Vietovardžiai su „sāt-“ „Latvijos vietovardžių žodyne“ („Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca“)

ANTA TRUMPA University of Latvia Research interests: onomastics, historical lexicography, semantics. PLACE-NAMES WITH sāt- IN THE “LATVIAN PLACE-NAMES DICTIONARY” (LATVIJAS VIETVĀRDU VĀRDNĪCA)1 Place names with the component sāt- ABSTRACT The article analyzes place-names containing sāt- in the “Latvian Place-Names Dictionary” (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīcā). It begins with a brief description of the dictionary and an account of its most important sources. For almost a century, linguists have debated the etymology, semantics, and usage of the dialect word sāts / sāta / sāte, now obsolete, which is reflected in Latvian place-names. Most participants in the debate nevertheless reject Professor Jānis Endzelīns’s hypothesis that sats is of Finno-Ugric origin. Since place-names with sāt- are widespread in Kurzeme, an area of Curonian substrate, it is most likely an old word of Curonian origin. The article examines the dialect words with sāt- included in volume S1 of the “Latvian Place-Names Dictionary,” their semantics, and their distribution area, illustrated by a map. It concludes that the number of place-names with sāt- in the Latvian gazetteer is tending to decrease, especially in the group of microtoponyms. Apparently, the Latvian dialect common noun sāts / sāta / sāte was formerly more widespread; its area later contracted westward, leaving traces in oikonyms. KEYWORDS: place-names dictionary, microtoponyms, oikonyms, Curonianisms, loss of dialect words. 1 The article was prepared within the State Research Programme project Letonics: history of Latvia, languages, culture and values Studies of the Latvian language in the context of 21st century science. Straipsniai / Articles 73 ANTA TRUMPA ANNOTATION The article examines some of the Latvian place names included in the “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms” (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca), namely those containing the component sāt-. It begins with a brief description of the dictionary and its sources. The now-obsolete dialectal word sāts / sāta / sāte (‘house, home’) and its etymology, semantics and usage in Latvian place-names have been discussed for almost a century. The linguist Jānis Endzelīns proposed a hypothesis that this word might have Finno-Ugric origin, while several other linguists did not agree with this opinion. Since toponyms with the element sāt- are mostly observed in Kurzeme and, more precisely, in the territory formerly inhabited by the Baltic tribe of Curonians, it is believed that this lexeme has Curonian origin. The article proceeds with the analysis of the words containing the element sāt- and included in the volume S₁ (which is still in progress) of the “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms”. Their semantics and area of distribution are shown (illustrated in the map). It is concluded that this particular group of place-names tends to diminish, especially as regards microtoponyms. The dialectal word sāts / sāta / sāte has formerly been more widespread, but the area has shrunk, leaving some traces of the respective word in oikonyms in the western part of the territory. KEYWORDS: dictionary of toponyms, microtoponyms, oikonyms, Curonian, disappearance of regional words. The “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms” (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca), prepared at the LU Latvian Language Institute, is a multivolume publication continuing Jānis Endzelīns’s two-volume dictionary “Place Names of the Latvian SSR” (Latvijas PSR vietvārdi) (Part I, volume 1, A–J, 1956, and Part I, volume 2, K–O, 1961). After a long hiatus, the first volume of the “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms,” covering words beginning with P – Paaglis–Piku, finally appeared in 2003, at the beginning of the 21st century. It was followed by two more volumes for the letter P—Pilaci–Pracapole in 2006 and Pracirika–Puožu in 2010—as well as one volume for the letter R, published in 2013. The first volume for the letter S, Sabači–Sēža, is currently being prepared and was scheduled for publication in 2017. The “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms,” prepared at the LU Latvian Language Institute, draws on several sources. The most important is the Latvian Place-Name Card Index (LVK), which contains approximately one million cards and is currently being digitized; it consists of place names that began to be recorded during expeditions in the 1940s. Other sources include archival materials, such as data (VAR) from the 1638 Vidzeme horse inspections (German Hakenrevision) and data from the 1826 estate inspections, held in the Latvian State Historical Archives; as well as sources from various publications, including older dictionaries (among which are, for example, J. Endzelīns’s 74 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXII Vietovardžiai su sāt– „Latvijos vietovardžių žodyne“ (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca) two-volume “Latvian Place Names” (Latvijas vietu vārdi, 1922; 1925), Juris Plākis’s two-part “Latvian Place Names and Surnames” (Latvijas vietu vārdi un latviešu pavārdi, 1936; 1939), and Valdis Juris Zeps’s “Place Names of Latgola” (The Placenames of Latgola, 1984). Also worth mentioning are recent sources supplementing the “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms,” drawn from relatively recently published place-name dictionaries and collections. These include Ruta Avotiņa’s work “Staburags Parish: Place Names, Geography, Cultural Heritage” (Staburaga pagasts. Vietvārdi, ģeogrāfija, kultūras mantojums, 2007), as well as the vast place-name database of the Latvian Geospatial Information Agency (Latvijas Ģeotelpiskās informācijas aģentūra) (LĢIA 2011)2. Thus, the Latvian Place-Name Card Index, the published volumes of the “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms,” and the dictionary manuscripts already prepared but not yet published together constitute a rich store of Latvian place names, an inexhaustible source for the study of Latvian toponymy. While working on the latest, not-yet-published volume of the “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms,” Sabači–Sēža-, attention was drawn to the fairly extensive dictionary entry “Sāt,” which occupies more than seven manuscript pages. It is based not on some familiar Latvian common noun, but on a word no longer used today and no longer even recognized in dialects, together with its morphological variants sāts / sāta / sāte ‘homestead, homestead site’. It emerged that this word, its semantics and etymology, and its links with Latvian place names had been a subject of linguistic discussion for almost a century. This part of the article will therefore address that discussion. The formerly existing common noun sāts / sāta / sāte, which underlies many Latvian place names, was most widespread in the region of Kurzeme. Researchers disagree about its origin. In 1926, Latvian linguist J. Plākis published an article on the distribution of Kurzeme place names containing sāt-. The toponymist argued that sāts is a word of Baltic origin, etymologically related to Latvian sāts, sātīgs, Lithuanian sotis, sotumas, sotus, and Sanskrit sātu ‘shelter, a place to find refuge or hide’, “yet in place names it seems to mean something else” (Plākis 1926: 318). In J. Plākis’s view, the word originally meant ‘an open, sunlit place in a forest’, from which the later meaning ‘a cultivated field, a house built in the middle of a field’ developed (Plākis 1926: 319–320). In his article, J. Plākis also notes that place names beginning with *sāt- are included in August Bielenstein’s work Die Grenzen des lettischen Volkstammes und der lettischen Sprache in der Gegenwart und im 13. Jahrhundert, observing that “this word was also known beyond the present-day borders of Kurzeme” (Plākis 1926: 319): several such place names are found in present-day Lithuania as well—Lampsah ten, Dorf im Kirchspiel Preussisch-Kretingen (Bielenstein 1892: 2 Apie „Latvijos vietovardžių žodyną“ smulkiau žr. Balode 2009. Straipsniai / Articles 75 ANTA TRUMPA 248), Lampsaten [incorrectly given by A. Plākis as: Lamsaten] (Bielenstein 1892: 279), Nars satay [incorrectly given by A. Plākis as: Nassatag], Gesinde (Bielenstein 1892: 389); one of these examples—Satagont (Bielenstein 1892: 275 [incorrectly given by A. Plākis as: 175])—as the name of a castle or hillfort and of a kiligunda, or ancient administrative district, A. Bielenstein cites as a place-name in Finland (Bielenstein 1892: 275). The discussion was continued by J. Endzelīns, who held a different opinion on the word’s meaning and origin. In Kārļis Mīlenbahs’s “Latvian Dictionary” (Latviešu valodas vārdnīca, 1923–1932), among several other homonyms of sāts, he lists as the fourth a word meaning ‘eine Baustelle, alte Gesindestellen (a building site, farmyard, homestead site)’. Interestingly, J. Endzelīns also refers to A. Bielenstein’s work, though to a different one—“Die Holzbauten und Holzgeräte der Letten [...]”—noting that in western Kurzeme sāts, sāta means ‘Zaun, Bauerhof (fence, farmstead)’. J. Endzelīns was the first to propose, albeit with reservations, the hypothesis that sāts is of Finno-Ugric origin, more precisely, borrowed from Livonian and related to Estonian sāt ‘eingezäunter Platz; Rödung (enclosed place; clearing)’ (Mīlenbahs III 809). Without delving into the etymology of the appellatives sāte, sāts, linguist Kārlis Draviņš also wrote about the meaning and earlier use of this word in the place-names of his native Stende parish in his 1939 article “The Life of Place-Names” (“Vietu vārdu mūžs”, 1939). He mentions that “the fields of homes that had died out and disappeared during the plagues were called satais or sātemis (par sātiem (or sātēm)), [...] e.g., Pekšāte, Pūcsāte, Mežitsāts, Sāti, Ve̦csāte, Kne̦ijsāts, etc.” (Draviņš 1939: 413). The author acknowledges that by the time the material was collected—in the 1930s—the appellative sāts, sāte could no longer be explained in Stende; its meaning had disappeared from the spoken dialect. He explained this phenomenon by noting that the old satai (sāti), that is, fields belonging to homestead sites, became overgrown with trees, bushes, and even dense forest after the plague and as the homes became uninhabited, while the word itself survived. “It should be emphasized that nowadays the word sāts is associated in people’s minds with the concept of old homestead sites, yet it has not become a direct designation for them” (Draviņš 1939: 413). A. Bielenstein had also remarked in the early twentieth century that “these words were also used as place-names to describe places where peasant homesteads had stood before the plague or before the Great Northern War” (Bīlenšteins 2001: 133). Another supporter of the Finno-Ugric-origin hypothesis is the Estonian Latvianist Karl Aben, who, in his 1957 article “Loans from Estonian and Livonian in Latvian” (“Aizguvumi no igauņu un lībiešu valodas latviešu valodā”), confirms J. Endzelīns’s view, considering Latvian sāts ‘homestead site, old homestead site’ to be a reliable borrowing from Estonian saat (Aben 1957: 203). In a study published in 1957 on the etymologies of individual Latvian words, Latvian linguist Ernests Blese also questions the Finno-Ugric origin of Latvian sāts. The scholar cites a letter written by Finnish linguist Eino Nieminen: “Estonian sāt is 76 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXII Vietovardžiai su sāt- „Latvijos vietovardžių žodyne“ (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca) a dialect word used only on the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu, as well as in the Pärnu area. This word cannot be inherited; it is more likely borrowed from Latvian.” In addition, E. Blese questions whether the word *sāt ever existed in Livonian at all (Blese 1957: 104). Consequently, the linguist believes that Latvian sāts is of Curonian/Latvian origin and supposes it to be related to the Old Prussian name for a dwelling place, Satheken, and to the meadow name Satho (Blese 1957, 103, 109). Nevertheless, although he refrained from offering specific comments, the Latvian linguist V. J. Zeps, who lived abroad, did not agree with J. Endzelīns’s view; in 1962 he published his study “Convergence of Latvian and Finnish” in English (The Placenames of Latgola. A Dictionary of East Latvian Toponyms) (Zeps 1962: 180). More convincing arguments against the Finno-Ugric hypothesis about the word’s origin are offered by Estonian linguist Lembit Vaba, who, in his book describing loanwords that entered Estonian from Latvian, argues precisely the opposite, proposing that saat is of Latvian origin (Vaba 1997: 196–197). In her article on Baltic Finnic loanwords in Latvian etymologized by J. Endzelīns, Silvija Rāge also raised the question: if the word sāts were borrowed from Livonian, which word in that language would it be related to? “Could it be ar šǫt ‘Scheiterhaufen (woodpile)’, which Kettunen regards as the source of Latvian sārts?” (Rāge 2003: 315). Latvian onomast Valija Dambe has expressed her views on the meaning and origin of sāts in articles published at different stages of her life. In an article written in Russian in 1970 on geographical terms in the toponymy of the Latvian SSR, the linguist acknowledges that the appellative sāts, which underlies many place-names, was no longer known even in dialects at that time, in the early 1970s. Nevertheless, the author recognizes that it was probably a term for a dwelling in the forest whose inhabitants practiced agriculture. In the same article, V. Dambe also mentions J. Endzelīns’s hypothesis of a Finno-Ugric origin for the word, but rejects it, supposing that possible connections with Latvian sēt ‘to sow’ and sēta ‘farmstead’ demonstrate the word’s Indo-European origin (Dambe 2012b: 198). Almost a dozen years later, in her 1986 article “Language Contact in Northern Kurzeme Place-Names” (“Valodu saskare Ziemļkurzemes vietvārdos”), V. Dambe expressed her opinion more cautiously, acknowledging that the etymology and origin of sāts were not entirely clear, while still not fully ruling out J. Endzelīns’s view. In contrast to her 1970 article, in 1986 V. Dambe acknowledged that “Kurzeme sāts is entirely unrelated to the word sēta,” thus repudiating her own earlier view that the word was undoubtedly of Indo-European origin. In this article the author also provides a map showing the distribution of place-names containing sāt, based on the manuscript material for the Latvian Place-Names Dictionary available at the time, and, incidentally, the place-names Straipsniai / Articles 77 ANTA TRUMPA classifying according to stems and endings, rather than according to the object denoted or its meaning (Dambe 2012a: 268). Indirectly, when discussing the origins of the Latvian words pilsēta and pilsāts, Konstantīns Karulis also considers the word sāta in his “Dictionary of Latvian Etymology” (Latviešu etimoloģijas vārdnīca). The linguist holds that the basis of the form pilsāts, formerly widespread in Kurzeme, is pils + sāts, in other words, ‘the castle’s field, a place in front of or around the castle’. On the basis of its area of distribution, K. Karulis quite reasonably considers the word sāts itself to be a Curonian word, and does not even mention J. Endzelīns’s hypothesis that the word sāts is of Finno-Ugric origin. K. Karulis also mentions the name Pilsaten, that of a historical Curonian land near Klaipėda in the thirteenth century (Karulis II 50–51). Finally, returning to the place names containing sāt- in the “Dictionary of Latvian Place Names” currently being compiled, we can note their abundance and variety, both as older nomenclature terms, e.g.: Bērznieku sāta meadow in Vārme (Endzelīns II: 106; Plāķis 1939: 167; no longer recorded in 1962), Brūžu sāta field in Turlava (Endzelīns II: 105; Plāķis 1936: 165; no longer recorded in 1972), and as base words, e.g.: Sāta kalns hill in Apriķi (1958), Sātu muiža manor in Grenči (Endzelīns II 134). Analysis of 286 instances of usage shows that the word sāts, which forms the base of place names, most often occurs in meadow names (~ 23%), e.g.: Bundžu sāta meadow in Vārme (Endzelīns 1925: 106; Plāķis 1936: 167; no longer recorded in 1962), Sat meadow in Jūrkalne (Plāķis 1936: 52; no longer recorded in 1969), Satiņi meadow in Purmsāti (Endzelīns 1925: 20; Plāķis 1936: 53; Sātiņi 1955); it also occurs in names of houses and homesteads (~ 19.93%), e.g.: Sāta Juōrši homestead in Kraukļi (1970), Čīmsāti house in Gudenieki (1973); field names (~ 15.38%), e.g.: Brūžu sāta field in Turlava (Endzelīns 1925: 105; Plāķis 1936: 165; no longer recorded in 1972), Sātiņlauks field in Alsunga (1970); forest names (~ 11.53%), e.g.: Buņdžu sāta forest in Ranka (Plāķis 1936: 143), Jâtniekšāte forest in Zlēkas (1963), Jahtnik fahte (Plāķis 1936: 296); hill names (~ 4.54%), e.g.: Sāta kalns hill in Apriķi (1958); manor names (~ 4.19%), e.g.: Vārmsāta manor in Nīkrāce (Endzelīns 1925: 10); pasture names (~ 3.15%), e.g.: Buciņu sāta pasture in Rudbārži, near the old pharmacy (1966), Kalējisāts pasture in Matkule (Endzelīns 1925: 116; Plāķis 1936: 205; 1962); names of parishes, villages and other settlements (~ 3.15%), e.g.: Sātiņu pagasts parish (1953), Siēksātes pagasts parish (Endzelīns 1925: 21). Only in isolated cases does sāt- form the base of names for bogs, parishes, ditches, uninhabited places, valleys, portages, ponds, mills, roads, villages, and other features. For a few place names containing sāt- recorded in two parishes in western Kurzeme—Ēdole and Saka—J. Plāķis indicated the category to which they belonged using the word 78 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXII Vietovardžiai su sāt- „Latvijos vietovardžių žodyne“ (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca) sāta (Plāķis 1936). Matyt, šiuose valsčiuose dar vietovardžių užrašymo metu, XX a. pirmaisiais dešimtmečiais, sāta buvo pažįstamas ir gyvojoje kalboje vartojamas bendrinis žodis, ne tik vietovardžiuose sustingusi forma. Dėl to statistiškai išskirta dar viena grupė – sodybviečių (sāta) pavadinimai (~ 5,24%), pvz.: Pētersāt Ēduoleje (Plāķis 1936: 265), Duņņu fahte sodybvietė Sakoje (Plāķis 1936: 58). FIG. 1. Distribution of place names containing sāt- according to material from the “Dictionary of Latvian Place Names” Straipsniai / Articles 79 ANTA TRUMPA An examination of the semantics of place names containing sāt in the “Dictionary of Latvian Place Names” reveals two large groups: the first and larger group comprises microtoponyms—the names of meadows, fields, pastures, hills, and forests; the second large group comprises oikonyms—in this case, mainly the names of houses (homesteads), as well as manors, parishes, and villages. Thus, the material seems rather to confirm the idea already expressed by J. Plāķis: the common nouns (appellatives) sāts, sāta, sāte initially meant ‘meadow, field (possibly one in a forest)’, and were only later used for fields near houses; subsequently, they spread to names of houses (homesteads), manors, and larger settlements, such as villages and parishes. In some places, for example Stende, sāts also came to be used to designate old houses and the fields and other places around them. A comparison of material from different periods in the Latvian place-name card index and the manuscript of the “Dictionary of Latvian Place Names” leads to the conclusion that the number of place names containing sāt– in Latvian toponymy is declining. Many names of houses, meadows, fields, and pastures recorded in collections from the early twentieth century had, half a century later, either disappeared along with the features themselves, or their names were no longer known to local residents. It is important to note that of the 158 place names containing sāt– published in J. Plāķis’s 1936 book Latvijas vietu vārdi un latviešu pavārdi, only 70 (or ~ 44%) were recorded again in material collected later, mostly in the 1960s. Since roughly half a century has passed since then, it is highly likely that these words, especially microtoponyms, have continued to disappear. Interestingly, among the place names that informants believe once existed but are no longer present, the names of houses and manors predominate. This is clearly due to the historical situation: after the Second World War, manors became schools or other public institutions, while homesteads disappeared as a result of various dramatic historical events, during the war, in the postwar period, and later. Among the place names that informants have never heard of, meadow and field names predominate. This circumstance confirms the tendency regarding place names containing sāt– already noted by K. Draviņš in 1939: “[...] there is a danger of forgetting those place names whose features have either disappeared or changed considerably [...], or which are mentioned very rarely in conversation, or have also acquired a parallel new name that pushes the old one into the background” (Draviņš 1939: 411). To be sure, microtoponyms in general tend to change, and their numbers to decline. According to data from the “Dictionary of Latvian Place Names,” the eastern part of the area in question has more names containing sāt– for houses and manors than for meadows, fields, or other microtoponyms. An exception is provided by two names recorded side by side in 2011 for a single bog in Zvārdė: Sātu purvs and Satu liekna (LGIA 2011). This certainly suggests that the proper-name element may initially have had a wider distribution, later contracting westward and leaving traces in oikonyms. 80 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXII Vietovardžiai su sāt- „Latvijos vietovardžių žodynė“ (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca) Both earlier studies (by J. Plākis, V. Dambe, and others) and the latest material in the Dictionary of Latvian Place Names confirm that place names with sāt- are widespread in Courland, throughout the area of the Curonian substrate (see Fig. 1), whereas individual place names far from this region are probably of a different origin and have a different meaning (Dambe 2012a: 269). This nevertheless once again allows us to reject J. Endzelīns’s assumption that the word sāts is of Livonian or Estonian origin. These doubts are further strengthened by some Lithuanian place names, for example, Sõtupis, a river in Žarėnai (Telšiai district), and Sòtai, a meadow in Kvėdarna, which the Lithuanian onomastician Aleksandras Vanagas, albeit cautiously, nevertheless associates with Latvian names for meadows, Sāta, Sāts, Valta-sātu upe, the place name Pūc-sāte, denoting a place in a forest, and other Latvian place names with sāt- (Vanagas 1981: 310). As is known, the Lithuanian place names mentioned fall within the historical Curonian area. In addition, the list of place names confirming the Curonian origin of sāts is supplemented by examples included in A. Bielenstein’s work Die Grenzen des lettischen Volksstammes und der lettischen Sprache [...]: “Lapsahten, Dorf im Kirchspiel Preussisch-Kretingen” (Bielenstein 1892: 248), “Lampsaten (litt. Lāpsatē); cf bei Спрогисъ, л. с. Ломосатишки, село въ Гондыгин. в.” (Bielenstein 1892: 279), as well as the Germanized name, mentioned by K. Karulis, of the former land of Pilsota near Klaipėda (Pilsaten). Conclusions 1. The number of place names with sāt- in Latvian toponymy, especially microtoponymy, shows a tendency to decline. 2. The Finno-Ugric origin of sats / sata / sate is doubtful; it is probably an old Indo-European word that survives as a relic in microtoponyms and oikonyms in areas of Latvia once inhabited by the Curonians, and to a lesser extent in Lithuania as well. 3. The distribution of the Latvian dialect word sāts / sāta / sāte may once have been broader, but later its range contracted westward, leaving traces in oikonyms in the zone of decline. LITERATŪRA 1962 [ar kiti nurodyti metai] – tais metais vykusių toponimų rinkimo ekspedicijų medžiaga. Aben Karl 1957: Eesti ja liivi laene läti sõnavaras. – Emakeele seltsi aastaraamat 3. Tallin: Eesti Riiklik kirjastus. Avotiņa Ruta 2007: Staburaga pagasts. Vietvārdi, ģeogrāfija, kultūras mantojums. Rīga: Latvijas Ģeotelpiskās informācijas aģentūra. 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Zeps Valdis Juris 1962: Latvian and Finnic Linguistic Convergences. Indiana University Publications. Uralic and Altaic Series. Published by Indiana University, Bloomington, Mouton & Co, The Hague, The Netherlands, 1962, Vol. 9. Zeps Valdis Juris 1984: The Placenames of Latgola. A Dictionary of East Latvian Toponyms. Madison, Wisconsin: Baltic Studies Center. Place-names with the Component sāt- in the Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms S U M M A R Y “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms” (Latvijas vietvārdu vārdnīca) is a rich source of materials for the researchers of Latvian place-names. It contains data from the card files of Latvian toponyms gathered during earlier times, archival materials, toponym dictionaries published during different periods of time, etc. Volume S₁, which is still in progress, contains an extensive entry devoted to the component „Sāt”, covering almost 7 pages. Latvian dialectal word sāts / sāta / sāte (‘house, home’), as well as its semantics, etymology and reflection in place-names, has been discussed by Latvian linguists for almost a century. The opinions about its origins have been varied – J. Endzelīns and K. Abens believed that it might be a borrowing from Estonian or Livonian, while most other researchers agreed with J. Plāķis stating that it is an Indo-European word. The materials included in the “Dictionary of Latvian Toponyms” confirm the earlier knowledge that toponyms with sāt- are mostly used in Kurzeme and, more precisely, in the territory of the Curonian language substratum. In most cases, sāt- is observed in microtoponyms (names of meadows, fields and forests), but there is also a considerably large group of oikonyms (names of farmhouses, manors and rural territories). In the eastern part of the area, the root sāt- mainly survives Straipsniai / Articles 83 ANTA TRUMPA in oikonyms, thus confirming the fact that microtoponyms are likely to disappear first when the respective appellative is no longer used. Obviously, the usage of the appellative sāts began to diminish. Summing up the opinions of linguists and the data from the dictionary of toponyms, the article presents the following conclusions: 1) place-names with the root sāt- in Latvia tend to diminish, especially in microtoponyms, 2) the dialectal noun sāts / sāta / sāte used to be more widespread in the past, but its usage has gradually shrunk, leaving some traces in oikonyms; 3) sāts / sāta / sāte does not seem to have Finno-Ugric origin; it is most probably an archaic Indo-European word whose traces can be observed in the territory formerly inhabited by the Curonians in Latvia, and also some parts of Lithuania. Įteikta 2015 m. balandžio 7 d. A N T A T R U M P A Latvijos Universitetas, Latvių kalbos institutas Akadēmijas lauk. 1-913, LV-1050 Rīga, Latvija [email protected] 84 Acta Linguistica Lithuanica LXXII