166 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas: Onomas ics ( esea ch on he o igin,
c ea ion and mo i a ion o genuine wo ds).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LINGVISTIN'S WORLD is he wo ld's la ges linguis ic communi y.
The analysis o he REMIANTIS
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
On P agma ic Linguis ic Analysis o Place
Names (Based on he Place Names o
Ma ijampolė Coun y)
ANOTATION This a icle is an in oduc ion o a scien i ic p agma ic s udy o place names wi h some
o he esul s o he analysis unde aken. I is based on he unique da a o Li huanian oponymic
su eys (local names o Ma ijampolė coun y) s o ed in he Va dyno LKI unds. The analysis o place
names in an e hnic a ea in he chosen aspec is consis en wi h he usual app oaches o he
c ea ion and o igin o ea lie place name esea ch. The a icle se s ou he main heo e ical and
me hodological p o isions o p agma ic linguis ic analysis o place names, e eals aspec s o he
s udy ha a e a ely used in Li huanian oponymy. This publica ion is based on pa icula ly
in e es ing and aluable in o ma ion om he hi he o unpublished […]Land names[…] ques ionnai e
no es sec ion, which has allowed a look a he esea ch oponymic ma e ial h ough he lens o he
expe ience o use s o he language o he e hnic a ea. The s udy was summa ised, wi h
conclusions and ecommenda ions. The ollowing de ini ions shall apply: he ansi ional pe iod,
place names, p agma ic linguis ic analysis o place names, emo ional conno a ion, exp essi e
conno a ion, e hno-cul u al conno a ion componen , 1 Padėka. The au ho o he a icle since ely
hanks he e iewe s o he a icle o hei aluable commen s, ad ice, and kindness o P o .
Ru a Pe auskai ė, P o . Kazimie z Župe ka, and he edi o s o he a icle.
A icles o he 167 h
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
he s e eo ype, he si ua ion o he su name, he communica ion
in en ion, he p onuncia ion, he add essee ( he su name), he add essee.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle is a scien i ic in oduc ion o he p agma ic esea ch o place names, p esen ing
se e al esul s o he analysis in p og ess. I elies on unique da a o oponymy om a se o
he ques ionnai es o in e wa Li huania s o ed a he Depa men o Onomas ics in he
Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language (place names om Ma ijampolė Coun y). The analy-
place names o a single e hnic egion, and is a con inua ion o p e ious place-name esea ch
based on he usual aspec s o wo d o ma ion and o igin. Linguis ic analysis o place names. I
The a icle p esen s he majo p agma ic heo e ical and me hodological p inciples o
e eals he esea ch aspec s which ha e sca cely ionnai es, which has no been published
been used in Li huanian oponymy. The p esen publica ion is based on especially in e -
es ing and aluable in o ma ion om he commen s sec ion o he “Land Names” ques-
be o e. I enabled o app oach he oponymic esea ch ma e ial h ough he p ism o
expe ience o language use s om a speci ic e hic.
egion.
The esea ch gene aliza ions we e o mula ed; conclusions and ecommenda ions we e
p o ided.
Key wo ds: in e wa pe iod, place names, p agma ic linguis ic analysis o place
names, emo ional e alua i e conno a ion, isual exp essi e conno a ion,
e hnic-cul u al conno a i e componen , s e eo ype, naming si ua ion,
communica i e in en ion, pe locu ion, add esse (name-gi e ), add essee.
The ollowing able is inse ed in Annex I:
In he s udies o egional oponymy, in addi ion o he c ea ion o place names,
seman ics and o he speci ic ea u es, mo e common linguis ic […] p agma ic
a eas could be iden i ied. A p agma ic linguis ic app oach o place names would
expand he limi s o oponymic analysis. The complexi y and ele ance o
esea ch aspec s would also be p ese ed. In addi ion, hese s udies would
con i m o deny he decla ed peculia i y, uniqueness o commonali y o he
names o ce ain a eas o Li huania, which could possibly be mo e han
di e ences. This would equi e he inclusion o he oponymy o o he a eas in
he ield o linguis ic esea ch. Rū a Ma cinke ičienė, pe haps he i s in he
con ex o oday's Li huanian oponymic esea ch, d ew a en ion o he ac ha he meaning o ce ain wo ds is simila o
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXIII applies he conno a ion […], no so much o he
meaning i sel , as o i s ex ension, encompassing a ious isual, unc ional
associa ions and e alua i e elemen s (see Ma cinke ičienė 2000: 137 […]146). The
conno a ion o he wo d "ci y" was s udied by a esea che in a ee and di ec ed
associa i e expe imen , and a con ex ual analysis o he chosen place name was
also ca ied ou . The da a om he s udy, conduc ed by bo h me hods, allowed
linguis s o d aw conclusions abou ce ain links be ween he con ex o he use
o a place name and i s conno a ion. This s udy has also encou aged o he linguis s
- Ilona Side a ičiū ė-Mickienė and Saulė Juzelėnienė - o ake ad an age o
jus elek onine eks yno analizės p og ama, a ink i Palangos i Nidos mies ų
koloka us and di ide hem by language pa s o s udy hem om he poin o iew o equency (Side a-
ičiū ė-Mickienė, Juzelėnienė 2005: 70–75). Pas a uoju a eju naujų eo inių
įž algų, egis, nea si ado.
Kazimie z Župe ka no iced ha place names in ex s o subjec s yles ha e
only an in o ma ional pu pose, o he wise hey a e in ex s o ee s yles ( he
meninio, publicis inio) (Župe ka 2009: 263–271). Pi muoju a eju a ojami
iesiogine eikšme, ie ų a dai neįgyja kono acijų, an uoju – jų eikiamą pa-
speake , he loo , he con en can be in e p e ed as addi ional in o ma ion
[…] he image o he place. Acco ding o he schola , wo elemen s a e closely
ela ed in he ac ualiza ion o a place name: he wo d (i s sound composi ion,
s uc u e, seman ics) and he image o he place named by ha wo d.
Acco ding o Alexande Vanag, " he objec o he seman ic s udy o he hyd onym is he speci ic
meaning o he hyd onym ha he hyd onym had as a me apho o he o ma ion, co e ing he
u“ (Vanagas 1981: 9), nes „susida ymo me u hid onimai galėjo eikš i, bu o
mo y uo i, iksliau – u ėjo labai pla ų i konk e ų seman inį u inį (nes kono-
ea u es cha ac e is ic o he whole species o objec s, and he ea u es ha only ha one
signi ican objec had" (see also ibid., 6[…]17). So he mos impo an hing is wha he wo d
" ansla ion" mean in he ime o he nomina i e p op ium [he e and elsewhe e quo ed by my […] D.
S.]. This app oach o a single place name class (hid onimus) applies o all place names in all classes
(poklasias) being analyzed. The ollowing is a summa y o he esul s o he psycholinguis ic
analysis o place names, and he esul s o he psycholinguis ic analysis o place names: 2 In a
psycholinguis ic expe imen , people p esen he i s wo ds ha come o mind o a gi en s imulus
wo d. They can also be used o iden i y he associa ions be ween he wo ds hey ha e hea d, seen,
o ead (see also Ma cinke ičienė, 2011: 32). 3 Due o he e m c . Zupe ka 2009: 263. This is he i s
ime ha he Commission has been able o ob ain in o ma ion om he Membe S a es. The
au ho 's in e p e a ion o his concep is also accompanied by an explana ion o he opposi e way
o using language ools (which makes he spoken concep mo e unde s andable): au oma ion […]
usual use, and ac ualiza ion […] use ha a ac s a en ion, pe cei ed as unusual, unusual (see also
Župe ka 2008: 75). The concep o ac ualiza ion, acco ding o he scien is , is close o he concep s
o exp essi eness and exp essi eness.
A icles by A icles 169
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
The e m "p agma ic" is used o e e o he use o a place name as a linguis ic
sign in ce ain p agma ic con ex s, an associa ion expe imen , and he sea ch
o a p agma ic componen o a socially pe cei ed and encoded wo d. In ou case,
he la e line o esea ch is ele an . In his case, he objec o he s udy is
he p agma ic componen in he meaning o he name, and he main concep o
he di ec ion o he esea ch is he conno a ion.
R. Ma cinke ičienė desc ibes he conno a ion as a pa o he lexical meaning,
complemen ing he deno a i e meaning o some wo ds. This conno a ion
encompasses e e y hing ha is mo e han a noun, and shows he speake 's
kai kada i bend aujančių žmonių a pusa io san ykius (Ma cinke ičienė 2011:
31). Mokslininkės eigimu, ji būna 1) sis eminė, pas o i, a sispindin i žodynų
s aipsniuose, i 2) kon eks inė4. Sis eminę kono aciją, emdamasi Juozo Pikči-
a i ude o he subjec in ques ion, and in he di ision o language, i di ides in o
h ee ypes: (a) isual exp essi e, (b) unc ional s ylis ic and c) he emo ional
e alua ion. In ou case, aking in o accoun he speci ics o he subjec ma e ,
we will only alk abou wo ypes o cons an conno a ions: he exp essi e and he emo ional.
Emo ional e alua i e conno a ion shows how he speake e alua es he
wo d-named subjec (ibid.). […]Emo ional e alua ion as a componen o he
meaning o a wo d, he so-called cono acinė sema, […] is no a di ec emo ional
eac ion o he speake , bu a conscious epo o such an emo ional
ela ionship using a ixed, con en ionalized way o exp ession in speech. Thus,
nen as iš esmės nesiski ia nuo koncep ualiųjų, adinamųjų deno a inių, eikš-
he emo ional meaning is compounded by he sems (Guda ičius 2007: 8384). This
ype o conno a ion can be (a) posi i e and (b) nega i e. E ald Jakai ienė
dis inguishes be ween wo ypes o posi i e (maloninė, pa e inė) and h ee
ypes o nega i e (denig a ing, mocking, ulga ) linguis ic conno a ions
(Jakai ienė 1988 48 […] 57; 2010: 162). Abb e ia ions a e also used in dic iona ies o
e e o he meanings o singula and plu al wo ds (in ou case, please, menk, lg.).
The wo d "exp ession" is used o deno e an image ha e okes a ious
associa ions (Ma cinke ičienė 2011: 30). This ype o conno a ion is de e mined by
he associa ion o nouns, and i is no indica ed by abb e ia ions nex o he
meanings o wo ds in dic iona ies.
The aim o he a icle is o cla i y he componen s o p agma ic na u e in he meanings o place
names. To his end, he impo ance o he naming si ua ion o he opobjec , which emphasizes he
in en ion o he add essee (in ou case he add essee) in ela ion o he add essee and he
add essee's own eac ions, is no o e looked. Con ex ual conno a ion is no de i ed om he
meaning o a single wo d, bu eme ges om he ex ha equen ly o cons an ly su ounds he
wo d, i s me hods o s udy a e ela ed o he mos common compounds o he wo d unde analysis o
pe psycholinguis ic expe imen (see Ma cinke ičienė, 2011: 32).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
170 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXIII
To achie e his goal, he ollowing objec i es we e se : (1) o ind examples o place
names in he ma e ial unde in es iga ion whose basis (a) he mo he -in-law; 2) o
cinio e inimo požymį sa o eikšmėje u in is žodis, b) aizdingasis žodis, c)
e nokul ū inį kono acinį komponen ą sa o eikšmėje u in is žodis, i juos ap-
ind examples o place names wi h meanings based on ce ain associa ions in he
in e media e ma e ial and o discuss hem.
Žinan , kad emocinis e inimas leksiškai eiškiamas imis būdais: pačia
Guda ičius 2007: 85), i should be no ed ha he a icle's unique da a be ween Li huanian
ques ionnai es, i.e. he locali y o he place names is collec ed on a local basis acco ding o he
už ibyje liko ie ų a dai, u in ys deminu y ų / pejo a y ų da ybai būdingas
p iesagas.
Ti iamoji medžiaga – Lie u ių kalbos ins i u o Va dyno sky iuje saugomi
o me dis ic . The collec ion o hese place names was ini ia ed in he ou h decade o he las
cen u y by he S a e A chaeological Commission o he Minis y o Educa ion, which a ha ime
belonged o he G and Museum o Vy au as Kaunas and he Commission o he Change o Names and
Place Names. Acco ding o he p epa ed lis o place names wi h he names o he Land, he
eache s and eache s o he p ima y schools, who, unde he guidance o he specially p epa ed
Kazio Alminauskio Ins uc ion o w i e he name o he land o Li huania (he eina e […]
Ins uc ion), w o e he place names o se e al yea s (mos ly om 1935 o 1937), and illed he lis s
back o he a o emen ioned commission. The ques ionnai es ha e su i ed and a e cu en ly s o ed
in Va dino a he place names eco ded in he io o illages: Balbie iškio, Gudelių, Igliškėlių,
Kal a ijos, Kazlų Rūdos, K osnos, Liuba o, Liud ina o, Ma ijampolės, P ienų, Sasna os, Šila o o and
onduose. Iš iso jose už ašy a pe 150 000 iene ų ie ų a dų5.
Ty imo pag indu pasi ink i iš gy osios kalbos už ašy i Ma ijampolės apsk i-
Vei . A sepa a e ques ionnai e is in ended o he local au ho i ies o each illage. Acco ding o he
hen adminis a i e di ision, he place names we e d awn up in 640 ques ionnai es om he illages
belonging o he e i o y o hese illages, om he sea s, he mano s, he pa ishes, he pali a s
and in 17 su ey ques ions. In o al, Ma ijampolė dis ic has mo e han 5000 local names in he
ques ionnai es. 5 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he selec ion o place names om he li ing language in
he ou h decade o he 20 h cen u y, see Maciejauskienė 2002: 57; 2002a: 104; 2002b: 34; LVŽ I XIVXV.
This is he i s ime ha his has happened. 6 In his a icle, aking in o accoun he commen s o
he sec e e iewe on he independence and p io i y o he ongoing esea ch in he examina ion
and publica ion o he ma e ial o he Ma ijampolė Coun y Land Regis y Su ey in he Li huanian
Geoin o ma ion Da abase (www.l db.lki.l ; access ia he In e ne ), he o igins o he esea ch, he
language, he no el y, he imeliness, he bounda y be ween hem and he in o ma ion p o ided in
he da abase a e explained in de ail.

S aipsniai / A icles 171
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
In ea ly 2001, when d awing up indi idual plans in he hen LKI Va dyno depa men , he au ho o his
a icle en isaged and app o ed a scien i ic s udy, and in 2004 and as a u u e disse a ion, he opic o
Ma ijampolė dis ic 's local ga dens and o igins. The mos impo an and common app oaches o he
s udy o eal wo ds (wo ks, o igins) a e planned o analyze he place names o one adminis a i e uni ,
w i en in he in e media e be ween he ques ionnai es o he names o he Land. In 2005, a e he
comple ion o he collec ion o oponymic ma e ial om he Ma ijampolė dis ic om he
ques ionnai es, he i s publica ion appea ed (see S ide skienė 2005: 91[…]118). The esul s o he
skelbiami ecenzuojamuose mokslo leidiniuose i ėliau, . y. 2006–2012 m. Visų a puka iu
už ašy ų Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džių sa a ankiškai ykdy ų y imų ezul a ai pa-
skelb i a ski oje publikacijoje (plačiau ž . S ide skienė 2012: 232–243). Joje p is a y a šio egi-
esea ch ca ied ou on he basis o he collec ed ma e ial we e he expe ience o he cons uc ion
and o igin aspec s o he local wo d s udy, which no only con i med he ele ance o he wo k
ca ied ou , bu also highligh ed he un inishedness and necessi y o con inuing he esea ch on local
wo ds in he sou hwes e n pa o Li huania. In 2013, he esumed his doc o al s udies a Vy au as Magnus Uni e si y wi h he Uni e si y o Klaipėda, he Li huanian Language Ins i u e, he Uni e si y o Šiauliai, and men ioned he wo k o Dalio.
S ide skienes a e being ex ended. The oponymic ma e ial is supplemen ed by he place names
eco ded in he su eys o he Ma ijampolė dis ic . How much he di ec ion o he esea ch
ca ied ou has been changed and he name o he scien i ic opic […] The c ea ion and mo i a ion
o local wo ds in he Ma ijampolė egion has been adjus ed. Thus, ha ing in mind he idea aised by
Alexande Vanago abou he s udy o oponyms in e ms o ex emely closely ela ed aspec s o
cons uc ion, o igin and seman ics, he wo app oaches men ioned ha e so a been analyzed in he
ques ionnai es o he names o he Land, he local wo ds o he Ma ijampolė dis ic , and a e
u he s udied, del ing mo e in o hei seman ic mo i a ion han he opic o he s udy equi ed
so a . All names a e classi ied based on hei onoma opoeic p ac ices. A. Vanago's me hodology o
seman ic analysis o i e and lake names, as well as he wo ks o Russian linguis s and
e hnolinguis s, in an a emp o p ope ly use linguis ic uni e sals, is conside ed heo e ical and
p ac ical. The mo i a ional analysis o place names is based on he sepa a ion o he de ails o he
naming o opo-objec s (see S ide skienė 2014: 1617) and esea ch. This aspec o analysis in
egional Li huanian oponymic s udies is new and p omising. The dis inc ion and s udy o oponymic p inciples is impo an in many a eas o linguis ics because i b ings oge he e hnology,
socioling is inę, psicholing is inę in o maciją kalbos san ykio su ik o e išaiškinimui, a spindi
kalbos pasaulė aizdį.
F om 2008 o 2009, he in e -mili a y names o he cu en municipali ies o Kal a ia, Kazlų Rūdos
and Ma ijampolė we e included in he co esponding ques ionnai es o he w i en place names
in he In e ne base s a ed in 2007. They we e g ouped, classi ied, desc ibed by de aul , bo h
linguis ically and adap ed o he online space and sui able in o he aspec s (see Bilkis 2011: 3[…]10).
I should no be o e looked ha he lis o adminis a i e e e ences is a ailable on he In e ne
ne o (apsk i ies) i daba inių minė ų sa i aldybių ibos su ampa iš dalies. Taigi in e ne inę
bazę papildė ik dalis šio s aipsnio au o ės iš i os medžiagos (ž . bazės da bams panaudo os
a h p: www.l gdb.lki.l . ie o a dziai/De aul .aspx?pid=5). In addi ion, he di iding line be ween
he Ma ijampolė dis ic published in he da abase is a ce ain sou ce o oponymic ma e ial,
ies oponimų dalies i sa a ankiškai ykdomų egioninių y imų aki aizdi. Pi muoju a eju
p esen ed in some aspec s by he p ocessed you. In he second case, he impac o he p ima y
a puka io anke ų medžiagos dalį, s anda izuo us a ski ų oponimų da ybos, kilmės ap ašus
i k . (plačiau ž . Bilkis 2011: 6, 9). Šią medžiagą galima oliau ūšiuo i i i i ūpimu aspek-
sou ce […] su ey […] oponymic ma e ial o a pa icula a ea is linguis ically ully au onomously
p ocessed by he au ho o his a icle: he analysis o he wo k, a look a he names o places
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII 172 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Thus, i is clea ha he place names used o he pu pose o his a icle cons i u e
only a small pa o his da abase. The a icle uses e ms o mixed o igin: bo h
Li huanian and G eek-de i ed s ones […] his co esponds o Li huanian oponymic
adi ions al eady exis ing: andén a dis […] hid on[…]mas; he li ing widow's claim is […]
oikon[…]mas; he pel o he single alley […] helon[…]mas; he ca le he d […] he o on,
he ca le he d, he sheep he d […] he ag on, he ca le he d […] he d agon; I 's like,
"Oh, my God, his is idiculous". I necessa y, hese a e eplaced by synonymous place
names and oponyms. As has al eady become cus oma y in all Li huanian egional
oponymic s udies (Mickienė 2001; Endzely ė 2005; Ba ku ė 2008), he e m p oposed by
Pe o Jonikas (Jonikas 1990: 563) is used o name he names o landma ks: moun ains,
ields, meadows, o es s, oads, pa hs. I was used by Li huanian geog aphe , w i e
and linguis S anislo as Ta ydas (Ta ydas: 1958 5, 46), o he Li huanian linguis s
(Sa ukynas 1963: 235; 1971: 168; Razmukai ė 2003: 67), e hnologis Auksuolė Čepai ienė
(Čepai ienė 2013: 112, 129). This a icle also ollows he long-s anding adi ion.
om he p agma ic posi ions (nu) ook and o he s, papildo ienė 2007; Župe ka 2008; Jakai ienė 2010;
mus, s aipsnio e minus. Bu o pasi ink i įp as i lie u ių kalbininkų (Čepai-
Ry i y ė 2011) use he e ms: p agma ic ac ion […] he p ocess o ealiza ion, he add essee (m)
and […] he add essee7, o unde s and he compe ence […] able o con ey he meaning o he
add essee (ke y)
A e hanking he in e locu o s and he w i e s, he ime was aken away by he o ge ulness.
Thus, in o de o cla i y he phone ic, e alua i e and o he place names, he in o ma ion o he
čias žinias, in o man ų (mūsų a eju i ad esa ų) eakcijas, belieka pasikliau i
Pas abų spli be ween he ques ionnai es has been mixed. In addi ion o hese commen s, he e a e
kilmės, mo y acijos aspek ais, jau duoda apčiuopiamų ezul a ų. Ji y a in o ma y i kaip isu-
ma: paaiškėja a ski ų ie o a džių poklasių da ybos ipų p oduk y umas, iš yškėja jų pana-
also and especially di e ences in he names o he opobjec s o he e hnic a ea. The esul s o
he s udy o egional oponymy a e aluable o he science o onomas ics, impo an o he
sin e inį lie u ių oponimikos da bą Lie u os ie o a džių žodyną, eikšmingi i bal is ikai, i in-
doeu opeis ikai, jais gali pasinaudo i i ki ų mokslo s ičių y ėjai. Be o, aiškinan is ie o a -
p epa a ion o he mo i a ion o geog aphe s, he componen s o p agma ic na u e in he
meanings o place names, especially he in o ma ion abou he unpublished and no publicly a ailable
[…]Pas abų[…] and o he ques ionnai es o he names o he Land ( o i s placemen see his a icle).
7 Ano he is he in oduc ion o Bi u ės Ry i y ės Linguis ic P agma ikos (2011), which uses he
e ms speake and lis ene . Fo he la e , see also This is a e iew by Ingo Hilbig (Hilbig 2011).
A icles o he T ea y A icles 173
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
desc ip ions, mo i a ional desc ip ions, i.e. unique, au hen ic da a on he place
names eco ded in he ques ionnai es, he cha ac e is ics o he opobjec s, he
ela ionship wi h hem, he analysis o oponyms in one aspec o ano he (wo ks,
mo i a ions)8, claiming accu acy, comple eness, p ecision, a e in mos cases
impossible. In addi ion, s udying speech desc ip ions would mean looking a esea ch
oponymic ma e ial h ough he lens o consume expe ience in an e hnic a ea. This
iew is suppo ed by he opinion o R. Ma cinke ičienė: "Indeed, i is no a wo d, bu
a pe son who has in mind a ce ain meaning, a concep , a concep o a concep ha
can be exp essed in one wo d o ano he . I 's only when indi iduals use wo ds ha
associa ions a ise, images a ise. The e o e, i is necessa y o look o meaning no
in he wo d o in he dic iona y, bu in he con ex o i s meaning, by asking he
speake and compa ing one's unde s anding o a pa icula wo d wi h he
cha ac e is ics o he wo d hea d o ead. Jelena Be ezo ič (Yeka e inbu g), in
conduc ing a comp ehensi e s udy o oponyms in e ms o seman ics, p agma ics
(Be ezo ič 2014: 91) is based on he p o isions se ou by S e lana Tols aya (Moscow)
which a gue ha i is no he meaning o "plu al" ha cla i ies he seman ics o
ap ašų, komen a ų s udijos a skleidžia ealią ie o a džio a si adimo (susida-
ymo) si uaciją9 (ž . Толстая 2008: 13–14). S. Tols aja i anksčiau y a akcen a-
place names om he dic iona y, bu he meaning o wo ds in desc ip ions, he
meaning o wo ds (Tols aya 2002: 112 […] 127). She a gued ha he mo e a place name
is " illed" wi h s o ies, he mo e i is i sel "na a i e". In he gene al opinion o
Russian esea che s, he a ying epe i ion o place names in he desc ip ions o
commen s p o ides he key o he in e p e a ion o he meanings o place names.
Thus, he desc ip ions and commen s eco ded in he ques ionnai es, which help o cla i y he
posi ion o he add essee, also become he subjec o esea ch. In he ma e ial in ques ion, he
desc ip ions gi en by he speake s, he cha ac e is ics o he named opobjec , and he
easons o gi ing he place a name emain impo an . and he ma e ial o he ques ionnai es on
Lie u ių e nologė, au osakos, bal ų eligijos i mi ologijos y inė oja Ra-
d ilė Racėnai ė, analiza usi, kaip a siminimai apie p aei į į i inami ski in-
guose sakmių žan uose i kaip jie są eikauja su k aš o aizdžiu, ėmėsi Aly aus
land names in he T ak coun y (see Racėnai ė 2013: 107[…]131). In ou con ex , he scope o i s
insigh does no seem o be ha he abundance o desc ip ions o place names, commen s in he
ques ionnai es depends on he backg ound o he census. 8 The use ulness o he in o ma ion
p o ided in he o he ques ionnai es has al eady been es ablished ea lie : he en ies "The
su ace o he ea h, i s appea ance, quali y" and "Upias, he sou ces o s eams and i e s and
hei desc ip ion" ha e led o a mo e p ecise iden i ica ion o he ypes o place names, hei
basic ocabula y, and oponyms. 9 This si ua ion is also called onomas ine in heo e ical
oponymic wo ks. Because o he e m onomas ic si ua ion see. TMOI: wo hund ed and wen y.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
174 o he Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII. The su ey's obse a ion is based on
he in o ma ion p o ided on he co e o he ques ionnai e: he name o he
dis ic , illage, pa ish, illage, mano , and place o esidence lis ed in he
ques ionnai e, he name o he census ake , his su name, business ( eache , -a;
cle k), place o bi h, and he p ecise add ess o he dis ic . Tha 's how you ell
i he pe son you' e w i ing o is you own o someone else's. Acco ding o he
esea che s, in o ma ion abou places and hei names is gi en o s ange s
mo e o en: "I is clea ha such, some imes e en oo many opog aphical
e e ences a e mainly when ying o ell a s ange abou one o ano he
landscape place" (Racėnai ė 2013: 127). This end seems o be ue in ou case as
well. Howe e , i is in ended o be p ope ly unde s ood in his way, so he language
i sel is commen ed on. In addi ion, he subjec in ques ion (in ou case, he
opobjec ) is less amilia o he w i e and is miscons ued by him. I can be
assumed ha his is he pu pose o a ousing analogous (as well as exp essed)
in o ma ion, associa i e o o he p ocesses in he consciousness o he w i e ,
so ha he hea s he name o he place "no a s ange , a igu e o
misunde s anding, unaccus omed o dialogue" (Mykolai y ė 2013: 16). I is he abili y
duo i eikšmę i y a adinama p agma ine kompe encija (plg. Ry-
o unde s and he in en ions o he o he speake .
In o de o achie e his goal and o mee he challenges aised, he a icle used
he ollowing esea ch ma e ials: 1) he me hod o c ea i e analysis, 2) he use o
lizės me odas, 3) ap ašomasis me odas su lyginamojo me odo elemen ais.
Ta puka io medžiagos iene ai pi miausiai bu o e inami da ybos aspek-
he componen ana u o he wa e ma k class o s udy he s uc u al-g amma
analysis me hod (see Vanagas 1970: 2127), easily adap ed and o he basic wo ds o
klasių (poklasių) ie o a džiams analizuo i. Šiuo būdu išsiaiškinus ie ų a -
he language, hei mo phological and lexical s a us, u he wo k was done wi h
he elec onic dic iona y o he Li huanian language (second edi ion (2013); […]
Kono aciniai pama inių žodžių ski umai paaiškėjo iš žodyne pa eikiamų pa-
žymų (san umpų) i komponen inės šių žodžių eikšmių analizės. Be o, bu o
analizuojami a puka io anke ose už iksuo i ie o a džių ap ašymai, pa eikėjų
he eina e e e ed o as LKŽe2). commen s, om which, as has al eady been
men ioned, he eac ions o he add essee, he da a on places and names ha e eme ged.
Place names a e a anged in alphabe ical o de in he chap e s o he a icle. The wo ks a e
o med by he ends, he p ecep s in he Vedas, and one sandal is sepa a ed om he o he in he
Dū nis by a b ush. Based on published sou ces o wa e names, he names o he wa e s a e
c ossed ou . The names o places ha a e c ossed ou in eliable ques ionnai es a e also
c ossed ou . I he oponym is no c ossed o i s spelling acco ding o he in e linea da a 10
O icial p in ed sou ces o wa e names: Li huanian SSR names o i e s and lakes (1963;
he eina e […] LUEV) and E ymological dic iona y o Li huanian hyd onyms (1981; he eina e […] LHEŽ).
A icles o he T ea y
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
I 's called "Z ai ys o some hing". WALIEL ZWAYRIS (bo n 1610), also known as
WALIEL ZWAYRIS (bo n 1610). The eyes o a glu on, he eyes o a glu on. 2)
E alua ion o he manne o speaking: Mike ón-iškė p . Lb : a d. *Mike onis o he
like, plg. lie. "Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha 's he ma e wi h you? Wha 's
he ma e wi h you? I 's an old one. The clock: a d. *Vekčius o o he s, plg. lie. I 's
called "Vekchio i", "Joja", "Joja" o "Mikcio i". 3) Assessmen o he speed o
mo emen and wo k: Riõgl-iškis upl. M . Rioglys o o he s, please. Valen inus, who
was bo n in 1639, was also called Valen inus. ioglỹs, - which is no windy, un uly,
us y, a s eam ( he meaning o he wo d in e ms o mo i a ion is a s eam
ha lows h ough he a ea o land belonging o Riogli)28; Tupika z. B b. mos
likely om p d. Tupac Shaku (L.P.J. II, 1086), also known as L.P.J. The one who si s
s ill, wo ks slowly, wo ks slowly. 4) E alua ion o he exp ession o emo ions:
Clo e : he p d. Ve ksnỹs (LPŽ II 1195), also known as Lie. A weeping man is one who
weeps cons an ly o who c ies quickly. All o hese place names ha e a nega i e
conno a ion, hidden in he meanings o he names o appella i e pe sons.
In e es ingly, a documen o pe sonal name o igin, Vilkpaul-ynė mš, appea ed in
he ma e ial unde in es iga ion. Pa KzR: a d. *Vilkpaulis o o he s, o which
plg. lies. The wind is blowing. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is
compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
The place p obably go i s name om he pe sonal name o he owne o he
o es pa o he pe son who li ed he e, Paulius. Thus, he mos impo an
cha ac e is ic o he place is desc ibed by he second syllable o his compound
name, Vilkpaulis -paul-: ‘Paul's place o esidence is pa o he o es con olled
by Paul. Since no addi ional da a o commen s we e p o ided in he ques ionnai e, i is easonable o assume ha he i s Vilkpaulis d ess o he du ian implies a ce ain (mos likely nega i e) conno a ion.
In addi ion, he use o he wo d "Viking" in he name o he ci y o Ma iupol is no he same as
he use o he wo d "Viking" in he name o he ci y o Ma iupol, which means "place o
esidence" o "place o esidence" o "place o esidence" o "place o esidence" o "place
o esidence" o "place o esidence". The Ss. I is w i en in he land egis e s o Pu iniškės
mano and illage ha his highe g ound is in he soil, a hill o […] sand. I is clea om hese
desc ip ions ha he i s o he dū nis also has an e alua i e componen o meaning, i.e. a
cono acion semā ‘ne ik as29. The e alua ion o he meaning componen seems o ha e o he
place names wi h "animal" i s syllables in he a ea unde s udy, o example, o onimas 28
Pe haps does no ule ou he possibili y o an al e na i e explana ion o he o igin o he
hyd onym Riõgliškis […] i could ha e o igina ed om lie. I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i .
I 's no like I'm going o be able o do i . Whe e he hell a e you, scound el? M P esiden , I would
like o hank he Commissione o his eply. 29 Acco ding o J. Lubienė, he nega i e emo ional
assessmen o Russian phy onims and mikonims is pa icula ly clea ly con eyed by he name o he wol , he poisonous plan s o mush ooms called
In he ligh o he o egoing, he Commission concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
182 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
Blus-a-kalnis aukš . Igl: lie. blusà30; hodonimai Ku ap-kelis (< *Ku apk-kelis)
The clock. Gdl: lie. O a hickness o less han 0,15 mm The oad o Rupuž. KzR:
lying down. I 's a piece o cake. In hese cases, he conno a ion is […]menkas[…]. In
addi ion, as hese nomina i e uni s indica e, all li ing hings (blusa, ku apka,
upūžė) a e small, pe haps because i is hei names ha a e used in he naming
p ocess o indica e smalle han he usual size o opoobjec s (heigh and heigh ).
Thus, some o he place names obse ed ha e a nega i e conno a ion,
pe haps ela ed o he de ining names o he animals in he dungeons.
mų seman ika. A. Guda ičiaus eigimu, „gy ūnai kalboje pap as ai e inami
neigiamai“ (Guda ičius 2007: 87)31.
2. VIETŲ VARDAI, PADARYTI IŠ VAIZDINGŲ-
He wo ds
The exp essi e g oup is made up o place names, made up o e bs. The ball's name is
Ma m-ỹnė M j sie inas wi h he e b ma m i, mama, -jo, used in he sligh es
pe e ed sense ‘ble bė i, plepsė i (in he e nacula ); cooked ho oughly, plg. My
mo he 's po […] will s ill be unning soup B [main meaning […]wi h he sound o
g umbling, moaning]. The name o he moun ain is […]žki sč-iai Lb […] sie inas su lie.
I 's closed, i 's closed, i 's closed. ‘ o close, o close; o s op, plg. E en wi h he naked
eye, you could see he gian moun ains in on o you, blocking he way ( om he
w i ing) [basic meaning ‘ o sepa a e he pa om he whole].
The nomina ion o he Tokyo ype is expec ed o a ec he image o he add essee by
causing ce ain associa ions ela ed o sound (Ma mỹnė) and image (žki sčiai). In he su ey
ma e ial, a en ion was also d awn o he place names, he basis o which we e […], connec ed
wi h conno ed e bs. The name o he illage is Šnkš -a-pie ė KzR […] sie inas su lie. The wo d
"check" is de i ed om he wo d "check", "check", "check", "check", "check", "check",
"check", "check". I' e only had a snack and I' e ea en a snack. The selec ion o he basis o
he cons uc ion o he landma k is suppo ed by he ollowing linguis ic geog aphical da a,
explaining he wid h o he slope (lie. šni as […]long na ow plo o land, ėžis[…]), ha i can be
cu down wi h a single cu : 31 Li huanian phy onyms and mic onyms […]mo y esea ches
Šni as – kap ik akėčia galima pe ei i ( oks siau as) B 32. Iš ik ukas šnkš su-
30 Dėl jo da ybos i kilmės aiškinimo da ž . LVŽ I 523.
(G i y a 2006: […]181; 2013; Lubienė 2012: […]99[…]122; 2013: […]52[…] his obse a ion. 32 Acco ding o
e hnologis A. Čepai ienė, he a ea o he land was coun ed by lys ėmis, zauoganami (one
occupied a a ime nea he ou e ba ), agomi (10[…]12 cm wide), akėčiomis (abou 1 m) (ž .
A icles o he T ea y
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
I'm going o cu i o . I'm going o cu i o . Thus, he imp ession c ea ed by he
ac ion is es o ed in speech by he sound o a whis le. menimis, desc ibing he
Kalno a das Zig-lius P n – sie inas su iš ik uku zg, ku iuo, LKŽe2 duo-
ci cums ances in which he ac ion […] occu s by epea ing nu- -a o […]laks y i,
sakomas 1. ėjimas, bėgimas mažais žingsneliais, 2. abala imas, š y a imas33.
Susiejus kalbamąjį iš ik uką su bend akamieniu eiksmažodžiu zigaluo i, -uoja,
zagaliuo i[…], plg. Whe e a e you building a zigzag igh now? V , explains ha in his
a ea, he main meaning o he p o usion is mos likely o be upda ed by epea ing he
komam ėjimui, bėgimui mažais žingsneliais žymė i. Taigi opoobjek o į a di-
p o usion chosen as he basis o he p ocess o digging (pe haps due o he
s eepness o he moun ain) zg, appa en ly wi h he in en ion o emphasizing,
cla i ying by i he p o uding ac ion […] unning in small s eps.
3. Name and add ess
I E hnic and cul u al associa ions
Componen in i s own igh
The wo d " ou is "
Some schola s indica e e ymological and e hno-cul u al meanings (o pa s o meanings), which
a e conside ed as pa s o subjec meanings o some and conno a ional meanings o o he s.
Fo example, only hose wo ds (leksemos) ha name speci ic eali ies ha e an e hno-cul u al
meaning (Lubienė 2009: 21). The la e iew (e hno-cul u al meaning is pa o conno a ional
meaning)34 and see Čepai ienė 2013: 298). I'm going o lie down. he eye […] a e y na ow s ip o
land […]: Rėžis […] wo eyes Rm
(illus a i e sen ence om ano he a ea).
33 The illus a i e sen ence wi h his su ix is w i en om ano he a ea: I is abula ed as he
node zg, zg, zg Ds.
In his book, The E hnog aphic Analysis o E hnog aphy, W.W. Bu igieg discusses he e hnog aphy o
he o es , and in his book, The E hnog aphic Analysis o he Fo es , W.W. Bu igieg discusses he
eiginiui nep i a i neįmanoma), „labai in iguojan is“ Pa icko Chu os y imo agmen as: „jis
e hnog aphy o he o es , and in his book, The E hnog aphic Analysis o he Fo es , W.W. Bu igieg
discusses he e hnog aphy o he o es . Following Tho eau (in his book, he no ebook, he
documen s), he measu ed Volden himsel , his su oundings, pa allel o Voldeno, o he s udy o he
o es o li e, s udied he plans o hese places, he opog aphical maps. The mos impo an
summa y o Chu 's indings is ha each speci ic ac o na u e, o he na u al en i onmen ,
symbolizes a ac o he soul, which means ha he mo e you s udy na u e (in his case, h ough
mo he hood), he be e you unde s and you sel , so he wo k o measu ing Volden and i s
su oundings was Tho eau's spi i ual occupa ion, he way o unde s anding he wo ld ha he
"w i es" in his book.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII does no men ion he publica ion o he
šių dienų pozicijos, kai mode nybė i indus ializacija išs umia iš gy enimo
am ik us speci inius au os gy ensenos eiškinius, skelb i ap a iamosios e-
ma ix by men ioning a ew in e ludes om he names o places w i en in he
language o li e wi h he emaining beeki alenčiais wo ds35, he names o he
speci ines au os ealijas36, ku ių nė a ki ų au ų kul ū oje, bū ų neleis ina.
Šią g upelę suda o (a) is o inės p aei ies ealijų pa adinimai: mažažemių
men ioned sklypinų (ex inc oikonime) Dažininkai ( . Dažinykai) bk. (Daukšių) pa
o he Pd n: lie. Dažininkas ‘li le a me , a me (also see LVŽ II 143144), (b) he
name o he ield (ag onym) P eñ ai o . Ss: lie down. p eñ as ‘s leng h o he
ancien measu e (app oxima ely 4,5 m); a ea measu e (app oxima ely 18,66 m2)',
plg. I bough a ield and nine plo s o land in K .
Ano he ma e name, má gas ‘land ma as, which has su i ed mo e abundan ly as a
plo o ie o a džiuose Má gai kln. Igl, Lb ; Ma g-ẽliai p . B b; Ma g-ẽlis kln.
Ld n, Ss; 2 p . KzR; Kal-ia-ma gis kln. KzR; Ps -a-ma gis kln. KzR, čia,
ep esen a i e o he lexicon cha ac e ized by na ional peculia i ies, can only be men ioned in
pa . Ma gas a wo d de i ed om he Ge man mo gen mo ning, calcula ed as he a ea ha can be
co e ed om b eak as o lunch (Čepai ienė 2013: 297). The Ge man ma k is smalle han ou s. he
Li huanian ma gin […] 0,71 ha; he old c own (Lenkijos) ma gin is equal o 0,59 ha (see also
Ma inkėnas 2011) 37. The ma e ial wo ld o hings has a signi ican , de e mining cha ac e is ic o
i s o de . I is p opo ional. He e one hing, ool, sho el o piece o u ni u e i s wi h ano he ,
occupies ano he o accommoda es ano he (Čepai ienė 2013: 295). The name o he place T aina p
does no con adic his claim o he e hnologis . P n, made, p esumably, om ly. he ca ying
pa o a wo-sea e aile a ached o he ea c ossba , in o (Bu kus 2011: 59). This quo e is
complemen ed by he ema k o he speake Gied ė Čepai ienė, based on he hough o Jakubo
Minke ičius: "A na ion ela es o i s na u e psychologically, aes he ically and e hically", and he
na ion's mo ali y lows om i s symbiosis o na u e and cul u e (ci . Čepai ienė 2007:
256).
35 Fo his e m, see Guda ičius 2007: 89; 2009: 93[…]96 He is a membe o he Eu opean
Pa liamen . Acco ding o Reginos K ašy ė, he e m lakūna was used by he linguis s o
nė geog a inė leksika, kul ū iniai skoliniai, beek i alen ė leksika. Lie u ių kalbo y oje inkamiausiu
laiky inas e minas beek i alen ė leksika, kalbininkės nuomone, y a sąlygiškas (plačiau ž . K a-
di e en coun ies o name he na ional peculia i y o he lexicon, egiošy ė 2009: 56[…]67).
36 Fo he concep o wide consume eali y, see Maks y ė 2012: 5056. She is a membe o he Russian
Olympic Commi ee. 37 Linguis ic geog aphical da a in he a ea unde in es iga ion e ealed ha Vinco
Ma inkėno (Ma inkėnas 2011) men ioned ano he one abou me ology in ancien Li huania, seeing he
name ka is, ka is ‘ oks saikas o la ge hings o be seized: Ka į Klžių ga au mie ; I 's wo ca s o
whea s uck in he G ish; He's go a lo o money, bu he's go a lo o jokes. The po a o peel o Ka į
AlksnV; In he old days, people used o say goodbye o each o he . Un o una ely, he in en o y o
place names in he Ma ijampolė dis ic o he la e , he emaining a ea unde in es iga ion in he oponymy, was no des oyed.
A icles o he a icle 185
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
ku į įleidžiamas pe auk is; pe auk is ka u su lo eliuʼ. Šiauliškių k. Žemės
The name ques ionnai e says: he middle o he meadow is b anching. The eason
gi en why he deno a ion was named p ecisely by his name is clea and
unde s andable: he con igu a ion o he meadow eminds he namesake o a
wo-lea clo e wi h an in oduc o y b eak, which is di ided by shape o size. The
whole o man c ea es and c ea es an en i onmen as a sys em in which he main
uni o e e ence is he man himsel .
4.Associa e and s e eo ypical alues
NAME o he place
Acco ding o J. Be ezo ič, he associa i e oponymic backg ound leads o
ingas eks aling is inis kalbamojo komponen o s a usas sąlygo as uo, kad šis
conno a ions. Linguis ic e i ica ion on he In e ne . I may be explici in he ac s
o mo i a ion, bu no in he nomina ion i sel (e.g. Be ezo ic 2001: 8). As an
example, he esea che gi es he names o places Temnik (ež), Tjomnoy (upl),
Bezdyonnoye (ež), Bezdonny ( ), made om he appella i es da k ( amsus) and
bo omless (bedugnis), ollowed by he commen s o he speake s […]da k lake,
whe e e il o ces lead people, hen d own hem[…]; "The ceme e y and he c eek
a e such a gloomy, d ead ul place". he e is no bo om; People say ha he de ils
appea he e; The old men we e o bidden o ba he in i ; I 's a e ible place, i has
no bo om. The consis ency and epe i ion o Tokyo- ype eac ions indica e ha
he espec i e meanings can acqui e he s a us o linguis ic conno a ions (see also he same a icle).
Appa en ly, wha was said is also ela ed o Rena a Gzego czyko as concep o s e eo ype. I
s e eo ypically conside s es ablished conno a ions o meaning, associa ions associa ed wi h
he co esponding eali y phenomenon, ein o ced in speech by ph ases and o he condi ionally
s able compounds. Aloysius Guda ičius, a guing ha he concep o s e eo ype in linguis ics is
some imes unde s ood e y b oadly, p o ides he la e as an example o he concep o
s e eo ype in language (see Guda ičius 2007: 156). In ou case, pe haps mo e accu a e and mo e
ele an o he a icle is a simpli ied, schema ic, emo ionally colo ed image o some objec .'
ema y a ši žodžio s e eo pas eikšmė: ‘ isuomenės sąmonėje unkcionuojan-
(TJZ: 704). I is suppo ed by an example om he in e -dis ic ques ionnai e ma e ial: in he
Pe keliškių k. ques ionnai e, he name o he illage is w i en Šeldekšnýnas, o he wise he land
a ea in he o m o he Vélnia ais is camp […]...ʼ (In he Va ų k. […]Žemės a dų[…] ques ionnai e,
38 Ki a e us, galbū ag onimas galė ų bū i sie inas su lie. anas eikšme ‘medžio gabalas, iš ku-
io skeliamos skalos, skalmedisʼ; dėl seman ikos da plg. Klỹnai d ., 2 p . B b: lie. klỹnas ‘ i-
i is w i en: "Small plo s o land").
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
186 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXIII
(Šeldekšnýnas Véln-ia- ais is d p. V ), he sec ion desc ibing he objec is w i en
neišdžiūs amas du pynas. Pi masis a das eiškia šeldekšnių p iaugusią ie ą, ki-
as – sie inas su apelia y u élnias. An asis žemė a dis e inamas p i aikan
am ik ą nesikeičian į s anda inį požiū į ku elniai, en sunkumai i nesėkmės,
wi hou d awing a en ion o he indi idual meaning o he place name ‘šeldekšnių
p iaugusi ie a (lie. a sh ub o ee o he genus Scheld (F angula) in he amily
Scheld idae. So he place name Sheldekšnýn is p esen ed as a a he
s e eo ypical, emo ionally colo ed place, which is desc ibed as uninhibi ed,
imagina i e and nega i e.
[…]The s udy o e hnic s e eo ypes is ele an because he s e eo ypes
associa ed wi h e hnic g oups in luence people's beha iou , e lec ing he
pe cep ion o he wo ld and a i udes owa ds o he people ha a e
cha ac e is ic o a pa icula communi y[…] (Papau ėly ė, Župe ka 2010: 185). In he
case o Ki u, he lexically neu al ield name Ab om-ỹnė l. M j has a bo de line
iamame plo e žymi žmonių gy enamąsias a gy en as ie as (plg. Amb azas
2000: 55). Taigi Ab omỹnė: a d. Ab õmas (LPŽ I 60; LVKŽ5 39) mo y acijos
gende Žyd-ỹnė. P iesagos -ynė ediniai, made om pe sonal names, is a ype o
"Ab am's place o esidence". Ano he common su name used in e e yday speech is
Žydỹnė: lie. The wo d "Ab aham", which means " he place o esidence o he
Jewish people", cla i ies he meaning o he i s place name (Ab aham, which is
he place o esidence o he Jewish people)39 and appa en ly indica es he
name-gi e 's a i ude owa d ano he pe son o cus oms (o he peoples, o he
languages, o he cus oms) who li ed in he place. I is iewed as a "welcome", a disad an age (see Papau ėly ė, Župe ka 2010: 199)40.
5.Resul s o he examina ion (A), he
indings (B) and he ecommenda ions (C)
The pa o he ma e ial w i en in he Ma ijampolė dis ic ques ionnai es in he ou h
decade o he 20 h cen u y om he li ing language, ela ed o he en i onmen o one o he
o he illage, by he inhabi an s, allowed o no e once again ha he su i ing ques ionnai es,
hei au hen ic da a, a e a sepa a e impo an uni o in e wa legacy. Acco ding o he 1923
census, Ma iupol had a Jewish popula ion o 6.42 pe cen . The popula ion composi ion o he
o he dis ic s was as ollows: Li huanians […] 87.92%, Ge mans […] 3.42%, Poles […] 1.31%,
Russians […] 0.33%, o he s […] 0.60% Fo mo e in o ma ion on he demog aphic da a o he a ea
unde s udy, see Subačius 2009: 228. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen .
40 See also he ema k by linguis Gied ė Čepai ienė ha "di e en peoples ea ' hemsel es'
and 'o he s' di e en ly" (Čepai ienė 2007: 257).
41 See also S ide skienė 2012a: 240. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o p o ide an assessmen o he compa ibili y o he aid wi h he in e nal ma ke .

S aipsniai / A icles 187
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
The s udy e ealed a ce ain pa o he Li huanian a ea's ocabula y, which
emained in he place names: no only exp essi e, emo ional, bu also ulga ,
diminu i e.
The a icle also ecalled some in e wa place names, whose basic wo ds
(dažininkas, p eñ as) along wi h he disappea ed eali ies and hei
accompanying cul u al conno a ions, had al eady wi hd awn om ac i e
usage.
Žodžiai mud ùs, skais ùs, apibūdinan ys žmogų (gy ą pada ą), y a po os i-
iamojo plo o ie o a džių nominacijos pama as. Tai nep ieš a auja eiginiui,
kad emocinis komponen as eikia žinių apie ad esan o (į a dy ojo) san ykį su
he named objec . Howe e , i is also clea ha by pe cei ing ce ain objec s on
he su ace o he ea h as senso y, he add essee ( he ecipien ) seems o see
mo e han is ac ually he e.
In he a icle, se e al su names a e discussed, made om su names o su name
o igin. I was hese pe sonal names (basic wo ds o su names) ha we e
conside ed p agma ic he e. Many o hese a e made acco ding o a pa icula
e b ea u e […] ac ion, na u e o he ac i i y (Rioglỹs, Šlùbis, Tupikas, e c.) o
s a e (Ve ksnỹs) om e bs whose meaning is […]p as ai, unclea o speak
(miks[…] i, eks[…] i), […]lė ai, slu ping, ne angiai, judė i[…] i ( iõglin i, šlubú i,
upin[…] i). The nega i e assessmen is based on mocke y (Kušlỹs, Vekčius, Ž ai ỹs,
e c.) and beli ling (S o kojis). The di ec link o he la e shades o assessmen
could ha e a isen in a amilia way o communica ing, communica ing in he home
en i onmen . F om hese pe sonal names i is also possible o judge abou he
ela ions be ween he ep esen a i es o he communi y. Equally, hey p obably
do no ole a e […] mocke y and dispa agemen , appa en ly ela ed o […]s o inči laip eliu below[…].
The analyzed examples also showed ha he ep esen a i es o he a ea unde
s udy do no ea slowly. This obse a ion is ela ed o he obse a ion o he
his o ian Pe o Kalnius: Li huanians o o he egions gene ally ecognize he
umą, ka u mano, jog ai y a i gana eigiamas jų b uožas, ekonomiškumas
ge ąja p asme, kad šis b uožas nulemia su alkiečių acionalesnį ūkininka imą,
excessi e o de liness and indus iousness o he inhabi an s o Su alkia (see
Kalnius 2002: 23[…]52). Thus, he opinions o he ep esen a i es o he e hnic a eas
unde in es iga ion and o he a eas o Li huania ela ed o wo k coincide.
No only is he speech o he membe s o he disabled communi y "you s" no unno iced, bu i
is also no e alua ed […] ob iously, nega i ely. Emo ions can be desc ibed and subjec i ely
kalba aupi, iesi, ne s ačiokiška“ – apie su alkiečių (zana ykų) kalbą i kal-
bėseną ašo kalbininkas K. Župe ka, aiškinęsis, į kokias a minės kalbėsenos
pe cei ed by speci ic ci cums ances ( o his s a emen see Jakai ienė 2010: 163).
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in
ap aiškas k eipia dėmesį nekalbininkai i kokiais me akalbiniais komen a ais
a minė šneka y a apibūdinama neling is iniuose eks uose (plačiau ž . Župe -
he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. F om wha has been said, i can be
deduced ha he es ima es o he inhabi an s o he a ea unde conside a ion and he ep esen a i es o o he e hnic a eas ela ed o […]ga siakalbiai[…] and
„lė akalbiais“, su ampa ik iš dalies.
The seman ically ela ed pai o helonymous wo ds Šiknãbalė and Uodeglė, obse ed
in he mass o in e pola ed ma e ial, is a good example o examining place names in
a p agma ic aspec . P agma ics s udies he ela ionship be ween communica ion
ools and hei use s. P agma ics is how he lis ene pe cei es seman ics (c .
Zupe ka 2008: 42). Thus, he speake pe o med a ce ain linguis ic ac ion, which he
" ansmi ed" o he communi y in an unde s andable way. Ano he possibili y is
no o be le ou o sigh : pe haps he e is no al e na i e sui able means o
exp ession in he language o name he place by one name, so he in o ma ion is
con eyed by a combina ion o wo names. I has been obse ed ha some place
names a y in li ing language (Ab omỹnė Žydỹnė, Pauliùko kálnas T iedakalnis,
Šeldekšnýnas Vélnia ais is), hus exp essing bo h he deno a ion and he
conno a ion o hei seman ic con en mo e ully. Associa i e place names
(Ab omỹnė Žydỹnė, Šeldekšnýnas Vélnia ais is) a e no deno a i e because hey a e
made om a coexis ing lexically neu al place name acco ding o i s seman ic
simila i y. Thus, his place name desc ibes no a opobjec , bu ano he place name
acco ding o i s associa ed associa ions, based on s e eo ypical hinking. I one o
he a ia ions o he names used exp esses a ela ionship be ween he
cha ac e is ics o he deno a ion and he name, i.e. he o he , associa i e name,
laus ie os a do. Asociacinis a das y a a si žaismas ki u jo a du. Jeigu aso-
he exp ession o he ela ionship be ween i and he a o emen ioned co-exis ing
lexically neu al place-name is based on he name o some objec (in his case he
ais o) (Vélnia ais is: élnias, a), hen he place-name o he o he objec
(Šeldekšníkš: šeldnis) is assumed as he cha ac e is ics o he objec .
Subjec i ely, emo ionally and cul u ally impo an (sel ) iden i ica ion pa e ns
eme ged om he s udy. The cases analysed showed ha in his a ea he e is a
endency o all Li huanians o make a gene ally nega i e emo ional assessmen 43.
Pe haps his pa ly led o he ac ha he speci ic […] place names o he ma e ial
unde s udy we e w i en in a li ing language. R. Ma cinke ičienė's obse a ion ha
inės kono acijos yšys <...>“ (Ma cinke ičienė 2011: 31).
he nega i e assessmen and he s yle o he speech a e s ong does no seem o
Ve balinį po eikį da o ie ų a dai, ku iais apeliuojama į ad esa ą. Tam ik ų
leksemų pasi inkimas – a a do pama as y a emo y as, a eksp esy as – ai i
con adic his assump ion. A e discussing he esul s, conclusions can be d awn. 43 As ega ds his claim, see Guda ičius in 2009: 99 yea s
A icles by A icles 189
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
elimina es he in en ion o naming a opological objec . As you know, emo ions
ac on he eelings o he add essee, exp essions […] imagina ion. Add essed
eac ions a e exp essed di ec ly and a e p esen ed in he o m o e alua i e
commen s, hus allowing o judge he e ec o he pe missi e place name.
Emo ional lexicon is si ua ional in i s deno a i e basis, since emo ions a e closely
ela ed o he subjec expe iencing hem and he objec causing hem. and hus
ie ų a dai, ku ių da ybos pama as y a emo y as, laiky ini si uaciniais.
Si uaciniai y a i iš eksp esy ų pada y i ie ų a dai, ypač ada, kai si uacija
applies o ano he ype o si ua ion, ela ed o he i s simila i y and (o ) o he connec ions
(Ma mỹnė, […]žki sčiai) This is he name o he illage.
The unc ion o ce ain s ylis ic igu es in he ex s o he landscape o he
a ea unde s udy is ul illed no only by he place names Ple a, Šnkš apie ė,
Ziglius, bu also by an h opomo phized place names Mùd ė, Pupučiai, Skas ė and
o he s. In his way, a ious illuso y no ions o he add essee (name) a e ealized.
The naming o an h opomo phic opo-objec s in ela ion o he add essee does
no a oid he de o ma ion o he e lec ion o eali y, so i canno be
su icien ly in o ma i e. In o de o make i easie o he add essee o
ecognise he opobjec s, wo names wi h a mo e speci ic meaning may be
chosen ins ead o a place name wi h a b oade meaning, enhancing bo h cla i y and
image y (a pai o seman ically ela ed helonims Šiknãbalė and Uodeglė).
The s udy used a g oup o place names, he uni s o which con ained
e nacula pe sonal names, o e eal he a i ude o ep esen a i es o he
e hnic a ea owa ds he way o li e, appea ance and beha io o he membe s
o he communi y. The changing names o he lands showed ha hei
kalboje leidžia i iamojo plo o bend uomenei ge iau su ok i ie o a džių eikš-
mes, lydimas emocinio, s e eo ipinio e inimo, bei dalin is šiomis kompe en-
coexis ence is ali e in he in e wining.
S e eo ypes suppo ed by ep esen a i es o he e hnic a ea can also be
deduced om place names, as hese a e he mos easonable.
The esul s o he p agma ic linguis ic analysis o place names in he Ma ijampolė
dis ic showed ha he assignmen o a place name could be quali ied as a
linguis ic ac ion desc ibing a su name. This selec s he op imal language ool,
p ecisely di ec s i o he add essee, in ending o a ec him mos e ec i ely in
he naming si ua ion. In his way, he wo ld iew and wo ld iew o he speake is
e ealed, i.e. his, as a ep esen a i e o a pa icula e hnic g oup, o whom his is impo an ,
ką jis da o – į a dija ie as. Tik uome jos ampa pažįs amos, apgy endin os,
su apa in os su konk ečia au ine bend ija i kul ū a.
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica is LXXIII.
C. O he a eas o p agma ic cha ac e is ics would be o in e es o he
u u e esea che . Fo example, i is possible ha he nega i e meaning o he
adjec i e "mo he ly"44 ( o i in Russian, see PPC 118) is mo i a ional. I is no
ob ious ha he lexical backg ound has a na ional speci ici y, ha in di e en
languages equi alen wo ds can ha e di e en associa ions (Guda ičius 2009: 101).
Special a en ion is also paid o he names o places o be made o lead. God (in o he
wo ds, Gud-ã-pie ė p . Kl ; Gùd-a- ais is p . Gdl and he like). Since gùdas is no a eal
e hnonym, geog aphically i is no ela ed o any e i o y, na ion (e.g. in he speci ic
Ka aliūnas 1999: 44), aigi, emian is ie o a džių ap ašais anke ose, kiek ienu
case o ek us cla i ying when o lie. gùdas is used in he meaning ‘bal a usis
(some imes Polish o Russian), when he i s o he wo syllables also has he
e alua i e componen o he meaning.
In he u u e, mo phop agma ic aspec s should also be assessed o place names
wi h diminu i e and pejo a i e adjec i es; (2) how he coexis ence o place names
in speech ac s depends on he linguis ic si ua ion […] o icial and household
(especially in he class o nouns); (3) a p agma ic analysis o place names based on
he p eposi ioning o se e al nomina i e si ua ions belonging o di e en
synch onous cu s would be ele an . The esul s o he la e analysis would
pa ly help o iden i y he cha ac e is ics o he changing "onomas ine ashion"
( iming, damage, e c.).
Thus, he in en o y o place names in he Ma ijampolė dis ic has been s a ed in
a p agma ic way. The obse a ions se ou in he a icle a e a necessa y
p e equisi e o mo e de ailed oponymic esea ch om he pe spec i e
discussed, as he place names used o he pu pose o he a icle cons i u e only
a small pa o he a ailable da abase. The inclusion o he analysis o o he
Li huanian a ea place names in p agma ic esea ch would signi ican ly expand he
o a džių p agma inę p oblema iką pla esniu mas u – ki ų šalių panašaus po-
scope o Li huanian oponymy and allow o examine i in he con ex o landscape esea ch.
44 Fo example, he Bób-a-kalnis msh. pa M j and k .
A icles and a icles 197
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
Ullman S. was bo n in Moscow, Russia. The seman ic uni e sals. Access ia he
In e ne : h p: www. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Федотова Т. В. 2008: Специфика метафорических топонимов в аспекте
восприятия мира человеком. Вестник ВГУ, серия: Лингвистика и межкультурная
коммуникация 2, 48–51.
On P agma ic Linguis ic Analysis o Place
Names (Based on he Place Names o
Ma ijampolė Coun y)
Summa y
In addi ion o wo d- o ma ion, seman ics and o he speci ic cha ac e is ics o place names in
he s udies o egional oponymy, o he gene al linguis ic […] p agma ic sphe e ela ed aspec s
could be aken in o conside a ion as well. A p agma ic linguis ic app oach owa ds place names
would expand he bounda ies o oponymic analysis. I would also p ese e complex mul i-aspec
esea ch ele ance. The di e si y o esea ch o place names om he pe spec i e o
p agma ic linguis ics p esen ed in he a icle shows ha he e is a possibili y o se e al
di ec ions o esea ch o he names unde analysis. In his case, a ele an esea ch ield is he
sea ch o a p agma ic componen in he meaning o a socially pe cei ed and encoded p ope
name. In o de o single ou he componen s o p agma ic na u e in he meanings o place names,
p esen esea ch he esea ch objec is a p agma ic componen in he meaning o he onym,
wi h conno a ion as he p incipal concep o he esea ch ield.
he impo ance o he si ua ion o naming a oponymic objec should be aken in o
conside a ion by highligh ing he in en ion o he add essee (in ou case […] he name-gi e ) in
espec o he add essee as well as he eac ions o he add essee o him o he sel . The
esea ch ma e ial is unique da a o oponymy om he ques ionnai es o in e wa Li huania
which a e s o ed in he Onomas ics Depa men o he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language.
While a p agma ic linguis ic analysis o place names om a single e hnic egion is a con inua ion
o he p e ious esea ch o place names om Ma ijampolė Coun y eco ded du ing he
in e wa pe iod in e ms o wo d o ma ion and o igin, he place names om he same coun y,
eco ded om ac ual language usage, ha e also been selec ed as he basis o his esea ch.
The goal o he s udy was o ind examples o place names in he esea ch ma e ial. The wo d
"Emo ion" is a combina ion o he wo ds "Emo ion" and "Emo ion," and he wo d "Emo ion" is a
combina ion o he wo ds "Emo ion" and "Emo ion" and he wo d "Emo ion" is a combina ion o
he wo ds "Emo ion" and "Emo ion." 2) o iden i y he examples

DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
198 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIII
o place names o he meaning based on ce ain associa ions in he in e wa ma e ial and
o discuss hem.
Bea ing in mind ha an emo ional e alua ion is lexically exp essed in h ee ways - i.e., he oo
o he wo d as he basis o nomina ion, de i a i e a ixes, and he igu a i e use o wo ds - i
should be no ed ha he place names wi h he su ixes cha ac e is ic o he o ma ion o
diminu i es o pejo a i es emained ou side he ocus o a en ion. The desc ip ions and
commen s eco ded in he ques ionnai es, which help o iden i y he add essee's posi ion,
ha e also been selec ed as he esea ch objec . In o de o achie e he goal and objec i es,
de analysis he add essee’s posi ion does no only e eal in he desc ip ions exp essed by
in o ma ion p o ide s on he peculia i ies o he oponym objec being named bu also in
he desc ip ion o he condi ions unde which he place is gi en i s name.
he a icle applied he ollowing me hods o he esea ch ma e ial: (2) he componen analysis
me hod; 3) desc ip i e me hod wi h compa a i e me hod elemen s. The uni s o he in e wa
ma e ial we e i s e alua ed om he pe spec i e o wo d o ma ion by applying a
s uc u al-g amma ical analysis me hod de eloped by A. Vanagas o he analysis o he
names o bodies o wa e , which can also be easily applied o he analysis o he place names o
o he classes. A e iden i ying he base wo ds o place names and hei mo phological and
lexical s a us on he basis o his me hod, he esea ch u he ocused on he […]Dic iona y
o he Li huanian Language[…] (2013). The conno a i e di e ences o base wo ds became clea
om he abb e ia ions p o ided in he dic iona y and a composi ional analysis o he meanings
o hese wo ds. Wha is mo e, he desc ip ions o place names eco ded in in e wa
ques ionnai es and he commen s o in o ma ion p o ide s we e analyzed; As men ioned
be o e, hey e ealed he add essee's eac ions. In his way, he oponymic ma e ial unde
analysis was e alua ed h ough he p ism o he expe ience o he language use s om a
speci ic e hnic egion. The esea ch e ealed a ce ain pa o he und o wo ds om he
speci ic Li huanian egion su i ing in place names: no only exp essi e, based on he
exp ession o emo ions, bu also ulga and pejo a i e.
The a icle also ecalls ce ain place names eco ded in he in e wa pe iod wi h he
base wo ds (dažininkas, p eñ as) al eady wi hd awn om ac i e usage oge he wi h de-
Func ealia and he accompanying cul u al conno a ions. The place names appealing o he
add essee make a e bal impac . The choice o ce ain lexical p ope ies […] whe he he
base wo d is an emo i e o exp essi e wo d […] de e mines he in en ion o naming a
oponym objec . As i is well known, emo ional wo ds appeal o he add essee's eelings,
while exp essi e wo ds a ec his o he imagina ion. The emo i al lexicon is si ua ional by
add essee’s eac ions a e exp essed di ec ly and p o ided in he o m o e alua i e com-
men s, hus enabling o decide on he pe locu iona y e ec o he place name.
i s deno a i e base, because emo ions a e closely linked wi h he subjec expe iencing
hem and he objec a ousing hem. Hence, place names
wi h an emo i e wo d as hei base wo d should also be conside ed si ua ional.
A icles and a icles 199
Dėl p agma inės ling is inės ie o a džių analizės
( emian is Ma ijampolės apsk i ies ie o a džiais)
Wha is mo e, he place names o med om exp essi e wo ds a e also si ua ional, especially in
cases when he si ua ion is applied o he si ua ion o a di e en ype, which is The unc ion o
ela ed o he o me by simila i y and / o o he ela ions (Ma mỹnė, Ùžki sčiai).
ce ain s ylis ic igu es in he "landscape ex s" o he egion unde discussion is no only
pe o med by place names Ple a, Šnkš apie ė, Ziglius bu also by an h opomo phized place
names Mùd ė, Pupučiai, Skas ė and o he s. In his way, a ious illocu iona y in en ions o he
add esse ( he name-gi e ) a e ealized. An h opomo phic naming o oponym objec s om he
pe spec i e o he add essee does no escape he de o ma ions o he e lec ion o eali y.
Thus, i canno be su icien ly in o ma i e.
In o de o make oponymic objec s mo e easily ecognizable o he add essee, wo names
o a mo e speci ic meaning can be selec ed ins ead o one place name o a b oade meaning in
o de o s eng hen bo h cla i y and pic u esqueness (a pai o seman ically ela ed
helonyms Šiknabalė and Uodeglė).
A g oup o place names wi h nickname- ela ed pe sonal names eco ded in i s uni s used in he
esea ch e ealed an app oach cha ac e is ic o he ep esen a i es o he e hnic egion
owa ds he ai s o pe sonal manne s, ou wa d appea ance, and beha io o ce ain
communi y membe s.
The a ying o ms o place names (Ab omỹnė Žydỹnė, Pauliùko kálnas T iedakalnis,
Šeldekšnýnas Vélnia ais is, e c.) showed ha hei coexis ence in he ac ual language use
enables he communi y o he a ea unde analysis o be e unde s and he meanings o
o place names accompanied by an emo ional and s e eo ypical e alua ion and o sha e
hese compe ences among hemsel es.
In addi ion o he abo e, place names enable us o decide abou s e eo ypes suppo ed by
he ep esen a i es o he e hnic egion because hey a e mos alid. The obse a ions
p esen ed in his a icle a e a necessa y p econdi ion o mo e ho ough oponymic
esea ch om he pe spec i e unde discussion, because he place names used o achie e
he goal aised in his a icle accoun o a small sha e o he a ailable da abase. The
inclusion o he analysis o place names om o he Li huanian egions in p agma ic esea ch
would subs an ially expand he ho izons o Li huanian oponymy and enable he analysis o
place-name ela ed p agma ic p oblems on a b oade scale […] in he
con ex o simila esea ch o o he coun ies.
Deli e ed on 19 Oc obe 2015
DALIA SVIDERSKIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
dalias ide [email protected]