S aipsniai / A icles 9
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: lie u ių ašomosios kalbos
his o y, he his o y o he Li huanian language, li e a u e and cul u e in he Li le Li huania.
LEXICOLOGY and i s de i a i es
Wha is he Bible's iew o homosexuali y?
Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc
BEDENKEN ÜBER DIE INS This is a lis o ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ZEHN FABELN AESOPI UND This is a lis o ai po s in Ge many, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion.
This is DELBERS PASSIONIERTE.
The ZUSCHRIFT (1706) is he
The Basics o Lexicology in he T ac a e
Wohlgeg ünde es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische
übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi und de selben
passionie e Zusch i (1706) This is he i s o a se ies o books by Aesopius.
by Jokūbas Pe kūnas
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje i iamas Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a as Wohlgeg ünde es Bedenken übe die ins
Aesop's Fables and he Passiona e Teachings o he Li huanian T ansla o as a Sou ce o
Linguis ic Though in he Field o Lexicology (1706) Pe kūnas, analyzing Ezopo's ema ks (1706),
in e p e ed he abili y o apply p ac ically he p inciples o language consump ion and
no maliza ion decla ed by Michael Mö lin in his ea ise P incipium p ima ium in ling a Li h anica
daugiausia dėmesio sky ė leksikai. Pe kūno y imas labiau ėmėsi p ak iniu (empi iniu)
(1706), a he le el o […] collec ion, e alua ion and p esen a ion o language da a, a he han
heo e ical gene aliza ions and s ic decision-making. Al hough Pe kūnas de o ed less
a en ion o he heo e ical conside a ion o lexical no ms han Mö lin, he co ec ed and
commen ed wo ds and compound wo ds o Ezopočius show how he pe cei ed he ques ions
s udied by lexicology (many-wo dness, homog aphs, synonymy, lexical and g amma ical conjunc ion, scholas icism,
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
10 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII ph aseology) and is published by he Li huanian Academy o
Sciences. When o e ing he op ion, Pe kūnas elied on bo h he quan i a i e c i e ion […] he
mo e common on , and he quali a i e […] he concep o he bes co esponding line. Aesopi and
his passiona e passiona e Zusch i (1706) is analyzed as a sou ce o linguis ic idea in lexicology in
kalbo y os is o ija, leksikologija.
ANNOTATION
The ac a e o Jokūbas Pe kūnas Wohlgeg ünde es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe -
his a icle. While analyzing he skills o he ansla o o use and s anda diza ion decla ed in Die
Fabeln Aesopi Michaeli Mö lin's ea ise P incipium p ima ium in ling a Li h anica (1706), Jacobus
he Aesop’s ables Die Fabuln Aesopi (1706) o p ac ically apply he p inciples o language
Pe kin paid g ea a en ion o he lexis. Pe kins's esea ch ocused on he p ac ical (empi ical)
le el, i.e., he collec ion o linguis ic da a, i s e alua ion and p esen a ion as opposed o
heo e ical gene aliza ions and igid decision-making. Al hough Pe kin paid less a en ion o he
heo e ical conside a ion o lexical no ms han Mö lin, he co ec ed and commen ed wo ds and
wo d junc ions o Aesop's ables demons a e he way he pe cei ed issues ha a e analyzed by
lexicology (polysemy, homog aphs, synonymy, lexical and g amma ical alency, loan wo ds, and
ph aseology). By o e ing his a ian Pe kūnas e e ed o bo h: quan i a i e c i e ion i.e. mo e
widely sp ead usage and quali a i e c i e ion, i.e. bes no ional exp ession. KEYWORDS: Jokūbas
Pe kūnas, Michaeli Mö lin, Mino Li huania, his o y o he
Li huanian linguis ics and lexicology.
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
A he beginning o he 18 h cen u y, he philological con o e sy o e he Li huanian
language le h ee in e connec ed sou ces: 1) he ea ise P incipium p ima ium in ling a
Li h anica by Gumbinės p ies Michael Mö lin (Michael Mö lin, 1641-1708); 2) he book Die Fabuln
Aesopi (Ezopo 1 Knowledge o he Empi es) by Jono Šulco (Johann Schul z, 1684-1710) om
Ka owice in he lib a y o he Polish Academy o Sciences (Biblio eka Polskiej Gigi Nauk:
86-15). The Uni e si y o Saxony-Anhal and he Land Lib a y in Halle: (Uni e si ä sund
Landesbiblio hek Sachsen-Anhal : AB 153123) (Alekna ičienė, Schille 2002: 79[…]98) is loca ed in
he ci y o Halle. he documen a y edi ion: D o inas 2008, 1166; he online edi ion
( ansc ip ion, index o Li huanian wo ds): www.lki.l /senieji as ai (www […] MP).
A icles o he 11 h
Leksikologijos p admenys Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a e Wohlgeg ün-
de es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi
und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706)
The T ea y o Wohlgeg ünde es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn
Aesopi und de selben passion Zusch i (The T ea y o Wohlgeg ünde es Bedenken übe
die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Aesopi und de selben Passion Zusch i ) is a
ea ise by Jacob Pe kuhn, Pe khun, 1665-1711, a p ies o Val a kemia, which was
ansla ed in o Li huanian in he 10 h cen u y. These books we e p epa ed one a e
he o he : he i s wo we e published in 1706 in Ka achay, he las in Leipzig and
F ank u . When he discussions ha began a ound 1702 came o a s ands ill, Mö lin
announced he p inciples o he no maliza ion o he Li huanian language and in i ed he
p ies o conside hem. Schulz had a pu pose o show how hey can say hings. A e
bū i ealizuojami p ak iškai – pagal Mö lino iškel us p incipus iš e ė dešim
e alua ing Mö lin's heo e ical and Schulz's p ac ical wo k, Pe kūnas p esen ed he
esul s o he analysis in a ea ise.
PB could be conside ed an EP e iew, bu i s s a emen s a e no ocused solely on
he EP. On he i le page, Šulcas explici ly decla ed he connec ion o he
a u: „Ʒum Ve ſuch Nach dem PRINCIPIO Li h anicæ Ling æ, Li auiſch e i-
e “ („bandan iš e s i į lie u ių kalbą pagal Lie u ių kalbos p incipą“), o Pe kū-
nas ak a o an aš iniame lape nu odė yšį ne su iena, be su abiem knygomis:
ansla ion wi h Mö lin's ac- […]Bedencken Ube die Li Inshausche Ube se z e
[…]ehen Fabeln Æsopi, Und de selben passioni e usch i […] ([…] he idea o a dozen
in Li huanian would ha e been ansla ed by Ezopočius and inspi ed by he le e […]).
Pe kūnas conside ed Mö lin, no Šulcą, as he ansla o o he sayings and he
au ho o he speech in he EP, and discussed mainly he s a emen s se ou in his
ea ise. Pe kūnas sough o in luence and o e come p ima ily Mö lin, a c i ic o he
p ies s bo n in Li le Li huania and wo king in Li huanian pa ishes. The main
add essee is no named anywhe e in he eal su name […] i is e e ed o only by he
pe sonal su name Gumbinne […]Gumbiniškis[…] (12×), made om he place name
Gumbinnen: Gumbinne PB 318,15, 45,23,26[…]27, 614, 92[…]3,14,7, 2222[…]23, Gumbinne s PB
312, Gumb. PB 231 wi h he addi ion o He ‘Ponas. Mö lin's ea ise PB is men ioned
h ee imes: P incip. I 's Ling. The Li h. This is he case in he case o he P incipio
Ling . The Li h. PB 61[…]2; In p inciple, he Commission conside s ha he aid is
compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. I 's Ling. Li huanian P.B. 926, whe e pages a e indica ed. The coope a ion be ween Šulco and Mö lin and he in luence o he la e is unques ionable. I should be no ed ha he ansla ion o he ph ase Šulcas
The only su i ing copy is in he lib a y o he Na ional Museum o K aków (Muzeum Na odowe w
K akowie, Biblio eka Książą Cza o yskich: 35174-1). he documen a y edi ion: Ci a ičiū ė 2008:
1206; he online edi ion (w i ing, Li huanian wo d o m conco dance, index): www.lki.l /senieji as ai
(www.EP). Only one copy is known, ound in 2002 in he Ba a ian S a e Lib a y in Munich (Baye ische
S aa sbiblio hek München: 4 A. g . b. 80) (Alekna ičienė, Schille 2003: 1550). Conco dance o some
wo d o ms, index): www.lki.l /senieji as ai (www.pb).
k i inis leidimas: Alekna ičienė, Schille 2008: 1–186; in e ne inis leidinys (pe ašas, lie u iš-
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica LXXII was w i en by Mö lin. Šulca was assis ed by he Li huanians o Gumbinė,
which means ha he could ansla e by s aying a Mö liną Gumbinėje and only his could choose
o him Li huanian-speaking pa ishione s ( ansla ion au ho ship ques ion and linguis ic
co-au ho ship assump ions see Alekna ičienė, Schille 2008: 121 […] 1254). Pe kūno's ea ise was
he las o be published, so i is impo an because o he a gumen s ha es i y o he
de elopmen o he con o e sy and summa ize i s con en . In addi ion, i shows Mö lin's
opponen U sp unge, Wesen und Eigenscha en (The o igin, s yle and cha ac e is ics o
ninkų poziciją, ku i būda o ekons uojama ik iš an inių šal inių, daugiausia
kalbinių Pilypo Ruigio (Philipp Ruhig, 1675–1749) eikalų: ank aš inės Mele-
emos (1735, oliau – RgM) i spausdin o Be ach ung de li auischen Sp ache in
Li huanian language) nei he he i le o he ea ise no he yea o publica ion we e eco ded
y inėjimas, 1745, oliau – RgB). Iki 2002-ųjų is o iog a inėje i bibliog a inėje
in Li huanian li e a u e. When he saw he ea ise, he began o explain he s a emen s o
Pe kūno and his suppo e s in G eek. The ex o he EP is also in Ge man: i is Šulco's speech,
a ojimo klausimais, polemikos daly ių a pusa io są eika i ikslai (Alekna-
ičienė, Schille 2003: 15–50).
Abu ak a ai pa ašy i okiškai su in a pais lo ynų i lie u ių, e ka čiais i
Ruig's dedica ion o he ansla o , he commen s o he speake s and he co ec ion o
mis akes. In e pola ion in o he languages in he Ge man EP ex , unlike in he ea ies, is a e,
bu Li huanian wo d o ms EP a e mos ly […] abou 1,770. PB is abou 760, and MP […] abou 190
Li huanian wo d o ms. Pe kūno's ea ise is o in e es o Li huanian lexicologis s p ima ily
because o he ac s o he ea ly 18 h cen u y li ing language eco ded in i , and o linguis ic
his o ians […] because o he de elopmen o linguis ic hough in he ield o language
no maliza ion and lexicology. Acco dingly, he scien i ic knowledge o he ea ise is possible on
wo le els - empi ical and heo e ical, and he esul s o he s udy can be used o bo h
scien i ic esea ch and applied wo k. The ask o lexicology is conside ed o be he s udy o
wo ds as a language sys em and uni s o speech ac i i y: he in e p e a ion o hei meanings,
mu ual ela ions, o igin, de elopmen , he de e mina ion o he needs and pu poses o he
ela ionship o wo ds o he socie y ha uses hem (Jakai ienė 22010: 8; Lu zeie 2002: 7; Röme ,
Ma zke 22005: 2). The g amma o he i s Li huanian language did no ac ually pay a en ion o
he lexicon o i s no maliza ion. The e is li le da a o be ound excep in he syn ax chap e s,
whe e wo d combina ions and combina ions a e w i en, ocusing on di e ences om La in and
Ge man, gi ing illus a i e examples. O cou se, i is no wo h expec ing a leas some
consis ency in he sys em and he Pe kūno ea ise, bu some o i s e ms and s a emen s bea
wi ness o he linguis ic hough o he 4 h cen u y. Mö lin was much olde , ha ing wo ked in
Gumbinė o 34 yea s, ha ing w i en a leas a couple o ea ises on he use o he Li huanian
language and encou aging discussions on language issues.
A icles o he 13 h
Leksikologijos p admenys Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a e Wohlgeg ün-
de es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi
und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706)
and lexicology. The pu pose o his a icle is o es ablish how Pe kūnas pe cei es
klausimus, ku iuos daba i ia leksikologija.
1. Seman ics o he ex
Pe kūnas aised he idea o he plu ali y o Li huanian wo ds, o polysemy, as a
mani es a ion o he g amma ical sys em o language. I is he objec o s udy o
cu en lexical seman ics one o he b anches o lexicology. C i icising he EP's
ansla ion o he mo al "The wol and he goa ", which shames he one who did
no help he pe son he sa ed (see Figu e 1), Pe kūnas sugges ed ano he op ion
o he sa io o be called " he sa io " ins ead o " he keepe " and p o ides a
e sion o why he ansla o did no choose him, see Figu e 1. :
EP 1113 […]15 Tha […]odis aw[…] bâ a: jey Wa = […] g[…]se islaiky […]s sawo
Islaiky ojui is no […] dekuj is no going o say.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o
i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Islaiky s is o
Islaiky. Vulgus says all: "Iszgany s sawo Iszgany ojui, und wunde mich
[…]be die […] un e sch[…]m e Go losigkei des jenigen de gesp ochen:
"Iszgany ojis, w e ein G aß eu el aus U sachen weil […] iszganam Piewas, ein
conjuga um on jenem is ". He is also known as he "Godlessness o he
jenigen". Only i all he equa ions a e unde s ood can you speak di e en ly?
Whe e he e is no language, he e is no wo d. I don' hink I' e e e hea d he
wo d "help ul" be o e, bu I'm su e I' e hea d i be o e. I'm su e I' e hea d i
be o e. I'm su e I' e hea d i be o e. in c. I'm going o kill you! ♪ Oh, you' e he
one who's w ong ♪ ♪ Hey, hey, hey ♪ The de il ook me. You' e a Bedouin. I don'
know wha I'm going o do.
In his commen , Pe kūnas included, in his opinion, he unsuccess ul call o he sa io
o be sa ed, hea d om an unnamed pe son. As e idenced by he unnamed pe son's
connec ion o he iszganam piewas, he wo d o be escued is unde s ood only as " o
le he g azing animals go ou , o be cle e (ja us, pas u e) " (plg. LKŽe s. . escued
. 4). These wo wo ds - " edemp o is " and " edemp o is " - in ac o m a
wo-way ela ionship ( o mal and seman ic), o ming an opposi ion o he p ac ice (in
minų ž . Jakai ienė 1988: 86–94), ačiau edinio eikšmė o asmens aiškin a e-
mian is ik iena pama inio žodžio eikšme ‘leis i ganomiems gy uliams išės i,
he sense o " edemp o is " o " edemp o is "), i.e. he unspoken wo d o
edemp ion in he police. Pe kūnas conside ed such a mo i a ion "absu dly ungodly" - he has ne e hea d o i .

ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
14 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII
žodį išgany ojis a ojan okia eikšme, . y. sup an an jį a si kokį pie ų kipšą.
Lie u iai, pasak Pe kūno, išgany oju adina i Die ą, i žmogų, ku is juos išgel-
(See also Figu e 2.)
Al hough he meaning o he wo d "sa io " is he same as " he one who sa ed",
i s lexical meaning is h ee: in he i s case, " he shephe d o he animals, he
sa iou o he meadow", in he second case, " he sa io , he sa io (man) " and
" he sa io , he sa io (God). App op ia ely, hese a e h ee lessons. he unnamed
pe son and Pe kūnas did no ha e he same meaning in he main meaning o he
base wo d: he i s was mo e impo an han he di ec (his o ically olde ,
Tasdi biškoji) […] o le he li es ock go ou , lea n (ja us, pas u e) […], and he
second […] o mo e (an inė, spi i uali y) […] o sa e, sa e […] (pl. LKŽe s. . izgan[…] i
. 2. p k.). I is he la e ha should be conside ed a shell, o med om he main
one. 1 PAV. O he EP 1114: The mo al o he s o y old by he na a o himsel ; The
Na ional Museum in K akow, he Lib a y o he P ince o Cza o yski: 35174 I
A icles o he 15 h
Leksikologijos p admenys Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a e Wohlgeg ün-
de es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi
und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706)
EP, as men ioned, is used no as a sa iou , bu as a main aine : iślaiky ʼs sawo
Iślaiky ojui EP 1114. I is a basic wo d o keep, he meaning o which could be linked o
2 PAV. (Psalm 163:17) Pe cussion o he Sa iou 's Resu ec ion in he Li ing Wo d This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
16 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII wi h LKŽ is indica ed in he 4 h meaning: ‘ o keep
wha in wha condi ion, o lea e heal hy, ali e, in ac . T ansla ion o he o iginal […]
La in ph ase […]Lupus e C us[…] […] mo al […]Fabula in eos dici u , qui se a i de malis,
e ga salu is suae au o es ing a i epe iun u […] (Ci a ičiū ė 2008: 187) which is a
pa icipan in he cons uc ion o he se ice e ga salu is suae au o es […] ansla ed
ėjui su eikė galimybę ink is kelis a ian us: išgelbė as, išlaiky as, išsaugo as, o
by he compound o his sa io (pl. se o, -ā e, -ā i, -ā um . 5. o keep, o p ese e; o
sa e; I'll see you in a bi . good, good; In he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, he Cou o Fi s
Ins ance uled on he compa ibili y o he aid wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he
meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. In he oldes Ge manic-speaking dic iona y
me žodyne H išlaiky ojis nepa eikiamas, o C jis siejamas su išlaikymu – mai-
inimu, p ižiū ėjimu, saugojimu, gynimu. Išlaiky ojis C epa a o as žodyno
s aipsnyje E hal e (2x), plg. i jo pama inį žodį išlaiky i ijuose s aipsniuose:
Lex and he i s p in ed dic iona y, main ain and main ain: C I 58930 […]32 E hal e . I 's
ime, yeah. M. […] E wa ein E hal e seinen Leu e: C I 58923[…]31 E hal en. This is he
Buwo Ißlaiky ojis ſa= ‖ wo monû, Sy . 49.17.
i s ime I ha e seen his. I hough , I'll ake you, wi h you. Le 's ge ou o he e. I'm
going o y. […] Die Speise, de T unck und die Ruhe e hal= […] en des Menschen Leben:
Walgis, Ge ims beÿ […] A ilsis p amai in […] Gya sowa […]. […] A ilsis was bo n in he illage
o Walgis, Ge ims beÿ, which is loca ed in he no he n pa o he coun y. "The Lo d holds my soul in His a ms".
Ѱ 54.6.
C I 2599 […] 11 Behaup en. This is he i s ime I' e seen i . P o ec , p o ec , p o ec . ♪ I' e been wai ing o you ♪ ♪ I' e been wai ing o you ♪
I'm going o kill you, I'm going o kill you, I'm going o kill you.
C II 105829 […] 10596 […] main ained I said, "I'm going o kiss you, I'm going
o ill you wi h Gomo , I'm going o hold you in my a ms, I'm going o gi e
you you nigh ". 16.32.
In olde dic iona ies, he e m "main aine " is also used, as is "C", wi h
"main ain", "main ain", "main ain", "main ain", "main ain", "main ain",
"main ain", "main ain", "main ain", "main ain", "main ain", "main ain". I is also
known as E hal e , Ißlaiky ojis, ojo, m. R l 124 II7; E hal e Ißlaikÿ ojis Sy 49,17.
E neh e , Beschi me B 42352; E neh e , also known as E neh e . The Commission
shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o
supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o
his Regula ion. Did he wo d "sa io " aise doub s only o he ansla o o he
sayings and o he unnamed pe son, o also o o he membe s o he language
communi y? The meaning o any wo d, as a con ac ual sign, canno a ise wi hou
he pe cep ion o he objec o eali y, i s psychic co espondence in people's
minds. When i is necessa y o name an exis ing objec , i s essen ial ea u es a e
ixed in he consciousness, a ce ain psychic co espondence ( e lec ion) is o med. The same co espondence mus be o med by he o he membe s o ha socie y […] he meaning is de e mined by he pe cep ion o he subjec in he public consciousness, he gene al ag eemen (Jakai ienė 22010: 18, 46[…]48). Wasn' he connec ion be ween he wo d "sa io " in he public consciousness o he ma ke ( aiškos) and he ma ke ( eikšmės) s ong?
A icles o he 17 h
Leksikologijos p admenys Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a e Wohlgeg ün-
de es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi
und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706)
The answe is o be ound in o he sou ces o he end o he se en een h
cen u y and he i s hal o he eigh een h cen u y in Li le Li huania.
In one o he oldes ch onological lexicog aphic sou ces […] in he manusc ip
Lex […] he sa io (2x) is gi en as he equi alen o wo Ge man wo ds: 1) Heiland
(1x); (2) The Seeligmache (1x). Simila o sa io (6x) a osena and C: 1) Heiland
co esponds o sa io (5x); 2) Seeligmache […] Ißgany ojis (1x), see ma ches and
de i a i e amilies:
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This is Heyl Ißganimas.
Heylſam Isgani ingas, a
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Seeligmachen Ißgany i, also known as Seeligmachen
Seelig Ißgany as, also known as Ißgani ingas, a
Seeligk Ißganimas (also known as Seeligk)
C I 92416–9257Heyland. Ißgany ojis, ô. M.
Heyl. Ißgánimas, ô. M.
Heilig. Sʒwen as, ô. M. a, ôs. F. ay. Ad e b:
I 's o Heyligen. I'm going o, uh, wi h, you
Heylsahm Iśgani ingas, ô. M. ga, ôs. Wha a e you doing he e? F. is gay.
C I 8771820 Heiland. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Ißgany ojis, ô. M. […]
Auße mi is kein Heyland: Be man[…] ne a Ißgany= […] Tojo, Esa. This is he i s ime I' e been o his place. 44,11.
C II 113119 […]20 Seelig made by Seelig. I 's called
Ißganau, niau, nysu, ny i. I 's called Seeligmache . I 's called Ißgany ojis, Jio, M.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. F. is gay.
Seeligkei Ißganimas, also known as M.
H is also he equi alen o he same wo Ge man wo ds: 1) Heiland (2x); 2)
Seeligmache (2x), plg. 1) Ißgany ojis, also known as Heyland, Seeligmache I dec. gen.
masc. 40 I34[…]36; Heyland Ißgany ojis H 185 I33; 2) Seeligmache Ißgany ojis H 206 II18;
see also he main wo d o be ex ac ed: Ißgany i seelig machen, ps. I 's new. I 's all
igh . No, no a all. he u u e. H 40 I2729; Seelig machen ißgany i H 206 II17. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The wo d "heale " (3x)
also co esponds o wo Ge man wo ds, bu one o hem di e s om he
p e ious dic iona y: 1) Heiland (2x); The i s one is called E löse (1x), and he
second one is called Heiland Sal a o id Heÿland. Judica ed by Ißgélbė ojis 3,9.
[e c.] Ißganÿ ojis Luke 1:47. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. The Commission
he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. I 's he winne . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The basic wo d o "sa ed" is in he ollowing dic iona y a icles: 1) Machen seelig ißganÿ i B 89058; 2) E lösen. I bough i . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I'm going o kill you. I will sa e you. Gen. 48:16. Exodus 15:13 and Judges 6:36
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica LXXII, he abili y o name eal hings di e en ly acco ding o he
analizę: uos a ian us į e ino i siūlė ge iausią. Jos ezul a ai odo i jo pa ies
di e si y o signs. Sys emic ela ionships be ween wo ds wi h opposi e meanings, i.e.
be ween an onyms, a e e lec ed only once. A pai o an onyms can be dis inguished:
domes ic […] wild (ape lowe s). I has a common compa a i e basis […] a sign o a place
o g ow h. The second is a mo e na u al one, which is why i 's called he "Lion's Roa "
and he second is a mo e na u al one, which is why i 's called he "Lion's Roa " and he
hi d is called he "Lion's Roa " and he ou h is called he "Lion's Roa ."
laukiniai (nenaminiai) ž ė ys i paukščiai adinami mediniais, o ne laukiniais, plg.:
PB 171–6 l. 11. Laukinne Kiaule. Vulgus ede niemahlen alſo / ſon= ‖ de n:
Medinne kiaule, alſo auch: medinne źaſis, án is; ‖ on den Bluhmen
Un e ſcheid de en / ſo in den ‖ G en wachſen und on ihnen /
Among he aspec s o social lexicon, he men ion o he conjunc ion jeib
jei a ba kad. Many ina, kad Pe kūnas įž elgė jung uką jeib esan pasenusį, be-
si aukian į iš ak y iosios a osenos, . y. laikė jį a chaizmu. Šis jung ukas
pasakėčių e ime galėjo a si as i dėl eliginių aš ų į akos, nes XVI–XVII a.
co ec ion […] change was s ill used in hem. I is eco ded in he g amma s o
Klein, Sapphi e and Schulz […] jeib oge he wi h i , jog, idan o en added in he
naming pa adigms o he alleged consequence o e bs, e.g. jey jeib idan
wadinnamas bućia KlG 1043; ieib jog idan sakÿćia KlG 1135; (Ieib idan ) mylė KliaćiaC
749; jeib iś nebu u KlG 1676; ieib nēslui Klimbim SG 796. Jeeb is also included in
dic iona ies (Lex, C, H, B, R), bu , acco ding o Pe kūno, he combined jeeb is ha dly
hea d in people's speech, especially in easoning sen ences. Ins ead, you say yes,
bu mos o he ime, you say yes. Jung uk was used by Mö lin when eaching
ca echism, his is e idenced by he example o Mö lin's language gi en by Pe kūno
PB 723, plg. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing
ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I 's going o be
Kwieczu G udas. Vulgus says: "Jéi, wi das b weg und se den Accen au s é
um Un e scheid des Da i i œminini, i , ih . I , ih . I , ih . I , you know wha I mean? I ,
you know wha I mean. All you ha e o do is ask. The wo d jeeb, as in u causale, will
make you say, "Say ha you' e a pa en , say ha you' e come". I 's called a snake bi e. The ulga : ha Snáp […] &c.
PB 72[…]3 Gá bink Tew[…] is a pe son, and Mo- […] is a pe son. Mo he ,
you' e he one who's going o ha e o li e on he g ound.
Pe kūno's ema k abou he join jeib was in ended o show ha Mö lin and
his ollowe Šulcas did no adhe e o ano he o he decla ed p inciples: o use only he mos common,

S aipsniai / A icles 25
Leksikologijos p admenys Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a e Wohlgeg ün-
de es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi
und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706)
he mos amous wo ds unde s ood in he whole coun y. Mö lin, as an example
o a wo d ha is unde s ood and he e o e no used in a limi ed e i o y, was
gi en he ask o being a p ae . 3 bi MP 15 and 16.
Pe kūno's ea ise p o ides da a and lexical p agma ics o , mo e b oadly, linguis ic p agma ics,
examining how he uni s o language e eal he ela ionship be ween wha is said, he
communica ion si ua ion and i s pa icipan s […] he add essee and he add essee (see
Lec iona y p agma ics Jakai ienė 22010: 143[…]167). By di iding he PB ex in o sepa a e speech
ac s, o discou ses (see hei concep and Ka aliunas 2008: 211), and analyzing hei componen s
[…] localiza ion (pa icula ly he saying), ilocaliza ion ( he exp ession o he communica i e
in en ion o he add essee) and pe localiza ion ( he impac o he saying on he add essee) […]
and he con ex , i is possible o assess bo h he communica ion goals and he social and
psychological ela ionships o he communica o s. This ac is […] an in e es ing sou ce o
social in e ac ion and language as he main means o communica ion pe o ms poo ly acco ding
p iemonės y imui, ačiau šio y imo palankiau im is okiečių kalbos y ėjams.
2. ETIMOLOGIJA: SKOLINIAI
Kaip odo bend inių kalbų is o ija, kalbos no min ojai a ian ų a anką pa-
o se e al c i e ia: 1) e ec i eness […] an image ha is easy o consume s o unde s and and
use; (2) he iden i y (adequacy) […] a ian o i s o m mus con ey he in o ma ion wi h he
accu acy equi ed by consume s; 3) he a ian o admissibili y […] o i s o m mus co espond
o he usual language 25). Mö lin pa icula ly emphasized ano he […] pu i y c i e ia […] a ian
no mas (įp as inę a oseną) i bū i p iim inas lyde iams (Haugenas 1994, 22–
mus be gene ically pu e, sel -con ained. He sugges ed h owing ou all o eign wo ds, i.e.
bo owings, no ma e wha language hey came om. E en i hey a e uni e sally used and
unde s ood by many, hey a e s ill o eign. In he absence o a co esponding Li huanian wo d, i
is be e o use he pe iph ase o desc ip ion (MP 6[…]8). Mö lin w o e abou an inapp op ia e,
albei uni e sal, p ac ice: he mis ake o he majo i y o he public and widesp ead mis ake does
Rudolpho Goklenijaus lo ynų kalbos g ama ika Obse a ionum ling ae La inae6,
no c ea e he ules o he language, many mis akes canno jus i y he mis akes (MP 17).
Howe e , Mö lin was no consis en […] in ano he place in he ea ise he demanded ha hose
chu ch wo ds be emo ed om he books (in which much a en ion is paid o he p ac ical use o
La in, he in e e ence o G eek, Heb ew, Ge man and La in languages (see MP 7[…]8, 10[…]11,
adina Eccleſiaſ ica, ai daugiausia polonizmai), ku ie nė a įsigalėję iešojoje bei
6 Rudolphas Goklenijus ( ok. Rudolph Gockel [Göckel] d.Ä., 1547–1628) – Ma bu go uni e si e o
iloso ijos, me a izikos i e ikos p o eso ius. Jo g ama ika Mö linui bu o p iim ina dėl o, kad
16[…]24; see also D o inas 2008: 142[…]145).
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
26 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII in a p i a e oom, as i is said, a e no equi ed a
Nammû (MP 67). You ha e o unde s and ha i you' e al eady bough i , you can lea e
i . Pe kūnas no iced his misunde s anding and ep oached he ansla o o he
sayings o he excessi e use o bo owings. Šulcas himsel said in he EP speech
ha he wan ed o y o con ey he ph ase in "pu e, na u al and good Li huanian
wo ds ha e en a simple Li huanian can unde s and" ([…]mi pu en e s e ech en
No s und gu en Li auschen Wo en die auch / ein gemeine au Li he […] EP 3 ), bu he
ansla ed many Sla ic wo ds, some Ge manic wo ds. This objec ion is one o he
mos se ious, showing abo e all he heo e ical objec ions o Mö lin's ea ise.
Pe kūnas eminds ha MP is ho because o wo ds ha we e bo owed om Polish
and o he languages a long ime ago, bu a e s ill used and unde s ood. Opposi ion o
onesel […] s ange s es i y o Mö lin's desi e o se clea bounda ies and o m
ba ie s ha p e en s ange s om becoming onesel . Pe kūnas i onically poin ed
ou ha he opinion on loans had p obably al eady changed, since many wo ds whose
kinship and o igin om o he languages had al eady been p o en we e ansla ed: PB
529[…]613 Dann so inde ich auch eine Con adic ion in diesen Fabeln. This is a es and
an exam. I'll ask you i you' e ead P incipio Ling . […] Li h. Ge henem Vo schlage allwo
de Au o seh e hi […] is […]be die aus de Polnischen und ande n Sp achen […]
o al en […]ei en he gelei e e und numeh o b uchliche […] e s ndliche W e wenn
e un e ande n sag : Und […] gese […] daß sie auch usu ecep a, so sol e man doch
kein Sammelsu ium ode Po age aus embden Sp achen ma= […] hie [e ]c ich allein
daß diese [e ]cands […] Sp acha und He lei ung aus ande n Sp achen e wiesen
sind. Among he deb s lis ed he e a e mainly Sla ic ones (ska bas, čėsas, slūžma,
lions, ci y, housekeepe , lo d), only one Ge manism (s ukis). Among he deb o s was
ungeg n= ‖ de e Meinung ſey gende und un e ſchiedene
embde ‖ W e geb auch wo den / als: Ská bas, Geſas ‹e .
Ćeſas›, Liû ’s, ‖ S ukkis, Slûźma, Pons, Gazpadinne, Mieſ as, Nak is,
he inhe i ed nigh o Indo-Eu opean discou se. A a ious imes, he Li huanian
language has been used by lec u e s, mos o whom ha e no only acqui ed eligious
w i ings, bu ha e also become accus omed o colloquial speech. The e a e no many
a e bo owings EP (e.g. Elwan û ‘d ambly EP 174, P abajus ‘du ų sklendes EP 182),
because he names o o eign cul u al objec s a e ied o be ansla ed in a
desc ip i e way. In he i s sen ence o he speech, Gaydys asked he messenge
o a p ecious whi e s one. Akmenelû wien ound he messenge . EP 168. Wha did he
ind: a diamond o a pea l? PB 923[…]26>, bu he didn' ask o change and didn' look
o i himsel .
Pe kūnas k i ika o i šį būdą (pa yzdžiui, laikė nesup an amu pačiõs pi mõs
A icles o he 27 h
Leksikologijos p admenys Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a e Wohlgeg ün-
de es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi
und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706)
O cou se, he ques ion a ises as o why Mö lin ole a ed so many bo owings in
he ansla ion, al hough one o he mos impo an p inciples o language
no maliza ion was he pu sui o pu i y o language. In he end, he did no
sepa a e hem om wo ds o Li huanian o igin and did no conside hem
o eign. This is e idenced by he examples wi h which he illus a es how he
himsel changes o eigne s wi h he Li huanian wo ds g oma a and p o a: […]Ich
sage on de Epis el au Li auisch G oma a[…] MP 96[…]7; […]An s a des
Ge ich s bey den Iuden on 3 M<unke n sage: Ma[…]ausa […]ydû P owa[…] MP
923[…]24. Pe kūnas changed some o he Sla ic wo ds used in he EP and made
hem in o hyb id wo ds used by he people, bu did no explici ly name he eason o he change. His main and only a gumen o p oposing ano he op ion is ha he popula ion is dec easing.
([…]Vulgus[…]), please. :
PB 1710-12 o he 14 h. I'm going o alk o you. The ulga : I'm going o kill you. PB
1425 […] 26 yea 9. I'm going o bed. […] The ulga : he cascades. This is PB151. 15.
o he nilk […]e . I 's no a good idea. Vulgus: I'm no going o lie o you. 1619 o
he Ci il Code, p. 12. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I 's all igh . The
ulga liebe : he wo m. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. The dea h o Ron Pada e. Vulgus: you a e lying. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Tha 's he kind o smi k I' e ne e seen be o e. […] Vulgus says he e: Galo . c. ea ul […] Galo […] u ned a ound.
PB 1825 yea 2. He won' die. Vulgus: wo n, dead The e a e a ew cases whe e,
while p epa ing, Pe kūnas himsel o e ed a simila loan o hyb id (o en), e.g. :
b idą – iek ie oj lie u iško žodžio ( ečiau), iek ie oj ki o skolinio esp. hi-
PB 1316 l. 19. odeſi dekui ſakyſen i, Vulgus: dejoſi, ode bûk.
PB 1317 p. 7. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. l o 6. I 's called Sopos . The ulga . I 's called Zopos .
PB 152l. Wha is i ? 20. Do no be o e whelmed. Vulgus liebe :
wi hou a c own PB 1815 l. ul . I 's a lo o wine. The ulga :
Rinszwinugiû. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. l o 2. You' e no going o be able o do ha . The ulga says, "Tha 's wha i is". This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. 16. I'm going o die. Vulgus: b{ė} is a swede.
The e a e many loanwo ds (mos ly Sla ic) in PB sen ences and ph ases in
which Pe kūnas, commen ing on he co ec wo d o combina ion o wo ds,
ilius a o liaudiškąją a oseną, plg.:
PB 1025 Po S ubb, po Mieſ  waikſz inej’
PB 1213–15 Bé n’s Ly- ‖ czyna apſidêjes p adêjo gand ’ Waikáićius, na anie
addi ionally issigs , wisk-gi pamé e, beg , klyk , slep is.
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
28 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXII
A icles o he 29 h
Leksikologijos p admenys Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a e Wohlgeg ün-
de es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi
und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706)
4 PAV. Quand 4 34 : en y on he manusc ip o he Pe kūna Li huanian dic iona y
and Li huanian p e ix collec ion; This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This is HA His . This is S .A. Königsbe g, Hs. 2

ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
30 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII
PB 1417–18 Wilkai Péno ‖ jieſźkódami papûſ ij Lôn Waikám’s  Ul nuboginno
PB 1422 Penukſźlas, das iſ / kawôjem’s, pé- ‖ nim’s Mei elis.
PB 196[…]7 Bu as p o sweczus is conside ed, […] ode swe lyćia PB 2316[…]17 Eas e is
sudumô as, sumisly s dáik as, […] no was i Va ojo Pe kūnas and he e m
Ge manism, bu applied no o he wo d, bu o he ph ase: PB 144[…]6 l. 19. And Pelle
saw Nuskendim a e seeing Akiu. Ein […] eine Ge manismus, Vulgus: And Pełe is seen
as a nusk[…]sen i […] sake. By analyzing he eco ded ocabula y by o igin and age, i.e.
by looking a he gene ic di e en ia ion o he ocabula y, wo ds can be analyzed as
e bs and neologisms a he beginning o he 18 h cen u y. PB con ains a numbe o
wo ds belonging o he oldes laye o he lexicon o he Li huanian language,
conside ed o be Indo-Eu opean wo ds, as well as wo ds belonging o he communi ies
o whi es and Sla s, whi es and only Li huanians. Mos o he loanwo ds […] sla isms
and ge manisms used in hese sou ces (see he loanwo d su ey Alekna ičienė,
Schille 2008: 154[…]159) also appea ed du ing he pe iod o exis ence o he A ski o
Li huanian language. swo ds like Mö lin. Al hough he unde s ood some wo ds ha had
Gana gausus skolinių pa eikimas PB e in inas d ejopai: a ba jie nea pažin-
i kaip skoliniai, a ba no ė a pa ody i, kad ai įp as as lie u ių kalbos eiškinys.
Apibend inan pasaky ina, kad Pe kūnas nekėlė žodžių kilmei okių g iež ų ei-
come om o he languages, he did no d aw a s ic line be ween his own and o eign
languages, did no es ic sphe es o use, did no equi e o change Li huanian. Mos
o he a en ion o he bo owings would ha e been undone i he inconsis encies in
Mö lin's heo y and Schulz's p ac ice had no been no iced.
3. FRAZEOLOGIJA
Bo h Mö lin and Pe kūnas ecognized he p esence o speci ic wo d
combina ions ha p o ide in o ma ion abou he eali y pe cei ed by people,
accompanying hem no di ec ly, bu by in e p e a ion, and hus dis inguished a
speci ic lexical laye , called ph asology in lexicology. Mö lin was he i s o poin
ou ha he e a e wo ds in he Li huanian language ha a e li e ally
as kalbas. Min į apie sąlyginį me a o ų, alego ijų, pa a lių, sen encijų i posa-
un ansla able in o Ge man and Kiki. he ook o e om Gokleni's g amma , and
likewise he I alian humanis , philologis , poe Julius Caesa Scalige (Julius
Caesa Scalige , 1484-1558) (MP 2123).
A icles o he T ea y
Leksikologijos p admenys Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a e Wohlgeg ün-
de es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi
und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706)
Bo h Mö lin and Pe kūnas used he La in e m idio ism. This e m is used o
desc ibe wo examples and is used once again in desc ibing PB 1117 […]27 Daß ein
pasakėčių e imą kaip p ieš a aujan į lie u iškai kalbėsenai:
Idio- […] ismus sey: Jáućies gyw ges eh ichs PB abe hiehe schick […] sichs
nich . De Vulgus says: Neźinnójei Jáućieis gyw , […] das is á […], isźmôksi
gyw […] A kleis. This is he i s ime I' e seen his in my li e. This is he b ead.
This is he b ead. This is he b ead. Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha 's he
ma e wi h you? The e's no Klau Vieh. Wha 's he ma e wi h he Acke ? 155.6
o he Regula ion. Nas us is open. Vulgus a e his idiocy says: "You' e c azy".
So how is i now ha ou o all his, Fabelchen, who is ba ely able o make a bow,
smells o Li hauschen idio ism and also agains Vulgus, on dem man, be lßige
Wo e mache , laughs. In he case o he wo-wo d compound "J" (J. G. B. 1118), "is"
(J. G. B. 156) is, acco ding o he cu en unde s anding o idioms (c . Bu ge 42010:
85-105, J. 2010: 286-288), no classi ied as an idiom, i.e. seman ically comple ely
unmo i a ed ph ases, he meanings o which, when aken sepa a ely, a e
deseman icized. These a e a he loose combina ions o wo ds o he li ing
language. Jáućies gyw PB 1118 can only be conside ed a s able compound, called a
colloca ion ( o he concep see Ma cinke ičienė 2001: 8385; Bu ge 42010: 5255;
Jakai ienė 22010: 281), o a opical ph aseology, bu no a language. Pe kūno is used
as an idiosync a ic supp essi e ph ase: as a […]sa i as posakis[…] and as a
[…]p as inė a osena[…]. The concep o his e m is simila o MP and EP (see MP
326, MP 162731, MP 211123, EP [2]1421, EP 313), plg. MP: 32[…]6 a e […] some o hese ha e
become so pe inen ha hey […] h ough […] ou o no hing wan o pass le you
only one we= […] nig dem Deu schen […]be ein […] come m[…]ssen o suspec gehal en
und angesehen we […] […] den und sind dahe nich siche […] u geb auchen sonde n
[…] ielmeh […] u meiden und […] u en […] 211123 Hiehe ge[…] […] h[…] en nun o allen
ſuſpec iſ / und mi Ih em Idio iſmo nich be ein ‖ komm .
MP 1627–171Und denſelben muß man leißig ‖ examini en ex Idio iſmis
hujus ling æ: und alle Reden ‖ und Redens=A en / die mi
Dingen die Idio imi Li h , p opic […] hu hu ei acula es sing loquendi modi ied by he MP
/ And hey won' ind me in he g amma . And so i is ha when one sees and
ecognizes he di e ence be ween he wo, one becomes awa e o he di e ence
be ween he wo, which is called he g amma ical, he idiosync a ic and he
Li huanian language.
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
32 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Mö lin a gued ha i is possible o dis inguish be ween own wo ds and loanwo ds
acco ding o languages, and o conside suspicious all wo ds and ph ases ha
coincide wi h Ge man. A oidance o he need o a oid Li huanian wo ds and
S abiliųjų posakių – iek mo y uo ųjų, iek nemo y uo ųjų – a pa a lėms
a imų sakinių, PB pa eik a nemažai, plg.:
PB 1412 K auj ſawo a gau ‘a ke šy i, a siskai y i’
p onouns om he collec ion (MP 16, 22-23). PB149Gal saw himsel commi suicide
PB148baisiGál u êjo ‘died in a e ible dea h PB153Pedas du o each, ad ise, gi e
ad ice PB1578 wien Daik succeeded ‘k ū on, oge he , o one place PB1616 Diaws
‘e . God sa e me, you Bedouin! God sa e me, you Bedouin! God sa e me, you Bedouin!
God sa e me, you Bedouin! God sa e me, you Bedouin! […]said g ee ing he wo ke […]
PB 516 I 's been a long ime since Ku 's kiss, bu i 's been a long ime since I' e seen
him[…] PB 1119[…]20 I don' know i he's ali e, bu he's ali e, I don' know i he's ali e, I
don' know i he's ali e, I don' know i he's ali e, I don' know i he's ali e, I don'
know i he's ali e, I don' know i he' know Whe e else can I ind i ?
123Sawo Jáućieis a gywenau ( o me ly known as
PB 1314 o dilwo 'e . I is known ha Pe kūnas himsel w o e Li huanian p o e bs, ad ice and
sayings. His collec ion was men ioned by Mö lin as la ge and aluable, he wan ed i o be
dis ibu ed and illed, bu no in Ge man, bu in "pu e" Li huanian, adding explana ions, as
E azmas Ro e damie is did in his collec ion ad ice7: MP 2224[…]232§. D um is he wo k o he
i le. P a = […] e n on Wal e kehm He Pe kuhnii, ein ieles we h […] de einen […]iemlichen
Vo a h on Sp ch= […] e n […]usam= […] men ge agen ha . This is he i s ime ha I ha e
been able o do his in my li e. Copy he ocabula y (when i is […] Ti . M Wal e kehme himsel
said in Ge manism: "Bu he e is a pu i y in he amplici y o he wo ds gi en". E asmus ha
das eine e lange ich dabey / daß ſie ‖ dila i e / und p op e
seine P o e bia is a p o e b ha is widely used. E asmus o Ro e dam (E asmus [Deside ius]
eine g oſſe A bei nich be ‖ ſich nehmen wol e [e c.]) nich
on Ro e dam, 1469-1536) published in Pa is in 1500 he collec ion Adagia, a collec ion o 818
ad ice and p o e bs by ancien au ho s, which was commen ed on by 3260 uni s in 1536.
Repea ed many imes, popula in he 18 h cen u y.
A icles o he T ea y
Leksikologijos p admenys Jokūbo Pe kūno ak a e Wohlgeg ün-
de es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn Fabeln Aesopi
und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706)
Pe kūnas also w o e a dic iona y o Ge man-speaking languages. I was seen by
čiau olesnis žodyno likimas jam bu o nežinomas (R 2 –3 )8. Pe kūno žodyną
Ruigys, and he collec ion o se e al hund ed p eposi ions is also indica ed by
Johann Jacob Quand (1686-1772) desc ibing he p ies o he pa ish o Val a kiemio (see Fig. 4):
Quand 4 34 1690. Jacob Pe kuhn, Ißdagga-P . [...] E ha ein geſch ieben[e]s
Li h. Lexicon auch einige cen u ien [on] P o e biis Li h anici i[n]
MS o ſ eilaße[n]
The e is no su i ing dic iona y o collec ion o p eposi ions, bu hei men ion in
wo 18 h-cen u y sou ces lea es no doub ha a he beginning o he 18 h
cen u y, sen ences and speci ic combina ions o wo ds wi h a uni ying meaning,
dis inguished by consonance and image y, began o be ixed, p o iding in o ma ion
abou he pe cep ion o eali y i sel , he exp ession o hough s and eelings.
Mö lin himsel was going o p epa e a collec ion o old Li huanian p o e bs and
sayings, and he u ged o he s o sha e wha hey had and hus accumula e la ge
s ocks o hem (MP 21). Pe kūnas, unlike Mö lin, did no aise he ques ion o he
o igin o he ph ases, no did he di ide hem in o sel -exp ession and bo owings o e bs.
4. Excluded
Jacob Pe kūnas' ea ise Wohlgeg ünde es Bedenken übe die ins Li auische übe se z en zehn
Fabeln Aesopi und de selben passionie e Zusch i (1706, PB) has paid much less a en ion o he
heo e ical conside a ion o lexical no ms han Michaelis Mö lin's ea ise P incipium p ima ium
in ling a Li h anica (1706, MP). Pe kūno's linguis ic ac i i ies we e mo e based on he p ac ical
(empi ical) le el o he language. 8 The wo d was coined by E nes as Dicelijus (E nes as
Die zelius, Di zel, 1629-1692) who was he pa ish p ies o Val a kiemio, he ances o o Pe kūno.
In 1692 he became he pa ish p ies o he pa ish. Ruigys came o his pa ish in 1708. He says he
suppo ed himsel wi h he handw i ing o Dicelijaus ([…]die locos des sel. He n E nes i Dizelii[…]
R 4 […]4 ) while p epa ing a Li huanian ocabula y egis e . I is likely ha Pe kūnas ook his
manusc ip s o Įs u į.
9
Ju gis Lebedys (1956: 14 […] 16) assumed ha he LMAVB's collec ion o p o e bs, ad ice and
sayings Li auische Sp ichwö e und Rä sel could possibly be a ibu ed o Pe kun, bu in 2011 i
was ound ha his collec ion […] T empų kunigo Jokūbo B odo ski (Jacob B odowski, a link
1692–1744) au og a as (Alekna ičienė 2011: 39–72), išsky us keliolika ėlesnių Go ydo Os-
e meje io (Go ied Os e meye , 1716–1800) p ie ašų (Alekna ičienė 2012: 23–51). Tad nebe-
lieka pag indo iesiogiai sie i jį su Pe kūno a du, juo labiau kad nema y i ben kiek aiškesnio
be ween he a o emen ioned collec ion and PB.
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
40 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXII synonymic ows (designing synonymic pa adigms) This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
Pe kūnas aised he esou ces o synonymy o Li huanian language (he used he e m
Synonyma) and demons a ed he a iabili y o ce ain no ional exp essions. Al hough he was
inclined o es ic he exp essi e po en ial o himsel , his own examples bea wi ness o
he abili y o name eal objec s in a ious ways wi h espec o hei ea u e a ie y.
Pe kin en isioned he iola ion o he ule o iden i y in he a ea o lexicon while e alua ing
he language o ables: he ansla o misused he esou ces o language, could no ind
means o con ey he concep s o dis an and unknown cul u e, and did no keep o he ules
o spelling and accen ua ion. Acco ding o Pe kins, he cong uence o simila i y o wo d
exp ession, due o which he ba ie s appea in communica ion, was conside ed o be he
p oblem o he same ex en as he use o incomp ehensible wo ds. He was looking o he
bes equi alen and e e ed o bo h he quan i a i e c i e ion, i.e. he was choosing he
mos widesp ead usage, as well as he quali a i e c i e ion, i.e. he was looking o he bes
o m o exp essing he concep . Pe kūnas was less ca ego ical han Mö lin ega ding he
loanwo ds. He was mo e mode a e in e ms o he use o loanwo ds […] he had his iews o
lea e he non-Li huanian wo ds which a e accep ed and commonly used in he spoken language
should be kep in he w i en language as well. The ep oaches o he ansla o conce ning
he abundan use o loanwo ds a e based on he disc epancy be ween he heo e ical
equi emen s o Mö ling and he language ealiza ion in he ansla ion o he ables.
Pe kūnas, as well as Mö lin, dis inguished he s able colloca ions which ca y in o ma ion
abou unique human unde s anding o eali y objec s; he e m hey used idio isme can ha e
dual meaning: i can mean dis inc i e ph ase o con en ional usage. Pe kūnas, unlike Mö lin, did
no equi e s ic dis inc ion be ween bo owed ph aseologisms and na i e wo ds.
The e minology and s a emen s used by Pe kins p edic he udimen s o lexicology and
lead o he conclusion ha he philological discussion induced he de elopmen o
linguis ic hough a a a he ea ly s age in his a ea o linguis ic science.
Deli e ed on 3 Ap il 2014
ONA ALEKNAVIČIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This is a lis o he municipali ies o he
Czech Republic by popula ion.