S aipsniai / A icles 135
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Resea ch a eas: analysis o w i en sou ces, lexicog aphy and
lexicology o w i en sou ces, sociolinguis ics, syn ax.
ŽAGARĖS ŠNEKTOS RIBOS
Bounda ies o he Zaga e Local Dialec
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Fo he i s ime, he a icle de ines he bounda ies o he Zaga e slope, loca ed in he
no hwes e n pa o he wes e n highland g assland. The cul u al and economic pas o
Žaga ė and i s su oundings, which in luenced he social ne wo ks and linguis ic iden i y o
he inhabi an s o ha egion, is emembe ed. Based on he ansla ion en ies o he
Jaga e's snek , he linguis ic p o isions and sel -exp ession o he esponden s a e
highligh ed. ESMINIAI WORDS: he eas e n highlands, he bounda ies o he Zaga e moo , he
isoglos, he linguis ic iden i y.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle makes he i s a emp o de ine he bounda ies o he Zaga e local dialec
loca ed in he no hwes e n pa o he Wes e n Os o e s sub-dialec o Šiauliai. I ecalls
he cul u al and economic pas o Žaga ė and i s su oundings, which in luenced he o ma ion
o social ne wo ks and linguis ic iden i y among he esiden s o he egion. Based on he
dialec al eco ds o he Zago a local dialec , he a icle highligh s he linguis ic a i udes o
he esponden s and he e olu ion o hei iden i y. KEY WORDS: Wes e n Uppe dialec o
Šiauliškiai, bounda ies o he local dialec o Žaga ė, isogloss, linguis ic iden i y.
The ci y o Žaga ė […] Šnek os, loca ed nea he La ian bo de and almos 26
kilome es no hwes o Jõniški, is a ci y wi h i s own e hnic composi ion and
his o y. The S e ė Ri e , which lows h ough Žaga ė, sepa a es wo i e s on
ei he side
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII was published in Zag eb in 136. On he le
bank is Senóji Žagã ė, and on he igh bank is Naujóji Žagã ė. The ci y is loca ed
a he con luence o he Naujjaja Akmenja, Jõniškį and Jelga a oads. The old
pa o Žaga ė is an u banis ic monumen . S a e-p o ec ed s ee ne wo k, he
plan o Naujosios Žaga ės squa e. Pa s o he ci y ha e a ec angula plan and
we e o med in he i s hal o he 16 h cen u y. Acco ding o he Encyclopædia
B i annica, he ci y o Zago a was des oyed by he Romans in he 13 h cen u y,
du ing he Ziegle up ising. In his o ical sou ces, i is men ioned again ha om
1473 in he ime o Vy au as he G ea in Zago a he e was e en a sal cus oms
o ice.
In he Old Town, he es a e has been known since 1490; in his pa o he ci y,
la ge ma ke s ha e been held since 1495. On he 16 h o July, 1495, he Duke o
sand as su eikė eisę Žaga ėje ink is u gums i p ekymečiams, s eig i ka čemas
Algie s, Alekhine Ku i, died. In 1499, a chu ch was buil in on o he ma ke .
F om 1495 o 1797, in he Old Town, he e was a cus oms o ice.
Naujoji Žaga ė, on he igh side o Š y ė, g ew up in he 16 h cen u y and since
1547 i has been called a own. In he 16 h cen u y, a chu ch was buil in he new
own o Žaga ė, and in he 16 h cen u y, a pa ish school was es ablished nea
he chu ch. In he 18 h and 19 h cen u ies, he mansion o Na yshkin's mano
house and he palace, he s able, he mano house, he buildings o he mano se an s, he pa k ha e su i ed.
The Old and New Zago as a e included in he a las o he Russian Empi e. On he map o
Kaunas Go e no a e hey a e ma ked a he same bo de (see map 2). Bo h pa s
Senoji and Naujoji, which make up p esen -day Žaga ė, we e o en bu ned. Bo h
Senoji and Naujoji Zago a su e ed g ea ly du ing he No he n Wa s. Fou chu ches
o a ious denomina ions we e buil in Žaga ė o he wo k o Sielo ada. In addi ion o
he wo Ca holic chu ches, he E angelical Lu he an Chu ch began o ope a e in 1849
o 1850, and in 1894 he Rades and he O hodox Chu ch. The e we e s a e and p i a e
schools in Zago a, and p ess was allowed in a ious languages. Since 1865, a go e nmen
school has been es ablished (wi hou a pa ish school). The e we e wo Jewish schools.
F om 1909 o 1915 he e was a p i a e ade school. 1 See mo e. The Commission
he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he
meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. 2 Map om he websi e www. uni e s. u o
maps.pod a .las-30 The old own was des oyed by i es in 1712, 1715, 1784, and 1902, and
he new own was des oyed by i es in 1635, 1649, 1656, 1710, 1757, 1758, 1775 and 1776.
1805 m., 1881 m., 1909 m., 1911 m.
Mos o he damage was done in he 17 h and ea ly 18 h cen u ies.
5
S a e, he go e nmen is main ained.
A icles by A icles 137
Žaga ės šnek os ibos
In 1906 he ci y school was opened. In 1907 he La ian School was ounded. In 1909
he Go e nmen Gi ls' School was es ablished. In 1909 a p in ing house was
es ablished. A he end o he 18 h cen u y, he apidly g owing Zaga a became
he mos impo an ading cen e in No he n Li huania, o which me chan s
came no only om a ious places in Li huania, bu also om Russia, Lening ad,
England and Ge many. In 1897, he e we e 820 c a smen and 171 ading companies
in Žaga ė. In addi ion o he buildings o he old own, which we e occupied by
amous people o cul u al and educa ional ins i u ions, he e a e also ade
mečių is o iją. Į ai iuose pas a uose da ba osi is ki i ama ininkai: odininkai,
en e p ises, mills, wool mills, wool mills, sewing mills, sewing mills, mills, mills, mills,
mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills,
p amonės įmonių. Įs eig os sagų di b u ės, muilo ab ikas. Tuome Žaga ėje
mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills,
mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills, mills. Me chan s om England,
Russia, and Ge many came o ade. Žaga ė was also he la ges smuggling cen e
in No he n Li huania. All hese his o ical ac s a e men ioned wi h he aim o
highligh ing linguis ic iden i y and es ablishing economic and ade ne wo ks in he a icle.
See sec ion 6 o de ails. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
138 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXVIII
The game, he
objec i es, he me hods
The Li huanian Language Ins i u e's Ta mių A chi e (LKI TA) p ese es a numbe
o eco ds om Žaga ė and i s su oundings. The o al eco ds examined co e
he yea s 1998 o 20037. The su ey su eyed esponden s o he oldes
gene a ion, bo n in 1936-1901 yea s, we e also s uden s o linguis ics (N . 15),
Li huanian s udies (N . 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29) and eache s o seconda y
school s uden s (N . 239, 24, 240, 241). The s o ies e eal no only he li es o he
esponden s, his o ical uphea als and uphea als, he ca aclysms o he Fi s and
Second Wo ld Wa s, bu also he cul u al, social, economic li e o Zag eb, om
which he linguis ic a i udes o he esponden s and he ends o social ne wo ks eme ge.
I should be no ed ha dialec ologis s ha e no iced indi idual cases o he
e nacula language (šlekia imą (also w i en by Aldona Jonai y ė, Aleksas Gi denis,
Juozas Pab ėža, Auš a Kaika y ė), cases o he Žemai i accen (Pab ėža), he
pe icien accen (Gi denis, Geno ai ė Kačiuskienė) and o he s), which he au ho
desc ibes mo e widely and in mo e de ail in o he a icles o Žaga ė P imnek ė. In
addi ion, Li huanian language in e p e e s in es iga ed Zaga es and Skais gi ios
b ushs okes and wo isoglosses. The i s […] […] a e he ha d l esponse a, […].
Behind i is ma ked he second […] s one c ossed […], o, y, ū o he isoglosses.
Since he Zaga e snail has no ye been s udied mo e widely and in de ail, he aim is i s and
o emos o de ine he bounda ies o he Zaga e snail. As a esul , he ollowing asks we e
ou lined: o amilia ize wi h he his o ical, eligious and cul u al he i age o Zago a, which could
in luence he de elopmen o he Shnek language. The mos in e es ing eco ds e eal he
linguis ic and cul u al insigh s o he esponden s. To se he bounda ies o he Zaga e slope and o
d aw a map. The bes me hods used in adi ional dialec ology o achie e he s a ed goal we e
desc ip i e, compa a i e, and ca og aphic me hods. 7 LKI TA also keeps eco ds o la e yea s,
o example, om 2011 o 2013, bu he au ho o he a icle does no ely on hem o one eason
he age o he esponden s. The main gene a ion bes e lec s adi ional language, and he eco d
o such esponden s' language is he mos made in he yea s indica ed. On 8 May 1998, Kaika y ė
in e iewed a man (bo n in 1928) and a woman (bo n in 1928), and Li huanian s udies s uden s S.
Micku ė and S. Raice ičiū ė in e iewed a man (bo n in 1930) and wo women (bo n in 1914 and 1936).
The ollowing pe sons we e egis e ed as esponden s: A. L. Lau ea e, B. Balu i e, R. No man ai, J.
No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J.
No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J.
No man ai, J. No man ai, J. No man ai, J. In 2003 he s uden s o Joniško o Auš os Gymnasium we e en olled in he 1923 and
The 1925 bi h o he esponden s. 9 The e m social ne wo ks co e s o me economic, ade
ela ions be ween La ians and Li huanians, bu also he use o La ian language in communica ion
h ough language sel -exp ession.
A icles by A icles 139
Žaga ės šnek os ibos
Social ne wo king si es
KALBIN IR SAVIMON In he na a i e ex s eco ded in and a ound Zag eb, he
esponden s' s o ies abou Zag eb as a sel -go e ning and independen
sel -go e nmen cen e whe e people o di e en na ionali ies and eligious
belie s li ed oge he s and ou . Responden s ha e exp essed hei linguis ic
p e e ences, hei own language, hei own ocabula y and indica ed ade and
business links.
In he case o he "Jungle," he ocus is on he "Jungle" and he "Jungle" is he
"Jungle" and he "Jungle" is he "Jungle" and he "Jungle" is he "Jungle" and he
"Jungle" is he "Jungle" and he "Jungle" is he "Jungle" and he "Jungle" is he
"Jungle" and he "Jungle" is he "Jungle" and he "Jungle" is he "Jungle". The
esponden s emembe ed he la ge cou ya ds o he own's houses and he
dis inc i e u ban he i age. They we e adap ed o p o ec he ca s o me chan s
who wen o he ma ke s. In he days o he big ma ke s, e en child en ied o ea n a
li ing. I'm going o gi e i o you. "I'm no su e i I'm going o be able o do i , bu I'm going
o be able o do i ". I'm going o bed. I 's a was e o money. "I'm going o ake you o he
ba h oom. I'm going o ake you o he ba h oom. I'm going o ake you o he
ba h oom. ♪ We' e going o make a deal ♪ I 's like a cein u e. I don' know. I don' know.
I 's called he "Ve sailles". Since Zago a was abou he o es s belonging o
Na yshkin, owne s we e needed. Na yškin did no accep o wo k Li huanians because
o he p o ec ion o ela i es, bu was in i ed o se e La ians and Ge mans, so he
Li huanians conside ed him as such: ù ès *na škina eguu ù ès *na škina šuùks ès
enu žó·u (Žg). Mos o he ime, he o me owne s ea ned a lo o money and bough
a ms, bu hey didn' li e in hem and wen back o hei wo k: [in he illage] čè já.m
[ he a he ] didn' like he ac ha mškè zaá. ¶uges sà a ú·ki. I 's called p[…] k a. I'm
no going o be able o do i . I'm going o be able o do i . I'm going o be able o do i . I
don' know wha you' e alking abou . I'm going o pay o he land. I'm going o pay o
he land. Žaga ė is a mul ie hnic ci y. Responden s say ha hey ha e been in many
Jewish businesses: dã· p i*lie u õ·s *s ùliz bù a ed·is ži.dẽ·lis ¶ nù ai js ade malú·na.
in he case o a ca acciden . Elec ici y is elec ici y. I' e gi en you he whole own. I
is ecalled ha he Jewish communi y […]Kahal[…] ope a ed in Zaga e. The na a o s
do no co e he hemes o he Jewish shoo ings: hey ell no only o a pe son's
pe sonal expe ience o he u u e, bu also o he inabili y o ca y ou he in en ions
o sa ing he Jews, and o he nai e y o he Jewish people hemsel es in belie ing in
he wa like peoples. I 's like a ghos . I 's like a ci y. ♪ I'm going o be a bu oon ♪ I'm
going o ell you wha I'm going o do. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o do. I'm going
o ell you wha I'm going o do.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
140 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII
I 's on he lake. [Li ing in he same ci y] maybe you'll be able o do i [ o he Jews] i.e.
you'll be able o do i . I'm no going o ell you wha I'm going o ell you. I'm going o ell
you wha I'm going o ell you. One o he e hnic g oups li ing in and a ound he ci y o
Zago a is he chigoni (Tjužsimena: káz bù a diuses àgs? ♪ I' e ne e been he e be o e
gonai). Responden ai apie jų gy enimo būdą, nep iim iną lie u iams, isada
♪ I'll ell you wha . I' e been alking o you o a long ime. I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . ♪ I' e go a gun, I' e go a gun, I' e go a gun, I' e go a gun ♪ ♪ I' e go a
gun, I' e go a gun ♪ ♪ I' e go a gun, I' e go a gun ♪ ♪ I' e go a gun, I' e go a gun ♪ I 's
called an a ow. Whe e a e you going? Whe e a e you going? (See also oo no e.) 10.
The ansla ions o he Zaga e expedi ion e lec he eligious di e si y o he own's
inhabi an s and gi e a quan i a i e assessmen : o[…] àdà ie[…] ik[…]·imαi a[…] làbα[…]
sk[…]· es čè ka al[…]ks ¶ o[…]čè […]u e ó[…]ns #i[…]sũ[…]na diẽna […]s[…]u e ó[…]nz bù[…]a sme[…] is
(Zg) No u he wo ked han ho - olled, in coils
Responden s old abou La ian se lemen in Li huania as ollows: sd a inik·lei
bù a sulek·e ¶ i sùs bajo ·us ižg ú·da i*sbi a. A e he 1863 up ising, because he
Ba a ians we e e y suppo i e o he up ising. The e o e, he La ian own o
Žaga ė and i s su oundings we e inhabi ed qui e widely: sas ká.imz *biunu en
lã· u. I' e been looking o you o a long ime.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
O en esponden s e en explain he o igin o place names in La ian wo ds, e.g.
omlã· u. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking
abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou . (Zg) No u he wo ked han
ho - olled, in coils The Zago ians e en associa e linguis ic iden i y wi h he La ian
language, e.g. m.m gi à kabà lã· ei (Žg). I is ue ha he esponden s also men ioned
changes in hei mu ual ela ions: hey did no ha e a iendly ela ionship wi h each
o he , hey we e al eady in a ela ionship, hey we e in a ela ionship, hey we e in a
ela ionship, hey we e in a ela ionship, hey we e in a ela ionship. O he wise, you
da a / kà i bù a mieó·nai ¶ làei d.uæ mok·da a ¶ s mieó·nai eda om
may ha e o pay o i . He also had wo king ela ions wi h La ia, e.g. wi h he La ian
TV channel Nu aiei. I'm going o ake a showe . We didn' gi e i o you. We didn' gi e i
o you. We didn' gi e i o you. I 's called usid. bda a. I is no a oided and empo a y
li e in La ia, eeling he du y (paugus aikams) o e u n o Li huania: aka susi · e
zaá.uga liksep ·. You' e going o die. […] a[…] om laũka [ om La ian] (Ve šija[…]) is he
name o a illage in La ia. Now he use o La ian has dec eased: lã· u. The coa . (b) o
be employed a he b […]ški mó[…]ku (Žiu ia[…]). The language is associa ed no only wi h
La ians, bu also wi h Ge mans. Responden s men ioned a numbe o linguis ic
ea u es ha a e mos no iceable in he sepa a ion o he […] and he ela ed way
o speaking, e.g. a[…]jũs […]ke e a[…]jũs lã[…] e? I'm going o ell you wha I'm going
o do. I'm going o ell you wha I'm going o do. Responden s ha e no iced ha non-na i e speake s ha e no been bo he ed by his con e sa ion, because 10 In he case o he applican , he applican has ailed o mee he equi emen s o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
A icles 141 a e s ange o hei ea s, plg.: a am. Bu i didn' bo he he people who
Žaga ės šnek os ibos
came. and m[…]. I 's called he Holy G ail. Some esponden s end o belie e in he wo ks
o he speake s and al eady iden i y wi h he locals: omẽ·s aižemačei ẽ·sam. on he
g ound
The ju y.
Responden s ended o compa e he quali y o li e in Li huania wi h ha o o he
coun ies: *sme ó·na la.ka.s s bù a isidalne. ♪ I'm going o be a i gin ♪ ♪ I'm going o
be a i gin ♪ I 's been a long ime since I' e been he e. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . I don' know wha you' e alking abou .
I 's called "Ve sailles".
In he w i en eco ds, he e is no men ion o p o-akis and oday's s a e policy: dá.
. à ne k a *li. u à kolbùs k à *li. u à his à bùs skas pge /
I 's called "Ve sailles".
Thus, he ansla ion eco ds e eal no only he linguis ic iden i y o he
esponden s, bu also he limi s o he economic ne wo k. The Zaga ians aded
wi h he La ians; se ed and alked o La ian a me s o almos he en i e
nine een h cen u y, and he inhabi an s o he own o Pa ibas spoke La ian
luen ly11. All hese p o isions ha e a his o ical jus i ica ion, since Žaga ė and i s
su oundings belonged o he Ku š Coun y. Pe haps ha is why he olde
gene a ion o Zago ians ended o iden i y no wi h Li huanians and Wes e ne s,
bu wi h La ians. Ryškėja and he o he , o med by he speake s, s ipula e ha
he imams a e supposed o be low, bu no high in he e ening. Such a linguis ic
iden i y, such a pai ing, shows ha he esponden s o Žaga ės šnek os s ill ha e a linguis ic iden i y.
ŽAGARĖS ŠNEKTOS RIBOS
The Zaga e slope belongs o he wes e n highland g assland (VAS) subdi ision
(see map 12).
As can be seen om he map, he a ea o he wes e n highlands, o which he
Šiauliai and Kauniškiai belong, due o hei loca ion h oughou he cen al
į ai o ės bei susida ančių kalbinių eiškinių sa i umo dialek ologų im as išsa-
e i o y o Li huania and he snails, has only been desc ibed in ecen yea s, bu
he e is s ill a lack o esea ch on snails and snails.
I is wo h ecalling ha he o ma ion o na ional iden i y in he Bal ic
coun ies is ela ed o he in luences o he wo cul u es (eas e n and
wes e n). Acco ding o Al ydo Bu kaus, e hnic e i al and e hnic
sel -exp ession began in he Bal ic coun ies p ima ily in he Ge man, bu no in
he Polish cul u al en i onmen . Public and long- e m Li huanian language and 11
Mo e abou he a i ude owa ds La ians see This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 12 The map is aken om www. a mes.lki.l o F_ asmap.h m.
JANINA ŠVAMBARYTĖ-VALUŽIENĖ
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXVIII is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
The con emp o Li huanianism slowed down and shaped he al eady la e
Žaga ės šnek os ibos
19 h-cen u y Li huanian na ional consciousness, o ming complexes o an unwo hy
na ion. Speake s o Zaga e dialec had o ace he in luence o bo h cul u es.
Acco ding o he esponden s, in he Žaga ė egion, he d a inik·lei bù a sulek·e is he
bajo ·us ižg ú·da i*sbi a. A e he 1863 up ising, because he Ba a ians we e e y
suppo i e o he up ising. The new amily belie es ha he disco e y o linguis ic
phenomena […] uni e sals […] and he complexi y o linguis ic exp essions also
ninkų (la ių i okiečių) d a eliuose ima plis i lie u ybės idėjos. Galima bū ų
in luenced his his o ical phenomenon13. Some insigh s in o he linguis ic phenomena
o Zaga e's snake a e desc ibed by D . A. Kaika y ė (19762016), a esea che o
Skais gi 's snake. Dialec ology, based on he heo y o na u al mo phology ha
sp ead in Ge many and Aus ia in he ea ly 1980s, is he closes hing o he Skais gi i
Schnek , compa ing some o Skais gi i's Schnek phenomena wi h he phenomena o
he Skais gi i Schnek (2015: 150-173). In addi ion, ce ain g amma ical, mo phological
and syn ac ic ea u es o he Zaga e dialec ha e been no ed by dialec ologis s in
he pas , bu a mo e consis en desc ip ion o he dialec is s ill lacking15. In o de o
explo e he snake in mo e de ail, i is i s necessa y o de ine i s bounda ies (see
map 16). As seen o he i s ime on he map published by Nub a, he Zaga e snake
has se led in he no hwes . The e o e, he no h-wes e n bo de is he bo de
be ween Li huania and he Republic o La ia (Jšp 2001: 13; Lk ch 2004: 60). The nea es
a eas a e Dilbina, Minčaičiai, Žagã ė and Žaga škai. The edge o he eas e n Zaga e
slope connec s wi h he Skáis gi slope. Acco ding o A. Kaika y ė, This limi is no
ye su icien ly explo ed and clea (Kaika y ė 2015: 150). The illages o Daukši,
Rukužių, S ungi, G ažáičių, Ve ši, Màželių a e loca ed on his bo de . The bounda y o
he sou he n pa o Žaga ės šnek os bo de s on Juodeikius and Gaižaičius, Rais ùs,
Ma ýniškius, loca ed nea he bo de o Akmenės dis ic .
I is ecalled ha he second olume o he a las o Li huanian language (LKA) o phone ics and maps o
phone ic phenomena indica es a numbe o linguis ic isoglosses passing nea Skais gi and Žaga ės
šnek ų. One o hem would be he s one e, ei a imas po p iebalsio l, he a ms in ch es oma ija named as
e, ei kie inimas 13 Fo mo e abou Dauno a os and k . d a us see This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 14 The heo y o
na u al mo phology […]i s uc u al ends in languages, and speci ic p ocesses o change in di e en
languages is pa ly explained by uni e sal p inciples o na u alness[…] (Kaika y ė 2010: 6). 15 The au ho
in ends o p o ide a mo e de ailed analysis o he language o Zaga e's ske ches in o he a icles. 16 Map
d awn by D . Lau a Ge žo ai ė, based on he LKA and Lk ch maps. Thank you, colleague, o you insigh ul
e iew o he bounda ies o he Zaga e snail, and o you o he commen .
