34 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Resea ch a eas include wo d o ma ion, mo phology,
lexicog aphy, and lexicology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The new analysis o he subs ance
Classi ica ion by ype
Chie o S a
The Puzzles o New Compounds' Analysis
and Classi ica ion
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle e iews non- ypical cases o Li huanian neologisms made om wo o mo e
wo ds. Un il he beginning o 2019, he accumula ed wo ds […] du ian and con aminan s in he
Li huanian language's new ocabula y we e dele ed. Indigenous ypes o compound nouns,
mixed nouns (e.g., sunse s), which a e no desc ibed in Li huanian g amma s, a e discussed.
The mo i a ion o he p oduc ion o some occasional wo ks (kūno a a, megz ipal is) is
conside ed, he place o analog wo ks in he sys em o Li huanian language wo ks. Pa icula
a en ion is paid o he ela ionship be ween he new wo ds ha ha e du ian and
con aminan cha ac e is ics (e.g., d i akis), con amina ion and disin eg a ion o wo ds.
ESMINIAL WORDS: wo ds ha a e made up, inno a ions, a i icial wo ds, analogies,
con amina ion (mixing).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The pape aims o e iew he a ypical cases o Li huanian neologisms ha a e coined om wo o
mo e wo ds. The nouns, i.e. compounds and blends, collec ed in […]The Da abase o Li huanian
Neologisms[…] un il he beginning o 2019 a e unde in es iga ion. The ypes o indigenous compound
nouns ha a e no desc ibed in he g amma o he Li huanian language a e p esen ed. Also, he
esul s o composi ion-su ixa ion (e.g. sunse 1 A icle p epa ed by he epo ead a he V
Li huanian Cong ess (W oclaw, 16 May 2019)
17d), on he basis o :
A icles o he T ea y A icles 35
Naujųjų dū inių analizės i klasi ikacijos gal osūkiai
sunblind) a e discussed. The de i a ional mo i a ion o some occasionalisms (kūno a a ‘heal h
p omo ion sys em ha co esponds o he old Li huanian wo ld iew, megz ipal is ‘ca digow)
is conside ed. The place o analogical o ma ions in he sys em o Li huanian de i a ions is
also unde conside a ion. Special a en ion is paid o he new coins wi h he ea u es o
compounds and blends (such as d i akis ‘cycling ail) as well as o he
co ela ion o blending and mo phemic disin eg a ion.
KEYWORDS: wo d o ma ion, coinages, compound nouns, analogy, blending.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
In 2019, in o de o ind ou whe he he Li huanian language's new wo ds
co espond o he ules o wo d making o he Li huanian language desc ibed in
he g amma , o expe ience wha inno a ions in he Li huanian language's
wo d-making a e, whe he hey a e sys ema ic o cha ac e is ic only o he
Okazes, he new wo ds o he Li huanian language we e analyzed in he Duomeny
(ND […] Duomenynas) un il Ma ch 2019. Mos o he ocus o he new s uc u e is on
ques ions.
In he da abase, all he main Li huanian language ypes o conjunc ion a e
ound, excep o he du s om he nume al and e b conjuga ion, naujada ų.
They make up mo e han 99 pe cen o he dungeons examined. Nega i e ypes
( he second o which would no be a noun o a e b) and epe i i e ypes we e
no eco ded du ing he pe iod unde in es iga ion.
Ano he inno a ion occu ed, possibly independen o he ypes o ela ionships
desc ibed in Li huanian g amma s. Fo example, he day o he bi h o he ice
c eam […]Ka o he kids[…] (symbolic bi hday) can be conside ed a da e o bi h
and a da e o bi h (: ka ka + day), and he si ing […]is a whi e simila o he
i e-yea -old ca ying a sea on he shel […] o wo e bs. Mos likely, he English
k. dance walking is based on he example o a dance walk, a new s ee walk, a dance
walk, a dance walk, and a dance walk, and in e ms o o m, i can be based on bo h
he ac ion and he dance. In s udying he ypicali y o he du s in e ms o he
iek jo abs ak u, eiksmo pa adinimu šokis, aigi klasi ikuojan ND sudu inius
daik a a džius jis p iski as ipiniams daik a a džių i eiksmažodžių dū iniams.
mo phological complexi y o he basic s ones, i has been ound ha hey a e
o en based on p eposi ions, p eposi ions o subjunc i e basic wo ds, and he
changed ounda ion o he wo k is no excep ion. In some ways, he basic ule o
humb is 21 o 41 pe cen .
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
36 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(depending on he ype o sandwich) o du ians. Fo mo e in o ma ion on he
s udy and i s esul s, see The Mu mulai y ė 2019.
As he in es iga ion con inued, he became in e es ed in he ypical
Li huanian neologisms, made up o wo o mo e wo ds, a wo k.
The objec o he s udy […] ND o ix indigenous compound wo ds and
con aminan s, made om wo o mo e Li huanian wo ds. A he beginning o
2019, he e we e abou 560 o hem in his sou ce.
The aim o he s udy is o e iew hese wo ks and o amilia ise hem wi h he
p oblems o hei analysis and classi ica ion in cases whe e i is di icul o
iden i y he basic wo ds, some imes also hei pa o he language, he unclea
Ty imo me odai – anali inis, kiekybinis, lyginamasis, ap ašomasis, sinch oni-
mo i a ion o he wo ks and he mo phological analysis o he wo ds.
The OCEAN DURINIAI is he name o he essel.
Okaziny, i.e. unusual, uncommon occu ences, occu ing only in a ce ain con ex ,
delibe a ely made only o his occasion (KTŽ 1990: 1362), U bu is 2009: 32 Da iny by
na u e do no like o obey common ules, a e o en unusual, so o en he e a e
a ious in e p e a ions o hei da ybs, on which he classi ica ion o he da yn
belongs o one o ano he g oup. This may ha e an in luence on he de e mina ion
o Li huanian inno a ion ends and inno a ions. Two o he in es iga ed du s […]
he au ho 's body […] he old Li huanian wo ld iew co esponding o he heal h
sys em […] and he indi idual megz ipal is […] megz inis, which looks like a coa […]
he basic wo ds a e no […] en i ely clea in e ms o o m o (and) seman ics.
Based on he o ms o he second basic wo d (see below), i can be seen ha kūno a a
is a combina ion o wo nouns. The example p o ided by ND o his new usage indica es
ha his e m […]L. The oice c ea ed a combina ion o wo wo ds kūnas and a a.
Va a is a mul i ace ed concep ha encompasses bo h he physical body and he
in e nal ene gy. I' e had o mo i a e his sandwich seman ically. LKŽe and DŽ2 o DŽ7
a e ansla ed in o English as ‘ ansla ion, o ced ansla ion: a pa en can only be
g an ed on he basis o a legal basis. (DŽ2); he ollowing pa ag aph is added: he
ansla ion, he o ced ansla ion (DŽ7); (Neol.) ‘ o ce, coe cion, iolence (LKŽe) in he
meaning is he seman ics o coe cion, iolence, which ob iously does no co ela e wi h
he seman ics o he dū in ques ion. I is also unlikely ha he c ea ion o his new
wo d is based on an old bo owing om A. Juška's […]Lenkų[…]lie u ių language
dic iona y[…] […] homonym a a […] a ka[…]. Soon he second wo d o he e b
kūno a a is associa ed wi h he e b a y i, pe haps being i s abs ac , as he au ho
o he no ada himsel explains: […]Ry e consciousness awakens, i u ns on he a ,
A icles o he 37 h
Naujųjų dū inių analizės i klasi ikacijos gal osūkiai
and we begin o eju ena e. We can also ac i a e he powe by consciously exe cising.
I'm in he body, I'm in he mind, and ha 's wha my eelings and emo ions a e. [...] The
second pa o he body […] dynamic exe cises. I begins hy hmically, acco ding o a
ce ain sound, wi h he ankles ouching he loo […] his s imula es he hea 's
ac i i y. The body is al eady so ened, so he coppe is injec ed. In he hi d pa ,
when he body's coppe has al eady eached a su icien le el, he senses a e opened
by h owing and g abbing special exe cise ools in a special way, ying no o le hem
all o he g ound (pa yškin a quo ing […] au . pas .) 2. This mo i a ion is suppo ed by
he psychoanaly ic e m a a (ma ch d i e e žlumas; (powe ul) o ce o ‘ h us ,
seksualinė a a, už aldymo a a (LAALPTŽ)3. A k eip inas dėmesys i į sąsają
h us , in e nal impulse), as well as some compound e ms wi h his main wo d:
agg ession, pa , ego, des uc ion, li e, dea h, sel -p ese a ion, wi h (a ) e i. In
addi ion, ha ing in mind he Bal ic wo ld iew and ac i i ies o he au ho , i also does
no ule ou la. The e ec o 'powe , will, powe ' (LLV). Due o he possible in luence o
he La ian k. also plg. […]G upei kūno a os moky inių is headed by L. Balsys […] a onis
(ene gy managemen coach) […] ( . p. sou ce) and la. The man is a he o, a he o. The
de ini ion o a coa -like coa de eloped by he Ise ians is aken om a single example o
a coa -like coa , indica ing ha i is he English equi alen o a ca digown. F om he
la e de ini ion (ca digown ‘a long ca digan, bel ed like a d essing gown5) i is clea
ha in English i is a con aminan […] sulie i wo names o clo hes: ca digan (a ce ain
s yle o umpas megz inis, ca digan) and d essing-gown o gown, which means long
d esses (žiusnelę, chala ą). I is no clea wha he c ea o s o he Li huanian ma ch
had in mind, because i is possible o combine he mo i a ion o his new wo k: 1) a coa
+ a coa o 2) a coa + a coa . In he i s case, i is necessa y o speak abou he
combina ion o wo nouns and he su ix o he i s p e ix -in-, he second […] abou
he e b o m (daly io) and he noun's conjuga ion and he non-conjuga ion consonan -i- o such nouns.
In o ma ion o he da abase is collec ed manually, i s ep esen a i eness and eliabili y
inc eases wi h he inc easing amoun and a ie y o da a, and he subjec i e aspec inc eases
wi h he inc easing numbe o da a sou ces and da a p o ide s (Miliūnai ė 2018: 6). Howe e , he
socie y ha sends he wo ds o Duomenyn, na u ally, is mo e likely o no ice he unusual, he
s ange, i.e. 2 h ps: www.bal ai.l ?p=23425 [looked a h p: 2019-03-11 and 2020-03-07]. This Decision
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The au ho o he a icle would like o hank he anonymous
e iewe who encou aged him o use hese e ms, as well as o he aluable commen s. Google
sea ches o he wo d "squi el" ailed on Ma ch 10, 2019, and he sea ch engine did no ind a
single "squi el" o "squi el" in any o he o he sea ch e ms. 5 h ps:
www.dnaindia.com/li es yle/ epo -soon-dic iona y- o-desc ibe-clo hes-like-who sca digowns-
- eggings-1441592 [looked a 2019-03-10 and 2020-03-04].
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
38 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII specimens o non- ypical wo ks o
o he wise dis inguished inno a ions. Realized, bu p e iously un eco ded
po en ials may be mo e di icul o de ec and miss because hey a e planned by
he sys em and can be ealized a any ime. Thus, i can be assumed ha he e
a e mo e occasional lexical cases, i.e. […] and non- ypical cases, in he Duomenyne
pe cen age han in he Va osene.
I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o lie o you.
A mix u e is conside ed o be a e b when i exp esses wo di e en modes o
e baliza ion a once, i.e. a wo d is made by adding a p e ix and a p e ix a once
(p e ixa ion-su ixa ion, e.g. po es u inis, paeiliui) o a p e ix is added by combining
wo wo ds (composi ion-su ixa ion, e.g. pelėkau ai) (U bu is 2009: 340[…]341). ND o
eco d a numbe o possible mixed composi ions (composi ion- educ ion
jonių nekelia ik saulėdeng ės ‘išo inė langų a ba balkonų užuolaida; pas ogėlė,
composi ions). In he eigh h case, i p o ec s agains he sun (sun + co e + - ).
In his case, con amina ion ( ešnės + žmogėd a6) is pe haps less likely. The possibili y
o a daik a a d and a cha ac e wo d ą yba ( ešnės + ėd us, -i) is ejec ed due o
he a i y o his ype o conjunc ion; In addi ion, all i s de i a i es, acco ding o he
g amma , a e based on he adjec i e suppo , -ė: child suppo , book suppo (DLKG
2006: 166; LKG 1965: 472). By he way, s udies o he o ma ion o Li huanian wo ds ha e
no iden i ied a human being o he old o m ea ed in his way, he la e being used
p ima ily as an example o mixed o ma ion (U bu is 2009: 253;
The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
I is clea ha he example o he immig an and he emig an is used o c ea e
he new wo ds " o eigne ", " om ou e space" and " e u nee", "who e u ns
om emig a ion, e-emig an ".7 The i s is also mo e likely o be conside ed a mixed e b (: s ange + o go +
- all 8.
6 Fo mo e in o ma ion on he phenomenon o con amina ion, see he sec ion dealing wi h i in he a icle.
In hal -black on , he e and in he ollowing illus a i e examples o con amina ion, he pa s o he ini ial
wo ds ha ha e passed in o con amina ion a e p esen ed, c ossed ou (see he e m. Miliūnai ė 2014: 252,
elsewhe e he same phenomenon is called sankloda (Kabašinskai ė 1998: 67)). 7 When asked how he wo d
came o be, he au ho o he New Tes amen eplied: "I came o be in my mind ha I should go away". 8 I
is likely ha he old passenge s, soldie s, sailo s, s uden s, sailo s, sailo s, sailo s (S. Daukan o's
neologism), as well as pi mei is and o he s, which can be combined wi h he e b o go, a e also conside ed
mixed, al hough hese wo ds a e no men ioned in he desc ip ions o ships when alking abou
composi ion-su ixa ion (pl. P. Ska džius uses he wo d " a elle " as a synonym o " a elle "
(Ska džius 1943: 436). I should be no ed ha he p e ixes -ei is, -ė a e no adjec i es

S aipsniai / A icles 39
Naujųjų dū inių analizės i klasi ikacijos gal osūkiai
3 analoginių da inių (gal apjū ė, kainapjū ė, aldžiapjū ė; plg. ugiapjū ė) da-
The wo d " ish" can be in e p e ed in wo ways, depending on whe he he
second wo d would be conside ed " o cu " o " o cu " (U bu is 2009: 111). In he
i s case, hey would be classi ied as mixed p oduc s.
ANALOGINIAI DARINIAI In esea ch on he o ma ion o wo ds, analogues a e usually called non- ypical
de i a i es, whose […] o ma ion is based on a mo e dis an , non-speci ic, mo e alleged analogy wi h
ypical [...] de i a i es and hei base wo d pai s (opposi ions o de i a i es)[…] (U bu is 2009: 328).
Du ing he pe iod o he in es iga ion conce ned, abou 30 sel - epo ed analogue de i a i es o ND
we e ound, e.g. ausi a is […]ausimis pajėgiamas gi dė i aplinkos plo as[…] plg. aki a is; he head, he
ail, he ail, he ail, he ail; he kiemshikis […] he unkemp kiemsa gis o he dog; he mas e o he
household is he keepe o he house; illed […] plg. illed a as ood es au an ; unny […] i onically […]
unny non-swimming builde s […] unny […] wo k on he cons uc ion si e […] plg. clumpy; he noska […]
plg. he ea ; ence w i ing […] ence w i ing; ea hquake […] building le deep unde g ound, ea hquake
esis ance […] plg. ea hquake and he like. This kind o no el y a ises by aking ad an age o he
analogy o an al eady exis ing, somewha o mally close and somehow seman ically ela ed
de i a i e, so ha in addi ion o he opposi e o he e b and i s basic wo ds, he e is ano he
ac o a wo k. Thus, all wo d o ma ion is based on analogy (KTŽ 1990: 19; U bu is 2009: 327[…]328), bu
in he case a hand, analogies a e only […] supe icial, essen ially inapp op ia e e b s uc u es,
simila only by sound […] (Paulauskienė 1994: 53). I is ue ha in some cases hey do no p e en a
no ice om being conside ed a membe o one ype o a wo k o ano he , because a e analyzing
his a wo k, i can be seen ha he essen ial wo ds o he a wo k a e no iola ed. Fo example,
he non-calcula ing noun ‘day, when he e is no hing o ead, made by analogy wi h he non-calcula ing
noun, belongs o he same ype o cons uc ion as he la e , he e bs and he nouns o hings (: no
o ead + day). And he non-day-o -ma iage ‘spouses sleeping in di e en beds a e sex and he
hyb id non-day-o -sex ‘day, when a couple who ha e sex e use o ha e sex in he lis s o p ecep s
p o ided by Li huanian g amma ians. As o he p e ix - is, -ė, i s a es ha he g ea e pa o he
names o he pe sons de i ed om i ( hose who ac and hose who ha e he cha ac e is ics o
ac ion) a e based on he p eposi ional e bs o go wi h he ac ion (DLKG 2006: 110[…]111; LKG 1965: 331).
As ega ds de i a i es wi h he su ix -ei is, -e, see he de ailed in es iga ion by J. Vaskelienė and i s
y a ne ipinės da ybos, nes pi mieji, neiginį u in ys jų sandai y a daik a a diniai
conclusions on he possibili y o synch onously conside ing his su ix as an adjec i e in ce ain
cases and on he sel - o ming -ei is, -e da y-
bos ipą (Vaskelienė 2019).
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
40 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(lo e and sex). The p esence o he nega ion can only be explained by he ac ha hey
ob iously ely on he example o he unconscious and his analogy o hei wo k is
pe ec ly demons a ed by he examples o he ND chosen by he illus a o s: O e
ime, such in e pe sonal ela ionships de elop in o disloyal y and disloyal y, e en ually
in o jealousy, desi e o humilia e he spouse, e enge, and so o h. ; Bu i , a e he
di icul ies we ha e expe ienced oge he , and a e he daily ou ines, a e N yea s,
he ouch o a lo ed one s ill igni es a lame in he hea (well, I'm no saying i
comple ely, he e a e all kinds o days […] no con e sa ions, no con e sa ions), hen i
can al eady be said ha i is […] lo e.
Judama is ‘a de ice o ixing and measu ing human mobili y is an analogue o he o he names o
ools, machines, appliances and o he ins umen s wi h he second wo d -ma is, de i ed om he
e b o measu e. The i s o he wo wo ds is used o indica e he di ec ion o he measu emen
ac ion, which cons i u es i s objec , so he i s wo d is he objec (DLKG 2006: 162; LKG 1965: 464), p.
ND also p o ided by akima is, cuk oma is, laikma is, p e iously ixed ga oma is, d ėgmėma is,
idma is. The ollowing de ini ions and de ini ions apply o he ollowing de ini ions and de ini ions:
abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac ,
abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac ,
abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac , abs ac ,
abs ac The e o e, due o he di e en pa o he i s base wo d, he judama is o he dū ī
om he ypes o nouns and e bs does no belong o he ype, i is a ypical. The easies way o i
ma is, kie ma is (: kie is ‘kie umasʼ), k ei ėma is, lie ma is i k .9 Judama is a -
giai galė ų bū i pama uo as e ai a ojamu, ik aš ų kalbai būdingu abs akčiu
o appea , pe haps, was he a o emen ioned "su ace" analogy wi h o he animals wi h such a
seconda y bond. compound nouns, such as he a o emen ioned ausi a is, lė puodis, noska as.
Howe e , he seman ic mo i a ion o hei ac ions can only be unde s ood in e mi en ly, h ough
he 9
h p:// e minai. lkk.l /paieska?sea ch=ma is&zodzio_dalis=2&kaip1=on&s i ys=%2C577&s a usas=0-
& ykia=0 [ iew 2019-03-15, 2020-03-04 and 2020-04-17]. I is no ewo hy ha some o he nouns eco ded in
Ki i nag inė i analoginiai dū iniai p iklauso iems pa iems ipams, kaip i
he Bank o Te ms, which ha e he second syllable -ma is, can a leas be seman ically associa ed wi h
adjec i es, e.g. aky ma is ‘papie iaus aky umo ma uoklis (plg. aky as, -a), apsk i ma is (plg.
apsk i as, -a and us. e m a i ikmenį кругломер). Howe e , be o e making he assump ion ha he
names o measu ing ins umen s wi h he second owel -ma is can also be based on adjec i es, hey
need o be ho oughly examined sepa a ely.
A icles by A icles 41
Naujųjų dū inių analizės i klasi ikacijos gal osūkiai
he p o o ype. Fo example, i is p ac ically impossible o dis inguish he meaning
o he wo d "landscape" om i s lexical meaning o "building deep unde g ound",
he opposi e o he e m "hea enly", because he associa ion wi h landscape
comes om he seman ics o he hea ens (hea enly ays a e high). In his case, i
is no so impo an ha he skysc ape i sel is a heigh (plg. us. небоскрёб, angl.
skysc ape ), because he connec ion o heigh , heigh wi h he pu sui o hea en,
is also ixed in he Li huanian p o e b: A lekia ožys, a is imbuliuoja, agais dangų
ėžia, ba zda žemę šluoja (LKŽe). Con amina ion o disin eg a ion
Wha 's he composi ion?
Leksinė kon aminacija (maišyba, English blending) […] ( ikslingas) he o ma ion o
a new wo d by joining a leas wo ini ial wo ds, by me ging hei pa s (see
G ies 2004a: 416). This phenomenon, pe haps he mos cha ac e is ic o he
English language, is also ex ensi ely s udied in o he , e en ypologically
di e en , linguis ic s udies (Elsen 2008; B da -Szabo, B da 2008; Ma ko ić 2009:
226[…]236; Mikić Čolić 2015; E ano a 2015; E ano a 2015; 2016; Ba -El 1996, 2013; Bal ei o
2017 e c.), o en compa ed o his way o o ming English wo ds (Renne 2015;
Renne 2015; 2019; H uš e a 2010; O ekho a, Badelina 2019 e c.). No only he e ms
ha e e o his phenomenon and i s esul s, bu also i s de ini ions, which
aise di e en signs o con amina ion, a y. Common poin s o con ac wi h
o he ways o o ming new lexical uni s a e sough (López Rúa 2002; Renne 2015).
In his s udy (and in he Li huanian dialec in gene al) an impo an nonmo phemic
con amina ion pa e n, by which lexical con amina ion di e s om smoke […]
new wo ds a e c ea ed by mixing, mixing, joining nonmo phemic pp . pa o wo
o mo e wo ds (plg. In he ligh o he o egoing conside a ions, he Commission
concludes ha he con es ed measu e cons i u es S a e aid wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (1) o he T ea y.
Hosseinzadeh 2014: 19 and k . ).
Examples o con amina ion inno a ions om he ND: accina ion, - who has
p ieš skiepus i skiepijimąʼ (aliuzija į Seimo na į Dainių Kepenį, paga sėjusį
become a p omo e o a heal hy li es yle and a nega i e a i ude owa ds
accina ions) < accina ion + Kepenis, ba ako ė < he halls < a ached o he ba <
+ handke chie , < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e <
shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e <
shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e <
shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e <
shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e <
shel e < shel e < shel e < shel e ‘Police o ice and so on. Acco ding o ND,
such wo ks, al hough hey make up a e y small pa o he Li huanian language's inno a ions, a e inc easing sligh ly. A he ime o he su ey, his sou ce had abou 4,2% o hem, i.e. abou 4% in 2018 and mo e han 3% a he end o 2014.
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
42 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(Mu mulai y ė 2018: 63) This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es. A he end o his
a icle, in Ap il 2020, he amoun o (po en ial) con aminan s in he Domes ic was abou 4,5%.10
T adi ionally, i is belie ed ha he Li huanian language is no cha ac e ized by con amina ion as
a way o making wo ds, such a lexical way o wo king is no conside ed a way o making wo ds,
his being unde s ood only as mo phological (U bu is 2009: 324, 355; Ba auskai ė 1985: 44) 11. In his
con ex , wi hou e e ing o aspec s o speech and language (i.e. he dis inc ion be ween
non-speci ic and consciously gene a ed con aminan s, e c.), which a e essen ially impo an in
e alua ing his way o ocabula y mul iplica ion, a ew cases should be men ioned whe e he
a ibu ion o new subs ances o con aminan s aises doub s. 2. Con amina ion is cha ac e ized
by he combina ion o sho ened ini ial wo ds. I is a simple phone ic abb e ia ion o he base
oo , occu ing, by he way, no only in con amina ed e bs, e.g. d ūgalis (: d u as + galas),
kiaupienė (: kiaulė + pienė) (U bu is 2009: 23512). I is also known as diemedis (diamond ee), ki pen ė
(ki apen ė), k auge ys (blood bea ), naumies is (naujamies is), au agė ( au a- agė), ėpū inis
( ėja-pū inis) and o he s (Ska džius 1943: 427). O he ac o s also play a ole in con amina ion:
p imi i e wo ds almos always ha e common segmen s (e.g. Kabašinskai ė 1998: 6973), mos o en
hey a e simila […] in luence on each o he and (o ) on he con aminan […] phonologically,
seman ically, syn ac ically (G ies 2004: 656660; 2004a: 419427; 2004b: 206-213, plg. Kabašinskai ė 2014:
140142), bu he combina ion o syllables is p ecisely phone ic. In he case o a mo phological wo d,
howe e , he e is a mo phemic disin eg a ion o he oo wo d, which is essen ially unde s ood
as he de i a ion o an a ix (a iks) om he oo wo d mo phemically sepa a ed om he oo
wo d, hus passing in o a compound, e.g. owel (: okiškas), singula (: ląs -el-ąs ė). This is a
undamen ally di e en kind o abb e ia ion13. Desin eg a ion o he oo […] is a o m o he
basic s em mo pheme (abb e ia ed s . au .) ha occu s by emo ing he a ix om he oo
wo d s one, which does no con ain he oo wo d 10 A en ion should be paid o he ac ha
he knowledge o he con amina ion gi Duomenyne has no only i s own o igin 11 o he opinion
abou he wo ds con amina ion and con amina ion […] G ies 2004: 639; La o 2008: 45; La o a 2008:
45; 2013: 515; Kamiope 2006: 140; in Li huanian
kon aminan ai, be i okiu būdu suku i skoliniai. Sa akilmių – mažiau nei pusė.
2013: 82 […] 83; Mikelionienė 2002: 79 This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
12 The e is a co ec ion e o […] kiaulpienė in he sou ce, bu he i s edi ion o his book (U bu is
1978: 198) gi es an example o a co ec ion […] kiaupienė. 13 In he case o mo phological wo d-making,
base wo ds (s ems) a e abb e ia ed due o a e y cha ac e is ic endency o ely on simple
(mo phologically and mo phologically unin elligible) o a leas no so complex base s ems (bu U is
2009: 234). A 2019 s udy o N.D. new wo ds showed ha mo e complex mo phological combina ions o
du s con inue o inc ease and ha he combina ion is becoming mo e di e se (especially o oc agon
wo ds), bu he endency o ely on simple wo ds emains, pe haps his de e mines he laws o
language economics (Mu mulai y 2019: 112[…]115, 119).
A icles o he T ea y
Naujųjų dū inių analizės i klasi ikacijos gal osūkiai
Renne Vincen 2015: Lexical blendings as wo dplay. […] Angelika Zi ke and Esme Win e
F oemel (ed.), Wo dplay and Me alinguis ic o Me adiscu si e Re lec ion. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Renne , Vincen : F ench and English lexical blends in con as . […]Languages in
con as 19(1), 27[…]47. Accessed om he In e ne : 10.1075/lic.16020. en Ska džius
P anas 1943: Li huanian language wo d ac o y, Vilnius: Li huanian language
ins i u e.
Sme ana An anas, 2005: On he ques ion o he dis inc ion be ween he main me hods o p oduc ion. Ac
Linguis ica Li huanica 52, 83 and 89.
Soon, dic iona y o desc ibe clo hes like who s, ca digowns, eggings. This is a ailable on
he websi e: h ps: www.dnaindia.com h p:
li es yle/ epo -soon-dic iona y- o-desc ibe-clo hes-like-who s-ca digowns- eggings-144-
1592 [ iewed 2019-03-10 and 2020-03-04]. Umb ella Al ydas 2000: V. Mykolaičius-Pu in Li e a y
e minology wi h he -inis, -ė o ms o he wo ds. Te minology 6, 7890. This is no he case.
In 2009 he published The Theo y o he Making o Wo ds, Vilnius: Ins i u e o
Science and Encyclopedia Publishing.
"Jolene" is a 2019 ilm abou a gi l who has o deal wi h he consequences o he
ac ions. […] Bend inė speaks a 92, 1[…]16. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h p: www.bend inekalba.l /S aipsniai/92/Vaskeliene_
BK_92_s aipsnis.pd This is a lis o ilms p oduced by BK_92_s aipsnis.pd
Ефанова Лариса Г. 2015: Контаминация (материалы к словарю лингвистических
терминов). Часть 1. Широкое и узкое понимание термина «контаминация». –
Вестник Томского государственного университета. Филология 2(34), 14–22.
Ефанова Лариса Г. 2016: Контаминация. Часть 2. Основные разновидности
контаминации. – Вестник Томского государственного университета. Филология
1(39), 5–14.
Lau o Na alia A. 2008: The concep o con amina ion: o m and con en . –
Вест ник Московского государственного лингвистического университета. Актуаль-
ные проблемы современной английской лексикологии, Москва: Рема. Выпуск 552,
44–53.
Lau o Na alia A. 2013: Con amina ion as a model o speech:
структура, семантика, стилистика, прагматика: на материале современного
английского языка. Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени доктора
филологических наук, Москва: Московский педагогический государственный
университет, 1–48.

DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
50 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXII
Прокопец А. П. 2006: Семантические модели словообразовательных
контаминантов. – Ученые записки Таврического национального университета им. В.
И. Вернадского. Серия «Филология». № 3, т. 19(58), 140–146.
Хрущева Оксана А. 2010: Универсальные особенности блендинга. – Вестник
ВГУ. Серия: Лингвистика и межкультурная коммуникация 2, 187–189.
The Puzzles o New Compounds' Analysis and
Classi ica ion and
Summa y
The analysis o coins equen ly aises some ques ions ega ding he ways o hei appea ing,
o ma ion and classi ica ion. The a icle aims o o e iew he a ypical cases o he o ma ion
o Li huanian neologisms ha a e coined om wo o mo e wo ds. The analysis ocuses on he
nouns, mos ly indigenous ones, which a e included in o The Da abase o Li huanian Neologisms
(DLN). This sou ce con ained abou 560 o such wo ds a he beginning o 2019.
99% o indigenous compounds belong o he main ypes o composi ion in he Li huanian language,
and hei second componen is ei he a nominal o e bal one. Bu he e a e some examples o
a ypical compounding in DLN as well. Two compounds (Ka kadian ‘symbolic bi hday o ice-c eam
Ka ka ʼ, sėdnešė ‘a saddlebabyʼ) a e composed o an onoma opoeic in e jec ion and a noun as
well as wo e bs, espec i ely. These combina ions o he pa s o speech o base wo ds ha e
no been desc ibed in Li huanian g amma s as he ypes o composi ion.
I can be assumed ha because o he manual way o da a collec ion, newly coined
occasions a e no iced and eco ded mo e easily due o hei a ypicali y compa ed o he
po en ial wo ds ha a e o eseen in he sys em and can be coined any ime hey a e
needed. Fo his eason, he pe cen age o new-coined occasionalisms in DLN may be highe
han in he daily usage.
Va ious in e p e a ions o he o ma ion o new-coined occasionalisms a e o en a ailable, and
hey p ede e mine he a ibu ion o coins o one o ano he g oup o classi ica ion. This may
ha e in luence in iden i ying he ends and inno a ions in new wo d- o ma ion
in he Li huanian language.
Wo ds such as sunblind a e he p oduc s o composi ion-su ixa ion. Se e al o he compounds o
his ype we e o med ia analogy o a bigge o smalle ex en , e.g. ešnėd a ‘swee che y
ea e (c . žmogėd a ‘man-ea e ʼ), gal apjū ė ‘head ha es ing la ge-scale i ing o people in high
seeking anspa ency and enewal, aldžiapjū ė business, (c . ugiapjū ė ‘ ye ha es ing pos s).
A icles by A icle 51
Naujųjų dū inių analizės i klasi ikacijos gal osūkiai
‘a wa e o i ing o people in cha geʼ, kainapjū ė ‘p ice ha es ing – discoun ime in e ail
The analysis o 30 analogous compounds e eals ha some o hem (e.g. ausi a is 'an a ea wi hin
hea ing dis ance', lė puodis 'a c ock-po ', noska as 'a nose ing') belong o he same ypes as he
compound nouns on he basis o which hey we e coined (c . aki a is 'an ou look', g ei puodis 'a
p essu e po ', auska as 'an ea ing', espec i ely). Howe e , he composi ion o a bigge numbe
o analogical compounds is o a ypical cha ac e . Fo example, judama is […]a mo emen me e […],
which consis s o wo e bal componen s (jude i […] o mo e[…], measu e […] o measu e[…]), is
o med ollowing he analogy wi h o he compounds con aining his second e bal componen .
Howe e , he i s componen o p o o ypes is nominal, e.g., ime is a ime ( ime + measu e o
measu e). Blending di e s om wo d- o ma ion in i s non-mo phological cha ac e . T adi ionally,
blends a e no ega ded as o ma ions in he Li huanian language. Howe e , a numbe o
neologisms possess he ea u es o compounds and blends. Tha is why, i is complica ed o
unambiguously a ibu e hem o ei he ype. Some cases, such as, o example, he changed
lexion o he second componen (a ypical ea u e o composi ion), can be explained h ough
analogy (d i akis 'a cycling ail' c . bėg akis 'a eadmill'). Howe e , can i also be assumed ha
he me hods o mo phological wo d- o ma ion and blending, e.g., disin eg a ion o base s em and
phone ic sho ening o he sou ce wo d, a e some imes combined o used oge he ? The
e i ica ion o his assump ion calls o mo e ex ensi e da a.
Deli e ed on 6 Ap il 2020
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, Vilnius, LT-10308,
Li huania dai a.mu mulai y [email p o ec ed] This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o o he wise closely associa ed wi h Pe o Vileišio g.