272 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
Vilniaus uni e si e o Kauno akul e as
ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1781-0478 Resea ch
a eas include lexicology, lexicog aphy, and phone ics.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all83-13
LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ŽARGONO
The wo d "supe io i y"
JUNGINIAI and SUAUGTINIAI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The ac i i ies o he EIB
This is ADAPTACIN YPATYB S1
Adap a i e Fea u es o he Slang Ad e bs in
he Li huanian Language: Ad e bialized Wo d-
Combina ion and Compound Ad e bs
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes he combina ions o Li huanian ja gon and non-Li huanian ocabula y, he
combina ions o non-Li huanian ocabula y and non-Li huanian ocabula y (205), selec ed om he
Li huanian ocabula y and non-Li huanian ocabula y. The aim o he analysis is o iden i y he
adap i e ea u es o sys emic beha iou and loans. Mos o he adjec i al cons uc ions,
ad e bs, ph asal compounds and ad e bs a e phone ically and g aphically adap ed e bs om
he Russian language. The lexicon is adap ed phone ically and g aphically acco ding o he
p inciple o subs i u ion o o eign phonemes as close as possible o hei own. Pa o ja gon is
also adap ed mo phologically: i is in eg a ed in o he luen pa adigms o he Li huanian
language. Adul ja gon p e ixes a e compounds o p e ixes and su ixes bo owed om he
Russian language wi h nouns whose p e ixes and su ixes a e adap ed o become p e ixes. The e
a e a lo o ulga isms be ween he compounds o wo ds ha ha e been supp essed and he
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: p ie eiksmiai, p ie eiksmėjimas, ža gonas, adap acija.
wo ds ha ha e been supp essed. This a icle was p epa ed as pa o he Li huanian language
ja gon linguis ic ea u es p ojec unded by he S a e Li huanian Language Commission o 2019-2021.
A icles and a icles 273
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
This a icle analyzes 205 ad e bialized wo d-combina ion and compound ad e bs om Li huanian
slang and non-s anda d dic iona y (Kaunas, 2012). The analysis aims o iden i y and desc ibe he
sys ema ic p ocess o ad e bializa ion and adap a ion. Mos o hem a e phone ically and
he p eposi ional cons uc ions o ad e bic ph aseological compounds a e phone ically
and g aphically adap ed bo owings om he Russian language. The ad e bs a e adap ed
g aphically, acco ding o he p inciple o subs i u ion o o eign phonemes, whose p eposi ions
as close as possible o hei own. Pa o ad e bs is also mo phologically adap ed: in eg a ed
in o he lexic pa adigms o he Li huanian language. Mos o compound ad e bs a e
combina ions o p eposi ions and pa icles wi h nouns bo owed om he Russian language,
and pa icles a e ans o med in o p e ixes by adap a ion. The e a e a lo o ulga isms among
he ad e bialized wo d-combina ions and compound ad e bs. KEYWORDS: ad e bs,
ad e bializa ion, slang, and adap a ion. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The e m "symbolic" is used o e e o he ac ha a wo d, ph ase, o ph ase can
be bo h synonymous and seman ically ela ed. The e a e wo ypes o e bs: e bs
ha ha e been comple ely supp essed o e bs ha ha e been pa ially supp essed
(e.g., e bs ha ha e been comple ely supp essed) and e bs ha ha e been
comple ely supp essed (e.g., e bs ha ha e been comple ely supp essed). I is
na u al ha he ypes o s abili y, s abili y, and s abili y o wo ds in speech include
ansi ional, mixed, o e en con inuous, which is why e ms such as semi- ossilized
ph ase, e c. a e used in mo e de ailed s udies (e.g. Howa h 1998: 28). Fo he easons
men ioned abo e, he e a e many a ian s (especially i i is a loanwo d), because as
a wo d o a compound o wo ds is ansla ed o ansla ed, he sample changes no
only mo phologically bu also phone ically. Also, he dis inc i e ea u e o he
in e ace is ha i is no s agge ed (only a small pa is s agge ed), so he
bo owed in e ace is much easie o adap
(Paulauskienė 1994: 379) I is also wo h no ing ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens and mu agens is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
In he common Li huanian language (bk), he meaning o he p e ix is mos o en acqui ed by he
p e ix cons uc ions wi h nouns: endless […]labai[…], om he su ix […]pas ale skai ė, Rimku ė
kui’, iš pasku iniųjų ‘sunkiai’ i pan. (Pake ys 2002: 547–552). Taip pa nemažai
samplaikinių2 p ie eiksmių su dalely ėmis: be kaip, uoj pa , kai ku , is iek (Ko-
2010: 79[…]82). The compounds used in his s udy a e wo-wo d o 2 Because o he e ms sample,
compound, and sample, see o mo e de ails. In he ligh o he o egoing conside a ions, he Commission concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
Rimku ė, Ja ašiūnai ė, Homola 2005: 62–64.
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
274 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII is longe , consis ing o ha m ul o (and)
non-communica i e pa s o he language, and he mos impo an eason o
s aba isa ion and p ocessing is he su ounding en i onmen (see Ma cinke ičienė
2010: 130; 2001: 91). The uni y unc ion does no ans o m in o he e ec s o
ancilla y cons uc ions, he lexicaliza ion o he cons uc ion has a g ea
signi icance, he eme gence o one common meaning, me apho ism. As a esul o
his, i is no su p ising ha some o he mode n Li huanian ocabula y p e ixes
isos eikšmės, be da i aizdingi (plg. Ul ydas 2000: 141–143). Mo ologijos
(e.g. DLKZ om he eal, in ac he i s […] ik ai[…]) F azeolo747 (see Ma kešiši
2014) a e no always he same. A simila ly s uc u ed p e ix compound in
dic iona ies can be conside ed bo h a ph aseology and a p e ix: om slow LKZ is
gijos žodyne laikomi azeologizmais: iš mažens (FŽ, 415), iš pasku inio, iš pas-
ku iniųjų (FŽ, 500), iš yko, iš ik o (FŽ, 744), iš ik ųjų (FŽ, 745), iš olo (FŽ,
conside ed a ph aseology (see om slow […]pamažu, om easy, wi hou hu ying)
and DLKZ om yko is conside ed a p e ix ( om yko p . […] yliai; pamažu[…])
(Ma ke ičius 2014: 72). The p onoun is associa ed wi h many di e en ypes o
a ia ions (especially abb e ia ions), so in he e i o ial dialec s o Li huanian, he
mos common p onouns may ha e as many as en a ian s, e.g. he e (cians, cians,
čionais, čionai, cianajos...) (Zinke ičius 1981: 178).
The ad e bializa ion in he non e bal language is much mo e igid, bu he ela ionship be ween he
s anda dized and non e bal languages is no igid, since mos o hese phenomena a e like sys em
in e ac ions. Ja gon loan adap a ion can be consis en ly desc ibed in he ollowing ypes: (a) no o
adap ; (b) o adap g aphically and phone ically; (c) o adap g aphically, phone ically and
mo phologically (ga e he cai ybinę galūnę, he deed pledge) (plg. Wohlgemu h 2009: 56; Valeckienė 1967:
128; Vaicekauskienė 2007: 94). The use o he e m "adjus able" in his con ex is no uncommon, as
he e b "adjus able" is o en used in conjunc ion wi h he e b "adjus able" in he con ex o
he e b "adjus able" (I win, 2011: 44-53, Sha p, 2001: 30; Sunde, 2018: 85-88). The image o he h ee
deg ees o adap a ion can be illus a ed wi h a ew g oups o ja gon. Unadap ed e bally used
compound wo ds dupe (English: supe -dupe ) ‘good and k . These ew examples ne e heless
indica e minimal adap a ion […] in un o una e speech i is w i en wi hou a comma, i appea s
i suaug inių p ie eiksmių y a isai nedaug, sąlygiškai galima p iski i skolinius
iš anglų kalbos: ♦ i i i i, i y i y (angl. šnek. i y- i y) ‘pusiau’, ♦ supe
amilia o he pakis ani: d i e in, body a (Vaicekauskienė 2007: 155). Bu ze o adap a ion is mo e o
a heo e ical hing, he bo owed wo d i sel is phone ically adap ed acco ding o he p inciple o
3 Ka ais s e imžodžiai gali bū i neadap uojami i dėl one inių p iežasčių – sulie u inus jie nea -
subs i u ion o o eign phonemes as closely as possible o i s own.
A icles by A icles 275
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
a a ian wi h sho owels ( i y- i y) and so on. In he case o he "supe -dupe ," i 's a
combina ion o he wo wo ds "dupe " and "supe -dupe ," and he combina ion "dupe " and
"supe -dupe " is used in he same sen ence: "dupe " and "supe -dupe " a e used in he
same sen ence. Wha he had o do was h ow i away, and pay o p o oke a io , and a lo o
Sla ic-o igin ja gon, when bo owed om a compound, e.g., Russian. nei he xe a […]nieko[…],
is adap ed bo h as a compound and as a single wo d: niche a and ni che a (niche a can' play
šiaip ai kad jis kažkoks supe is dupe is nepasakyčiau)4. Rusų kilmės p ie eiksmiškai
a ojami junginiai i suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai isada adap uojami g a iškai i
one iškai: ♦ za adno (odno) ( us. за одн)5, na ig ( us. p as . на фиг). Ža gone
he dice, bu always seems o be he bes a u ning he s a e , so you ha e o g ab i , bu
nei he che a), in his case he a ian s o he compound ni (nei he che a) a e al eady a e
in Va oseno. The nega i e pa o he Russian wo d can also be adap ed ( ansla ed) as he
nega i e p e ix ne-: neche a (pakei us iske p adejo ma y da ikli bu da iklis neche a
ne ode g eicio), his e m can al eady be ega ded as a ce ain mo phological adap a ion.
Ja gon ph ases bo owed om he Va osene a e o en adap ed bo h phone ically and
mo phologically, e.g. pa polnai (Russian: по плной), pa polnai p og ame (p ag ame) (Russian: шнек) and
pa polnai ka ūške (Russian: p as . ka po плной) in he meaning maximally. The mos common o m o
he wo d is "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish,
"pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in
Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish, "pol" in Polish. I should be no ed ha he e a e a e cases in
ja gon when, due o he speci ici y (pas o i y) o he s able compound and he o en used
dinys iš bd . polnas, -a ( u i kelias pozicijos-nuo polnai gulinos iki sedimos. // K c
sen ence, i can only o m phone ically adap ed, speci ic o ms, e.g. p og amme, polnoi. The ja gon is
used independen ly only i s . polnai is en i ely; also long ago bk acqui ed a loan p og am in he
ja gon sen ence keeps he Russian k. mo phologically unadap ed as one example is sepa a ed by a
sign // ( o mo e see Kudi ka 2012: 35). 5 All Russian wo ds, excep ienskiemenius, a e c ossed wi h a
single c oss ma k ( ́) used in Russian (-ё- le wi hou a c oss ma k, i is always c ossed). The basis
o he Li huanian ja gon skiemens ( oice, double oice, double oice) is abb e ia ed. 6 The adjec i es
4 S aipsnio eks e pa eikiami ik keli pa yzdžiai dėl ikslesnės eikšmės sup a imo kon eks e, dau-
giau a osenos pa yzdžių pa eikiama s aipsnio p iede. Ilius aciniai pa yzdžiai ne edaguo i,
-ai hyb idiniai ediniai om adjec i es o Russian o igin a e he mos common Li huanian ja gon
(Kudi ka 2019: 49).
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
276 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII he o m o he adjunc depu y in he p og amme
(Russian: прогрáмме), which i sel has a sepa a e and mo phologically adap ed,
ža gone nė a a ojama7, i bk okia linksnio o ma neegzis uoja. Minė i posa-
e nacula o ms: acco ding o he ull p og amme, he whole ( ull) ka ūške, he
maximum o all ( ull) ka ūškės. Ano he illus a i e example is he ja gon p ikolas
(Russian: жарг. прикол), which is mo phologically adap ed o he h oa and chee ed, […]
such is he s anda d in eg a ion in o he lexion o de i a ion sys em. I he o m o
his ja gon belongs o a s able compound, hen he ules o such compounds ha e a
limi ed e ec : he o m ha looks like a chee ul o m may no be chee ul in a
unc ional sense, o he o m *p ikolum is no used independen ly, i is always jus a
leksinis idioma iškumas (Če mák 2007: 77–82; Baldwin, Kim 2010: 269). Pa-
yzdžiui, junginyje ♦ pa (po) p ikolum ( us. ža g. по прикóлум) ‘juokais’ esan i
pa o he e b (I see ha some people ha e no o go en ha e e y hing goes
h ough he p ikolum). The same meaning is used in he non-mino i y language in se e al
mo e adap ed a ian s (now and mo phologically) o he o m o he sen ence: pa
(a e ) p ikolam (p ikolom), because o p ikolo ( om he Russian ja gon o p ikola), on
p ikolo jokes; I don' know abou you. Non-No man language is dis inguished by se e al
ea u es o phone ic adap a ion. The ocabula y sys ema ically a ies he owels o
he loan oo s [a] and [o]: ochujienai, ochujinai ‘puikiai; e y […] (: ochujiens, ochujens, -a,
plg. wi h he qua e sys em achujienai, achujena), o igienai, o igenai […]puikiai; e y (:
o igenas, o igenas, -a, plg. wi h he o ose sys em o a igenas, a igenas). I also applies
o compounds, e.g. do no o ce (Russian: шнек. до не могý) no o be able o, abo e all,
через не o ce (Russian: шнек. через не могý) nono , h ough coe cion. Ins ead o [o],
Russian wo ds a e allegedly educed o [a] (RG 1980: 2527; A aneso 1984: 5160; Go bache
1989: 3542). This ea u e o he e m is qui e consis en ly inhe i ed om bo owing
Russian wo ds, e.g., suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai wi h he adap ed p e ix do (Russian: до)
a ely, in ja gon i is loosely adap ed as he p e ix da-: dachuja, dach ena, dache a
(Russian: ulg. up o ho (h ená, hé á) e y much and k . Ga s[o] is used in such cases, o
example, by w i en in o man s, bu such a ian s (do iga, doche a, dočio a, e c.) a e
a e.
Ano he s iking ea u e o he phone ic adap a ion is he sys ema ic a ia ion o he oo balsio
[e] wi h diph hongized [ie] o o he wise quali a i ely al e ed oices (possible and [e] le eling):
padag ie as, padag e as (Russian: ža g. podog é ) […]ma e ial emo al om eedom[…]; he slug,
he slug (Russian: ža g. левáк) is a slug; 7 Bk such cases cha ac e is ic o beha iou a e also
ob ious, e.g. he wo ds " o his" and " o his" a e no used sepa a ely.

S aipsniai / A icles 277
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
Russian, Polish. (See also Kudi ka 2012). This a ia ion is also cha ac e is ic o ad e bs: nech en,
nech en, nech ien (pl. us. p as . ni ch ená) ‘ he e is no hing, he e is no hing; nech ieno ai,
nech eno ai (plg. us. p as . 1976) old glo ies a e also p esen ed wi h a a ying oo ball [ie], [e]:
нехренóво) ‘s ip iai, sma kiai; neblogai, daug’, dache a, dachie a ( us. ulg. до
херá) ‘labai daug’ i pan. Bk no minamuosiuose leidiniuose (KP 2005; KPP
siemkos, semečkės ( us. p as . séмки, us. сéмечки), pėškom, peškom, pieškom (lenk. pieszo, us.
пешкóm) and k . The in luence o such a ia ion is also made by he e i o ial dialec s [e/ie]
di ongiza ion a eas, which a e sca e ed h oughou he Li huanian language a ea (Ka delis 2009:
102135; U bana ičienė 2018: 59). I should also be aken in o accoun ha e bal o ms a e used in
spon aneous speech up o 20 imes mo e o en han in he ex o he p epa ed language. Published
ja gon dic iona ies encou aged o sys ema ically s udy he g amma ical adap a ion o ja gon, o
es ablish he cha ac e is ics o in e nal no ms. Cu en ly, a p ojec suppo ed by he VLKK is
unde way, he ask o which is o desc ibe he linguis ic ea u es o Li huanian ja gon. This a icle
is pa o a p ojec on pe o mance. A mo e sys ema ic analysis o he ja gon p eposi ions o he
p eposi ions - hyb id Vedic and pa ienius sup ieksmėjusius wo ds ound ha he mo phological
cha ac e is ics o he p eposi ions s udied a e speci ically ans o med in he Li huanian language
sys em, while he adap i e cha ac e is ics a e de e mined by he e i o ial dialec s o he
Li huanian language and bk wi h a ce ain consis ency (Kudi ka 2019; 2020; 2020a). I is also in ended o
desc ibe in de ail he phenomena o Li huanian ja gon, as he e a e a numbe o p ejudgmen s and
un ai p o isions (especially o communica ion skills lea ne s) ha ja gon does no ha e i s own
phone ic and g amma ical sys em, e.g. […] Pa o he ja gon sys em, i.e. he o iginal names o
hings in ha sys em, and he seconda y ja gon is used wi hou he sys em[…] (G eblkienė,
Večkienė, 2004: 118). The absence o sys emic ea u es would g ea ly in e e e wi h communica ion
o 17). O as i can be said: [...] he blind man is used in he language o you h, which has no special o
nybės ski iasi nuo a minių žodžių uo, kad pas a ieji y a nea siejama a minės
o iginal meaning. In Li huanian, i is w i en as seman ically meaningless wo d (No kai ienė 1984: 39).
Pa adoxically, howe e , he e m "pin y" (pl. lenk. wklepać się, bal a us. kljapac) is used in o mally
p ecisely because he 8 h e m is also inco ec , because he ja gon is o such eali ies ha he e
ne da y ų ją neįmanomą – be aisyklių ( idinių no mų) be ku i kalbos a mai-
na ( e i o inis a socialinis dialek as) iš is negalė ų egzis uo i (plg. Pupkis 2005:
a e no bk, e.g. c ime-
eksp esy ių i o iginalių ypa ybių: iesmukumo, amilia umo, naujumo, įman-
umo. Gim osios kalbos a uodas šia eikšme nemenkas: įsispi in i, įsimėklin i,
naliniame ža gone malinuo i ‘slap a pasisa in i pinigų pe duodan pa og ą piniginę bend ininkui’
i k .
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
278 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII o be w apped, o be w apped in he eye
(hea ) and so on, bu i is also necessa y o desc ibe in o mally, newly,
in elligen ly9...
Due o he mo phological complexi y, p onouns a e a ely analyzed in loanwo ds
s udies, mos o en hey a e s udied as nouns, adjec i es, e bs (Vaicekauskienė
2013; Pake ys 2014; Pake ys 2016; Lanza 2011; Banuše ičienė 2019; Tamaše ičius 2008)
o he phenomenon o loanwo ds is e alua ed only in gene al (Čepienė 2006). In
pa icula , a desc ip ion o he e ec s o bk, p epa ed acco ding o he
p inciples o mo phological analysis (Pake ys 2002: 510 […] 593), was used in he
s udy. The e a e no sys ema ic and de ailed esea ches o Li huanian ja gon
lexicon. The pu pose o his a icle is o: 1) mo phologically examine Li huanian
ja gon: (a) sup ieksmėjusius wo d combina ions, (b) suaug inius p e eiksmius; 2)
o classi y he compounds and wo ds unde in es iga ion by ype (acco ding o
he abb e ia ed o mal sign, he oo o p e ix o he dono o he language), o
ca y ou a sys ema ic analysis aimed a e ining he models o masculine
beha iou adap ed o he ways o he Li huanian language; 3) also aims o iden i y
sys emic mo phological ea u es and gene al s uc u al ea u es, o add ess
adap i e ea u es; 4) o in es iga e om which languages he compounds o he
wo ds sup ie iksmėjė and suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai a e bo owed.
The ma e ial (162 supe imposed wo d combina ions and 43 consonan p e ixes
miai) iš ink a iš Lie u ių kalbos ža gono i neno minės leksikos žodyno (Kudi ka
2012) i papildy os minė o žodyno el. duomenų bazės10. Šio žodyno medžiaga
a e de i ed om wo sou ces: (a) he spoken language and (b) online o ums
and in e ac i e online con e sa ions in ex messages (mIRC, Skype, e c.). (See
Suda y i paieškos eilu ę Google paieškos sis emoje nebu o keblu, nes junginiai i
suaug iniai nekai omi, eikėjo ik susis emin i į ai iai one iškai adap uo as o -
also Aleksand a ičiū ė 2008: 266 […] 282) The o igin o he schools is indica ed
om explana o y dic iona ies (Czeszewski 2006; Vai ke ičiū ė 2003; K esele ič 2005;
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
9 I is also necessa y o ake in o accoun he analogy wi h he p onuncia ion o he wo d "kliop " o
"s age ac ion" and "kliop ele i", "kliop e i", "kliop i", "suduo i" (LKZ) and so on. 10 The ma e ial o he
Li huanian language ja gon and non-li e a y lexicon was no selec ed om p in ed sou ces, a is ic
ex s and so on, which could be edi ed. Almos all he lexicon om hese a eas has been collec ed in his
s ičių – kalėjimo, k iminalinės, na komanų, ka ių i pan. – ža gonas ink as ien ik iš saky inės
way by eco ding ce ain social languages, pe sonal con e sa ions in a ape eco de (see Kudi ka 2012:
3[…]5).
A icles and a icles 279
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
In he Uni ed S a es, o example, he e is no such hing as a ee lunch.
Mos o hese supe imposed adjec i e cons uc ions o supe imposed ph asal
compounds a e bo owed om he Russian language o alues: da (do) lampočki11
(Russian o do) ienodai, o lempu ės (Russian o do) ienodai, pa (po) ba abanu
(Russian o p as ba abanu) nes, ienodai, and like ha (Russian o neck and
ulje) con inue like his , ži , ži (Russian o gži ) elniop; Maximum, ** jus ,
usually, ** by de aul , ** by de aul , ** by de aul , ** by de aul , ** by de aul .
laughing, ** no p icking, bad, ** a he hou (Russian o u ah) how i ell, ** a
he end o he day (Russian o snack) in any case, anyway, ** a he end o he
day (Russian o snack) anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway,
anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway,
anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway,
anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway,
anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway,
anyway, anyway, anyway, anyway The bes , he bes , he bes , he bes , he bes ,
he bes , he bes , he bes , he bes , he bes , he bes , he bes , he bes , he
bes , he bes , he bes . pak ikai, on he ull ( ace) gas (plg. us. p as . on he
pólom gasý) maximally, hei own chodu ( ansla ed om us. s oúm chodom) independen ly, wi h hei own s eng h, hei own pa o ( us. šnek. dalše)
In he pas , "all is now", "in he na u e", "in he eal, in he na u e", "in he na ow sense o he wo d,
ū e ( us. p as . в натýре) ‘iš ik o’, ♦ an baje io (lenk. šnek. na baje ) ‘juokais’,
♦ dalše nekuda (niekuda) ( us. šnek. дáльше нéкуда) ‘ oliau jau nė a ku ’. Kai ku-
he compound is e ealed in he common ja gon om he c iminal: "no o go en", "no o go en",
"no o go en", "no o go en", "no o go en", "no o go en", "no o go en", "no
zapadlo ‘siekian specialiai pakenk i, yčia’, ♦ padlu ( us. ža g. в пáдлу) ‘gėda’,
o go en", "no o go en", "no o go en", "no o go en", "no o go en", "no o go en",
"no o go en". The e a e also cons uc ions wi h speci ic hyb id cons uc ions by analogy, e.g.
om a modi ied ja gon wi hou o man nema ū […] wi hou p io inspec ion, blindly cons uc ed
p e e en ial cons uc ion […] on he small n disconnec and e e ence). These hyb id de i a i es a e
ma ūškės (Pe nai aš aip į ą žygį “an nema ūškės” ykau i iskas bu o iesiog puiku!
// bijau an nema uskes aziuo i su aikuciais aziuosim no im kad bu u pa ogu, gal ga-
p obably composed by analogy om […]che ez nemagu (Russian o "che ez can' ") […]neno om, pe
o cing[…], […]do nemagu, o nemagu (Russian o "che ek can' ") […]maximally, o no being able[…],
al hough he analogy o he ending is no excluded acco ding o bk p ie eiksmius sykiu, pusbalsiu,
akksimi niu. 11 T ansli e a ed loanwo ds a e usually spelled in he same way as hey a e spelled in he
languages om which hey o igina e: po p os u (language), padlu (Russian, ja g. padlu), na ū e
( us. p as . в натýре), za adno ( us. за однó) i k .
12 Apos o u po p iebalsio (p z., ol’ka) žyminas p iebalsio minkš umas.
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
280 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXIII
The e is a lo o Li huanian ja gon and a lo o Sla ic-o igin ph ases: wi hou a
connec ion un easonably, un easonably, high-pi ched jokes. ♪ High up, high up, high
up ♪ ♪ On he slaps ick ♪ ♪ All igh , all igh , all igh ♪ he ollowing pa ag aph is
added: You don' ha e o, you don' ha e o, you don' ha e o, you don' ha e o, you
don' ha e o, you don' ha e o, you don' ha e o. Li huanian slang is also used o
euphonious sample p onouns de i ed om consonan s (Kalinauskas 1974: 139-140; plg.
bk examples Ul ydas 2000: 315), almos all o which a e de i ed as bo owings om
Russian o h ough in e media ion o Russian. Eupho bia is a e m used o desc ibe
he endency o a pe son o hink o hemsel es as a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e
pe son" o a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e
pe son" o a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e
pe son" o a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e pe son" o a "whi e
pe son". he spine. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
‘pinigai’) ‘suk ai’, ♦ az d a (plg. us. раз, два и готóво ‘ iens du i baig a’),
Exac ly, he laughed. "G ea , wonde ul". The hy hmic accompanimen chiki (Russian:
жарг. чки) ge ai consis s o se e al hy hmic accompanimen compounds: chiki
(Russian: жарг. чки-чки) puikiai; Exac ly. I 's like ha . The e's a lo o di e en ways
pačias eikšmes u i i posakiai ♦ čiki b iki ( us. ža g. чки-брки), ♦ čiki piki,
čikis pikis ( us. ža g. чки-пки), ♦ čiki puki ( us. ža g. чки-пки), ♦ čiki ba-
o do his, bu he bes way o do i is o do i in a way ha 's easy o do. * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
kius ne ipiškos sanda os žodžius a ian iškai adap uoja galūnėmis (da plg. šnek.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
‘eina sau’, ♦ kyš myž ‘mikliai, iens du; be kaip’. Neno minėje kalboje y a i
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Exac ly. The mo phologically adap ed a ian s o he s able compounds okis dokis, čikis pikis, okis pokis a e due o he in luence o he Li huanian language sys em: he p e ailing sys em o chee ing o am. Thank you, hank you, hank you, all igh , all igh . Euphonious exempla y p eposi ions wi h ulga isms: jaba ( a . jeba , jiba ) kapa (Russian ulga . ебáть-копáть) a e a e p eposi ions o euphonious ph asal compounds, some o which a e simila o p eposi ions: nei he pis , no knis ‘nieko; I don' need any hing anymo e.
13 Some imes in such cases he compounds luuksum pi dum, okis dokis, čiki piki and so on can ha e
bo h a cha ac e is ic […]puiku[…] and a beha iou al […]puikiai[…], e.g. a good clip ane, and so on in he
sauna well liuksum pi dum ((b . […]puiku[…], i s […]puikiai[…]). I'll y o appea on he ho izon.
A icles o he T ea y
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
The p onoun can also be used as an adjec i e, e.g. job aima […] (plg. us. ulg. как ёб
тво мáть! […] wi hou a doub , eally[…]) […] uly yes, om he u h[…] (Pada ysiu,
job aima , he e is a chuinia). […] He is a ool om he u h, job aima ! […]
kibinima […] (plg. us. ulg. к ёбаной мтериа) […] elniop, šalin[…] ( he op laye ook he
kibinima and made a new one).
Wi h he oo chio only as a so adjec i e, he loan načio , načio a
(Russian: на чёртá) ‘ elniop is used; Who he hell a e you? The longe he o m
o he nigh , he a e i is. Wi h he nega i es nei ni aip he e a e also
p eposi ions: nečio a, ničio a (Russian: ни чёртá) […]nė de il[…].
Wi h he oo ig, he e a e also a numbe o consonan p e ixes: na ig (Russian: праст. на
фиг) ‘ elniop, po galais; because o wha ?, i s long o m na iga (Russian: p as . na igá) is also
used. The e a e also de o med a ian s wi h a changed oo sound: na eg, na ega. Wi h he
nega i es nei nip ie eiksmiai also a ely ne ig (Russian: p as . ne фиг) […]nė a ko[…], ne iga
(Russian: p as . ne фигá) […]ne; No hing, no e en he de il, no e en he de il. I 's all igh , o
God's sake. Li huanian ja gon is a mode n o m acco ding o he p inciple o analogy […] such
is he ja gon nachalia a […]nemokamai[…] (plg. us. p as . na hal[…] u) (As i is also ob ious
ha in he summe , well, no […]nachalia a[…]). The e is no such wo d in he Russian language,
indi ec ly he basis o his o m is he adjec i es nachalia as, -a, chalia as, -a
[…]nemokamas[…] and he p onoun chalia a (Russian: халва) […]nemokamai[…]. In Va osen, he
mos common o m o he wo-join ed […] is he compound wi h he p e ix and he
consonan o m: nachadu and na chadu (Russian o walk) […]be egin , in a hu y; I 's no
uncommon o a man o ge caugh in cou , bu now ha he's in cou , he's in con ol o a
big ish, and he's go a ecipe o a big ish, and he's go a ecipe o a big ish, and he's go a
ecipe o a big ish, and he's go a ecipe o a big ish, and he's go a ecipe o a big ish,
and he's go a ecipe o a big ish, and he's go a ecipe o a big ish. ).
The e a e also a numbe o synonyms wi h he p e ix do: dachuja (Russian ulga
o hu), dach iena, dach ena (Russian ulga o h ená), dache a, dachie a (Russian
ulga o he a), dachio a (Russian p as o a o ch á), da iga (Russian p as a a
o ch á), da elnia (Russian hyb id analogue o p as a a o ch á) and many mo e.
Va ian s wi h a p e ix do acco ding o he ule o he doche , dochuja, do iga and
k . a e much a e in he o oseno. The e a e also a numbe o adjec i es o
p onouns. Some adjec i es in Russian may be used in conjunc ion wi h a p e ix
and a consonan o m: po huj, po hu, phuj; in his case, he Li huanian ja gon has
al eady been bo owed om he ulga o m pochui (Russian: пхуй) ‘i doesn'
ma e , i 's s ill he same. Also, his de ice has se e al longe a ely used

ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
288 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
a ian us: pachuju, pochuju, pochuju ki. P ie šios g upelės šlie ini i eu eminiai
Howe e , hey a e also consonan s wi h he p e ix po: po ig, po iga (Russian: пфиг,
по фгу). The analogues a e also poch en, poch ien (Russian: ulg. пхрен, plg. по
хрну), as well as poche (Russian: ulg. пхер).
Ža gone a ojami i keli e i suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai su usų kalbos dalely-
e ли: chūli, chuli; chūlia, chulia ( us. ulg. хли, хле, хля; plg. хуй ли) ‘kam,
Why don' you ge i ed o cooking? Wha i you don' like i ? The e's no need o wo y abou
i . You see wha a hole i is, and you don' go any u he . I you' e annoyed by my acism, i 's
no su p ising ha I don' know how o p onounce i mysel . Jus w i e i down. Ghana is a
a e p e ix chūliš, chuliš (Russian ulga . хлиш) […] o wha eason, why[…] (O chūliš we ha e
o pay? Le hem pay O his chulish ziede is lowing wi h a wide ield, he e is no need o his
ideo). The ja gon also uses a ew euphemisms wi h a Russian accen : icha ia (Russian:
p as . втихар) […]slapkami[…], d ebezgi (Russian: вдрбезги) […] isibly, in o shukes[…], pizdu
(Russian: ulg. в пизд[…])
"Well, a e he gala".
In non-No man language he e a e common p onoun cons uc ions: no some hing, no
some hing, no some hing, no some hing; weak; (The compe i ion began cau iously, and he
newly c ea ed i al ies we e also a ac o in he compe i ion. Well, I'm elling he i 's no hing
when a lady does hings like ha . O cou se, she was no silen , bu began o ep oach him o
he di e ence be ween a man and a woman. By analogy wi h o he noun adjec i es: unkind
‘unlike, bad; I 's no easy, i 's no easy, i 's no easy. weak; no much. Such beha io al a ian s
a e no uncommon in any way, shape, o o m.
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
The junk language uni o he 162 Li huanian ja gon wo ds discussed in he
giniai i 43 suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai. A lik as y imas a skleidžia, kad s e imas
a icle, which a ose in he con ex o ano he language, is ans o med by
adap ing i o he language sys em. The adap i e cha ac e is ics o he
compounds and adjec i es o he s udies a e de e mined by he de ini ions o
ža goninė leksika y a adap uojama one iškai i g a iškai pagal s e imųjų one-
mų subs i ucijos kuo a imesnėmis sa osioms p incipą, (b) am ik a dalis ža -
he de ini ions: (a) he lexicon o he gonines ends o in eg a e in o he lexional
pa adigms o he Li huanian language, (c) pa o he ja gon emains
mo phologically unadap ed only due o he limi ed damage (o no a all) o he
p e ix, (d) he a iabili y o he bo owed ja gon a ises due o he s ichian adap a ion acco ding o he cha ac e is ics o he ecipien language.
1. Didžioji dalis sup ie eiksmėjusių p ielinksninių kons ukcijų a p ie eiks-
minių azeologinių junginių y a iš usų kalbos one iškai i g a iškai adap uo i
A icles o he T ea y
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
skoliniai a e iniai (88; 54,3 p oc.), nesla iškų, lie u ių kalbos ža gone a si-
The e a e no many ansla ions om English (9.5%) and only a ew
bo owings om English (42.5%).
a. Due o he exp essi eness o he popula ja gon o he euphonious
samples (24; 14.8 pe cen ).
b. Popula ulga i ies in non-No man languages, hey o m a la ge p opo ion
o he p e ix meaning used in he compound […] sec ion o such bo owings
om he Russian language (57; 35.2 pe cen ), and a la ge p opo ion o
p e ixed Li huanian language dis emisms o alues om he Russian language
wi h ulga i ies (13; 8.1 pe cen ). c. In non-no ma i e speech, he e a e a ely
nega i e compounds wi h nega i e di isions ne, ni (Russian: ни) (11; 6.8 pe cen ).
d. Ve y a ied slang combina ions wi h a sligh di e ence in he Polish
language (in Polish: byle) (6; 3,7 pe cen ).
e. A small numbe o compa a i e adjec i es (6; 3,7 pe cen ) and adjec i es
wi h p e ixes up o, h ough, h ough, do (5; 3,1 pe cen ). In he adul sec ion,
he e a e many adjec i es and ad e bs wi h nouns bo owed om he Russian
language (35; 81.4%), adjec i es and ad e bs ans o med in o ad e bs by
adap ing hemsel es: mainly […] 11 […] ad e bs wi h no nouns (Russian: на-), 10
wi h nega i e nouns (Russian: ни-), no 6 wi h nouns (Russian: до-), 5 wi h nouns
(Russian: по-), 3 wi h nouns (Russian: во-). c. Mos o he de i a i es o
de i a i es can also be used as compounds in a a ie y o ways.
a. Sky iuje daug ulga izmų (21; 48,8 p oc.).
b. Nesla iškos kilmės suaug inių p ie eiksmių ik keli (3; 6,9 p oc.).
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
290 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
SANTRUMPOS
English English
whi e. […] o he Republic o Bela us
he bd . The las
name is Kal. P ison
c ime. C iminal
Polish. Polish k.
p as . – p as akalbė
i s . I'm going o
do i . I'm going o do i .
A slu o he slang
e . – e inys
ulg. – ulga us
language. […] he ja gon
LEXICOGRAPHY The ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
Czeszewski Maciej 2006: Słownik Polish Po oczny, Wa saw: Wydawnic wo (English edi ion) This a icle is pa o a se ies on he Polish Po oczny.
Naukowe PWN. This is he name o he ship.
FŽ […] Dic iona y o Ph aseology, ed. by he au ho This Decision shall en e in o o ce
on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. Robe Kudi ka 2012: A dic iona y o Li huanian ja gon and non-li e a y ocabula y, Kaunas: Technology.
Robe Kudi ka: A dic iona y o p ison, c iminal and d ug- ela ed ja gon, Kaunas:
O he books.
LKŽ […] Li huanian language dic iona y, ed. G. Nak inienė, Vilnius: Li huanian language
ins i u e. Access o he In e ne : h p: www.lkz.l .
The OED is he Ox o d English Dic iona y. Access o he In e ne : h ps:
www.oed.com. Vale ia Vai ke ičiū ė 2003: The g ea Polish e-dic iona y o he Polish language, Ma ijampolė:
The ansla ion o ice o M. Ma išienė.
Квеселевич Дмитрий 2005: Толковый словарь ненормативной лексики русского
o he language, Moscow: As al.
Mochienko Vale y, Ta yana Niki a 2000: La ge dic iona y o Russian by Če mák
жаргона, Санкт-Петербург: Норинт.
A icles and a icles 291
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
LITERATŪRA
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Baldwin Timo hy, Su Nam Kim 2010: Mul iwo d Exp essions. – Handbook o
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Banuše ičienė Ksenija 2019: Seman inė i mo ologinė daik a a dinių angliciz-
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ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
292 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII (Linguis ic Ac o Li huania) was adop ed by he Li huanian Pa liamen .
"Robe o Cojuangco" is a Li huanian slang e m ha e e s o he use o wo ds
ha ha e been modi ied o modi ied, and hei adap i e p ope ies. […] Li huanian
language 14, 1[…]12. Kudi ka Robe as 2019: The mo phology and adap a ion o
Li huanian ja gon p eposi ions: p eposi ions - hyb id Vedas om p eposi ions o
Russian language o igin. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
o g/10.15388/RESPECTUS.2019.36.41.22.
Kudi ka Robe as 2020: Lie u ių kalbos ža gono p iesaginių p ie eiksmių mo -
ological adap a ion: hyb ids o p eposi ions om adjec i es wi h p eposi ions
and non-adjec i e adjec i es. […] Taikomoji is spoken by 14, 21[…]32. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Lanza S e ano Ma ia: Mo phological adap a ion o I alian in o he Li huanian language. –
Cul u e o language 84, 202[…]213.
LKE […] Encyclopedia o he Li huanian Language, edi ed by V. Amb azas, Vilnius:
LKG – Lie u ių kalbos g ama ika I–III, ed. K. Ul ydas, Vilnius: Min is, 1965–1976.
MELI, 1999. Ma cinke ičienė Rū a 2001: T adi ional ph ases and o he s able
combina ions o wo ds. Li huanian 4, 8198.
Ma cinke ičienė Rū a 2010: Lie u ių kalbos kolokacijos, Kaunas: VDU.
Ma ko is Au imas, 2014: Rema ks on p e e en ial unde s anding, exp ession and
use in common Li huanian language and e minology. Man and he wo d 16(1), 7080.
No be Milha, "Because o Ja gonism, o How You Can Be In Lo e." –
Language cul u e 47, 39 and 41.
Pake ys An anas 2002: Accen ology: he nume al, he noun, he e b, he p onoun, he
e b, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun,
he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun, he p onoun. Jü gen Peck: The mo phology o he ac ions o he new loan da abase. –
Taikomoji kalbo y a 3, 1–26.
Pake ys Ju gis 2016: Mo phological adap a ion o adjec i al bo owings in mode n
Li huanian. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Paulauskienė Aldona 1994: Mo phology o he Li huanian language, Vilnius: MELI. Puppis
Aldonas, 2005: Language and cul u e s udies, Vilnius: The wo d o he yea . RIMKUTY, J.
JARASHIUNAITY and PETR HOMOLOF: Iden i ica ion and classi ica ion o he
mo phological samples. Li huanian 62(2), 5875. Ha ie Sha p 2001: English in Spoken
Swedish: A Co pus S udy o Two Discou se Domains, S ockholm: AWI.

S aipsniai / A icles 293
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
Sunde Anne & Me e 2018: A ypology o English bo owings in No wegian.
No dic Jou nal o English S udies 17, 71115.
This is Tomase ic Gied ius. 2008: Sociolinguis speaks in a way ha is ypical o
kos y imas. – Kalbos kul ū a 81, 206–217.
Ul ydas Kazys 2000: Lie u ių kalbos p ie eiksmiai, Vilnius: MELI.
U bana ičienė Joli a 2018: Di ongiza ion o he middle and younge gene a ions in he
eas e n high-school Vilniškių dialec . […] Eas e n highe educa ion: change and change, sud.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In his a icle:Beelzebub, elec onic oice
phenomena, EVP, emale demoness, sex, Sex wi h a succubus, Sex wi h a succubus, spi i ual
phenomena, Sex wi h a succubus, spi i ual phenomena, Sex wi h a succubus […] Taikomoji is spoken by 3, 1[…]27.
Vaicekauskienė Lo e a 2007: New Li huanian language e ms: language policy and
cus oms, Vilnius: LKI.
Valeckienė Adelė 1967: Wo ds o o igin o o he languages in he mo phological sys em
o Li huanian language. […] Li huanian language in So ie yea s, edi ed by V. Amb azas,
Vilnius: LKLI, 108[…]128. Wohlgemu h Jan 2009: A Typology o Ve bal Bo owings, Be lin; and New Yo k: om
This is G uy e Mou on.
Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1981): His o ical g amma o he Li huanian language II, Vilnius: Teaching.
Аванесов Рубен 1984: Русское литературное произношение, Москва:
Просвещение.
Горбачевич Кирилл 1989: Нормы современного русского литературного языка,
Москва: Просвещение.
RG […] Russian g amma . The phone ics. The wo d o ma ion. Mo phology 1, page one
N. Swedo a, Moscow: Science, 1980. She is a membe o he Russian Academy o Sciences.
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
294 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXIII
The PRIED.
Combina ions o wo ds ha ha e been supe seded
a osenos pa yzdžiai1
1. BENDRO TIPO SUPRIEVEIKSMĖJUSIOS
The Commission shall be
empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
The JUNGINIAI
pa polnai, pa (po) polnoi ‘ o he ulles : as he saying goes, you ha e ea ned his na u e pa
polnai gausi, o uzleke is sa o naglumo // Kodėl manai kad da au ki aip bus?
Gi nedu na. Melžk po polnoi...
I you' e going o do a ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h,
maliai’: Užkabino musė ne ą, ai ga o po polnoi p og amie... // isdulkins a-
e pa polnai p og ame... kad ne u i eisiu, ne u i s azo, mokesi MAXIMUM.
♦ pagal pilną p og amą ‘maksimaliai’: Neno ėki , kad policija mus baus u pa-
ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h,
ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h,
ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h,
ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h, ull-leng h. […] pa polnai
ka uske, pa (po) polnoi ka uske […] maximum […]: ype o speeds a sius and so on, because dhl expi es e e y hing on polnai […]ka uške[…], his is you shipmen 99% wi hou any p m passing // Jaigu le 's y o guess he punishmen , his I hink he min will pass a e polnoi ka uske!
[…] on all ( ull) ca s, all ( ull) ca s […] o he ulles , o he ulles capaci y […]: holy
sun, and in my name he saddle om F iday has been hung on all ca s. I'm going o
punish him wi h a ull-blown whip. I 's a ine and all, because hey didn' lea n. I
seems o be a na ow a ea o land, al hough he whole o he Ka uske is
connec ed by a b idge o he small and medium-sized illages, which is 500 hec a es
ull o Ka uske axes. I'm no going o lie o you. I'm no going o lie o you. By he
way, o he un o i , I wasn' expec ing i , I hough you said i on pu pose. I
don' know, i 's mo e like "pa p ikolam", because he sai s a e also "pa p ikolam",
and hey' e bu ning ash. because o he p ickle, on he p ickle jokes; By he way,
hey only cos a couple o li as o he aile . I don' know i he e's a pi a e
game ou he e, bu I asked him on he phone, and he said yes.
1 Examples a e gi en only minimally, see mo e. Li huanian ja gon and non-li e a y lexicon dic iona y
(Kudi ka, 2012). Examples in he ex o he a icle a e no epea ed in he appendix.
A icles by A icles 295
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
Da (do) lampočki, un il he ligh comes on: I'll u n o you commen s. I doesn'
ma e how you look o why you look like ha . And he schools ha e been u ned
♦ pa (po) ba abanu ‘nes a bu, ienodai’: pa ba abanu jiems ie a o e ai su
d augais i isais mokslais ka u paemus // sedi sau sil ai i isiems po ba abanu,
in o ba le ields wi h hese kids. And so on and so o h: emembe he employees,
hei wages, he jobs, he en al o he building, he u ili ies, he se e
in as uc u e and so on, and you don' ge much.
In he case o 1. I'm so so y, i 's jus ha e e yone's so ne ous ha hey
can' do mo e, so maybe nex yea we won' ha e o deal wi h i . 2. "Absolu ely
eady in he soup".
♦ po p os u ‘ iesiog, pap as ai’: Jei neklys u, gali bu i i inamos “po p os u”
and on a wooden ame.
by de aul a e silencing: Sc een esolu ion by de aul is small - you need o
ge up, bu i 's a e y small ba e y. Well, wi h his kind o no p ickle, you don'
♦ dėl pon o ‘ne im ai; juokais’: Na kaip sakoma, ki iems ik dėl pon o suda-
ly au i beliko, paskui a š es i, kad p alaimėjo.
ha e o push anymo e and you don' ha e o pay any mo e, you don' ha e o be
he same. Wha 's he in i a ion? Bu wha 's no a pickup uck wi h a cab o a
speedboa ? I don' ca e abou ha . We we e d i ing o an hou , we didn'
know any hing. And don' buy like you' e saying, "No, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no,
no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no,
no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, no, wha is no wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is wha is
In any case, anyway: In any case, whoe e is he e, he e will be people. We'll s a
and ha 's i , and you won' ge along wi h e e yone a e he wedding. He's
ang y, he can d ink cognac, and he's ang y, and he's ang y, and he's ang y, and he's
ang y, and he's ang y, and he's ang y, and he's ang y, and he's ang y, and he's
ang y, and he's ang y. I'm going o isi on Augus 14 h, so I'd like o wa ch
oo ball oo.
he gas i sel ; Well, he bes pa is, i 's been 18 yea s since he gas i sel . The
inal gauge is 2.8 me e s, and i 's ue ha he gauge i sel looks like a la ge
space. I ag ee wi h you, bu I don' ag ee wi h you. I doesn' las wo days, i
doesn' smell e e ywhe e.
♦ ol’ka ( ol’ko) ak ‘kaip eikalas, kaip u i bū i’: jei sugaus sakyk kad masina
a o i e ai apie ai nieko nezino, ai gausi minimalia bauda o jai pasakysi kad
You' e allowed o, and you' e he one who's going o p o e i . I 's going no mally
o me calib a doch lupa olka ak, and he highway is 230 km.
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
296 Ac o Linguis ic Li huanian LXXXIII
* Tolko ( olka) song (song) […]how he ma e is, how i should be[…]: e e y hing is
ine, eal a o i es, bu he es o he eam db kausis olka song, i 's e en ha d
o p edic he winne s o he i es he e a e no o ha . an uzsidek i e
kiems keliams i aziuosi olko pesnia.
♦ be olko ‘bep asmiškai; pak ikai’: pe upas kad sup as um. a ejai cia i lo-
in ended o be owed wi hou a handle. They' e no aces, hey' e jus ne es. ♦
on ull ( ace) gas ‘ o he ulles : his oom seems much swee e e en hough he
silhoue e on ull gas is unlocked and he doo is always open and he o he oom
is sui able o all winds o be ound, no ye illed wi h ships, e en hough he
sho e season is al eady on ull gas.
The ou o us will go o ou school o a li le bi o science, imagine ou sel es as
chodu, su kempe iu. // Aš eisiu a ski ai, sa o chodu.
♦ dalše nekuda (niekuda) ‘iš is jau’: ene is isiskai ne aldo komandos. pe
lemiama ke i i ime a apie 10-12 asku, jau dalse nekuda. // Visi ku ie mokėsi
such educa ional expe s ha he e is nowhe e o go...
[…] in na u e […] om he eal, om he na u e […]: The d awings we e supe b as
he pain ings in na u e el e en mo e g ace ul he mo e g ace ul he wea he
was. In na u e om he eal hing: you can do some hing in he day o show ha
you can do i in na u e, bu you don' ha e o lea n o do i . Bu you' e a ool by
na u e i you don' unde s and wha you' e being old. Do you ha e any p ose, o
do you ha e a soul? I old he jokingly, bu she didn' unde s and, she hinks I'm
se ious. I don' know how you don' know whe e he eal beas is and whe e i 's
jus on he bayou. Maybe you don' see a eal beas o a leas a no mal beas .
Don be ashamed: You we e a decen a me un il his ime, so don be ashamed
o w i e you s a emen s. I eally didn' wan o wea las yea 's collec ion o
jeans.
I can only en one o ice in ha oom, bu who en s he o he s? […] no - […] in
he paddock […] in he passenge ca , mini an o all-wheel d i e, and in he sedan,
kas neims! // An zapadlo nuplėšiau.
he climb is […] in he paddock […].
[…] pe bla , a e (on) bla […] illegally[…]: i will be only a e he bla , as well as
he magne ic es., you can' ge a ached, because you don' need o, and
when you die, you ge a ached, so you don' u n i on in ime.[…] In hose days you could only ge hings like ha h ough he bla .
A icles o he T ea y
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
No jokes: I is no en i ely pu e endu o, bu a mo e in e media e a ian ,
kazi ka, bu he e is also glass, no glasses. The p ice is also, o pu i mildly,
non-Ge man. I had a simila case wi h a mo o cycle and a bicycle, he losses we e
ce ainly no Ge man, bu we ag eed and eimbu sed se e al imes. I 's no a
dog's pipe. I 's no a dog's pipe. So gp s is no a sun bi ka... i 's expensi e
echnology and you don' wan i o be on he wall. I'm coun ing... I'm coun ing...
♦ ne on anai ‘nedaug’: Žmogus pusę mėn. p asi go- algos ne on anai, o da
I'm coun ing. I'm coun ing. I'm coun ing. I'm coun ing. I'm coun ing. I'm coun ing.
How can you climb he same hing so many imes?
1.8. P ie eiksmiški junginiai su p ielinksniais iki,
Bu i 's comple ely ha mless o you heal h, and he mos impo an hing is ha
i 's no done wi h ce ez nemagu. I 's a pi y ha some imes he pa en s push
[…]če ez nimogu[…] ha only he child should s a eading be o e he i s
g ade. The same beau i ul scene o lo e o he big blue cad es con inued un il
[…]niemagu[…]. And i 's only by b ushing you hai ha you a oid he
unpleasan ness. Who pe ec s cons an ly and ules ce ez nehociu mus be
co ec ed and ule, whe e uns a e he ball and so on. "You can' , you can' , you
♦ če ez nechočiu (nichočiu) ‘pe neno ą, pe p ie a ą’: jau ce ez nechociu a -
kysiuosi, aika pas e a iskomandi uoju i kibsiu // ado ka lygin i, ku au o,
can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you
can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you
can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you
can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you
can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' , you can' . I'm no going wi h my
li le sis e , which means I'm no going wi h my pa en s.
We' e going o play i because i 's eally un, bu i 's only i e minu es, i 's been
a long ime since we' e played i . Wha 's going on he e ha 's made ha page
impossible? I you don like i , hen s ay as a aca ion home and ge id o i , bu
don go h ough nemogu, wan ing o be a Kazakh. Bu i I had o gi e bi h now, I
wouldn' be able o eed he o long.

ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
304 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII
2. SUAUGTINIŲ PRIEVEIKSMIŲ
O he , o a a con en , by weigh , in he d y ma e
2.1 Wi h he p e ix da-, do- (Russian) up o and including dache a, dachie a; I mean,
I' e been in i ed o doxa a lo oday, and i doesn' ma e o you and I don'
min ojų dache a, p odukcijos pilnos len ynos, iesiog nebežinai ką ink is, nes
pasiūla pe didelė. // Jei asau, kad zmogus iesko u ku pigiausia, nes ne e u
ca e. […] dach ena, dach iena, and o he dachshunds Doch ena, doch iena […]
e y much[…]: O he s who had been dach ena p isone s caugh , caugh on he
s ance. I 's no cheap o me. I 's no cheap o me. I 's no cheap o me.
I' e go an old 7 bmw, so I don' need o spend money i you do e e y hing on
ime. I can see... I can eally see a adius o 30 kilome e s a ound he ca e. Ru al
ou ism is a dacio a. I'm cleaning up. Maybe i 's no much, bu I'm cleaning up. I
ha e a lo o ideas. I ha e a lo o ideas. When people ha e do iga g andmo he s,
hey don' lis en o common sense e y much, and o be guided by ha ...
I you' e alking abou spies o a yea a he mos , i 's mo e like a men o o
he young goldsmi hs ha he da elnia has. I don' emembe exac ly wha i
is ha needs o be con igu ed.
2.2. wi h he p e ix na-
The gas s ops, he gas s ops a e en housand kilome e s.
♦ nachalia a ‘nemokamai’: As ai i gi neno eciau en asa o , na, neben
He s ayed. Wi h he sa elli e, e e y hing would be ine, bu i wouldn' wo k.
The e's no hing mo e no mal o see. The e's only a ew channels.
♦ nachalia u ‘nemokamai’: beda biu, ku iem iek i e upi kaip kad nacha-
lia u paes i page // kazko esi nepa enkin as, moke i baudos neno i, gal u
God, i 's all you aul , you' e he one who has o pay and you' e no . […] nache a,
nachie a […] o wha pu pose, o wha […]: and nache a pu le iui as a e and
kalining ade a e a omke need o build? Vabsie, do you wan us o ake ha back?
A icles o he T ea y
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
Nach ena, nach ena o which end, o whom: nach ena hose quali ying
kai I eu olyga nieko e i la onai papuola? // O ai nach iena jas ada keis ?
♦ nach ien, nach en 1. ‘ elniop’: bandziau nulup ai su medzio gabaliukais
isplysho iskas nach en // Res uk u izacija da o p isidengdami is aigos pa a-
ou namen s, wi h a change o hy hm. I'll gi e you a b eak. 2. ‘Why? Wha he
hell? And in gene al, I don' need i !
[…] a e 1. […] elniop […]: ciaupki es o he nigh . I'm going o do i . 2. […] To
whom? […]: I guess you' e only been w i ing o less han eigh yea s, so why
do you need o w i e so much? Do you hink anyone's in e es ed?
The nigh , he nigh 1. ‘Velniop: O he wise, he p oblem should be sol ed he e,
no by in es iga ing e e y hing. All his ime I' e been wai ing o he momen
when he ish will ei he s op e e y hing o he nigh o jus ake o he
hook wi hou a ence. Wha he hell is Nacio a s ill buying a elescope o ?
Besides, why is he hanging ou wi h me?
[…] naph halene, naph halene 1. […] Naph halene, naph halene, naph halene and
naph halene a e also known as naph halene. Yes e day I opened he beau y pagean
and I closed he page, bu I said enough 2. […] o? […]: Audi S6, a as amily ca , only
when you d i e i in he same ci y, i 's so necessa y, cons an ly jus o e he
speed I can only hink, and he uel cos s me ex a... li u i you ake i and cheape .
The oil, he oil 1. I Vilnius eally doesn' ha e a eam in League A, i 's Na ig 2. "To whom?" "Do you say ha wice you sel ?"
2.3. wi h he nega i e p eposi ions ne-, ni- (Russian: ни-), nie- ♦ neche , neche a
‘ he e is no hing; No hing, o God's sake: all he machines a e ge ing p e y
expensi e and no one's picking up. We' e go a machine ha 's jus as i ed, so you
can' see wha 's going on. Does anyone know whe e he a chi es o his show a e?
ik nehe a ji neskai o isky us audio cd, isus d d a me a.
♦ nech ena ‘ isai nieko, nė elnio; isiškai’: Iš duo os nuo aukos nech e-
We ied o wa ch i on he LRT websi e, bu i doesn' wo k. Tha 's how you ge
all kinds o ge ms. I don' wan o, I don' wan o, i doesn' make sense, he e's
♦ nech en, niech en ‘nė a ko; ku iems elniams’: Debilas sna gliuo as, niech en
eik ma osi jog islepin as e u, mazgo e // Niech ien kaišio į kiek ieną skylę,
no hing, I don' need o: I don' wan o, bu I hink i 's much be e o ha e a quick
e ec , e en i i 's no so quick o enjoy he simples ood supplemen s.
I doesn' ma e , i doesn' ma e , i doesn' ma e , i doesn' ma e .
he de il; I don' hink i 's wo h sha ing ad ice wi h o he s when you don' know any hing abou he ca . //
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
306 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIII, as amended by he T ea y o Lisbon
I made i clea ha ENG, o LT, in Russian doesn' mean I don' unde s and. I
called, bu no one's answe ing. And i 's such a shame. You' e go he ca pa ked
kad i kelis sim us me u, uzgesini i kai eikia es ai nechuja neuzsi eda.
♦ nečio a, ničio a ‘nė elnio’: O ash guma ienam aly u ui pasikeiciau, ne-
e y close o whe e i 's pa ked, and you don' ha e o wo y abou spo s
e e y day, and all so s o a bu ne s and die plans a e in place, bu you don'
ge any hing. The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in
acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down
de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion. I don' hink i 's a good idea o women o ha e babies, and gi ls need o ind men.
Do no do i , do no do i , do no do i . I you' e Polish, you' e deg aded. Respec
is jus a g ain o whea . I 's no like ha in he hea e .
I 's no no mal, i 's no like ha . weak; The e is no Eu olygoj wi h one Ulano .
Daznai was in e up ed by a man who was emp ed when he whole eam was
igh , which is he case wi h a hle ic eams. I don' know wha kind o powe
hose che ole s ha e, and I don' know wha hey' e good o , unless hey' e
good o canyons. I 's no no mal, i 's no like ha , i 's no like ha . weak; I
unde s and ha a e hal a mon h o passpo ing, you' e al eady going o ge
a lo o hai , bu i s o all, I didn' see one. I men ioned - 1.5 kg pe mon h max
can g ow pu e muscles, di ide ha kg by hal on he whole body and you'll ge
some hing eally nice. I don' know, I don' know, I don' know, I don' unde s and.
Ins ead o […]: o me i 's a ho n in he side, whe e he e a e no gaps, and he
emu dingo elek a, nu gal oju nk okio, jungiau iš naujo.
♦ nezachui, nizachui ‘nė už nieką, be p iežas ies’: pasiskolink au o nume ius,
logo.. somewhe e i doesn' all. Then i 's a ho n in he side, i 's a ho n in he
side, i 's a ho n in he side, i 's a ho n in he side, i 's a ho n in he side, i 's a
men u ik inimo eidas a kazkas ai, o shiaip nasha am sus abdy i nizahui ik-
ho n in he side.
I didn' sink, i didn' sink, i wasn' a shame: when he shell was d y, i had
al eady happened, i didn' sink and he plane wen down, no acco ding o
he ules somehow... well, i didn' sink o me and he o he one.
♦ niche a, nichie a ‘nieko, nė elnio; isiškai’: Be isijungus paaiskejo, kad ni-
che a as en nepamenu, ai p adejau isnaujo. // man oks a sakymas nichie-
I don' know. Wha do you know? I 's all igh , i 's all igh , i 's all igh To ally:
Typical "knowing wha you wan ", bu no eeling he possibili ies... you can do
wha e e you wan , he las wo cylinde s o he dis ibu ion al e a e no
coa ed wi h nich iene, he ac o y is no coa ed.
A icles o 307
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
♦ nichuju ki ‘nieko’: I oliau sėdi čia i komen uoja ai, ko nichuju ki
Don' say ha .
So, you don' eel com o able in a se ious an asy, jus p e end o be.
2.4. Wi h he p e ixes po- (Russian: по-), pa- ♦ pachuju, pochuju […]all he same,
he same[…]: how much desi e a ises. And I old hem ha you we en' alone, and
you we e ishing o mo e han wen y kilome e s be o e she ound you. I wish
a lo o people good heal h he e. Poche ‘all he same, he same: I hink you e all
he same. Poch en, poch ien ‘all he same, he same: Impo an po e i o y,
and behind he ence poch en. In Kaunas, a leas some o hose un o una e
ma kings a e kep ... and in Vilnius, i 's he poch ien o he a ic ligh s o he
s ipes. I i 's all he same o you, i 's all he mo e so o me. I you like i , pu i
on and d i e:) poxuju ki wha o he s say and hink:D
♦ po ig, po iga ‘all he same, he same: Why alk abou
jam po ig as l k epsinis? // Beda ik a kad LT daugumai po iga i ne a
s awbe ies when he e is uni y.
2.5. Wi h he p e ixes - (Russian: в-), o- (Russian: во-), ** abšče, abščie […]
om he whole, in gene al[…]: I did no unde s and his abšče. A he las
minu e, he assal's gaze had been, so s ongly leading and go o he end, bu
un o una ely, i ended as i ended.
Do no shake 1. Well, i 's no a big deal i you don' coun a ew nub ozdinige,
mus. Ap anga skylese, salmas d ebezgi, moco nud oz as ienas cilind as kiau-
ai. 2. ‘ isiškai’: sako dujos nesaugu. puikus pa yzdys - masina d ebezgi sude-
and he balloon's ine, i doesn' explode, and he o he ca will be o e un. In
gene al, in gene al, you need o be bo h cunning and a he same ime gen le
and ene ge ic enough o do you job almos like a woman. I you don' ha e any
iends who ha e emig a ed and you ass needs a b ibe o 500 ex a
Li huanian uzh pos- icha ia […] sec e s […] he e we e no a ms o 50m,
jus ukini. Did you go o he ba h oom?
inga i da belekiek uzh mui a.
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
308 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXIII
Adap a i e Fea u es o he Slang Ad e bs
in he Li huanian Language:
Ad e bialized wo d-combina ion
and compound ad e bs
Summa y
The e a e a numbe o ad e bialized wo d-combina ions and compound ad e bs, de e mined by
Li huanian slang and non-no ma i e language. Mos o hem a e assimila ed bo owings
adap ed o he language sys em. Adap i e ad e bializa ion o bo owed ad e bs is
ce ain sys emic ea u es, which a e ela ed o he e i o ial dialec s o he Li huanian
language and he s anda d language. Ad e bializa ion has se e al le els: comple e, pa ial and
semi- ossilized wo d-combina ion. In he slang language, ad e bialized wo d combina ions and
compound ad e bs a e usually bo owed om Russian, wi h only a ew bo owed om English.
Ad e bializa ion is mo e spon aneous in non-no ma i e language. Adap a ion can be desc ibed
wi h he ollowing ypes: a) unadap ed, b) adap ed g aphically and phone ically, c) adap ed
g aphically, phone ically and mo phologically (a e ecei ing an in lec ional ending). Mo e
commonly, ad e bialized wo d-combina ion and compound ad e bs which a e adap ed
phone ically and mo phologically a e used. Those ha a e adap ed only phone ically a e less
commonly in use. A equen ly used ad e bialized wo dcombina ion due o he speci ics o use
can only consis o phone ically adap ed o ms. I he o m belongs o ad e bic ph aseological
compounds, such compounds a e limi ed by egula ules.
The a icle analyzes 162 ad e bialized wo d-combina ion and 43 compound ad e bs o Li huanian
slang. Adap i e ea u es a e de e mined by clea egula i ies: (a) he slang lexicon is adap ed
phone ically and g aphically acco ding o he p inciple o subs i u ion o o eign phonemes as
close as possible o i s own; (b) ad e bs o slang also end o in eg a e in o he lexic
pa adigms o he Li huanian language. Mos o he p eposi ional cons uc ions o ad e bial
ph aseological compounds a e phone ically and g aphically adap ed bo owings om he
Russian language. The e a e ew non-Sla ic ad e bs (9; 5.6%) and only a ew bo owings om
he English language (4; 2.5%). Exp essi e and euphonic ph aseological compounds a e popula in
slang (24; 14.8%). Among he ad e bialized wo d-combina ions a e a lo o ulga isms: he e a e
mos ly bo owings om he Russian language (57; 35.2 %); he e a e ew dysphemisms om
he Li huanian language and calques om he Russian language (13; 8.1%). Combina ions o
p eposi ions and pa icles wi h nouns a e bo owed and adap ed om he Russian language
(35; 81.4%). P eposi ions and pa icles a e ans o med by speci ic adap a ion: he e a e
mos ly ad e bs wi h p e ixes na- (11) and ne-, ni- (10). The e a e ew ad e bs wi h p e ixes da-,
do- (6), pa-, po- (5) and only a ew ad e bs wi h -, o- (3).

S aipsniai / A icles 309
Lie u ių kalbos ža gono sup ie eiksmėję žodžių junginiai i
suaug iniai p ie eiksmiai bei jų adap acinės ypa ybės
Among he compound ad e bs a e a lo o ulga isms (21; 48.8%). The majo pa o
compound ad e bs can be used as wo d-combina ions.
Deli e ed on 9 Sep embe 2020
ROBERTAS KUDIRKA
Vilniaus uni e si e o Kauno akul e as
Cus oms o ice a 8 LT-44280 Kaunas,
Li huania by obe as.kudi ka@kn . u.l