S aipsniai / A icles 53
CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA
Uni e si y o Niiga a P e ec u e, Japan
FIELD OF RESEARCH: dialec geog aphy.
RECONSIDERING THE CHANGE
OF VERBAL CONJUGATION
SYSTEMS IN TOKUNOSHIMA
DIALECTS: THE PROHIBITIVE
FORM AS ANOTHER PROOF
Veiksmažodžio asmena imo sis emų kai a
Tokunošimos a mėse: d audimą eiškian i
o ma kaip da ienas į odymas
ANNOTATION
The au ho was in ol ed in he analysis o e bal conjuga ion sys em o a Tokunoshima
dialec , which belongs o Ryukyu dialec s o Japanese language. The s udy is pa o he
esea ch o making a dialec dic iona y in Tokunoshima. Fukushima (2017) discussed he
eo ganiza ion o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in he dialec s on he Tokunoshima Island, by
compa ing wo local sys ems and examining geog aphical dis ibu ions o a pa icula e b
o m. The ad e bial o m was used as a key o show he on-going change. In his pape , he
p ohibi i e o m is used as ano he p oo o show he a ia ion on he island and o desc ibe
he eo ganiza ion o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in he dialec s. The eo ganiza ion p ocess
o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in Tokunoshima is illus a ed by using linguis ic maps wi h
a ocus on he p ohibi i e o m as well as he ad e bial o m. The newly d awn maps based
on he 1977 Okamu a su ey da a show clea ly dema ca ed dis ibu ions, which demon-
s a e ha he o ms wi h a owel-ending e b s em a e olde han hose wi h an -ending
e b s em.
KEYWORDS: change o sys ems, e bal conjuga ion, Ryukyu dialec s, p ohibi i-
e o m, dialec maps.
CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA
54 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnio au o ė daly a o a liekan japonų kalbos Riūkiū a mėms p iklausančios
Tokunošimos a mės eiksmažodžio asmena imo sis emos analizę. Šis da bas – su Tokuno-
šimos a mės žodyno engimu susijusio y imo dalis. 2017 m. au o ė ap a ė Tokunošimos
salos a mių eiksmažodžio asmena imo sis emos kai ą: lygino d i ie ines sis emas i iš-
y ė geog a inį ienos konk ečios eiksmažodžio o mos papli imą. Pa ody i pokyčius bu o
siekiama emian is p ie eiksmine o ma. Šiame s aipsnyje kaip da ienas į odymas pasi-
elkiama d audimą eiškian i o ma – ja siekiama a skleis i kalbos į ai o ę saloje i ap ašy i
a mėse yks ančią eiksmažodžio asmena imo sis emų kai ą. Tokunošimos eiksmažodžio
asmena imo sis emų kai os p ocesas ilius uojamas ling is iniais žemėlapiais, dėmesys su-
elkiamas į d audimą eiškiančią o mą i p ie eiksminę o mą. 1977 m. Okamu os y imo
duomenų pag indu iš naujo suda y i žemėlapiai a skleidžia aki aizdų geog a inį pasiski s-
ymą, ku is odo, kad balse besibaigiančių eiksmažodžio kamienų o mos y a senesnės nei
besibaigiančio eiksmažodžio kamieno o mos.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: sis emų kai a, eiksmažodžio asmena imas, Riūkiū a mės, d au-
dimą eiškian i o ma, a mių žemėlapiai.
1. INTRODUCTION: THE CHANGE
IN VERBAL CONJUGATION SYSTEM
The au ho epo ed on he change o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in Toku-
noshima dialec s wi h he ocus on he ad e bial o m (Fukushima 2017). The
p esen pape asse s ha he p ohibi i e o m is also in ol ed in he change.
Tokunoshima is an island in he Ryukyu A chipelago (see Figu e 1) and
he au ho has been in ol ed in he analysis o he e bal conjuga ion sys em
o Asama dialec on he island. This is pa o he esea ch o making a dia-
lec dic iona y (Sawaki, Fukushima, Nakajima 2003, 2006, 2012; Fukushima
2010).1 The su ey o dialec s o elde ly in o man s a Asama and Inu abu (see
Figu e 1) e ealed ha hey ha e di e en e bal conjuga ion pa e ns. The e -
bal conjuga ion sys em o Asama dialec consis s o h ee conjuga ion pa e ns:
egula conjuga ion I (consonan -ending e b s em ype), egula conjuga ion
II ( owel-ending e b s em ype), and i egula conjuga ion (see Table 1), whi-
le he e bal conjuga ion sys em o Inu abu dialec consis s o wo conjuga ion
pa e ns: egula conjuga ion (consonan -ending e b s em ype) and i egula
conjuga ion (see Table 2). Based on he compa ison o conjuga ion pa e ns o
1 This esea ch was suppo ed by G an -in-Aid o Scien i ic Resea ch (B) 23320095, (C) 25370487
and (C) 16K02688.
S aipsniai / A icles 55
Reconside ing he Change o Ve bal Conjuga ion Sys ems in
Tokunoshima Dialec s: The P ohibi i e Fo m as Ano he P oo
S anda d Japanese and he wo dialec s, i is conside ed ha he e bs o egula
conjuga ion II a e being inco po a ed in o egula conjuga ion I (see Table 3).
FIGURE 1. Su eyed a ea and locali ies
TABLE 1. Ve bal conjuga ion pa e ns o Asama dialec in Tokunoshima
Headwo d Main conjuga ion o ms
Equi alen
S anda d
Japanese
basic
s em
(BS)
used
s em
(FS)
euphonic
s em
(ES)
-jui o m ad e bial
o m
nega i e
o m
- e o m
(euphonic
o m)
FS + ui BS + i BS + aN ES + I
Regula Conjuga ion I (Consonan -ending s em)
asobu ‘play’ ’asIb-’asIbj-’asId-’asIbjui ’asIbi: ’asIbaN ’asI:dI
kiku ‘hea ’ Kik-Kikj-Kicj-Kikjui Kiki: KikaN KicjI:
na u ‘become’ na -naj-na -najui nai na aN na: I
Regula Conjuga ion II (Vowel-ending s em)
oki u ‘wake up’ ’wI:- ’wI:j-’wI: -’wI:jui ’wI: ’wI: aN ’wI: I
I egula Conjuga ion
su u ‘do’ s-/sj– sj- sj- sjui sI: sjaN sjI:
CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA
56 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
TABLE 2. Ve bal conjuga ion pa e ns o Inu abu dialec in Tokunoshima
Headwo d Main conjuga ion o ms
Equi alen
S anda d
Japanese
basic
s em
(BS)
used
s em
(FS)
euphonic
s em
(ES)
-jui o m ad e bial
o m
nega i e
o m
- e o m
(euphonic
o m)
FS + ui BS + i BS + aN ES + I
Regula Conjuga ion (Consonan -ending s em)
asobu ‘play’ ’asIb-’asIbj-’asId-’asIbju i ’asIbi ’asIbaN ’asIdI
kiku ‘hea ’ Kik-Kikj-Kicj-Kikju i Kiki KikjaN KicjI
na u ‘become’ na - na j-na -naju i na i na aN na: I
oki u ‘wake up’ ’wI: -’wI: j-’wI: -’wI: ju i ’wI: i ’wI: aN ’wI: I
I egula Conjuga ion
su u ‘do’ s-/sj sj- sj- sjui sji: sjaN sji:
I, E: cen al owels [ï], [ë]; ’: glo al s op [ʔ]; K: glo alizedk [k’]; and N: syllabic nasal
TABLE 3. Ve b g oups and conjuga ion pa e ns: Inco po a ion o egula II in o egula I
S anda d Japanese Asama dialec Inu abu dialec
conjuga ion
pa e n
ad e bial
o m
conjuga ion
pa e n
ad e bial
o m
conjuga ion
pa e n
ad e bial
o m
na u ‘become’ Regula I na i Regula I nai Regula (I) na i
ki u ‘wea ’ Regula II ki Regula I Ki I: Regula (I) Ki i
iki u ‘li e’ Regula II iki Regula I ’iki i: Regula (I) ’iki i
oki u ‘wake up’ Regula II oki Regula II ’wI: Regula (I) ’wI: i
de u‘ go ou ’ Regula II de Regula II ’izjI: Regula (I) ’izji i
Regula I: - ending s em e bs ad e bial o m: - ending s em + i
Regula II: e b ending s em e bs ad e bial o m: owel-ending s em
The change om egula conjuga ion pa e n II o egula conjuga ion pa-
e n I led o he change o sys ems. Asama dialec has an in-be ween sys em,
compa ed wi h he s anda d language and Inu abu dialec . Wha is ac ually
happening in his p ocess is he addi ion o he o m - i o he o iginal ad e bial
o m. Thus, he expansion o his - i added o m shown below was he ocus o
Fukushima (2017).
’wI:>’wI: i an ad e bial o m o oki u ‘wake up’
’izjI:,’izji:>’izji i an ad e bial o m o de u ‘go ou ’
The p ohibi i e o m is in oduced as ano he p oo o explain he change o
sys ems in his pape .
S aipsniai / A icles 57
Reconside ing he Change o Ve bal Conjuga ion Sys ems in
Tokunoshima Dialec s: The P ohibi i e Fo m as Ano he P oo
2. HISTORY OF VERBAL CONJUGATION SYS-
TEM IN JAPANESE DIALECTS
Kobayashi (2004: 540) summa ized he changes in e bal conjuga ion sys em
in he pa icula e b g oup including oki u ‘wake up’ by examining he da a
o Japanese dialec s. The changes ha e h ee s ages. On he i s s age, he e a e
wo owel g ades such as oku- o oki- in he owel ending e b s em. This s a-
ge was obse ed in Classical Japanese and is obse ed in Kyushu dialec s s ill
now. On he second s age, he e is jus one owel g ade oki- in he owel end-
ing e b s em. This s age is obse ed in S anda d Japanese. On he hi d s age,
he e eme ges he - ending e b s em oki -. This s age is obse ed in many
Jap anese dialec s.
The end- o ms oki u and oku u and he a ibu i e o ms oki u and oku u a e
he oldes ype o o ms wi h he - ending s em, which a e used in S anda d Ja-
panese and mos dialec s. In addi ion, he e a e many o ms wi h he - ending
s em: nega i e o ms oki a-, oke a-, oki ja-, and oke ja-, causa i e o ms oki a-
and oke a-, oli ional o ms oki o- and oki a-, hypo he ical o ms oki e-, oke e-
and oku e-, and impe a i e o ms oki o, oki e, oke o, and oke e (Kobayashi 2004:
543, 545). Howe e , he use o oki i as an ad e bial o m is a e. This - i added
o m oki i is used in Tokunoshima. The e a e also p ohibi i e o ms, oki una
and i s a ian s, which a e discussed la e in his pape .
3. ADVERBIAL FORMS: GEOGRAPHICAL
VARIATION IN RYUKYU DIALECTS
AND GENERATIONAL CHANGES IN
TOKUNOSHIMA
Acco ding o he map o ad e bial o ms o oki u ‘wake up’ based on he da a
om Nakamo o (1988) (see Figu e 2; Fukushima 2017), he - i added ad e bi-
al e b o ms (black ci cles) a e ound in a pa o No he n Ryukyu including
Main Island o Okinawa, bu no in Sou he n Ryukyu. The adi ional e b
o ms wi hou - i (g ey squa es) a e used in a pa o No he n Ryukyu and
Sou he n Ryukyu. This geog aphical dis ibu ion con i ms ha he - i added
ad e bial e b o ms a e new.
Based on he da a om di e en gene a ions in Tokunoshima, he gene a io-
nal changes occu ing on he island a e shown (see Figu e 3; Fukushima 2017).
The da a include p e ious publica ions, Hi ayama (ed.) (1966) and Nakamo o
(1988), and ecen su eys by Fukushima in 2012–2015 and Sawaki e al. in
CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA
58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
2012–2013 (see Figu e 3). T adi ional o ms a e exp essed by g ey squa es and
- i added o ms by black ci cles. The changes had occu ed be o e he 1960s and
ha e almos comple ed now. The expansion migh ha e s a ed om he sou-
he n own o Isen on he island. The ecen su ey o middle-aged in o man s
shows ha only h ee ou o 40 in o man s main ained he adi ional o m wi-
hou - i.
FIGURE 2. Ad e bial o ms o oki u
‘wake up’ om Nakamo o (1988)
FIGURE 3. Gene a ional changes o ad e bial
o ms shown by a ious da a
4. THE VARIATION OF ADVERBIAL AND
PROHIBITIVE FORMS IN TOKUNOSHIMA
DIALECTS
Geolinguis ic da a o elde ly in o man s su eyed by a na i e-speaking dia-
lec ologis , Takahi o Okamu a, in 1977 included he egional da a o ad e bial
and p ohibi i e o ms. The linguis ic maps d awn om he Okamu a da a show
a clea ly dema ca ed a ia ion wi h 52 locali ies all o e he island.2
2 Figu e 4, 5, and 6 we e made using SEAL e sion 618J de eloped by Fukushima and Fukushima.
The Okamu a su ey da a a e impo an because he su eyed a ea includes he no he n pa o
he island which was no su eyed in Hi ayama (ed.) (1966) and Nakamo o (1988).
S aipsniai / A icles 59
Reconside ing he Change o Ve bal Conjuga ion Sys ems in
Tokunoshima Dialec s: The P ohibi i e Fo m as Ano he P oo
In he map o ad e bial o ms (see Figu e 4), he o ms wi h a owel-ending
e b s em (black squa es) a e loca ed a sepa a e a eas while he o ms wi h an
-ending e b s em (whi e ci cles) a e co e ing up he island. Thus, he o ms
wi h a owel-ending e b s em a e olde han hose wi h an -ending e b s em.
The in e p e a ion made in he sec ion abo e is con i med.
In he map o p ohibi i e o ms (see Figu e 5), he egional a ia ion looks
simila al hough he a ea o a owel-ending e b s em (black squa es) is la ge ,
compa ed wi h ha o an -ending e b s em in Figu e 4. Thus, he change in
he ad e bial o ms is a bi ad anced, compa ed wi h ha o p ohibi i e o ms.
FIGURE 4. Ad e bial o ms om 1977 Okamu a su ey
FIGURE 5. P ohibi i e o ms om 1977
Okamu a su ey
FIGURE 6. P ohibi i e o ms (de ailed) om
1977 Okamu a su ey
CHITSUKO FUKUSHIMA
60 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXIX
TABLE 4. P ohibi i e o ms used a p esen
ASAMA INUTABU
Vowel ending e b s em *’wI:na
‘wINna
-ending e b s em 1 ’wI: ina
‘wI: iNna
-ending e b s em 2 *’wI: una
‘wI: uNna
Fused s em ‘wI:juNna ‘wI: juNna
In he map o p ohibi i e o ms (de ailed) (see Figu e 6), he dis ibu ion o
pa icula o ms is shown, which is use ul o in e p e he cou se o change. The
o ms used a p esen in Asama and Inu abu a e shown in Table 4 (in es iga ed
by he au ho ). The ollowing cou se o change is ob ained h ough he in e -
p e a ion o Figu e 6 and Table 4.
FIGURE 7. P ohibi i e o ms om Nakamo o (1998)
S aipsniai / A icles 61
Reconside ing he Change o Ve bal Conjuga ion Sys ems in
Tokunoshima Dialec s: The P ohibi i e Fo m as Ano he P oo
Vowel ending -ending -ending
e b s em e b s em 1 e b s em 2
’ｗI:na → ’ｗI: ina → ’ｗI: una
↓ ↓ ↓
’ｗINna ’ｗI: iNna ’ｗI: uNna
↓ ↓
Fused s em
’ｗI:juNna ’ｗI: juNna
Thus, he o m wi h a owel ending e b s em is olde han ha wi h an -en-
ding e b s em. This is also con i med by Figu e 7, he map o p ohibi i e o ms
in Ryukyu dialec s based on he da a om Nakamo o (1998).
5. CONCLUSIONS
The ongoing change o e bal conjuga ion sys ems in Tokunoshima is pa o
he end o eo ganize he e b conjuga ion sys ems in Japanese dialec s. This
pape in oduces he newly d awn linguis ic maps based on he 1977 Okamu a
su ey and claims ha he e is ano he poo o he change, which is he p o-
hibi i e o m. The maps o he ad e bial o m and he p ohibi i e o m show
simila dis ibu ions in which he o ms wi h an -ending e b s em a e co e-
ing up he island while he o ms wi h a owel-ending e b s em a e le sepa-
a ed on he island. Thus, he o ms wi h a owel-ending e b s em a e olde
han hose wi h an -ending e b s em. This in e p e a ion wo ks well wi h he
dis ibu ions o Ryukyu dialec s as well as he his o y o he Japanese language.
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Fukushima Chi suko 2010: Making pa adigms o e bs and adjec i es using a dia-
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Fukushima Chi suko 2017: Reo ganiza ion o e bal conjuga ion sys em in Japa-
nese dialec s: A case s udy in Tokunoshima dialec . – VII Cong ess o In e na ional So-
cie y o Dialec ology and Geolinguis ics: Selec ed Pape s, 9–18.
Hi ayama Te uo (ed.) 1966: Ryukyu Hogen no Sogo- eki Kenkyu. Comp ehensi e
s udy o Ryukyu dialec s. Tokyo: Meiji-Shoin.
Kobayashi Takashi 2004: Hogen-gaku- eki Nihon-shi no Kenkyu. Dialec ological
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