S aipsniai / A icles 45
ANNA MLEKODAJ
Podhalańska Pańs wowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w
Nowym Ta gu, Poland
The main opics o he scien i ic esea ch: linguis ics,
cul u al s udies, dialec ology, educa ion.
DOI
VERNACULAR LITERATURE
AS A WIDENING FIELD OF
STUDY IN CONTEMPORARY
DIALECTOLOGY
(ON THE EXAMPLE OF
PODHALE REGION IN POLAND)
Liaudies li e a ū a kaip besiplečian i s udijų
s i is šiuolaikinėje dialek ologijoje
(Lenkijos Podhalės egiono pa yzdys)
ANNOTATION
Dialec al li e a u e was one o he o ms o sa ing he dialec . Despi e i s dis inc i e
p esence in Silesian, Kashubian and Podhalian dialec s, bo h dialec al poe y and epic s ill
emain ou side dialec al in e es . Focused on phone ics, phonology, syn ax and lexis, in-
cluding p agma ic, cul u al and social con ex s, dialec al li e a u e has no ye de eloped i s
own esea ch ools capable o cap u ing he essence o his gen e. The aim o his a icle is
o indica e he need o ex end he esea ch ield o mode n dialec ology o his phenome-
non ela ed o he c ea ion o s ylis ic di e si y wi hin he dialec . Dialec al li e a u e is an
e iden p oo o he c ea ion o he a is ic-li e a y a ie y con ained in o ound in he di-
alec . This p ocess was mos ully de eloped in Podhale o a ious easons.
KEYWORDS: Polish dialec ology, e nacula li e a u e, iden i y, olklo e,
Podhale egion.
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46 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
ANOTACIJA
Viena iš a mės išsaugojimo o mų – a minė li e a ū a. Nepaisan šio eiškinio išski i-
numo Silezijos, Kašubijos i Podhalės egionų a mėse, iek a minė poezija, iek epas is
da nesulaukė a mių y ėjų dėmesio. No s daug dėmesio ski iama one ikai, onologijai,
sin aksei i leksikai, aip pa i p agma iniams, kul ū iniams i socialiniams kon eks ams,
da nė a suku a y imo į ankių, ku iais bū ų galima už iksuo i šio žan o esmę. Šio s aips-
nio ikslas – pab ėž i po eikį išplės i mode niosios dialek ologijos y imų lauką aip, kad
jis ap ėp ų s ilis inės į ai o ės kū imo eiškinį a mėje. Ta minė li e a ū a y a aki aizdus
meninės-li e a ū inės į ai o ės kū imo a mėje į odymas. Dėl į ai ių p iežasčių šis p ocesas
labiausiai pasi eiškė Podhalės egione.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: lenkų dialek ologija, a minė li e a ū a, apa ybė, au osaka,
Podhalės egionas.
Dialec ology desc ibes he lexical and g amma ical di e en ia ion o a lan-
guage. T adi ionally, i was combined wi h he geog aphical dimension o his
phenomenon, and a special ocus was made on he speech o he inhabi an s
o a gi en illage. Nowadays, he ield o in e es o dialec ology also includes
u ban a eas wi h hei ich sociological di e si y (B i ain 2010: 127–128). The
combina ion o bo h aspec s and di ec ions can de ine he dialec as a pa icu-
la o m o a language which is peculia o a speci ic egion o social as well as
cul u al g oup.
A he u n be ween he 19 h and he 20 h cen u ies he i s esea ch s anda ds
o he so-called adi ional dialec ology we e adop ed. One o he basic assump-
ions was he con ic ion ha each dialec is insepa able om a speci ic de ined
e i o y (Aue 2004: 149–150). The pu pose o dialec ology was he e o e o
es ablish he bounda y lines be ween neighbo ing dialec s, analyze he iabili-
y o dialec al ea u es in he speech o esiden s o a gi en e i o y (including
i s cen e and pe iphe y) and, in iew o he p og essi e changes ela ed o he
popula ion’s mig a ions o he s uc u al changes in he egion’s economic base,
iden i y he co e dialec al ea u es in he speech o he inhabi an s o a gi en
egion (Szm ecsanyi 2014: 81). T adi ional dialec ology ocused mainly on he
linguis ic cha ac e is ics ha we e hen analyzed in e ms o hei p ima y and
seconda y ea u es ha dis inguished a gi en dialec agains he s anda d lan-
guage. The main esea ch a ea o dialec ologis s was he li ing speech o illag-
e s. The mos eliable sou ces we e old immobile u al men whose speech was
conside ed he mos c edible in e ms o he ep esen a ion o ce ain dialec al
ea u es (B i ain 2010: 129, Chambe s and Reudgill 1998: 29), and he basic
esea ch me hod was a wide- anging ques ionnai e-based su ey o a dialec
ocusing on p onuncia ion o lexis (a su ey-based dialec ology). This esul ed
S aipsniai / A icles 47
Ve nacula Li e a u e as a Widening Field o S udy
in Con empo a y Dialec ology (On he Example
o Podhale Region in Poland)
in monumen al s udies, such as Alexande John Ellis’ The Exis ing Phonology
o English Dialec s Compa ed Wi h Tha o Wes Saxon Speech (1889). Ini ia ed
in he 19 h cen u y, he in e es in he phone ic and lexical esou ces o indi-
idual dialec s oge he wi h he possibili y o he geog aphical iden i ica ion
o speci ic ai s con ibu ed o he c ea ion o he a las o dialec s (a las-based
dialec ology). This esea ch adi ion emains ali e. I also has i s ep esen a-
ion in Polish dialec ology (Reichan, Woźniak 2004). I s p esen con inua ion
can be seen in la ge p ojec s in he ield o dialec -based lexicog aphy o he
indi idual egions o Poland, o example Podhale, O awa, Lubelszczyzna and
Śląsk (Wyde ka 2000–2017; Kąś 2007; Kąś 2015–2018; Pelcowa 2013–2018).
The ma e ial collec ed in a lases and dic iona ies can be he basis o u he e-
sea ch om bo h synch onic and diach onic pe spec i es.
Con empo a y dialec ology is inc easingly ocused on he c ea ion o dialec
co po a, as “p incipled, possibly compu e ized, and b oadly ep esen a i e col-
lec ions o na u alis ic spoken (and some imes w i en) dialec ma e ial” (An-
de wald and Szm ecsanyi 2009: 1126). Co pus-based dialec ology is no only
a sou ce o knowledge abou indi idual dialec s in a synch onic and diach onic
app oach, bu i allows o he ex ensi e s udy in bo h he disciplines o linguis-
ics and e hnog aphy. An unques ionable ad an age o co po al dialec ology is
he use o b oad echnological possibili ies o he In e ne , including he possi-
bili y o con inually expanding he da a esou ces and he ease o sha ing hem
(Ka aś 2015: 83–84). The no el y o co pus-based dialec ology is expanding
o dialec al w i en ex s. T adi ional dialec ology was mainly o ien ed o he
spoken language, bu i was skep ical abou any w i en o m. Meanwhile, as
ime passes, wi h he changes aking place in he coun yside, he w i en o m
is playing an inc easingly impo an ole, which will be discussed in his a icle.
Among dialec al ex s, a pa icula emphasis is a ibu ed o a is ic ex s,
o dialec al li e a u e. While in Wes e n Eu opean coun ies li e a u e in hei
s anda d na ional language was p eceded by ex s c ea ed in dialec s (I aly,
F ance), Polish dialec al li e a u e did no know a p in ed o m un il he 20 h
cen u y in Poland. Dialec al li e a u e exis ed only in hose dialec s ha esis -
ed he in ense uni ica ion and s anda diza ion o he Polish language a e he
Second Wo ld Wa .
In he ame o he adi ional Polish dialec ology, esea che s emba ked in-
o his a ea o a speci ic pu pose, which dic a ed he en i e esea ch p ocess. I
he esea che s we e in e es ed in analyzing he e minology desc ibing how a
ce ain ool was buil o how people pe o med indi idual ac i i ies (in he a -
ea o a ming o adi ional cus oms), hey ocused on his aspec exclusi ely.
The mos desi able subjec o s udy was a ep esen a i e o he olde gene a ion
emembe ing old imes. The esea ch he e o e was p ima ily conce ned wi h
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48 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
ga he ing he examples o some emnan s o he old language, which could no
longe gi e a c edible desc ip ion due o changes in he mode n s a e. In addi-
ion, he esea che was usually a s ange om he ou side, om a dis an land,
a scien is usually om he ci y, who o unknown easons badge ed consis -
en ly abou some o he local language cus oms. Ha ing collec ed he ma e ials,
he/she would lea e owa ds an undisclosed loca ion, and ne e e u n o sha e
he esul s o his/he esea ch wi h he locals in he illage.1 In addi ion, local
u al schools did no ecei e any suppo o ac i i ies ela ed o he nu u ing
o he local dialec . Dialec ologis s s udied dialec s while educa o s ough o
ex inguish hem a he same ime.
Such s udies we e ca ied ou in Poland mainly in he 20 h cen u y. These
we e he imes when he dialec was de ined as illage speech. A ha ime,
people li ing in he coun yside, especially he olde ones, did no usually use
a di e en language. Thei language was he dialec o necessi y, no choice.
A ha ime, in gene al, he gene al opinion was ha dialec s did no inspi e
espec . They we e conside ed an indica o o low educa ion and social s a us,
and some imes “backwa dness”. This kind o s igma de e mined by a pe son’s
speech is no a a e phenomenon, no is i limi ed only o he Polish speaking
en i onmen . Also, he school sys em s uggled agains he dialec , denounc-
ing he s uden s o using i . The implemen a ion o he na ional s anda ds in
language, wi hou he e being he abili y o p ac ice dialec al bilingualism, was
one o he main goals o uni e sal p ima y educa ion. I was belie ed ha he
use o he dialec p e en ed young people om acqui ing highe educa ion and
wha goes wi h i , i.e. an imp o ed quali y o li e. Unde hese condi ions, u al
you h eage ly abandoned his pa o i s he i age. Ye young people, who ook
o e he amily a m a e comple ing hei educa ion, usually e u ned o using
he dialec o some ex en . On he o he hand, hose who mo ed o he ci ies
laid i aside comple ely.
This si ua ion e en ually changed adically. In Poland, he wi ness o dialec-
al usages was connec ed wi h poli ical ans o ma ion and subsequen econom-
ic changes. A adi ional dialec desc ibes he wo ld in which he knowledge
abou bo h ma e ial and spi i ual aspec s o li e was ansmi ed om gene -
a ion o gene a ion. Meanwhile, in ecen yea s, he coun yside has adical-
ly changed i s economic s uc u e. Small a ms ha e become non-p o i able.
The e is a majo ocus o consolida ing pas o al a eas in o he hands o selec
a me s, and compe i ion in he ma ke place o p oducing ag icul u al p oduc s
1 An addi ional p oblem was he need o w i e phone ically he eby aking in o accoun phonolog-
ical sys ems and he di e si y o di e en dialec s. A dialec in ac unc ioned only in he o al
adi ion, hus uling ou he possibili y o he ex being ead by a non-specialis .
S aipsniai / A icles 49
Ve nacula Li e a u e as a Widening Field o S udy
in Con empo a y Dialec ology (On he Example
o Podhale Region in Poland)
has o ced changes in echnology. The o me ype o a adi ional amily a m
has been supe seded by upg aded ag icul u al companies p oducing ood on a
la ge scale. This new s anda diza ion o eali y also b ough a new s anda d lan-
guage. Dialec was indispensably connec ed wi h ano he wo ld and ime based
on o he p inciples, and wi h ano he sys em o alues.
Ye ano he impo an cause weakening he posi ion o he dialec in he
coun yside has been a undamen al change in b oade social communica ion
ela ed o he econ igu a ion o cul u e and, mo e speci ically, wi h he an-
si ion om an analogical phase o a digi al phase, ela ed o changes (Hop in-
ge 2009: 295–297). The wide dissemina ion o he In e ne and social media
accele a ed he p ocess o language s anda diza ion. Also, he globaliza ion o
cul u e ga he ed pace. Mode n schooling no longe a emp s o igh dialec s,
bu also does no expe ience hem amongs i s s uden s on a daily basis. Ru al
illages a e losing hei language and a e also losing hei iden i y.
Fo una ely, his phenomenon desc ibed abo e does no apply o all a eas
o Poland. The e a e egions ha none heless e ain hei linguis ic and cul u -
al dis inc i eness. This happened p ima ily in he a eas whe e he local dialec
and cul u al speci ici y we e assigned a e y high social alue. Such egions a e
mainly Silesia, Kaszuby, Ku pie, Spisz, O awa, and Podhale. In each o hese
egions, he e ha e been di e en pa hs u ilized o build social con ic ion o
he need o p ese e egional iden i y, including egional speech. Each o hese
pa hs could be he subjec o a sepa a e a icle, bu o he balance o his a icle,
I will ocus on he Podhale egion ha I know bes and om whe e I come om.
Podhale lies in sou he n Poland, a he oo o he Ta a Moun ains, he high-
es Polish moun ains o Alpine ype, belonging o he Ca pa hian chain. Poo
soil and di icul na u al condi ions con ibu ed o he de elopmen o pas o-
alism. The speci ic pas o al cul u e was o med unde he s ong in luence o
he Vlachs, who, oge he wi h hei locks mo ed om he Balkan Peninsula
h ough he Ca pa hian a c o he wes . They le aces no only in he gene al
cul u e, bu also in he speech o he Polish highlande s.
Fo cen u ies, di icul o access, los among he moun ains and o es s,
Podhale was isola ed om he es o he coun y. Flowing om he no h,
came Polish se le s who ecei ed nume ous p i ileges om he kings, clea ed
he o es s, and ounded se lemen s. Fo cen u ies, hese inhabi an s li ed in
na u al isola ion, c ea ing an o iginal cul u e, and p ese ing hei a chaic lan-
guage. I was only in he 19 h cen u y ha he in e es ed ep esen a i es o he
in elligen sia came o his co ne ; hey came o he Ta as o esea ch pu pos-
es (geologis s, geog aphe s and na u alis s), and la e also because o he cli-
ma ic bene i s o imp o e hei heal h and leisu e. The newcome s disco e ed
exo ic hal -wild and hal -pagan people who we e e y p oud and independen ,

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50 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
because hey ne e knew sla e y o se i ude. Fo his eason, a he u n o
he cen u y, he locals became he objec o uni e sal ascina ion and a kind o
ashion. Simila ly, wi hin he cul u e o he Ta a highlande s, people no iced
he na ional po en ial, which would help ebuild he Polish iden i y a e de-
cla ing na ional independence. Fo his eason, na ional leade s wan ed o su -
ound his cul u e wi h comp ehensi e ca e and a en ion. Unde he in luence
o such in e es by na ional leade s, he highlande s hemsel es app ecia ed he
alue o hei own cul u e and decided o p o ec i , by i s calling he High-
lande s Associa ion (1904) in o exis ence and la e he Polish Highlande s Alli-
ance. Amongs he newly es ablished membe s o he Alliance he e also was an
inc ease in he awa eness o he need o educa ion. Many highlande s ea ned a
uni e si y deg ee, and al hough hey could no ind wo k in Podhale, hey s im-
ula ed he de elopmen o i s cul u e.
The ou is s isi ing om a a we e i s in oduced o he highlande olk-
lo e mainly ia moun ain expedi ions. Acco ding o he local cus om o ha
ime, an expedi ion in o he moun ains was accompanied by a company o nu-
me ous highland guides, musicians and helpe s – po e s. Tou s usually las ed
se e al days. E enings by he camp i e o gues s we e illed wi h highlande
ales, music, songs, and dances. W i e s we e mainly ascina ed by highlande
ales. The i s ex s in oducing he Podhale dialec we e published in 1889.
The i s was “Sabala’s ai y ale”,2 which was penned by au ho Hen yk Sienk-
iewicz who was la e awa ded he Nobel P ize in Li e a u e.
A he beginning o he 20 h cen u y ano he amous Polish w i e , Kazimie z
Te maje , c ea ed a se ies o s o ies F om he Rocky Podhale (1914), wi h mos
o he pieces w i en in he language o s ylized Podhale dialec . While Sienk-
iewicz had no p io connec ions wi h Podhale, Te maje himsel was bo n and
spen he i s 8 yea s o his li e he e. He knew he dialec and unde s ood i ,
bu i was no his na i e ongue, since he came om a noble amily, and no
om a highlande amily. Fo his eason, nei he “Sabala’s ai y ale” no he
s o ies om Te maje can be conside ed au hen ic dialec al ex s. They a e he
only examples o s yliza ions o a is ic imp o isa ions o he dialec .
Wi h he o ma ion o an indigenous segmen o educa ed highlande s who
we e e y much in ol ed in he mo emen o egional iden i y, hey wen on a
c usade o o m egional li e a y wo k. Na i e highlande s om Podhale s a -
ed w i ing hei own e ses in hei indigenous language o dialec . The i s o
hem was And ew S opka, a na i e moun ainee om he illage o Koscielisko
a he oo o Zakopane, who ansc ibed many ales o Sabala – his neighbo .
2 Sabala is he nickname o he amous highland s o y elle John K zep owski (1809–1894), who
became an icon o he Podhale highlands.
S aipsniai / A icles 51
Ve nacula Li e a u e as a Widening Field o S udy
in Con empo a y Dialec ology (On he Example
o Podhale Region in Poland)
S opka is also he au ho o an o iginal dialec al ex , which de eloped he
heme o he knigh s sleeping in he Ta a Moun ains. Bo h ex s we e w i en
and published a he end o he 19 h cen u y. Fo oday’s esea che s o he high-
lande s’ dialec ,3 S opka’s w i ings a e a eliable sou ce o knowledge abou he
o m o he dialec o his ime, e en hough hey ha e undoub edly a high a is-
ic lou ish, and he dialec used in hem p esen s a sligh ly di e en o m han
ha used in e e yday speech. A simila conclusion can be eached abou he
w i ings o ano he educa ed highlande om Zakopane – Wojciech B zega –
who published a olume o sho s o ies w i en in he dialec en i led Posiady.
S o ies om Podhale (1913) a he beginning o he 20 h cen u y. Being a na i e
highlande , B zega used his i s language o dialec . Bo h o S opka and B ze-
ga he dialec was hei i s , na u al language, wi h he Polish s anda d language
lea ned much la e (and p obably wi h di icul y) as a esul o hei school and
uni e si y educa ion. Thei wo k laid he ounda ions o he Podhale egional
w i ing, and he dialec om he Ta a was al eady li ing o see i s own li e a-
u e. Be o e he Second Wo ld Wa , h ee olumes o sel -published poe y in
he highlande dialec (An hony Zachemski Gęśle z jawo a in 1935, S anislaw
Nedza-Kubinec Na nowa pe ć in 1936 and Jan Mazu Z wysokik Ta e wia e ny
sum in 1937) showed up. Addi ional poems in he highlande dialec appea ed
in he p ess in bo h egional and na ional publica ions. In 1937, he an hology
en i led Poezja mlodego Podhala was compiled a he Jagiellonian Uni e si y in
K akow. I concen a ed on p esen ing he w i ings o young highlande au ho s,
who w o e in he dialec . Bo h uni e si y g adua es and sel - augh highlande s,
women and men, we e among he au ho s; wi h he excep ion o one woman,
hey we e all bo n in highlande amilies in Podhale, and he dialec was hei
i s language. Only Anna Nowobielska did no o igina e om Podhale; howe -
e , she a i ed he e wi h he mo he - eache a he age o wo yea s and spen
he childhood among he highlande child en, which shaped he speech and
iews o he wo ld. Du ing he en i e li e Nowobielska w o e poems in he dia-
lec (she died in 1992) and became a widely known highlande poe .
In luenced by he newcome s om o he egions o Poland, he Ta a li e a y
mo emen launched in he in he 20 h cen u y p og essed con inuously adi-
a ing in luence in o neighbo ing egions. Today, we can al eady alk abou he
i e gene a ions o na i e Ta a highlande s w i ing and publishing hei poems
and p ose in he Podhale dialec . This li e a u e dissemina ed widely amongs
nume ous highlande audiences. Due o he ac ha he Ta a dialec as he
dialec o he Polish language is no di icul o unde s and by an a e age Pole,
3 I mean i s o all Joseph Kąś, au ho o he monumen al wo k Illus a ed Lexicon o Dialec and
Cul u e o Podhale (published in se en di e en olumes since 2015).
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52 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXX
and i s spelling4 e e s o he Polish o hog aphy, he li e a u e o he dialec is a
g ea sou ce o ge o know he men ali y o Podhale Highlande s and he wo ld
in which hey li e.
Two main ends eme ged a he ea ly s age o he dialec de elopmen in
Podhale li e a u e. The i s de eloped in close connec ion wi h he adi ions
o he local olklo e, e e ing, om he pe spec i e o p ose, o a olk ai y
ale called godka in Podhale, and o olk songs om he pe spec i e o poe y.
These e e ences a e bo h hema ic and o mal. The ou - e se hyme is ypical
o Podhale and has se he basic shape o he highlande poe y. Also, in he
scope o he p esen ed con en , his end is a con inua ion o adi ional olk-
lo e mo i s and h eads.
The second end is se by a is s inspi ed by he achie emen s o con em-
po a y Polish p ose and poe y, om which hey mainly d aw hei inspi a ions.
This pa icula ly applies o poe s wi h highe educa ion who a e awa e o hei
poe ic echnique. Thei wo k is aimed a b oadening he dialec wi h he possi-
bili y o exp essing he con en ha hey ha e no ouched egula ly on a daily
basis. We also owe hem o hei in e es ing dialec al image y, hanks o which
i has become possible o cap u e he con en ha goes beyond he e e yday
expe ience o li ing in a highlande illage.
Pa adoxically, due o his c ea i e wo k, dialec al poe y o en emains be-
yond he in e es o dialec ology, which is mainly ocused on he desc ip ion o
a de ined s able sys em in which language is a di ec e lec ion o eali y. The
dialec al ou pu , and mainly he poe y o his non- olk end, c ea es an a ea o
dialec o which app op ia e esea ch ools should be c ea ed.
The e a e se e al easons why dialec al w i ing, especially he poe y be-
yond he olklo ic end, is no ega ded as a good sou ce o knowledge by mos
4 The spelling o he Podhale dialec is a di e en issue. Acco ding o he classical app oach, he
dialec is a li ing speech de oid o ex s. This condi ion s ill applies o many o he Polish dia-
lec s. Tha is why, dialec ologis s ha e used phone ic eco ds. This ype o eco d, howe e , is
he me ic, and he abili y o use i is usually limi ed o a na ow en i onmen o linguis s. Fo he
poe who w i es in he highlande dialec , Polish has become he basis o ansc ip ion. Ini ially,
some common signs we e in oduced, which we e supposed o dis inguish a di e en implemen-
a ion o indi idual sounds, bu wi h ime, his was gi en up on he common unde s anding o
he communi y. The o hog aphy o he Podhale dialec is s ill nei he s abilized no uni e sally
de ined. Each au ho w i es as he/she hinks app op ia e. Usually, howe e , his app oach does
no in e e e wi h he iden i ica ion o he dialec . The c ea ion o a w i en a ia ion o a gi en
language is a long- e m p ocess. Meanwhile, he longes li e a y adi ions which we ha e in he
case o Podhale a e only 120 yea s old. Pe haps, as a esul o he u he de elopmen o li e a u e
in his egion, a uni o m spelling will be c ea ed. To a la ge ex en , his may come o pass due o
he eme ging wo k Illus a ed Lexicon o Dialec and Cul u e o Podhale by P o . Józe Kąś. Due o
he au ho ’s au ho i y, he spelling o o hog aphy used in i may become he no m o e ime.
S aipsniai / A icles 53
Ve nacula Li e a u e as a Widening Field o S udy
in Con empo a y Dialec ology (On he Example
o Podhale Region in Poland)
dialec ologis s. The mos impo an o hem is ela ed o he au ho ’s indi idual
app oach o language. Some dialec ologis s belie e ha he au ho ’s poem may
also gi e his/he own ision o he dialec . I can, o example, s eng hen some
o i s ea u es and weaken o he s. His/he dialec may ha e he cha ac e o he
p ojec ion o an indi idual ision oo ed in ha indi idual’s expe ience o he
pas . In his dimension, he dialec can escape he image o med om he basis
o he ools used hus a . Howe e , i we ea he dialec al a is ic c ea ion as
one o he o ms o li e in he dialec , i s insigh ul analysis could p o ide a lo
o aluable in o ma ion abou he indi idualiza ion o dialec al exp ession o
in a-s ylized s yliza ion. The dialec , like any language, has he igh o c ea e
wi hin i s scope a ious kinds o a ie ies, some o which will gi e e idence o
he gene al language sys em, while o he s abou i s in e nal s ylis ic de i a ions.
Dialec al li e a u e is one o hem.
Ano he eason is he con ic ion ha he dialec al li e a u e o he non olk-
lo ic end is a phenomenon essen ially s ange o he dialec – in a sense un-
na u al. I is usually associa ed wi h he c ea ion o he ision o he wo ld ha
is no compa ible wi h he adi ional olklo e eco ded in he ex s. I in o-
duces a di e en pe spec i e o looking a eali y, b eaking down he exis ing
s e eo ypes. I is a kind o implemen a ion ha escapes he p e ious ules o
desc ip ion. Howe e , i is qui e isky o igno e his o m o linguis ic ac i i y
jus because i does no i in o he comple e ision o he dialec as a whole.
Nowadays, we obse e a widesp ead depa u e om he dialec in he e e yday
speech o he illage (also in Podhale). Ye , a he same ime, dialec al li e a u e
is s ill de eloping. New olumes o poems a e published; au ho s use S anda d
Polish daily, while emaining ai h ul o i in w i en poe y. O e ime, li e a-
u e can become an impo an , i no he only, a ea o dialec al li e. The e o e,
oday we should lea n o ake i se iously and lea n om i abou he ole and
place o he dialec in he mode n wo ld.
REFERENCES
Ande wald Lieselo e, Szm ecsanyi Benedik 2009: Co pus Linguis ics and
Dialec ology. – Handbooks o Linguis ics and Communica ion Science, Lüdeling Anke,
Ky ö Me ja (eds). Wal e de G uy e . Be lin / New Yo k, 1126–1139.
Aue Pe e 2004: Sp ache, G enze, Raum. – Zei sch i ü Sp achwissenscha 23,
149–179.
Biela owicz Jan 1937: Poezja młodego Podhala. K aków: Koło Naukowe Polonis ów UJ.
B i ain Da id 2010: Dialec ology. – Encyclopedia o Linguis ics, ed. Malmkjae
Ki s en. London, Rou ledge.