski, in he illage o Gonding. In he […]. (Bielens ein 1892: 279), and K.
Ka ulio men ioned he pe cep ion o he name o he o me Pilsa en (Pilsa en) land in Klaipėda.
Conclusions
1. Vie o a džių wi h sā kiekis in La ian oponymy, especially in mic o oponymy,
ha e a endency o dec ease. 2. Sā s sā a sā e inoug iška o igin is unce ain, i is
p obably an old Indo-Eu opean wo d wi h elics in mic o oponimes and oikon in he
imes o he Ku si in he inhabi ed e i o ies o La ia and o some ex en also
in Li huania. 3. The sp ead o he La ian ansla ion o he wo d sā s sā a sā e
may ha e been wide in he pas , bu la e he a ea na owed owa ds he wes ,
lea ing he oo p in s in he nykimo zone.
In he ield o li e a u e
1962 [o o he yea s indica ed] […] ma e ial o he oponymic expedi ions ha
ook place in hose yea s.
Aben Ka l 1957: Ees i ja lii i laene lä i is a wo d ha means "I am going o lea e". […] Emakeele is selling he yea book 3.
Tallinn: Es onian newspape s.
A o iņa Ru a 2007: S abu aga pagas s. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Loca ion, geog aphy, and cul u al he i age. In Riga:
The Geo el In o ma ion Agency o he Republic o La ia.