230 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Scien i ic esea ch a eas: lexicology and lexicog aphy.
ANTRIN'S NETIESIOGIN'S This is a lis o people who ha e been diagnosed wi h ANTRIN'S NETIESIOGIN.
VALGYMO o he nomina ions
Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc .
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Seman ic Peculia i ies o Occu ence o Ea ing
Ve bs o Seconda y Indi ec Nomina ion
ANOTATION The subjec o his a icle is he seconda y indi ec nomina ion o he
Li huanian language, selec ed om he ocabula y o he Li huanian language being
p epa ed by he Associa ion. The aim o he s udy is o de e mine which ea u es o eal
phenomena, hings o ac ions a e ansla ed in o seman ics in he language by p esen ing a
požymiais, lemiančiais an inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių a si-
adimą, bei palygin i juos su a i inkamais gė mo eiksmažodžiais. S aipsnio pabaigoje
p elimina y ne wo k o synonyms o seconda y indi ec nomina ion o e bs.
ESMINIAI WORDS: a synonym, a concep , a seconda y indi ec nomina ion, a
me apho ical ans e o meaning, a seman ic sign, a ne wo k o synonyms.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The objec o his a icle is ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion o s anda d
Li huanian language aken om S anda d Li huanian Language Dic iona y which is cu en ly
in he p ocess o compila ion. This esea ch seeks o es ima e which ea u es o he ac ual
phenomena, hings o ac ions become seman ic ea u es in he language and synonym
de e mine he ise o he new ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion as well as o
compa e hem wi h he co esponding d inking e bs. The a icle ends wi h a p elimina y
ne wo k o seconda y indi ec nomina i e e bs. KEYWORDS: synonym, concep , seconda y
indi ec nomina ion, me apho ical ans e o meaning, seman ic ea u e, synonyms
ne wo k.
A icles o he T ea y
An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių
seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai
This publica ion is a con inua ion o he au ho 's esea ch cycle on he
koncep ui p iklausančių eiksmažodžių eikšmių seman inių požymių analizei.
Neabejojama, kad okio pobūdžio y imai galė ų ap i a spi ies ašku naujo i-
VALGYMO and GėRIMO synonym dic iona y, he Li huanian language hesau us,
and o he seman ic on ologies ha do no ye exis in Li huania.
In he au ho 's p e ious a icle (see Gaidienė o mo e de ails in 2015), he
seman ic mo i es o he eme gence o synonyms o he e b o d ink we e
discussed. I was es ablished ha he seconda y indi ec nomina i e e bs,
which played he mos impo an ole in he o ma ion o me apho ical polysemic
ela ionships, make up a la ge pa o he e bs o he d ink. Me apho ically
dažniausiai ak ualizuojami seman iniai požymiai y a susiję su iziniu eiksmu
e e ing o he ac o d inking, e.g. h owing away a bo le o liquo , and
d inking a glass o liquo , e.g. splashing a bo le o liquo , e.g. d inking a bo le o
liquo , e.g. d inking a bo le o liquo , e.g. d inking a bo le o liquo , e.g. d inking a bo le o liquo .
The concep chosen o his objec is VALGYTI, o which he common Li huanian
language has a numbe o e bs: o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o
squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o
squeeze. Due o he abundance o e bs in he a icle, i was decided o limi he
analysis o seconda y indi ec nomina ions (ANN) o e bs selec ed om he
Li huanian-language dic iona y (BŽE) p epa ed by he Associa ion. The choice o
such a sou ce was de e mined by he desi e o s udy he ANN ea ing e bs used in
he gene al Li huanian language. The a icle discusses all he ea ing beha io s ound in ANN2.
The aim o he s udy is o de e mine which ea u es o eal phenomena, objec s o ac ions a e
ansla ed in o seman ic ea u es in common pa lance ha de e mine he occu ence o ea ing
e bs, compa ed wi h he co esponding d inking e bs. Wo k asks: o examine he seman ic
s uc u es o he ac ion wo ds o he ANN; The i s is ha he esul o he p imi i e
nomina i e is an in e ed e b, a ising om he ag eemen o speake s (Jakai ienė 1988: 24), e.g.
gu k i, d ink, ead (p onounced godzi, quickly) (BŽE); he esul o a seconda y di ec nomina ion […]
a wo d whose p onuncia ion and meaning a e based on ano he , simple -s uc u ed e b (c . he
same, p. 24), e.g. kąsno i ʻpamažu algy iʼ (BŽe); The esul o he seconda y indi ec nomina ion […]
seman ic o ma ion […] is he newly o med meaning o he wo d (see he same, p. 24), e.g. d ož i 1.
[…] o cu , sha pen, compa e, sha pen wi h a kni e o o he sha p ool[…] → 6. Ea and d ink well.
Some ea ing e bs, eco ded in ea lie dic iona ies (LKŽe, DŽe), a e no eco ded in BŽe, e.g. bi e 10.
o ea good ood (LKŽe); 6. o ea , o ea , o chew (DŽe); Shu up 2. do no cu , do no chew o chew,
do no chew, do no chew (LKŽe); 2. (a) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? (b) Wha is he
meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? (c) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? (d) Wha is he
meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? (e) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? ( ) Wha is he
i k ., odėl šiame s aipsnyje nenag inė i.
meaning o he wo d "disco e y"?
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
232 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII The in e ela ionship o he meanings o he
e bs unde conside a ion and he esul ing duos a s on which he analysis o he
menis palygin i su ANN gė mo eiksmažodžiais; emian is iš i a medžiaga
suku i p elimina ų ANN algymo eiksmažodžių sinonimų inklą. Teo inės
selec ed e bs is based a e discussed in he au ho 's a icle al eady men ioned, so
i does no seem app op ia e o epea hem he e. The e b o ea is he mos
widely used wo d o ea ing. Fi een housand examples o i s usage a e eco ded in
he cu en Li huanian language ex 4.
In Li huanian dic iona ies, he e b is de ined as d ejopai. The main meaning
o he e b o ea is de ined by enough
abs akčiai:
(1) LKŽe ʻ a o i mais ą, mai in is, so in isʼ, p z.: Miegmi algau, ge iu iki so i
The SD445. A leas wash up be o e you ea , J.Jabl. They we e ea en he e by
Jn. I'm ea ing an R130, an MJ171 while I'm walking. We Li huanians ea K. Donel
when we hea he ba shes and he ba becue wi h he salmon ga dens. […]; (2)
Consump ion o ood, ea ing, e.g. Ea b ead, soup, cheese, and ui . Ha e
some dinne . I wan o ea while I'm gua ding mysel . […]. Two meanings o he
e b o ea a e dis inguished: (3) Take i in you mou h, chew i and ea i , o
example. I ha e a oo hache, I can' ea . Please y and ea . Don' alk while
ea ing. Don' ea while you' e asleep. He si s a he able and ea s an apple.
Men ea mea , e en hei ea s a e inging. When you' e hung y, you'll ea d y
b ead. […]. 2. Consume ood; And I wan ed o ea . He doesn' wan any hing: no
o ea , no o go anywhe e. People ea oo much when hey' e o e weigh .
People used o ea wo se. I was like a b anch: nei he a e, no slep . When I
a e, when I didn' ea . In ou cul u al a ea, i is ea en wi h a spoon, a kni e and
a o k. […].
By de ining he meaning o he i s e b o ea , a en ion is d awn o he physical and physiological
cha ac e is ics o he ac o ea ing, i.e. ood in ake, diges ion, diges ion and bu ning, while he
second e b emphasizes he p ocess o eeding and sa ia ion i sel as an abs ac , i al
phenomenon. Such a p esen a ion o meanings allows o dis inguish wo concep s o ea ing pu ely
physiological and abs ac (such as he p ocess o ea ing, sa ie y). 4 Examples in cu en Li huanian
language ex s a e sough acco ding o he oo , choosing pe sonal and non-pe sonal e bs o ea ,
ea , ea . The abb e ia ion LKŽe is le in a icle 5.
A icles by A icles 233
An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių
seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai
3. Laikomasi nuomonės, kad a pažin i požymius, ak ualizuojamus koncep-
The elemen s ha make up he con en o he concep unde conside a ion and he
scena io o he co esponding physiological ac ion ha ha e been iden i ied on he
basis o he analysis o examples can help. In cogni i e linguis ics, he concep s
(idealized) cogni i e model (Lako 2004: 99[…]110), eemasons o seman ic
in e p e a ion amewo k (Fillmo e 1982), scena ios (Lako 2004: 371[…]372; 514[…]537)
and sc ip s (Schank, Abelson 1977: 42; Unge e , Schmid 1996: 211[…]217) can be said o
mean oughly he same hing as a e bal exp ession ha con eys in o ma ion abou
any complex si ua ion o e en . Ea ing (as well as d inking) as a physiological p ocess
consis s o successi e phases: ood […]MIMAS (no phase) […] A SIKANDIMAS (o in o
SIURBIMAS, i i is a liquid consis ency) […] KRAM- SO UMO o JAUSMAS. Since he
concep o eemasons emphasizes he s a ic and he sc ip and he sc ip […] he
YMAS (jei iziologinis p ocesas gė mas, šios azės nė a) – RIjIMAS – VIRškINIMAS
dynamic na u e o a pa icula cogni i e model, we ha e chosen o use he concep
o he sc ip in his a icle ( he concep o he sc ip is mo e applicable o he
desc ip ion o p o o ypical socio-cul u al e en s, o example he [VALGYMO
RESTORANE] sc ip ). As Geo ge Lako a gues, he scena io consis s o se e al
on ological elemen s: he ini ial s a e, he sequence o e en s, and he inal s a e,
i.e. he scena io is s uc u ed acco ding o he scheme: he o igin […] he end […] he
goal (Lako 2004: 371). In gene al, he concep o a sc ip was i s applied o
desc ibe emo ions. G. Lako (1987) and Zol án Kö esces (1988, 1990) summa ize he
PYkČIO (ang y) 7 and BAIMėS ( ea ) scena ios in able 1 as consis ing o sepa a e,
sequen ially a anged scenes ( om he cause o he inal ac ion). One LENTEL.
Scena io 8 - Ange and Fea (based on G. Lako and Z. Kö esces)
PYKTIS BAIMĖ
Scene 1: The shoo e
may cause he o ending
insul s he ic im. A
ac o cause he ic im
dissa is ac ion wi h.
dange ous si ua ion ha
dea h, physical o men al pain.
The ic im is awa e o he impending dange .
Scene 2: The
Emo ion The ic im
De il is
eels ange igge ed
igge ed
Exis ing. Fea exis s.
The ic im eels ea
physiological changes. physiological changes.
6 Examples we e collec ed om he cu en Li huanian language ex book (DLKT), he join
Li huanian language dic iona y (BŽe) and he Li huanian language dic iona y (LKŽe). G. Lako calls
hese ypes o scena ios p o o ype scena ios (Lako 2004: 514). 8 The in o ma ion is aken and
ansla ed by he au ho o he a icle om F. Unge e , H. Schmid's book An in oduc ion o
cogni i e linguis ics (1996: 141).
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
234 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIII
PYKTIS BAIMĖ
3 scena:
y o no
o be con olled
Auka s engiasi kon oliuo i pyk į. Auka s engiasi ne ody i baimės i /
un.
Scene 4: The in ensi y o
exceeds a ce ain limi
The loss o Pyk is begins
ange exceeds he
o con ol. a ce ain
o con ol he ic im. The
in ensi y o ea
h eshold.
ic im can no longe con ol his ea .
Scene 5: Punishmen :
in lic ed on he
ac ion
Sudden wi hd awal:
o ende . He's unning
The inal blow is
om dange .
The main p inciple o he scena ios p esen ed is o desc ibe he ca ego y o
emo ions in a consis en way, i.e. om he beginning o he emo ion (1 scene:
eason) o he end (5 scene: inal ac ion). The 3 d (a emp o con ol) and 4 h (loss
o con ol) scenes in he scena io a e closes o he cen al […] 2nd (emo ion)
scenes, so esea ch shows ha he 3 d and 4 h scenes a e […]da iausios[…] in
e ms o concep ual me apho s (Unge e , Schmid 1996: 141). As F. Unge e and H.
Schmid a gue, i we look a he PYKCI me apho s, we would see ha hei sequence
nea ly e lec s he de elopmen o he 2nd and 3 d scenes and he 4 h scene
p esen ed in he sc ip , i.e. When a liquid is hea ed in a con aine , he liquid ises,
he p essu e inc eases, a apo occu s (all hese me apho s belong o s age 2),
hen he apo becomes uncon ollable (s age 3), and i he apo does no escape, he con aine explodes (s age 4).
1996: 141).
In his a icle, we p esen a scena io o he concep o VALGYT (see able 2),
consis ing o se e al elemen s: non-essen ial physical ac ion p eceding he
necessa y physiological ac ion, i.e. he mo emen o he hand (s) wi h he means
o ea ing wi hou a ool, and essen ial physiological ac ions, i.e. he consis ency o
omi ing, dia hea and dia hea (i he objec o ea ing is s i ) o sucking and
dia hea (i he objec o ea ing is sa u a ed). I has been ound ha a ious
elemen s o he concep o he VALGYT scena io a e somehow upda ed in he
meanings o he e bs belonging o his concep , o example, he e b " o mo e"
(physical ac ion) is cap u ed in he meaning o he e b " o connec ". K am ymas
(physiological ac ion) he ac ions o he ashcans, ashcans and e c. in he
meanings.

S aipsniai / A icles 235
An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių
seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai
Two slowly. Concep VALGYTIS scena io
FIZINIS Unnecessa y physical In ou
and a o k (BŽe). He's ali e and well be o e
cul u al a ea, i is ea en wi h a spoon, a
he's on he on po ch now si ing on his
ac ion. (DLKT) is used. We a e as i in
o no pa icipa ing wi h ou hands wi h a
VELIKSMAS ac ion, walking wi h a kni e
inge ea ing a bowl o physiological
an iqui y […] wi h ou hands, pa icipa ing
ool wi hou a ool.
nebu o nei lėkščių, nei į ankių (DLKT).
A liekan eiksmą
Physiological and
VEIkSMAS
essen ial physiological
eiksmas:
a) a sikandimas Juolab kad daugelis aikų ledus mėgs a algy i
la ge quan i ies o [...] (DLKT).
In addi ion o he mea , he e was
which was unusual: a soup wi hou
also a chewing and ea ing dish,
a and mea , bu wi h
ege ables, which seemed o chew he mea (DLKT).
c) sipping and ea ing The old man ea s soup om Remb and 's bowl
(DLKT) is used.
(d) Diges ionS enki ės o ea
ull so ha i a els as e
easily diges ible ood, eeling
om he s omach o o he
diges i e o gans (DLKT).
A liekan minė us
eiksmus daly auja
he mou h, he ee h,
he ongue, he h oa , he h oa and he belly.
VESMO The man who
ea . The animal is LKZ.
ea s he ish is a bee.
One and a hal ea s
The bee les ea , no
he pieces,
ku ie puola nuog ponų s alo VlnE46 (LKŽe).
Gaidys šaukia iš as, pa s ne algo LKT355
(Nmč) (LKŽe) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
VEIkSMO
OBjEk AS
Konsis encija: i š as /
skys as / kie as mais as.
A sisakysiu kep ų bul ių i deš os, o algysiu
bul ių košę su liesa a ške bei s ogūnais (DLKT).
Chickpeas can be ea en bo h cold and ho
(DLKT). They' e ea ing soup, e en hei ea s
a e inging. Mom's gonna ell me he news om
own, and I'm gonna ea Daddy's candy.
My a he a e one mea (DLKT).
9 The examples illus a e ha he ac o ea ing can be pe o med no only by humans bu also
by animals. Howe e , his a icle deals only wi h he physiological ac ion o ea ing pe o med by humans.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
236 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXIII
The p ope ies o he VESMO e minology: O
Dishwashed dishes (DLKT). They d ink, ea only
cou se, you need o ea as much esh
mea cooked on he g ill, lis en o music [...]
OBjEk as as possible. I like o ea wa m ood.
(DLKT) is used.
A he end o he a icle, a p elimina y lis o 10 synonyms o e bs is
p o ided. The synonym ne wo k was isualized by he p og am Gephy (see
mo e a h ps: gephi.gi hub.io/).
1. A me apho ical change o meaning
Me apho ical meanings ela ed o ea ing can be associa ed wi h p ima y o
seconda y meanings ha a e mo i a ing. The ollowing me apho ical models
can be iden i ied o he ans e o meanings11: 1.1. Looks like a mo i a ing
ac ion in a meaning ul way.
1.2. I esembles he sound made du ing he ac ion in a mo i a ing
meaning.
I is simila o he mo i a ing mo ion in he sense o he ac ion being
pe o med.
1.4. he empe a u e emi ed du ing he ac ion is desc ibed in a simila ly
mo i a ing sense.
1.5. Simila o a mo i a ing ac ion pe o med by an animal in a meaning ul
way. These models a e discussed in mo e de ail below.
The me apho ical ela ionship o he concep s assigned o his me apho ical
model is ela ed o he main (mo i a ing objec o subjec ) meanings o he
e bs.
čiomis) eikšmėmis, ku iose už iksuo as eiksmas, da an is am ik ą po eikį
10 Fu he esea ch may cla i y he synonyms o he e b o ea p esen ed in his a icle
inklą.
11 The es ablished models coincide wi h he pa e ns o occu ence o he meanings o he e bs o he ANN d ink.
A icles by A icles 237
An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių
seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai
1.1.1. In his case, he e ec o he ac ion on he s uc u e o he objec is
called des uc i e, because in all he cases unde conside a ion he o m o
he objec is changed, i.e. he objec : (a) compa able o a cu e , a sha pene , a
sha pene , e c. ; (b) a winding wheel; (c) disposed o o cleaned; (d) he dolomi e
is c ushed; (e) p ocessed o p epa ed (a) Compa ed o a slashed slashed slashed
slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed
slashed slashed slashed
i ) ilgomas / minkš inamas. Pagal ai eiksmažodžiai žemiau suski s y i į
pog upius.
The objec is an in ensi e physical ac ion desc ibed by he p o o ypical
meanings o he e bs belonging o his subg oup. The s uc u e o he
objec is changed by a sha p ool when pe o ming he ac ion. The
me apho ical meaning o ea ing and he p o o ypical meaning o he e b o
ea (1) a e linked by he basis o he ans e o he simila i y o he
ene ge ic, pu pose ul ac ion pe o med:
(1) o c ea e 1. To scoop, o dig a hole, o sc a ch, o sc a ch a sho el ou o a ee. I
he ee isn' ha d, i 's easy o sc a ch. → 2. To ea o o walk: o sc ape he ga lic. The
child en a e sc aping he c icke s (BŽe). The e b o emp y (2) o he p o o ypical
meaning o "ea ", "s e ch", " hink", is a de i ed me apho ical meaning o "ea ",
which we could also conside an ene ge ic, pu pose ul ac ion. I is possible ha he
meaning associa ed wi h ea ing is also associa ed wi h he seconda y meaning
eco ded in LKŽ (BŽe his meaning is no eco ded), e.g. ‘pučian aušin i, ėdin iʼ, e.g.
Pou he pu os and pou he biscui s Lp. (2) o emp y 2. The a he has long abandoned
he child. An emp y bel is a bel o a cu e o emp y. → 4. ‘Ea well: When an emp y
child has no ea en o se e al days. Lea e he mea , he e will be no hing le . The
de i a i e meaning o he e b " o ea " (e.g., " o ea a lo ", " o ea a lo ") is mos
likely based on he main meaning o " o ea a lo , o ea a lo " (e.g., " o ea a lo ", " o
ea a lo ", o " o ea a lo , o ea a lo ". Ea ing- ela ed and mo i a ional meanings, as
well as he abo e
nė ų eiksmažodžių, sieja ikslingo eiksmo (a liekamo am ik u į ankiu) pa-
našumo pe kėlimo pama as.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
This subg oup also includes he e bs d ož i (4) and ašy i (5), discussed mo e
ex ensi ely in he p e ious au ho 's a icle (ž . Gaidienė 2015: 207): (4) d ož i 1.
To cu , sha pen, compa e, sha pen wi h a kni e o o he sha p ool: o
sha pen a pencil. The c a sman d i es he boa d. → 6. Ea ing and d inking:
D inking and d inking. Kids a e cu e, e en hei ea s a e c ooked. (5) o ca y
ou 1. To cu , o ca e, o cu , o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o
ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o
ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e. The c a sman ook ou he
s ones. → 3. "Do you wan o ea o d ink?" "I o en ea and d ink". The kids
a e ha ing a blas . I 's like Bal us Va skę ( lk.)
(F ench)
b) Vyniojamas / sukamas objek as
The p o o ypical and me apho ical meanings a e linked by he ac o u ning he
objec o he wine, whe e he me apho ically used objec is ood, and he means
by which ha ood is u ned is he ongue.
(1) ead 1. To spin, o u n in o a eel: o ide a di ack. O he , o ci cula
c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel I 's all mixed up, i 's all in he i e. → 13. The amily
ea s he goa s: The whole amily ea s he kep chicken (BZ).
(2) o ank 1. ‘Swinging, inging: s ylis s cle e ly colo ed he hai o models wi h
caspian me e s. We' e going o pu all he opes oge he , don' bo he . → 4. ‘Ea
you b ead: No hing wo ks, only b ead is se ed (BŽe). (3) o pollu e 1. The wind
pollu es my hai . Feel he di on he s awbe ies. Don' mess wi h my bea d! →
2. The ac o emo ing he objec om he Veiksmažodžių sluo i (1) and š eis i
gy iʼ: Išalkęs jis dažnai a šo lašinius. Radau jį a šan į kopūs us (BŽe).
(2) wi h mo i a ing meanings is desc ibed as ene ge ic, pe o med epea edly
and wi h a ce ain ool (sluo a, sho el, e c.) du ing which he objec is emo ed. I
belie e ha mo i a ing and mo i a ed meanings a e he basis o ans e ing
he simila i y o an ene ge ic, pu pose ul ac ion. (1) washing 2. ‘Washing he
laund y, cleaning he laund y, doing he laund y: G andma cleans he laund y
se e al imes a day. I 's no he ime o clean he ough when he e a e gues s
ou side he ga e. 4. Ea , ea , ea : He who has ea en om wo k washes
e e y hing. I 's like you ha en' ea en in h ee days.
(2) o weld 1. While ying o clean, o polish: o sha pen kni es. Yes e day wi h a
čiu š eičiau g indis. → 5. ʻgodžiai algy iʼ: Š eičia kaip iš badų (BŽe).
A icles and a icles 245
An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių
seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai
sho el: Today he men a e sho eling he sho el. ), submi ed by BŽe. In his case,
he basis o he ans e o meaning could be he addi ion o some hing liquid
(like honey, honey, honey), he addi ion o a cube wi h a p e ix (like a spoon) o he
mo emen , he addi ion o associa i es di ec ed o onesel .
The e b " o knead" has a de i a i e meaning (‘ o knead a li le, o ea a li le'): o
knead a cake. The owne ook ools and s a ed o slaugh e he ish wi h hem.
The mea balls can be combined wi h he p o o ype (mo i a ing) meaning 'once,
o en kneeb i, kneib i', o example. My mo he kni ed he dough o e he
dumplings. Women (wi h) kni es cu om he g ass o he h eshing loo (BŽe). In
such a case, we could also conside associa i e judgmen di ec ed o onesel as
he basis o he ans e o meaning.
5 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? A compa ison o he concep s VALGYTI
and GERTI Concep VALGYTI Concep GERTI Judesys Examples
Judesys Examples aimed a hemsel es o cable aimed a
hemsel es o pull o cu
- Tu ned away om himsel .
- di ec ed a
onesel ) o die
onesel ( o
om onesel o die
This me apho ical model o he concep o GERT is mo e di e se han he
concep o VALGYT. The e bs belonging o he concep o GERTI wi h
p o o ypical meanings deno e judesius, di ec ed no only o onesel ( auma ic,
pulling), bu also om onesel ( auma ic, h owing), on onesel ( auma ic,
mau i, mauk i) and so on. P o o ypical meanings o e bs belonging o he
concep o VALGYTI a e indica ed by he mo emen s di ec ed a onesel (like,
like, like).
This me apho ical model includes he e b (1) o shu up (see below).
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
(1) he ollowing: o boil, o boil slowly (in a po wi h li le liquid o s eam) o boil
whea . → 9. Goods o ea o d ink, o example. We' e inishing he candy […] he
box is almos emp y (BZ).

ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
246 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
1.5. Panašu į mo y uojančia eikšme nusakomą
ac ion aken by he animal
The me apho ical e b ės i (1) means ‘ o ea o no o ea , o example. He a e
e e y hing in a ow. da as a hung y wol (BŽe), came ou o he p o o ypical
meaning o ‘ a o i ėdalą, eed (on animals, excep bi ds), o example. The ho ses
ea he oa s. The animals ea , he bi ds lea , people ea . The e m "cheap" e e s
(BŽe). Kaip bu o ašy a anks esniame au o ės s aipsnyje (ž . Gaidienė 2015: 211),
gy ūnai i jų a liekami eiksmai lie u ių kalboje pap as ai e inami neigiamai,
o he p ice o mea , and "cheap" e e s o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s
o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s
o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s
o he p ice o ood. The use o he e b ės i in he sense o ea ing (speaking o
ši eikšmė pap as ai pa eikiama a ski ai (su pažyma a m. (= a minis):
(1) LKŽe (dial.) ʻ algy iʼ: Ans daug ėda K . Mum ės no is Z . P ašom ės i, s e-
people) is common (i does no ha e a diminu i e shade), so in dic iona ies he e bs Z . […].
(2) The Czech Republic. To ea .
(3) The e m BŽ. "Ea ood": Ea only wha you wan o he win e . This
me apho ical model is also a ibu ed o he e b liuob i (2)
(See also Gaidienė 2015: 211)
(2) o dissol e 1. ‘Gi e i o me: The po a oes a e alling in o he po a oes. I 's
ime o he cows o s op eeding. The animals ha en' ha ched ye . → 4. Ea
well, d ink well: Liu lo es salmon e en when he laughs (BŽe).
2. Changing he meaning o he me onym
Me oniminis eikšmių pe kėlimo būdas nė a dažnas, ap ik i keli okio pe -
kėlimo a ejai. Nag inėjamus koncep o VALGY I eiksmažodžius galima ski i:
1) he esul ins ead o he ac ion, 2) he pa ins ead o he whole, and 3) he
eason ins ead o he esul o he me onymic species.
2.1 Resul ins ead o ac ion
The esul ins ead o he e b me onymy species, whose mos s iking seman ic
požymis y a pilnumo pojū is, p iski iami eiksmažodžiai pamp i (1), pus i (2)
i sp og i (3).
A icles and a icles 247
An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių
seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai
(1) he pamp i 1. ‘Pulling, ea ing, h owing, le ing go: Ka e go ang y wi h he
ace and s a ed o igh . A e si ing down, you need o s aigh en he
cushion. → 2. Good, d ink a lo , ea a lo , ea a lo .
(2) elease 1. To inc ease he olume, he scope (p onounced ko kenksminga
zaedus, za algius) o he cows om he poin o deli e y. I 's been a long ime
since I' e ea en. → 2. Ea ing o d inking: He's jus was ing his ime, and he
doesn' ha e a job. (3) o explode 6. Good mo ning, ea , d ink: I 's enough o you o blow honey, lea e i o me
(BŽe).
The plg. LK and 4. "I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o
lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames". F om
hose mice, he na u e o he cal 's belly explodes, and i ea s hei Rd. I can' ake i anymo e, my mou h is hal bu s ing!
The LMD(Sln).
2.2 Pa ins ead o whole
The e bs bi e (1) and ea (2) belong o he me onymic species o he pa ins ead
o he whole, since he mo i a ing meanings o hese e bs (e.g. bi e 'a gnyb i
dan imis (kąsnį) ' and bi e 's um i ykle mais ą į sk andį' ) a e he essen ial
s ages o he ea ing ac ion […] ea ing and ea ing ood, and he me onymic
meanings o bi e 'ea , ea ' and bi e 'ea ' a e aken o deno e he p ocess o
ea ing. (1) cough 3. ‘A gnyb i dan imis (kąsnį): Kandu obuolio. This is he i s ime
I' e seen his. Ea b ead i s , hen mea . → 4. ‘To ea , o d ink: Men ea silk wi h
b ead, d ink bee . Can I ha e a pla e, please? Si down a he able, ha e a d ink.
B eak as is se ed in his es au an (BŽe).
(2) in he mo ning 1. ‘Pu ing ood in he s omach: I don ha e ee h, so I don ea
e e y hing like a ea . I 's wha you ea ha makes you a . → 3. Ea and d ink
well: Wha a e you doing s anding up, si down?! He ea s like a ho se, wo ks like a
oos e . He ea s mea wi hou b ead. Child en ea and ea swee s (BŽe).
2.3 Cause ins ead o e ec
The p o o ypical (mo i a ing) meaning o he e b kimš i (1) is ela ed o he
inse ion o a ce ain objec in o he in e io o ano he objec , e.g. ʻkiš i ( o
he Indian, e mu)ʼ: Papie ius kemšu o he chai s. Kim will obey he
whis leblowe . The men ook he kimchi o he ba n. The s aw was pu in o he
chimney. E e y hing is in he pocke (BŽe). The meaning o he e b is also ela ed
o an objec ( ood) being placed inside ano he objec , only he me onymically used objec is he middle o he human being, plg. dauggy i, godžiai al, ės iʼ:
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
248 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII (Linguis ic Ac o Li huania) is he i s o i s kind in he wo ld.
The kid's go a ham and a ham pie. The b ead is s ill in he o en. Kimcho ook
kimšome, kiek no ėjome (BŽe).
e e y hing o he able. F ui s, be ies This me onymic species is also a ibu ed
o he e b sp ing i (2), which means o ea be ies, b eak as is a me onymic
ijimo) pasekmė ima eikš i pa į eiksmą.
(2) sp ing i 1. ʻnegalė i nu y iʼ: Negaliu algy i juodos duonos – sp ings u (juoda
ans e ence o he e b (good b ead). A child sp in s se e al imes while ea ing. →
5. ‘Ea b eak as , ea b eak as : One sp inkles apples, bu does no gi e hem o
o he s (BŽe). The ollowing a icle p o ides a p elimina y lis o synonyms o ANN
ea ing beha io s.
1 PAV. O he P elimina y seconda y indi ec nomina ion ea ing ac ion wo d synonym
ne wo k
A icles and a icles 249
An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių
seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
Analysis o seconda y indi ec nomina i e (ANN) e bs belonging o he concep o
VALGYTI allows he ollowing conclusions o be d awn: 1. The mos p o o ypical ANN
me apho ical models o he meanings o ea ing e bs a e: 1) o imi a e he
mo i a ing meaning o he ac ion and 2) o imi a e he mo i a ing meaning o he
sound made du ing he ac ion. 1) The e ec o an ac ion on an objec is o a ious
kinds, i.e. he objec : (a) o be cu , o be sha pened, o be sha pened, e c. ( o be
cap u ed); (b) a winding ack (w i ing); (c) o be disposed o (cleaned); (d) he
dolomi es a e small (ca pe i); e) p ocessed p epa a ions (do o i) and ( ) o be
so ened o so ened. The s udy e ealed ha he e ec s o he ac ions
a ibu ed o he concep o VALGYTIA on he objec a e mo e a ied han hose
o he concep o GERTIA. This de e mines he na u e o he objec i sel o be
d unk and ea en […] he objec o be d unk is a liquid, and he objec o be ea en […]
is ood (ha d consis ency), i.e. in he mou h i can be squeezed (by means o a
spoon), c ushed (by means o a spoon), e c. 2) The sounds emi ed du ing he
ac ions o he VALGYTI- ela ed e bs a e o a di e en na u e ( acking); In he
case o a ce ain ool (push) and he like. Thus, e bs a ibu ed o he concep o
VALGYTI, e bs ma ked wi h p o o ypical meanings, a e mos o en associa ed
wi h a ious ac ions, he ac ion o ce ain objec s, animals, e c. The mos
common objec is ood (mos o en a ha d consis ency), a d ink […] a liquid. 2. o
es ablish a numbe o cases o me onymic ans e o he meanings o e bs in
he me onymy o ea ing (as well as d inking) ha can be assigned o he ypes o
me onymy o he esul ins ead o he ac ion (pamp i), he pa ins ead o he
whole (kąs i) and he eason ins ead o he esul (kimš i).
ga sais, o eiksmažodžių, p iski iamų koncep ui GER I, – su skysčio e-
kėjimo, liejimosi a ba plakimosi me u keliamu ga su. Tokių me a o inių
eikšmių a si adimą lėmė algomo i ge iamo objek o ūšis: algomas
The s udy ound ha he mos equen ly upda ed seman ic signs associa ed
wi h he ac o ea ing a e ela ed o he objec o ea ing (especially ha d
ood), which can be c ushed wi h ee h, w apped in ongue, e c. Ve y de ailed
me hod o ea ing: hand mo emen s wi h ea ing u ensils wi hou a ool. he
ac i i y o he ongue's ee h and he belly as a ese oi , as he home o he
sense o sa ie y.
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
250 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIII
O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel
The me apho ical ans e o meanings simila o he GV is simila o
he mo i a ing meaning o he ac ion pe o med by he animal
Simila o J […] simila o mo i a ing meaning o mo ion simila o KG […]
simila o mo i a ing meaning o he sound p oduced du ing he ac ion
Simila o T […] simila o he empe a u e emi ed du ing he ac ion in
he meaning o he mo i e
Panašu į V – panašu į mo y uojančia eikšme nusakomą eiksmą
impac on he PO acili y
PR […] cause ins ead o esul (species o me onymy)
PS […] impac on he en i y
RV […] esul ins ead o ac ion (me oniminė species)
LITERATŪRA
BŽe – engiamas Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas. Redak o ių kolegija: D. Liu ke i-
čienė ( y . edak o ė), G. Nak inienė, R. Pe okienė, D. S e ikienė, K. Vosyly ė, J. Za-
ba skai ė. P og amuo ojas V. Sa ke ičius. D. 1: Į adas, B, C, H, J, O. Vilnius: Lie u ių
kalbos ins i u as, 2013. D. 3: Č, E, Ę, Ė, F, Z. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2014.
P ieiga in e ne e: h p://bkz.lki.l ; BŽe ank aš is.
DLKT – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks ynas. Kaunas: VDU. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://
eks ynas. du.l / eks ynas/
DŽe – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas: šeš as ( ečias elek oninis) leidimas, y . ed.
S asys Keinys. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2006; in e ne o e sija, 2011. P iei-
ga in e ne e: h p://dz.lki.l .
Fillmo e Cha les 1982: F ame Seman ics. – Linguis ics in he Mo ning Calm. Seoul.
Gaidienė Anželika 2015: Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo
p iežas ys. – Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 72, 196–220.
Kö esces Zol án 1988: The language o lo e. Lewisbu gh: Associa ed Uni e si y
P ess.
Kö esces Zol án 1990: Emo ion concep s. New Yo k: Sp inge .

S aipsniai / A icles 251
An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių
seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai
Lako – Джордж Лакофф 2004: Женщины, огонь и опасные вещи: что
категории языка говорят нам о мышлении. Пер. с англ. И.Б. Шатуновского.
Москва: Языки славянской культуры.
LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20: elek oninis a ian as. Redak o ių kolegija: Ge -
ūda Nak inienė ( y . edak o ė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as Vi -
kauskas, Jolan a Zaba skai ė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2005 (a naujin a e -
sija, 2008). P ieiga in e ne e: www.lkz.l .
Schank Roge , Abelson Robe 1977: Sc ip s, Plans, Goals, and Unde s anding:
An Inqui y in o Human Knowledge S uc u es. Hillsdale, NJ: Law ence E lbaum.
Unge e F ied ich, Schmid Hans-Jö g 1996: An in oduc ion o cogni i e linguis-
ics. London: Longman.
Seman ic Peculia i ies o Occu ence o Ea ing
Ve bs o Seconda y Indi ec Nomina ion
Summa y
The objec o his a icle is ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion o he Li huanian
language aken om […]S anda Li huanian Language Dic iona y[…] which is cu en ly in he
p ocess o compila ion. This esea ch seeks o es ima e which ea u es o he ac ual
phenomena, hings o ac ions become seman ic ea u es in he language and de e mine he
ise o new ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion, as well as o compa e hem wi h
he co esponding d inking e bs. The a icle ends wi h a p elimina y synonym ne wo k o
ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion.
Deli e ed on 1 Sep embe 2014
ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.