Antrinės netiesioginės nominacijos valgymo veiksmažodžių semantiniai atsiradimo ypatumai

230 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as Scien i ic esea ch a eas: lexicology and lexicog aphy. ANTRIN'S NETIESIOGIN'S This is a lis o people who ha e been diagnosed wi h ANTRIN'S NETIESIOGIN. VALGYMO o he nomina ions Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Seman ic Peculia i ies o Occu ence o Ea ing Ve bs o Seconda y Indi ec Nomina ion ANOTATION The subjec o his a icle is he seconda y indi ec nomina ion o he Li huanian language, selec ed om he ocabula y o he Li huanian language being p epa ed by he Associa ion. The aim o he s udy is o de e mine which ea u es o eal phenomena, hings o ac ions a e ansla ed in o seman ics in he language by p esen ing a požymiais, lemiančiais an inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių a si- adimą, bei palygin i juos su a i inkamais gė mo eiksmažodžiais. S aipsnio pabaigoje p elimina y ne wo k o synonyms o seconda y indi ec nomina ion o e bs. ESMINIAI WORDS: a synonym, a concep , a seconda y indi ec nomina ion, a me apho ical ans e o meaning, a seman ic sign, a ne wo k o synonyms. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The objec o his a icle is ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion o s anda d Li huanian language aken om S anda d Li huanian Language Dic iona y which is cu en ly in he p ocess o compila ion. This esea ch seeks o es ima e which ea u es o he ac ual phenomena, hings o ac ions become seman ic ea u es in he language and synonym de e mine he ise o he new ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion as well as o compa e hem wi h he co esponding d inking e bs. The a icle ends wi h a p elimina y ne wo k o seconda y indi ec nomina i e e bs. KEYWORDS: synonym, concep , seconda y indi ec nomina ion, me apho ical ans e o meaning, seman ic ea u e, synonyms ne wo k. A icles o he T ea y An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai This publica ion is a con inua ion o he au ho 's esea ch cycle on he koncep ui p iklausančių eiksmažodžių eikšmių seman inių požymių analizei. Neabejojama, kad okio pobūdžio y imai galė ų ap i a spi ies ašku naujo i- VALGYMO and GėRIMO synonym dic iona y, he Li huanian language hesau us, and o he seman ic on ologies ha do no ye exis in Li huania. In he au ho 's p e ious a icle (see Gaidienė o mo e de ails in 2015), he seman ic mo i es o he eme gence o synonyms o he e b o d ink we e discussed. I was es ablished ha he seconda y indi ec nomina i e e bs, which played he mos impo an ole in he o ma ion o me apho ical polysemic ela ionships, make up a la ge pa o he e bs o he d ink. Me apho ically dažniausiai ak ualizuojami seman iniai požymiai y a susiję su iziniu eiksmu e e ing o he ac o d inking, e.g. h owing away a bo le o liquo , and d inking a glass o liquo , e.g. splashing a bo le o liquo , e.g. d inking a bo le o liquo , e.g. d inking a bo le o liquo , e.g. d inking a bo le o liquo , e.g. d inking a bo le o liquo . The concep chosen o his objec is VALGYTI, o which he common Li huanian language has a numbe o e bs: o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze, o squeeze. Due o he abundance o e bs in he a icle, i was decided o limi he analysis o seconda y indi ec nomina ions (ANN) o e bs selec ed om he Li huanian-language dic iona y (BŽE) p epa ed by he Associa ion. The choice o such a sou ce was de e mined by he desi e o s udy he ANN ea ing e bs used in he gene al Li huanian language. The a icle discusses all he ea ing beha io s ound in ANN2. The aim o he s udy is o de e mine which ea u es o eal phenomena, objec s o ac ions a e ansla ed in o seman ic ea u es in common pa lance ha de e mine he occu ence o ea ing e bs, compa ed wi h he co esponding d inking e bs. Wo k asks: o examine he seman ic s uc u es o he ac ion wo ds o he ANN; The i s is ha he esul o he p imi i e nomina i e is an in e ed e b, a ising om he ag eemen o speake s (Jakai ienė 1988: 24), e.g. gu k i, d ink, ead (p onounced godzi, quickly) (BŽE); he esul o a seconda y di ec nomina ion […] a wo d whose p onuncia ion and meaning a e based on ano he , simple -s uc u ed e b (c . he same, p. 24), e.g. kąsno i ʻpamažu algy iʼ (BŽe); The esul o he seconda y indi ec nomina ion […] seman ic o ma ion […] is he newly o med meaning o he wo d (see he same, p. 24), e.g. d ož i 1. […] o cu , sha pen, compa e, sha pen wi h a kni e o o he sha p ool[…] → 6. Ea and d ink well. Some ea ing e bs, eco ded in ea lie dic iona ies (LKŽe, DŽe), a e no eco ded in BŽe, e.g. bi e 10. o ea good ood (LKŽe); 6. o ea , o ea , o chew (DŽe); Shu up 2. do no cu , do no chew o chew, do no chew, do no chew (LKŽe); 2. (a) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? (b) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? (c) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? (d) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? (e) Wha is he meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? ( ) Wha is he i k ., odėl šiame s aipsnyje nenag inė i. meaning o he wo d "disco e y"? ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 232 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII The in e ela ionship o he meanings o he e bs unde conside a ion and he esul ing duos a s on which he analysis o he menis palygin i su ANN gė mo eiksmažodžiais; emian is iš i a medžiaga suku i p elimina ų ANN algymo eiksmažodžių sinonimų inklą. Teo inės selec ed e bs is based a e discussed in he au ho 's a icle al eady men ioned, so i does no seem app op ia e o epea hem he e. The e b o ea is he mos widely used wo d o ea ing. Fi een housand examples o i s usage a e eco ded in he cu en Li huanian language ex 4. In Li huanian dic iona ies, he e b is de ined as d ejopai. The main meaning o he e b o ea is de ined by enough abs akčiai: (1) LKŽe ʻ a o i mais ą, mai in is, so in isʼ, p z.: Miegmi algau, ge iu iki so i The SD445. A leas wash up be o e you ea , J.Jabl. They we e ea en he e by Jn. I'm ea ing an R130, an MJ171 while I'm walking. We Li huanians ea K. Donel when we hea he ba shes and he ba becue wi h he salmon ga dens. […]; (2) Consump ion o ood, ea ing, e.g. Ea b ead, soup, cheese, and ui . Ha e some dinne . I wan o ea while I'm gua ding mysel . […]. Two meanings o he e b o ea a e dis inguished: (3) Take i in you mou h, chew i and ea i , o example. I ha e a oo hache, I can' ea . Please y and ea . Don' alk while ea ing. Don' ea while you' e asleep. He si s a he able and ea s an apple. Men ea mea , e en hei ea s a e inging. When you' e hung y, you'll ea d y b ead. […]. 2. Consume ood; And I wan ed o ea . He doesn' wan any hing: no o ea , no o go anywhe e. People ea oo much when hey' e o e weigh . People used o ea wo se. I was like a b anch: nei he a e, no slep . When I a e, when I didn' ea . In ou cul u al a ea, i is ea en wi h a spoon, a kni e and a o k. […]. By de ining he meaning o he i s e b o ea , a en ion is d awn o he physical and physiological cha ac e is ics o he ac o ea ing, i.e. ood in ake, diges ion, diges ion and bu ning, while he second e b emphasizes he p ocess o eeding and sa ia ion i sel as an abs ac , i al phenomenon. Such a p esen a ion o meanings allows o dis inguish wo concep s o ea ing pu ely physiological and abs ac (such as he p ocess o ea ing, sa ie y). 4 Examples in cu en Li huanian language ex s a e sough acco ding o he oo , choosing pe sonal and non-pe sonal e bs o ea , ea , ea . The abb e ia ion LKŽe is le in a icle 5. A icles by A icles 233 An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai 3. Laikomasi nuomonės, kad a pažin i požymius, ak ualizuojamus koncep- The elemen s ha make up he con en o he concep unde conside a ion and he scena io o he co esponding physiological ac ion ha ha e been iden i ied on he basis o he analysis o examples can help. In cogni i e linguis ics, he concep s (idealized) cogni i e model (Lako 2004: 99[…]110), eemasons o seman ic in e p e a ion amewo k (Fillmo e 1982), scena ios (Lako 2004: 371[…]372; 514[…]537) and sc ip s (Schank, Abelson 1977: 42; Unge e , Schmid 1996: 211[…]217) can be said o mean oughly he same hing as a e bal exp ession ha con eys in o ma ion abou any complex si ua ion o e en . Ea ing (as well as d inking) as a physiological p ocess consis s o successi e phases: ood […]MIMAS (no phase) […] A SIKANDIMAS (o in o SIURBIMAS, i i is a liquid consis ency) […] KRAM- SO UMO o JAUSMAS. Since he concep o eemasons emphasizes he s a ic and he sc ip and he sc ip […] he YMAS (jei iziologinis p ocesas gė mas, šios azės nė a) – RIjIMAS – VIRškINIMAS dynamic na u e o a pa icula cogni i e model, we ha e chosen o use he concep o he sc ip in his a icle ( he concep o he sc ip is mo e applicable o he desc ip ion o p o o ypical socio-cul u al e en s, o example he [VALGYMO RESTORANE] sc ip ). As Geo ge Lako a gues, he scena io consis s o se e al on ological elemen s: he ini ial s a e, he sequence o e en s, and he inal s a e, i.e. he scena io is s uc u ed acco ding o he scheme: he o igin […] he end […] he goal (Lako 2004: 371). In gene al, he concep o a sc ip was i s applied o desc ibe emo ions. G. Lako (1987) and Zol án Kö esces (1988, 1990) summa ize he PYkČIO (ang y) 7 and BAIMėS ( ea ) scena ios in able 1 as consis ing o sepa a e, sequen ially a anged scenes ( om he cause o he inal ac ion). One LENTEL. Scena io 8 - Ange and Fea (based on G. Lako and Z. Kö esces) PYKTIS BAIMĖ Scene 1: The shoo e may cause he o ending insul s he ic im. A ac o cause he ic im dissa is ac ion wi h. dange ous si ua ion ha dea h, physical o men al pain. The ic im is awa e o he impending dange . Scene 2: The Emo ion The ic im De il is eels ange igge ed igge ed Exis ing. Fea exis s. The ic im eels ea physiological changes. physiological changes. 6 Examples we e collec ed om he cu en Li huanian language ex book (DLKT), he join Li huanian language dic iona y (BŽe) and he Li huanian language dic iona y (LKŽe). G. Lako calls hese ypes o scena ios p o o ype scena ios (Lako 2004: 514). 8 The in o ma ion is aken and ansla ed by he au ho o he a icle om F. Unge e , H. Schmid's book An in oduc ion o cogni i e linguis ics (1996: 141). ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 234 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIII PYKTIS BAIMĖ 3 scena: y o no o be con olled Auka s engiasi kon oliuo i pyk į. Auka s engiasi ne ody i baimės i / un. Scene 4: The in ensi y o exceeds a ce ain limi The loss o Pyk is begins ange exceeds he o con ol. a ce ain o con ol he ic im. The in ensi y o ea h eshold. ic im can no longe con ol his ea . Scene 5: Punishmen : in lic ed on he ac ion Sudden wi hd awal: o ende . He's unning The inal blow is om dange . The main p inciple o he scena ios p esen ed is o desc ibe he ca ego y o emo ions in a consis en way, i.e. om he beginning o he emo ion (1 scene: eason) o he end (5 scene: inal ac ion). The 3 d (a emp o con ol) and 4 h (loss o con ol) scenes in he scena io a e closes o he cen al […] 2nd (emo ion) scenes, so esea ch shows ha he 3 d and 4 h scenes a e […]da iausios[…] in e ms o concep ual me apho s (Unge e , Schmid 1996: 141). As F. Unge e and H. Schmid a gue, i we look a he PYKCI me apho s, we would see ha hei sequence nea ly e lec s he de elopmen o he 2nd and 3 d scenes and he 4 h scene p esen ed in he sc ip , i.e. When a liquid is hea ed in a con aine , he liquid ises, he p essu e inc eases, a apo occu s (all hese me apho s belong o s age 2), hen he apo becomes uncon ollable (s age 3), and i he apo does no escape, he con aine explodes (s age 4). 1996: 141). In his a icle, we p esen a scena io o he concep o VALGYT (see able 2), consis ing o se e al elemen s: non-essen ial physical ac ion p eceding he necessa y physiological ac ion, i.e. he mo emen o he hand (s) wi h he means o ea ing wi hou a ool, and essen ial physiological ac ions, i.e. he consis ency o omi ing, dia hea and dia hea (i he objec o ea ing is s i ) o sucking and dia hea (i he objec o ea ing is sa u a ed). I has been ound ha a ious elemen s o he concep o he VALGYT scena io a e somehow upda ed in he meanings o he e bs belonging o his concep , o example, he e b " o mo e" (physical ac ion) is cap u ed in he meaning o he e b " o connec ". K am ymas (physiological ac ion) he ac ions o he ashcans, ashcans and e c. in he meanings. S aipsniai / A icles 235 An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai Two slowly. Concep VALGYTIS scena io FIZINIS Unnecessa y physical In ou and a o k (BŽe). He's ali e and well be o e cul u al a ea, i is ea en wi h a spoon, a he's on he on po ch now si ing on his ac ion. (DLKT) is used. We a e as i in o no pa icipa ing wi h ou hands wi h a VELIKSMAS ac ion, walking wi h a kni e inge ea ing a bowl o physiological an iqui y […] wi h ou hands, pa icipa ing ool wi hou a ool. nebu o nei lėkščių, nei į ankių (DLKT). A liekan eiksmą Physiological and VEIkSMAS essen ial physiological eiksmas: a) a sikandimas Juolab kad daugelis aikų ledus mėgs a algy i la ge quan i ies o [...] (DLKT). In addi ion o he mea , he e was which was unusual: a soup wi hou also a chewing and ea ing dish, a and mea , bu wi h ege ables, which seemed o chew he mea (DLKT). c) sipping and ea ing The old man ea s soup om Remb and 's bowl (DLKT) is used. (d) Diges ionS enki ės o ea ull so ha i a els as e easily diges ible ood, eeling om he s omach o o he diges i e o gans (DLKT). A liekan minė us eiksmus daly auja he mou h, he ee h, he ongue, he h oa , he h oa and he belly. VESMO The man who ea . The animal is LKZ. ea s he ish is a bee. One and a hal ea s The bee les ea , no he pieces, ku ie puola nuog ponų s alo VlnE46 (LKŽe). Gaidys šaukia iš as, pa s ne algo LKT355 (Nmč) (LKŽe) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. VEIkSMO OBjEk AS Konsis encija: i š as / skys as / kie as mais as. A sisakysiu kep ų bul ių i deš os, o algysiu bul ių košę su liesa a ške bei s ogūnais (DLKT). Chickpeas can be ea en bo h cold and ho (DLKT). They' e ea ing soup, e en hei ea s a e inging. Mom's gonna ell me he news om own, and I'm gonna ea Daddy's candy. My a he a e one mea (DLKT). 9 The examples illus a e ha he ac o ea ing can be pe o med no only by humans bu also by animals. Howe e , his a icle deals only wi h he physiological ac ion o ea ing pe o med by humans. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 236 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXIII The p ope ies o he VESMO e minology: O Dishwashed dishes (DLKT). They d ink, ea only cou se, you need o ea as much esh mea cooked on he g ill, lis en o music [...] OBjEk as as possible. I like o ea wa m ood. (DLKT) is used. A he end o he a icle, a p elimina y lis o 10 synonyms o e bs is p o ided. The synonym ne wo k was isualized by he p og am Gephy (see mo e a h ps: gephi.gi hub.io/). 1. A me apho ical change o meaning Me apho ical meanings ela ed o ea ing can be associa ed wi h p ima y o seconda y meanings ha a e mo i a ing. The ollowing me apho ical models can be iden i ied o he ans e o meanings11: 1.1. Looks like a mo i a ing ac ion in a meaning ul way. 1.2. I esembles he sound made du ing he ac ion in a mo i a ing meaning. I is simila o he mo i a ing mo ion in he sense o he ac ion being pe o med. 1.4. he empe a u e emi ed du ing he ac ion is desc ibed in a simila ly mo i a ing sense. 1.5. Simila o a mo i a ing ac ion pe o med by an animal in a meaning ul way. These models a e discussed in mo e de ail below. The me apho ical ela ionship o he concep s assigned o his me apho ical model is ela ed o he main (mo i a ing objec o subjec ) meanings o he e bs. čiomis) eikšmėmis, ku iose už iksuo as eiksmas, da an is am ik ą po eikį 10 Fu he esea ch may cla i y he synonyms o he e b o ea p esen ed in his a icle inklą. 11 The es ablished models coincide wi h he pa e ns o occu ence o he meanings o he e bs o he ANN d ink. A icles by A icles 237 An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai 1.1.1. In his case, he e ec o he ac ion on he s uc u e o he objec is called des uc i e, because in all he cases unde conside a ion he o m o he objec is changed, i.e. he objec : (a) compa able o a cu e , a sha pene , a sha pene , e c. ; (b) a winding wheel; (c) disposed o o cleaned; (d) he dolomi e is c ushed; (e) p ocessed o p epa ed (a) Compa ed o a slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed slashed i ) ilgomas / minkš inamas. Pagal ai eiksmažodžiai žemiau suski s y i į pog upius. The objec is an in ensi e physical ac ion desc ibed by he p o o ypical meanings o he e bs belonging o his subg oup. The s uc u e o he objec is changed by a sha p ool when pe o ming he ac ion. The me apho ical meaning o ea ing and he p o o ypical meaning o he e b o ea (1) a e linked by he basis o he ans e o he simila i y o he ene ge ic, pu pose ul ac ion pe o med: (1) o c ea e 1. To scoop, o dig a hole, o sc a ch, o sc a ch a sho el ou o a ee. I he ee isn' ha d, i 's easy o sc a ch. → 2. To ea o o walk: o sc ape he ga lic. The child en a e sc aping he c icke s (BŽe). The e b o emp y (2) o he p o o ypical meaning o "ea ", "s e ch", " hink", is a de i ed me apho ical meaning o "ea ", which we could also conside an ene ge ic, pu pose ul ac ion. I is possible ha he meaning associa ed wi h ea ing is also associa ed wi h he seconda y meaning eco ded in LKŽ (BŽe his meaning is no eco ded), e.g. ‘pučian aušin i, ėdin iʼ, e.g. Pou he pu os and pou he biscui s Lp. (2) o emp y 2. The a he has long abandoned he child. An emp y bel is a bel o a cu e o emp y. → 4. ‘Ea well: When an emp y child has no ea en o se e al days. Lea e he mea , he e will be no hing le . The de i a i e meaning o he e b " o ea " (e.g., " o ea a lo ", " o ea a lo ") is mos likely based on he main meaning o " o ea a lo , o ea a lo " (e.g., " o ea a lo ", " o ea a lo ", o " o ea a lo , o ea a lo ". Ea ing- ela ed and mo i a ional meanings, as well as he abo e nė ų eiksmažodžių, sieja ikslingo eiksmo (a liekamo am ik u į ankiu) pa- našumo pe kėlimo pama as. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ This subg oup also includes he e bs d ož i (4) and ašy i (5), discussed mo e ex ensi ely in he p e ious au ho 's a icle (ž . Gaidienė 2015: 207): (4) d ož i 1. To cu , sha pen, compa e, sha pen wi h a kni e o o he sha p ool: o sha pen a pencil. The c a sman d i es he boa d. → 6. Ea ing and d inking: D inking and d inking. Kids a e cu e, e en hei ea s a e c ooked. (5) o ca y ou 1. To cu , o ca e, o cu , o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e, o ca e. The c a sman ook ou he s ones. → 3. "Do you wan o ea o d ink?" "I o en ea and d ink". The kids a e ha ing a blas . I 's like Bal us Va skę ( lk.) (F ench) b) Vyniojamas / sukamas objek as The p o o ypical and me apho ical meanings a e linked by he ac o u ning he objec o he wine, whe e he me apho ically used objec is ood, and he means by which ha ood is u ned is he ongue. (1) ead 1. To spin, o u n in o a eel: o ide a di ack. O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel I 's all mixed up, i 's all in he i e. → 13. The amily ea s he goa s: The whole amily ea s he kep chicken (BZ). (2) o ank 1. ‘Swinging, inging: s ylis s cle e ly colo ed he hai o models wi h caspian me e s. We' e going o pu all he opes oge he , don' bo he . → 4. ‘Ea you b ead: No hing wo ks, only b ead is se ed (BŽe). (3) o pollu e 1. The wind pollu es my hai . Feel he di on he s awbe ies. Don' mess wi h my bea d! → 2. The ac o emo ing he objec om he Veiksmažodžių sluo i (1) and š eis i gy iʼ: Išalkęs jis dažnai a šo lašinius. Radau jį a šan į kopūs us (BŽe). (2) wi h mo i a ing meanings is desc ibed as ene ge ic, pe o med epea edly and wi h a ce ain ool (sluo a, sho el, e c.) du ing which he objec is emo ed. I belie e ha mo i a ing and mo i a ed meanings a e he basis o ans e ing he simila i y o an ene ge ic, pu pose ul ac ion. (1) washing 2. ‘Washing he laund y, cleaning he laund y, doing he laund y: G andma cleans he laund y se e al imes a day. I 's no he ime o clean he ough when he e a e gues s ou side he ga e. 4. Ea , ea , ea : He who has ea en om wo k washes e e y hing. I 's like you ha en' ea en in h ee days. (2) o weld 1. While ying o clean, o polish: o sha pen kni es. Yes e day wi h a čiu š eičiau g indis. → 5. ʻgodžiai algy iʼ: Š eičia kaip iš badų (BŽe). A icles and a icles 245 An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai sho el: Today he men a e sho eling he sho el. ), submi ed by BŽe. In his case, he basis o he ans e o meaning could be he addi ion o some hing liquid (like honey, honey, honey), he addi ion o a cube wi h a p e ix (like a spoon) o he mo emen , he addi ion o associa i es di ec ed o onesel . The e b " o knead" has a de i a i e meaning (‘ o knead a li le, o ea a li le'): o knead a cake. The owne ook ools and s a ed o slaugh e he ish wi h hem. The mea balls can be combined wi h he p o o ype (mo i a ing) meaning 'once, o en kneeb i, kneib i', o example. My mo he kni ed he dough o e he dumplings. Women (wi h) kni es cu om he g ass o he h eshing loo (BŽe). In such a case, we could also conside associa i e judgmen di ec ed o onesel as he basis o he ans e o meaning. 5 LENTEL[…]. Wha is i ? A compa ison o he concep s VALGYTI and GERTI Concep VALGYTI Concep GERTI Judesys Examples Judesys Examples aimed a hemsel es o cable aimed a hemsel es o pull o cu - Tu ned away om himsel . - di ec ed a onesel ) o die onesel ( o om onesel o die This me apho ical model o he concep o GERT is mo e di e se han he concep o VALGYT. The e bs belonging o he concep o GERTI wi h p o o ypical meanings deno e judesius, di ec ed no only o onesel ( auma ic, pulling), bu also om onesel ( auma ic, h owing), on onesel ( auma ic, mau i, mauk i) and so on. P o o ypical meanings o e bs belonging o he concep o VALGYTI a e indica ed by he mo emen s di ec ed a onesel (like, like, like). This me apho ical model includes he e b (1) o shu up (see below). The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. (1) he ollowing: o boil, o boil slowly (in a po wi h li le liquid o s eam) o boil whea . → 9. Goods o ea o d ink, o example. We' e inishing he candy […] he box is almos emp y (BZ). ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 246 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII 1.5. Panašu į mo y uojančia eikšme nusakomą ac ion aken by he animal The me apho ical e b ės i (1) means ‘ o ea o no o ea , o example. He a e e e y hing in a ow. da as a hung y wol (BŽe), came ou o he p o o ypical meaning o ‘ a o i ėdalą, eed (on animals, excep bi ds), o example. The ho ses ea he oa s. The animals ea , he bi ds lea , people ea . The e m "cheap" e e s (BŽe). Kaip bu o ašy a anks esniame au o ės s aipsnyje (ž . Gaidienė 2015: 211), gy ūnai i jų a liekami eiksmai lie u ių kalboje pap as ai e inami neigiamai, o he p ice o mea , and "cheap" e e s o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s o he p ice o ood, and "cheap" e e s o he p ice o ood. The use o he e b ės i in he sense o ea ing (speaking o ši eikšmė pap as ai pa eikiama a ski ai (su pažyma a m. (= a minis): (1) LKŽe (dial.) ʻ algy iʼ: Ans daug ėda K . Mum ės no is Z . P ašom ės i, s e- people) is common (i does no ha e a diminu i e shade), so in dic iona ies he e bs Z . […]. (2) The Czech Republic. To ea . (3) The e m BŽ. "Ea ood": Ea only wha you wan o he win e . This me apho ical model is also a ibu ed o he e b liuob i (2) (See also Gaidienė 2015: 211) (2) o dissol e 1. ‘Gi e i o me: The po a oes a e alling in o he po a oes. I 's ime o he cows o s op eeding. The animals ha en' ha ched ye . → 4. Ea well, d ink well: Liu lo es salmon e en when he laughs (BŽe). 2. Changing he meaning o he me onym Me oniminis eikšmių pe kėlimo būdas nė a dažnas, ap ik i keli okio pe - kėlimo a ejai. Nag inėjamus koncep o VALGY I eiksmažodžius galima ski i: 1) he esul ins ead o he ac ion, 2) he pa ins ead o he whole, and 3) he eason ins ead o he esul o he me onymic species. 2.1 Resul ins ead o ac ion The esul ins ead o he e b me onymy species, whose mos s iking seman ic požymis y a pilnumo pojū is, p iski iami eiksmažodžiai pamp i (1), pus i (2) i sp og i (3). A icles and a icles 247 An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai (1) he pamp i 1. ‘Pulling, ea ing, h owing, le ing go: Ka e go ang y wi h he ace and s a ed o igh . A e si ing down, you need o s aigh en he cushion. → 2. Good, d ink a lo , ea a lo , ea a lo . (2) elease 1. To inc ease he olume, he scope (p onounced ko kenksminga zaedus, za algius) o he cows om he poin o deli e y. I 's been a long ime since I' e ea en. → 2. Ea ing o d inking: He's jus was ing his ime, and he doesn' ha e a job. (3) o explode 6. Good mo ning, ea , d ink: I 's enough o you o blow honey, lea e i o me (BŽe). The plg. LK and 4. "I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames, I'm abou o bu s in o lames". F om hose mice, he na u e o he cal 's belly explodes, and i ea s hei Rd. I can' ake i anymo e, my mou h is hal bu s ing! The LMD(Sln). 2.2 Pa ins ead o whole The e bs bi e (1) and ea (2) belong o he me onymic species o he pa ins ead o he whole, since he mo i a ing meanings o hese e bs (e.g. bi e 'a gnyb i dan imis (kąsnį) ' and bi e 's um i ykle mais ą į sk andį' ) a e he essen ial s ages o he ea ing ac ion […] ea ing and ea ing ood, and he me onymic meanings o bi e 'ea , ea ' and bi e 'ea ' a e aken o deno e he p ocess o ea ing. (1) cough 3. ‘A gnyb i dan imis (kąsnį): Kandu obuolio. This is he i s ime I' e seen his. Ea b ead i s , hen mea . → 4. ‘To ea , o d ink: Men ea silk wi h b ead, d ink bee . Can I ha e a pla e, please? Si down a he able, ha e a d ink. B eak as is se ed in his es au an (BŽe). (2) in he mo ning 1. ‘Pu ing ood in he s omach: I don ha e ee h, so I don ea e e y hing like a ea . I 's wha you ea ha makes you a . → 3. Ea and d ink well: Wha a e you doing s anding up, si down?! He ea s like a ho se, wo ks like a oos e . He ea s mea wi hou b ead. Child en ea and ea swee s (BŽe). 2.3 Cause ins ead o e ec The p o o ypical (mo i a ing) meaning o he e b kimš i (1) is ela ed o he inse ion o a ce ain objec in o he in e io o ano he objec , e.g. ʻkiš i ( o he Indian, e mu)ʼ: Papie ius kemšu o he chai s. Kim will obey he whis leblowe . The men ook he kimchi o he ba n. The s aw was pu in o he chimney. E e y hing is in he pocke (BŽe). The meaning o he e b is also ela ed o an objec ( ood) being placed inside ano he objec , only he me onymically used objec is he middle o he human being, plg. dauggy i, godžiai al, ės iʼ: ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 248 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII (Linguis ic Ac o Li huania) is he i s o i s kind in he wo ld. The kid's go a ham and a ham pie. The b ead is s ill in he o en. Kimcho ook kimšome, kiek no ėjome (BŽe). e e y hing o he able. F ui s, be ies This me onymic species is also a ibu ed o he e b sp ing i (2), which means o ea be ies, b eak as is a me onymic ijimo) pasekmė ima eikš i pa į eiksmą. (2) sp ing i 1. ʻnegalė i nu y iʼ: Negaliu algy i juodos duonos – sp ings u (juoda ans e ence o he e b (good b ead). A child sp in s se e al imes while ea ing. → 5. ‘Ea b eak as , ea b eak as : One sp inkles apples, bu does no gi e hem o o he s (BŽe). The ollowing a icle p o ides a p elimina y lis o synonyms o ANN ea ing beha io s. 1 PAV. O he P elimina y seconda y indi ec nomina ion ea ing ac ion wo d synonym ne wo k A icles and a icles 249 An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai O he , o a a con en , by weigh Analysis o seconda y indi ec nomina i e (ANN) e bs belonging o he concep o VALGYTI allows he ollowing conclusions o be d awn: 1. The mos p o o ypical ANN me apho ical models o he meanings o ea ing e bs a e: 1) o imi a e he mo i a ing meaning o he ac ion and 2) o imi a e he mo i a ing meaning o he sound made du ing he ac ion. 1) The e ec o an ac ion on an objec is o a ious kinds, i.e. he objec : (a) o be cu , o be sha pened, o be sha pened, e c. ( o be cap u ed); (b) a winding ack (w i ing); (c) o be disposed o (cleaned); (d) he dolomi es a e small (ca pe i); e) p ocessed p epa a ions (do o i) and ( ) o be so ened o so ened. The s udy e ealed ha he e ec s o he ac ions a ibu ed o he concep o VALGYTIA on he objec a e mo e a ied han hose o he concep o GERTIA. This de e mines he na u e o he objec i sel o be d unk and ea en […] he objec o be d unk is a liquid, and he objec o be ea en […] is ood (ha d consis ency), i.e. in he mou h i can be squeezed (by means o a spoon), c ushed (by means o a spoon), e c. 2) The sounds emi ed du ing he ac ions o he VALGYTI- ela ed e bs a e o a di e en na u e ( acking); In he case o a ce ain ool (push) and he like. Thus, e bs a ibu ed o he concep o VALGYTI, e bs ma ked wi h p o o ypical meanings, a e mos o en associa ed wi h a ious ac ions, he ac ion o ce ain objec s, animals, e c. The mos common objec is ood (mos o en a ha d consis ency), a d ink […] a liquid. 2. o es ablish a numbe o cases o me onymic ans e o he meanings o e bs in he me onymy o ea ing (as well as d inking) ha can be assigned o he ypes o me onymy o he esul ins ead o he ac ion (pamp i), he pa ins ead o he whole (kąs i) and he eason ins ead o he esul (kimš i). ga sais, o eiksmažodžių, p iski iamų koncep ui GER I, – su skysčio e- kėjimo, liejimosi a ba plakimosi me u keliamu ga su. Tokių me a o inių eikšmių a si adimą lėmė algomo i ge iamo objek o ūšis: algomas The s udy ound ha he mos equen ly upda ed seman ic signs associa ed wi h he ac o ea ing a e ela ed o he objec o ea ing (especially ha d ood), which can be c ushed wi h ee h, w apped in ongue, e c. Ve y de ailed me hod o ea ing: hand mo emen s wi h ea ing u ensils wi hou a ool. he ac i i y o he ongue's ee h and he belly as a ese oi , as he home o he sense o sa ie y. ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ 250 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIII O he , o ci cula c oss-sec ion, o s ainless s eel The me apho ical ans e o meanings simila o he GV is simila o he mo i a ing meaning o he ac ion pe o med by he animal Simila o J […] simila o mo i a ing meaning o mo ion simila o KG […] simila o mo i a ing meaning o he sound p oduced du ing he ac ion Simila o T […] simila o he empe a u e emi ed du ing he ac ion in he meaning o he mo i e Panašu į V – panašu į mo y uojančia eikšme nusakomą eiksmą impac on he PO acili y PR […] cause ins ead o esul (species o me onymy) PS […] impac on he en i y RV […] esul ins ead o ac ion (me oniminė species) LITERATŪRA BŽe – engiamas Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas. Redak o ių kolegija: D. Liu ke i- čienė ( y . edak o ė), G. Nak inienė, R. Pe okienė, D. S e ikienė, K. Vosyly ė, J. Za- ba skai ė. P og amuo ojas V. Sa ke ičius. D. 1: Į adas, B, C, H, J, O. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2013. D. 3: Č, E, Ę, Ė, F, Z. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2014. P ieiga in e ne e: h p://bkz.lki.l ; BŽe ank aš is. DLKT – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos eks ynas. Kaunas: VDU. P ieiga in e ne e: h p:// eks ynas. du.l / eks ynas/ DŽe – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas: šeš as ( ečias elek oninis) leidimas, y . ed. S asys Keinys. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2006; in e ne o e sija, 2011. P iei- ga in e ne e: h p://dz.lki.l . Fillmo e Cha les 1982: F ame Seman ics. – Linguis ics in he Mo ning Calm. Seoul. Gaidienė Anželika 2015: Seman inės eiksmažodžio ge i sinonimų a si adimo p iežas ys. – Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 72, 196–220. Kö esces Zol án 1988: The language o lo e. Lewisbu gh: Associa ed Uni e si y P ess. Kö esces Zol án 1990: Emo ion concep s. New Yo k: Sp inge . S aipsniai / A icles 251 An inės ne iesioginės nominacijos algymo eiksmažodžių seman iniai a si adimo ypa umai Lako – Джордж Лакофф 2004: Женщины, огонь и опасные вещи: что категории языка говорят нам о мышлении. Пер. с англ. И.Б. Шатуновского. Москва: Языки славянской культуры. LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20: elek oninis a ian as. Redak o ių kolegija: Ge - ūda Nak inienė ( y . edak o ė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ri u ė Pe okienė, Vy au as Vi - kauskas, Jolan a Zaba skai ė. Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2005 (a naujin a e - sija, 2008). P ieiga in e ne e: www.lkz.l . Schank Roge , Abelson Robe 1977: Sc ip s, Plans, Goals, and Unde s anding: An Inqui y in o Human Knowledge S uc u es. Hillsdale, NJ: Law ence E lbaum. Unge e F ied ich, Schmid Hans-Jö g 1996: An in oduc ion o cogni i e linguis- ics. London: Longman. Seman ic Peculia i ies o Occu ence o Ea ing Ve bs o Seconda y Indi ec Nomina ion Summa y The objec o his a icle is ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion o he Li huanian language aken om […]S anda Li huanian Language Dic iona y[…] which is cu en ly in he p ocess o compila ion. This esea ch seeks o es ima e which ea u es o he ac ual phenomena, hings o ac ions become seman ic ea u es in he language and de e mine he ise o new ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion, as well as o compa e hem wi h he co esponding d inking e bs. The a icle ends wi h a p elimina y synonym ne wo k o ea ing e bs o seconda y indi ec nomina ion. Deli e ed on 1 Sep embe 2014 ANŽELIKA GAIDIENĖ Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.