Recenzijos / Re iews 261
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include accen ology, dialec ology,
e hnolinguis ics, and lexicog aphy.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion.
VALERIUS ČEKMONAS: I'm no going o go in o he de ails.
Con ac s and
Social and linguis ic sciences
Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2017, page 1100
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In 2017, he Li huanian Language Ins i u e published he book Vale ijus Čekmonas:
Language Con ac s and Sociolinguis ics, w i en by he sociolinguis Laima
Kalėdienė. The publica ion publishes he mos signi ican wo ks o he linguis ic
e udi e p o esso Vale ijus Čekmon (1937-2004) on he in e ac ion o he Bal ic
and Sla ic languages and he sociolinguis ic si ua ion in he mul ilingual a eas o
Li huania.
The p epa a ion and publica ion o he book was suppo ed by he S a e
Commission o Li huanian Language om he unds o he Li huanian Communi y
Resea ch P og amme on he Func ioning and Change o Languages, Manda ins
and O he Languages. No only he p ojec manage (book edi o and esponsible
edi o ) p o . d . Laima Kalėdienė, bu i is also headed by he edi o ial boa d […]
doc. d . I ena Adoma ičiū ė-Čekmonienė, D . Nijolė Tuomienė and Ri a U nėžiū ė.
She is also a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Eu opean Academy o
Sciences. The publica ion was e iewed by compe en esea che s in ansla ion and language con ac s, p o . habil. d . Boni acas S undžia and doc. d . This is Edmund T ump.
The aim o his e iew is o d aw he a en ion o he linguis ic communi y o
he solid collec ion o wo ks o V. Chekmon, o discuss, in he au ho 's opinion,
he mos ele an a icles and he s uc u e o he publica ion, o discuss he
p inciples o i s composi ion. The book consis s o a p ologue (pp. 13-20), an
in oduc ion (pp. 21-58) and wo la ge pa s […] Vale ijus Čekmon's (no a pa
wi h co-au ho s) scien i ic a icles on he con ac s o he Li huanian, Bulga ian
and Polish languages (pp. 59-584) and his esea ch in he ield o pupils, pee s and pee s (pp. 585-788).
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
262 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI, as amended by he T ea y o Lisbon
The publica ion con ains he bibliog aphy o Vale ijus Čekmon, which is ele an
o esea che s o language con ac s, compiled by Nadiežda Mo ozo a (I.
Adoma ičiū ė-Čekmonienė supplemen ) (p. 826-845). A he end o he book he e
a e summa ies o he a icles in Li huanian and English (p. 847 […] 1056) and h ee
hema ic […] e ms, a eas o esea ch and au ho s […] ows (p. 1057 […] 1110).
The p ologue o he book, published in Li huanian and English, b ie ly discusses he
na u e o he collec ion and p esen s he pu pose o i s c ea ion. V. Čekmone
no suku ą sa i ą bal ų i sla ų kalbų są eikos y imo me odologiją. P a a mėje
e eals no only he p esen ed me hodology, bu also d aws a en ion o he
dis inc i e ea u es o he scien is 's wo k. The ma ke make is unique and oday
conside s he esea che 's posi ion ha he ue si ua ion can only be cla i ied by
communica ing wi h he submi e in all he languages he speaks, wi hou showing
any g ea e a o o any o hem (p. Acco ding o his me hodology, he collec ed
esea ch ma e ial would ha e o med he basis o he encyclopedia ha V.
Čekmon wan ed o p epa e. I would p o ide no only au hen ic sound eco dings,
bu also a ious ac s abou he sp ead, use, his o y, p o isions and cul u e o he
Li huanian, Bulga ian and Polish languages. In he in oduc ion o he book, p epa ed
by L. Kalėdienė and also published in Li huanian and English, wo issues impo an o
such a publica ion a e discussed: he con ex and con en o he book. I explains
he e ms used in he a icles, desc ibes he sound eco dings o he li ing
language (bal a usiški, lie u iški, lenkiški and usiški) and hei in e p e e s, and
desc ibes a a he complex 20 h-cen u y his o ical and sociolinguis ic si ua ion.
The a icles published in he book a e p esen ed in a e y concise way, he hypo heses aised in hem and he opical aspec s o he me hodology a e discussed.
Ce ainly he mos in e es ing pa is he i s pa o he book, which is no gi en
a sepa a e i le. I consis s o ou sec ions: I […] Sociolinguis ics: me hodology, II […]
A elai, III […] G amma and phonology, and IV […] Sen ences. Twen y- i e a icles by V.
Čekmon a e published in his sec ion, many o which, as men ioned, ha e been
p epa ed wi h co-au ho s. The p oblem o he a icles is qui e b oad: he
in e ac ion o he Li huanian, Bulga ian and Polish languages, he sp ead o hese
languages in Li huania, he sociolinguis ic si ua ion in he mul ilingual a eas o
Li huania and Bela us, he o me o exis ing Sla ic islands in Bela us, he Li huanian
and Sla ic languages spoken by he popula ion, hei a ie ies, na ional iden i ies and
e hnici y.
The i s chap e consis s o wel e a icles ha a e s ill ele an oday,
h ee o which a e ou s anding and mo e widely discussed. Fi s o all, a en ion
should be d awn o L. Kalėdienė's sugges ion o conside V. Čekmon's a icle "Da
sykį apie manusc ip s likimą", o he p e ace o he in oduc o y a icle, as a
p og am (ano he i le in he o e iew o he con en s o he book is "Apie lenkakalbių a ealų Vilniaus k aš e kilmę", p. 25).
Vale ijus Čekmonas: kalbų kon ak ai i socioling is ika
Re iews by 263
I ou lines he mos impo an hough s abou he sp ead o Polish language in
Li huania. This is he in oduc ion w i en by V. Ček mono in 1939 a e he
disappea ance o Halina Tu sko a's book, ans e ing i o Vilnius in 1995. V.
Čekmon, ha ing assessed H. Tu sko a's wo ks agains he backg ound o cu en
esea ch, conside s he achie emen s o be un o ge able. F om a scien i ic
poin o iew, h ee o he schola 's p o en ideas (al eady exp essed by o he
d inės kalbos a ian as, susi o ma ęs Vilniuje XVIII–XIX a.; 2) e i o inės Vil-
esea che s be o e he ) a e conside ed o be pa icula ly aluable and a e widely
commen ed on: 1) The basis o he Vilnius dialec is he Polish Bennia dialec , which
is de i ed om he Vilnius a ian o he Polish common language; 3) he
peculia i ies o bo h he Vilnius a ian o he Polish common language and he
Vilnius Polish language a e pleased wi h he in luence o he Guda and Li huanian
languages (p. 93). The whole essence o V. Chekmon's heo y abou he in e ac ion
o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages is se ou in he a icle "Sociolinguis ic
cha ac e is ics o Polish languages unc ioning on he pa i y o he Bal ic and
be eigė, kad ik socioling is inis kalbų in e e encijos ak a imas paaiškina
skolinimosi mechanizmą, o šio p oceso ypa umai p iklauso nuo kon ak uojan-
Li huanian languages" (K sociolinguis ic cha ac e is ics o Polish speake s in he Bela usian-Li huanian bo de ). V. Čekmonas acknowledged ha i is cus oma y in linguis ics o no e he esul s o language con ac s […] bo owings, he simila i y o hese languages and hei social p es ige.
Las ly, his chap e p esen s a e y impo an wo-pa p og am p epa ed by V.
Čekmon and L. G umadiene o s udy he Li huanian dialec s and hei in e ac ion. I 's
called sociolinguis ics. The i s pa o he p og amme is a sociolinguis ic
ques ionnai e, consis ing o i e ques ionnai es […] Sociolinguis ic cha ac e is ics o
he applican , Sociolinguis ic si ua ion cha ac e is ics, Sociolinguis ic local
cha ac e is ics, Su name o he li ing language, Exce p s om documen s and
monumen s (a o al o 107 ques ions). The second pa o he p og amme is conside ed
o be pa icula ly impo an : he sociolinguis ic language and language in e ac ion
scheme, consis ing o he cha ac e is ics o he synch onous sociolinguis ic
se lemen , he cha ac e is ics o he diach onous sociolinguis ic se lemen and he
de elopmen o he sociolinguis ic si ua ion ( o al o 41 ques ions). The las pa , as
he au ho o he book poin s ou , is V. Čekmon's concep o sociolinguis ic esea ch
quin essence, which has no ye been used enough (p. Well, acco ding o V. Ček, he mono
concep has so a been implemen ed by N. Tuomienė, who is s udying he sociolinguis ic
si ua ion in he illage o Ramaškonių in Bela us (ž . This is Nijolė Tuomienė. The
sociolinguis ic s udy o Ramaškonių snek os. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian
Language, 2010, 232 p.; See also he a icle published by Nijolė Tuomienė in he
pee - e iewed book […]Ramaškonių lie u ių sala Bal a usijoje […] ansi ional language
zone[…], p. 788-825). The p og amme ensh ines he mos impo an p o isions o he
schola : o collec no isola ed ac s o a single language spoken by any local popula ion,
bu a documen ed se o da a, o cla i y he linguis ic si ua ion o he en i onmen , o
collec da a on he na i e language o he speake and his pa en s, amily, illage, as well as communica ion wi h a o eign language. In ac , scien is s
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li uanica LXXVI is a sociolinguis ic p og am ha is s ill ele an
oday. In a 2014 collec i e monog aph published by he Ins i u e o Li huanian
Language, The Beginning o Li huanian Languages in he 21s Cen u y: A Geolinguis ic
and Sociolinguis ic S udy (Land maps and hei commen s) published by Dai os
Aliūkai ė and L. Kalėdienė Sociolinguis ic LKA and asked ques ions (see p. 378-384)
shows he link be ween he s udy me hodologies and e eals he pe spec i es o
sociolinguis ic Li huanian language. The second chap e , A eas, consis s o nine
a icles dealing wi h he sociolinguis ic si ua ion in indi idual a eas in Bela us (Vydzy,
Aze ku, Peles, Ramashkonys) and Li huania (Kalesninku, Šalčininkų ., Molė ų and
Nemenčinės dis ic s, Anykščių and Jona os dis ic s). Two a icles based on
ex emely de ailed and ex ensi e da a analysis s and ou om he wo ks published
in his sec ion. The a icle "Due o Li huanian-Bal ish phone ic in e e ence in
Pelesia" s a es ha all possible s ages o he ansi ion o Li huanian o he Bal ic
(К проблеме литовско-белорусской фонетической интерференции в Пелясе)
language a e e lec ed in he Pelesia-Rodunė-Nočis egion. The a icle "The
unc ioning o languages and he basis o dialec s" (Func ioning o languages and
bilingualism) e eals he mechanism o language change based on da a collec ed o e
many yea s. The analysis o he abundance o con e sa ions wi h local esiden s in
K uopš i allowed he scien is o cons uc a model o he unc ional decline o he
Li huanian language, he acquisi ion o he Bulga ian language and he use o he
Polish language in ce ain si ua ions. The au ho o his collec ion, L. Kalėdienė,
igh ly e e s o his a icle as a ga den (p. 31). The hi d chap e o he i s pa
o he book, G amma and Phonology, consis s o ou a icles p epa ed by V.
Čekmono wi h co-au ho s. The i s h ee a icles ( oge he wi h I. Adoma ičiū e)
(G amma ical Li huanian in he pe iphe al Polish dialec s) (G amma ical Li huanian in
he pe iphe al Polish dialec s o he Bela usian-Li huanian bo de ), "Fo ms wi h - "
o igin and mo phological s a us in he Polish dialec (Ob azowanie i o polish
g amma ical s a us on - ) in he Vilnius dialec ) and "Analysis o he - " pa adigm in
he Vilnius dialec (Fo ms wi h - ) in he Vilnius dialec . The ou h a icle is he
phonology o Ramaškonių. 1984 […], p epa ed by
L. G umadiene-Kalėdiene is a phonologis . I discusses he main easons o he
change in he cha ac e is ics o he e en s […] one, in ensi y and du a ion […].
In he ou h chap e , Sen ikiai, wo o e iew a icles a e published o p esen
he con ex o sen ikiai, […] […]Sociolinguis ic cha ac e is ics o sen ikiai e ms
in Li huania cha ac e is ics[…] (K socioling is ic c aa oob adical говорo Li y)
and […]Dėl socioling is inio a ealo samp a os[…] (O понятии czioling is ic ae ea
ae a in Li huania). The publica ion o hese a icles in he collec ion should no
aise doub s. V. Čekmon's p o isions o be in es iga ed
Vale ijus Čekmonas: kalbų kon ak ai i socioling is ika
Re iews o 265 e iews o he o ali y o languages spoken in a pa icula a ea, in
sea ch o mani es a ions o hei in e ac ion, i was necessa y o include wo ks
on he Russian language and i s speake s sen ikius (i is wo h no ing ha V. Ček
has paid a lo o a en ion o he s udies o Li huanian sen ikius). I is no clea
why hey a e p esen ed in a sepa a e chap e o he book. Bo h wo ks mainly alk
abou he li ing zones o sen ien communi ies and he sociolinguis ic si ua ion. I
he book consis en ly adhe ed o he p inciple o he layou o he a ea ma e ial
(as was en isaged when submi ing he publica ion applica ion o he S a e
Li huanian Language Commission), hese wo ks would supplemen he A eas
sec ion and be e e eal he sociolinguis ic si ua ion only in ce ain places in
Li huania. The second pa o he book is made up o a icles by V. Čekmon's
colleagues and s uden s, which a e p esen ed in wo chap e s: […] Vale ija
Čekmon's school and Vale ija Čekmon's s uden s' and ellow s uden s' a icles.
The School o he Sky im Vale ij Čekmon consis s o h ee a icles aimed a
p esen ing V. Čekmon as a scien is . The publica ion o I. Adoma ičiū ė-Čekmonienė
"His o y o he esea ch on he con ac s o speech" discusses in de ail he
scien i ic biog aphy o V. Čekmon and he me hodology o he s udy o con ac s
o he Bal ic and Sla ic languages de eloped by him, highligh s and desc ibes he
mos impo an ea u es o he school o esea ch, p o ides da a on he
collec ed esea ch ma e ial (sound eco dings, in e iews wi h esponden s,
e c.). The a icle emphasizes he speci ici y o V. Čekmon's esea ch, de e mined
by his en y in o he ield o linguis ic con ac esea ch no only as a
dialec ologis , bu also as a p o essional phone ician. L. Kalėdienė and N. Tuomienė's
a icle "Vale ija Čekmono's school" is discussed in de ail, which desc ibes in de ail
he o ma ion o V. Čekmono's school and he con ex o i s exis ence. The au ho
o he a icle conside s he p o esso 's scien i ic wo k o be excep ional, and
mos o his claims, based on a weal h o esea ch ma e ial, a e no c edible. The
con ibu ion o esea ch o Bal ic s udies, especially Li huanian s udies, is
desc ibed in h ee ways: he concep c ea ed, he me hodology p epa ed, a lo o
da a collec ed (p. 616[…]617). The mos impo an wo k o he scien is is
conside ed o be he e inemen , jus i ica ion and ac ualiza ion o he concep s
abou he ela ionship be ween he Bal s and he Sla s, especially hei languages.
The g ea es me i o V. Chekmon in science is ecognized o he c ea ion o a
me hodology o he s udy and in e p e a ion o he ela ionship be ween he
Bal ic and Sla ic languages. As an equally impo an aspec o he con ibu ion, V.
Chekmon, his colleagues and s uden s ca ied ou a huge esea ch wo k o science
o se e al decades s udying he ela ions be ween he Bal s and he Sla s,
collec ing, accumula ing and p ocessing da a o language and his o y. The a icle
discusses V. Čekmon's abili y o apply he la es esea ch me hods and o base
phenomenal scien i ic indings on hem ( o example, he Li huanian phonological
sys em u ns he gudiška in o he local inhabi an s o he same illages a e swi ching om one language o ano he ). The p inciples o V. Chekmon's wo k on expedi ions a e p esen ed in de ail, and i is explained why and how he was able o lea n so many ac s abou he local illage s. The au ho o he a icle emphasizes he special in eg i y o he esea che […] do no d aw conclusions once you ha e hea d he in o man

VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
266 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI
in e p e aciją, iškel as hipo ezes ik in i kele ą ka ų, apklaus i isus įmanomus
e en when he es subs ance is a ailable in su icien quan i ies. V. Čekmon
adhe ed o he p inciple ha he e a e no scien i ic au ho i ies whose
heo ies o hypo heses should be accep ed wi hou ese a ions.
The abo e a icle by L. Kalėdienė and N. Tuomienė can be conside ed as a wo k
summa izing V. Čekmon's scien i ic esea ch on he in e ac ion o Li huanian and
Sla ic languages, p esen ing his language con ac esea ch school and wo k
speci ica ions. Thus, his a icle, as well as he o he wo published wo ks in he
chap e Vale ijus Čekmon's school (men ioned by I. Adoma ičiū ė-Čekmonienė
publica ion "His o y o con ac s esea ch" and Ma ia K upo es' a icle "How Poles
can p ese e hei Polishness in Li huania" in he o m o a con e sa ion), could
become he in oduc ion o he collec ion o a icles. In ac , he speeches published
a he beginning o he collec ion, al hough de ailed, a e no enough o e alua e and
p esen he scien i ic ac i i y o V. Chekmon and his pe sonali y. The main emphases
he eade should ind in he i s pages o he book. A sepa a e second sec ion o
Vale y Chekmon's s uden s' and colleagues' a icles, in which he o de o he
alphabe acco ding o he nine wo ks lis ed by he au ho s, is d awn up. In ac , hese
a icles could ha e been published in he sec ion o he Vale ij Čekmon School
(because hei au ho s a e somehow ela ed o he V. Čekmon School). On he o he
hand, he join a icles o he scien is , keeping he p esen a ion o he wo ks
acco ding o he a eal p inciple o he s udy, could also supplemen he chap e s o
he i s pa o he collec ion (in which, as has been men ioned se e al imes, he e
a e many monog aphs by V. Ček wi h colleagues). Fo example, in he sec ion
Socioling is ics: me hodology, you can ind an a icle by Nikolai Sa ičius "On he
linguis ic si ua ion in he a ea o one o he sou he n pa s o Vilnius dis ic " (O
языковой ситуации в одном из ареалов юг-восточнной части Вильнюцкого района),
which, based on he V. Čekmono socioling is ine p og am, desc ibes in de ail he
linguis ic ela ions o he Kal elius a ea in 1988. The a icle by M. K upo "The ocal
epe oi e and e hnic and cul u al iden i ica ion o he Polish-speaking Li huanian
popula ion" (Repe ua wokalny a iden y ikacja e niczna i kul u owa ludności
polskojęzycznych e enów Li wy) has p obably been ans e ed o he men ioned sec ion.
An ajame pi mos dalies sky iuje A ealai galė ų bū i publikuojami idu io
The a icles o I. Adoma ičiū ė-Čekmonienė p esen ing he esea ch o he
Li huanian bilingual a ea: "Polish people li ing in he Jona a dis ic : he
desc ip ion o hei Polish-Li huanian bilingualism" (K cha ak e ike
polsko-li o skog biling izma polako Jona skog ajona Li y) and "Kaipė jau
mokė bū i miškininku (Li huanian and Li huanian ex wi h commen s om he Jona a dis ic in Li huania) "
учили налесника (польский и литовский текст из Йонавского района Литвы
he commen s). On he las s age o V. Chekmon's scien i ic jou ney […]
sen imen al esea ch […] p esen ing he wo ks o De a and N. Mo ozo 's a icle […]Compak iškos
Vale ijus Čekmonas: kalbų kon ak ai i socioling is ika
Re iews by Re iews by 267
Li huanian se lemen s in he pas and p esen (C a o e i Li huania: метта
компактновo проживление в прoшлoм и нacттоящeм). Based on he abundan
his o ical, demog aphic and linguis ic ma e ial, he sen ien li ing zones in Li huania
a e discussed, in places ex ending o Bela us and La ia. The a icle by N. Tuomienė
"Ramaškonių lie u ių sala Bal a usijoje […] pe einamoji kalbų zona" published o
he i s ime in he e iewed collec ion is discussed sepa a ely, which was
assigned o he A ealai sec ion o he published p ojec . The cu en
socio-linguis ic and e hno-linguis ic si ua ion o he Ramachans is compa ed wi h
he esul s o V. Cekmon's esea ch on his mic o-a ea published in 1988. The change
o codes ha is gi en a lo o a en ion in he esea ch alk is qui e complica ed:
o en e en in one sen ence, he elemen s o h ee o ou (Li huanian, Bulga ian,
Russian, Polish) languages a e used. Based on a su icien numbe o examples, he
a icle e eals he mos impo an aspec s o he change in Li huanian slang o e
he las h ee decades, indica ing mo e p onounced changes in phone ics and
spelling. F om a scien i ic poin o iew, i is aluable o explain he easons o he
use o polyph hongs as a phenomenon. G e in's analysis eco ds, pe haps, he mos
impo an change in he sys em o in e sec ion o he syllables […] he
consolida ion o he model o he wo accen ual pa adigms o he wo ds. F om he
da a gi en in he a icle, i is no always clea whe he he en i e seconda y
accen pa adigm o speci ic wo ds has been o med, o whe he only ce ain
o ms o spelling a ies. Fo ms such as g ain, ongue, sh ub, and he ail o a
pa en should no be associa ed solely wi h he alignmen o he mo phological
pa adigm. Some o hem may be inhe i ed om he old, i.e. a ising om he
oxy ocin pa adigm. I is no ewo hy ha he gene aliza ion o he pa adigm o he
cons an o limb ci cumcision o objec wo ds is p obably de e mined no by any
one eason, bu by he whole complex o hem […] wo plu al […] simple and plu al […]
accen ual and seman ic model, he alignmen o he mo pho(no)logical pa adigm, he
con o mi y o he sys em, he analogy o he ci cumcision, he so kamiengali, he
Sla ic languages and so on. As men ioned, a he end o he book, de ailed
summa ies o all a icles p epa ed especially o his selec ion by L. Kalėdienė
(excep o he summa ies w i en by N. Tuomienė and N. Mo ozo a o hei
bes su V. Čekmono i jo kolegų da bais, knygoje publikuo ais usų, bal a usių,
a icles) a e published in Li huanian and English. Selec ed p esen a ion o he
con en o he a icles in hese languages makes i possible o eade s who a e
amilia wi h he Li huanian and Li huanian languages and expe ience he ba ie o
hese languages. The e is no doub ha p o essionally p epa ed summa ies in
Li huanian and English will con ibu e o he dissemina ion o V. Čekmon's ideas and
he ame o his school. A en ion should be paid o he e minology, esea ch
loca ions, and au ho s' e e ences a he end o he book. They should ce ainly make i easie o he eade who is in e es ed in he s udy o language con ac s in a pa icula a ea o in he wo k o a scien is .
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
268 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXI
A he end o his e iew, I would like o cong a ula e you on he g ea wo k you
ha e done wi h he p o essionally p epa ed and beau i ully illus a ed collec ion
o a icles Vale ijus Čekmonas: Language Con ac s and Sociolinguis ics. The
au ho o he book, L. Kalėdienė, undoub edly achie ed he se goal by p esen ing
he me hodology o ypological econs uc ion and sociolinguis ic s udy o he
in e ac ion o he Bela usian and Sla ic languages, c ea ed by V. Čekmon, in a collec ion o a icles.
Deli e ed on 14 Janua y 2020
VILIJA RAGAIŠIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.