122 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Scien i ic esea ch a eas include seman ics,
lexicology, lexicog aphy.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The wo ld iew o he
Russian-speaking wo ld
Russian in he Wo ld iew o The Dic iona y o
he Li huanian Language
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes wha agmen o he RUSO concep eme ges om he "Li huanian
language ocabula y" illus a i e sen ences ha men ion he Russian na ion. The o ma ion o
he concep o illus a ion is pa icula ly impo an , because i is in hem ha he a i ude o
all ep esen a i es o he Li huanian dialec s o his na ion and he Russian wo ld iew o med
in a ious w i en sou ces (mos ly wo ks o science, publici y and ic ion o he 19 h and 20 h
cen u ies) is eco ded. The empi ical ma e ial o he wo d is analyzed in he a icle using he
me hods o seman ic analysis, desc ip ion, in e p e a ion and cogni i e linguis ics.
A e iew o abou 300 illus a i e sen ences men ioning he e hnici y o he Russians e eals
ha in he con ex o he dic iona y abou his na ion a e p esen ed: 1) objec i e, conc e e
his o ical and o he ac s (mos ly in illus a ions om a ious w i en sou ces), 2)
expe iences o he ela ionship o indi idual people wi h he pe sonali ies o his na ion
h ough speci ic images (illus a i e sen ences om Li huanian language dic iona ies). The e
is a endency in he con ex o he dic iona y o a oid a ue, clea ca ego iza ion (only some
o he ac ions o he Russian soldie s and he Russian powe imposed on he Li huanians a e
e alua ed nega i ely in he illus a ions o he dic iona y). Such a compa a i ely conse a i e app oach was de e mined by he his o ical and poli ical ci cums ances o he spelling o he dic iona y.
ESMINIAI WORDS: ocabula y, seman ics, illus a i e example, concep , and Russian. 1 The au ho o
he a icle since ely hanks he e iewe s o he aluable commen s ha ha e helped o imp o e
he ex .
A icles and a icles 123
Rusas Lie u ių kalbos žodyno pasaulė aizdyje
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes wha agmen s o he concep o "Russian" come o he o e in he
illus a i e sen ences wi h he na ionali y "Russian," which a e p esen in "The Fo ma ion o he
Dic iona y o he Li huanian Language. The illus a ions a e especially impo an o he
Concep ," as hey eco d he a i ude o he ep esen a i es o dialec s om all o e Li huania
owa ds his na ionali y and he wo ld iew o he Russian shaped in a ious w i en sou ces
(mainly in scien i ic, publicis and ic ional wo ks o seman ic analysis, desc ip i e, in e p e i e
he 19 h–20 h cen u ies). The empi ical ma e ial om he Dic iona y is analysed using he
and cogni i e linguis ics me hods). The analysis o 300 illus a i e sen ences, which men ion he
e hnonym "Russian," shows objec i e, speci ic his o ical and o he ac s (usually in he o m o
ha in he con ex o he Dic iona y his na ionali y is desc ibed in he ollowing ways:
illus a ions om a ious w i en sou ces). 2) expe ience o he ela ionship be ween indi idual
pe sons and pe sons o his na ionali y h ough speci ic images (in he o m o illus a i e
sen ences om Li huanian dialec s). A endency o a oid s aigh o wa d ca ego iza ion in he
con ex o he dic iona y comes o ligh (only ce ain ac ions o Russian soldie s and he Russian
ule imposed on Li huanians a e e alua ed nega i ely in he illus a ions o he dic iona y). Such a
compa a i ely cau ious app oach was d i en by he his o ical and poli ical ci cums ances ha
shaped he dic iona y-making p ocess. KEYWORDS: dic iona y, seman ics, illus a i e example,
concep , Russian language
No es o he pu poses o his Annex:
The ela ionship be ween Li huanians and Russians has become ambiguous in he
cou se o his o y. Rep esen a i es o hese wo peoples ha e been neighbo s
since ancien imes. Li huania's poli ical and cul u al li e, he de elopmen o i s
s a ehood since he end o he 15 h cen u y, was g ea ly in luenced by he
eas e n neighbou hood o he Musco i e p incipali y, la e he Tsa is Russia,
and since he 20 h cen u y by he So ie Union (Bu inskai ė 2005: 9), so
Li huanian-Russian ela ions ha e long been domina ed by esea che s in a ious ields o science: his o ians, e hnologis s, sociologis s, li e a y schola s, e c.
Mos Li huanian iews on Russian na ionali y a e s udied by sociologis s. A he end o he 20 h
cen u y and he beginning o he 21s cen u y, he Li huanian Social Resea ch Cen e 's Ins i u e o
E hnic S udies conduc ed a numbe o Russian e hnic s udies g oups. Fo example, i has been ound
ha Li huanian esiden s a o Russians as po en ial neighbo s and would like o see he 2nd S a e
Bo de o he Republic o Li huania wi h he Russian Fede a ion ex end 297 km. 3 Only hose s udies
ha ocus on he e alua ion and image o Russians li ing in Li huania a e men ioned in his a icle.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica LXXIV, o li e wi h hem in he neighbo hood (Pe ušauskai ė,
2013: 181). The p o isions o he Li huanian p ess on he Russian e hnic g oup ha e
been analyzed and desc ibed in de ail, and e hnic in ole ance in online media and i s
commen s ha e been discussed (see F ėju ė-Rakauskienė 2009: […]110;
ž . Auškalnienė 2006: 55–56; Be esne ičiū ė, F ėju ė-Rakauskienė 2006: 28;
F ėju ė-Rakauskienė 2012: 89; Madsen ne ienodai ( he objec i e o he his o ical
2006: 61).
Is o ijos na a y ai odo, kad į usų e ninę g upę ski ingais laiko a piais žiū-
en i onmen 103). Fo example, in he memoi s published in Ge many in 1914-1939
abou he G ea Wa , he p edominan ly nega i e image o he Russians p e ails,
al hough he e ha e been al e na i e assessmen s, which ha e made assump ions
o look a he Russians om he pe spec i e o alues ha escala e humani y
(Vi kus 2017: 61). In he So ie his o ical na a i e, he opposi e image o he
Russians p e ails: he e […] o all e hnic g oups in Li huania, he Russians a e
spoken o a e he Li huanians. The p esen a ion o he ela ionship be ween
he la e e hnic g oup and Li huanians is highly oman icized, Russians a e
e e ed o only as he oes o he Li huanian na ion. Howe e , in he
nuo pi mosios so ie inės okupacijos me ų o ma osi dažniausiai neigiamas u-
consciousness o o dina y Li huanian illage s, hei image: "The symbol o Russia
has become a small g oce wi h a bag in his hands o a nai e ed-hai ed man, bu an
unquali ied enginee " (Ma cinke ičius 2013: 208). In he pos -wa yea s in eas e n
and sou he n Li huania, he a i ude o he local popula ion owa ds he a i ing
Russians (and Russians in gene al) was also no posi i e: hey looked a he
a i als p ima ily as "s ange s" and saw hei nega i e ai s (g ubus, non-Sla ic, amo al, e c.) (S a inskienė 2014:
174–175).
Li huanian a i ude owa ds Russian na ionali y is o in e es o e hnologis s and
an h opologis s. E hnology and olklo e esea che Laima Anglickienė no es ha
neighbo ing peoples a e men ioned less in Li huanian olklo e han he e hnic
g oups […] Jews and Gypsies, which a e widesp ead h oughou Li huania
(Anglickienė 2007: 449). In gene al, i is di icul o unde s and which Sla ic na ion is
being spoken abou in he olklo e, because e hnic Russians, Poles, Bela usians,
Uk ainians a e e y a e […] ins ead o hem, he wo d gud is used and i is ob ious
ha i has a b igh pejo a i e shade. In household ales, anecdo es, p o e bs,
songs, p o e bs, and p o e bs, he Russian gods ha e a bad epu a ion: hey a e
hie es, ho - empe ed, quick-wi ed, in e io , o no o igin, swea a lo , ha e a bad
eye, a e idiculed o hei di e en appea ance, lack o sense, quie ness, e c. (Anglickien 2006: 198 […] 209).
The esul s o he e hno-linguis ic s udy we e simila o hose o a su ey o 200
Li huanian and Russian high school s uden s in Vilnius, whe e i was ound ha he
Russian image in Li huanian image y is s e eo ypical: a Russian is una ac i e, a
poo pe son o a millionai e, a poo pe son, a ba be , a long- e m nu sing, a bo le
siais ūsais, amsaus gymio, niū aus, nepa enkin o, susi aukusio eido, apsi ilkęs
A icles o he 125 h
Rusas Lie u ių kalbos žodyno pasaulė aizdyje
o wine, e c. (Ryžako a, Za jalo a, 2004: 20; G ožako a, G ožin Li e a y Discou se).
Завьялова 2008: 39–40).
The au ho , along wi h o he na ionali ies, also discusses he Russian image o he
Li huanian-Russian pain ing, which di ec ly e lec s he ela ionship be ween he
li e a ū oje i da o iš adą, kad lie u ių p ozoje gana yškus neigiamos kono a-
colonize and he colonized and is a kind o esponse o Russian impe ialism.
Li huanian p ose is cha ac e ized by a wild, ba ba ous, da k, c uel, low-cul u e and
low-educa ion, alcoholic Russian a ie y (Cidzikai ė 2007: 110)4. In he sense o
Russian, in Li huanian li e a u e, he Sin i we e depic ed as o eigne s ( o hei
dį lie u ių kul ū oje analiza o G igo ijus Po ašenko. Au o iaus eigimu, XX a.
exo icism) and hei di e ence was a ely enhanced by posi i e conno a ions
(Po ašenko 1989: 49 […] 56).
Remian is akademinio „Lie u ių kalbos žodyno“ ( oliau LKŽe) medžia-
ga jau y inė i į ai ūs aizdiniai i pasaulė aizdžiai5. P adė i i i i Lie u os
Neighbo s: Ge man and Russian concep s s udied (see Liu ke ičienė 2020: 139; G i ėnienė
2020: 4161). A li le ea lie , based on he LKŽ, examples o e minology and slang ocabula ies
we e analyzed, how he e hnonym us, maskolius unc ions in he language: wha Vedic
meanings a e e lec ed in he dic iona ies, wha Li huanian su names, p onouns and
oponyms a e made wi h he basic wo ds us and maskolius (Š amba y ė 2007: 391401; also
see Bu kus 1995: 223228; Anglickienė 2005: 717). Based on he da a o he ex o he cu en
Li huanian language (i.e. analyzing he combina ions o he wo ds bal a usian, La ian,
Polish, Russian, Ge manic o ms wi h he wo ds ha name he cha ac e is ics o he
cha ac e ), i is desc ibed which cha ac e is ics o he Li huanian language a e
a ibu ed o he neighbo ing peoples (Papau ėly ė-Klo ienė 2010). Howe e , i has no ye
been analyzed in mo e de ail wha he illus a ions o he g ea dic iona y ell abou he
Russian na ion, how and in wha con ex s hey a e spoken abou , wha Russian pain ing is
composed o a ious sou ces and illus a ions w i en in he dic iona ies. In he pas ,
e hnog aphic and linguis ic s udies ha e mos ly elied solely on he ma e ial p o ided in he
a icles o he headings "Russian," "Russian," "Russian" and so on, whe eas in his s udy
he headings o he sen ences unde conside a ion can be any. Acco ding o he o icial
s a is ics po al, a he beginning o 2020 in Li huania li ed 4.5% o people o Russian
na ionali y, i.e. abou 4% o he s e eo ypes o Russia and Russia we e highligh ed in Polish
li e a u e. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 5 Fo mo e in o ma ion on hese
s udies and in gene al on he impo ance o ocabula y ma e ial in he analysis o
concep s, see. G i ėnienė 2020: 41 yea s o age o olde
Fo mo e in o ma ion, see h ps: www.sp.s a .go .l o www.salies-gy en ojai-2020 o
www.salies-gy en ojai-skaiciusi -sude is.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
126 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV is he i s o i s kind in he wo ld.
300,000 pe manen esiden s o Li huania. Thus, he s udy o Russian image y could
be o in e es no only o Li huanians, bu also o indi iduals o Russian na ionali y.
Subjec ma e o in es iga ion. The ac ha he Li huanians had o encoun e
he Russians since ancien imes, ha hese con ac s we e long- e m and a ied,
medžiaga. Čia pa eikiama daugiau nei 50 su e nonimu usas susijusių an aš-
es i ies o he ac ha he e a e mo e han 40 su names, 7 e bs, 3 p onouns.
Mos o en, people o Russian e hnici y a e called neu a liu in spoken and w i en
language wi h he wo d usai7. In e e yday speech, in some publicis ex s and in
ic ion li e a u e, he hyb id wo d uskis is used qui e widely. The e a e many
Russian synonyms o he e hnonym LKZ. The now obsole e Russian names a e
eco ded in he w i ings: he wo d "g ea " in he dic iona y, he p e ix " edinys" in
is. LKŽe kaip uso sinonimą asime i seną, Simono S ane ičiaus a o ą a i-
he Russian alphabe . Ra ely is he adjec i e edinys ùsiškis used (LKŽ is eco ded
only o Zie el and […]Auš os[…] in he newspape ). He e we ind in o ma ion ha he
ancien Russian a ie ies we e called Ge mans: La ian songs, along wi h o he
ac s, lead us o belie e ha he name o he Ge man in an iqui y was called Swedes,
he ancien Russian a ie ies K. Būg8 (ž. 1 okie is). In many con ex s (especially in
ic ion and ic ion), he name "Russian" is used as a polysyllabic name, o en
e e ing o ep esen a i es o ha na ionali y, such as I an, Vanka, e c. : The ee
o Paklė and Vanka (Russian), when hey s a ed o smile (shoo ) Skd (pickle). As
Russian synonyms, he ollowing a e used: k iē as, bo owed om La ian languages,
and maskõlius, maskõlis, bo owed om Bulga ian.
The LKZ indica es ha in he dic iona ies and a ious w i ings he Russians a e also called Gudas.
Howe e , i is impo an o no e ha he wo ds "god", "c ea u e", "mask", and "mask" a e no used
exclusi ely in he Russian sense. The Guda a e also called Bal a s (much mo e o en han Russians) and
Poles; K ie a can also mean bal a usis, maskoulis, maskoulius i is also a soldie o he sa is a my,
whose na ionali y can be no only Russian. The wo d con ains a numbe o ph ases, he con en s o
which, wi hou a b oade con ex , i is di icul o say wha he in o man o he speci ic au ho had in
mind, using he p e iously men ioned Russian synonyms, 7 wi h he e hnonym ussi sie ini and se e al
o he na ional names: he ph aseology o he Bal ic Russians K. Buga in his w i ings called he bal a ans,
and he Russians in a ious w i ings called he Uk ainians. 8 Abb e ia ions o places and sou ces a e
used in he a icle. In b acke s, he wo d om which he example o he lexicog aphic a icle is aken is
indica ed. 9 O hese names, he mos widely used is maskolis, maskolius […] LKŽ and he e a e 87
sen ences wi h his name. 10 See also p. LK has ixed heading wo ds bu lõkas, bu liõkas, ha ing mo e
han one meaning: 1. in he old imes […] Russian wo ke , who pulled opes o he ships be o e he
cu en ; 2. du ing he ime o sa dom […] will eel Russian in Li huania. These wo ds a e s ill used in
Sansk i oday, indica ing ha
LKZ Supplemen a y and Seconda y Files.

S aipsniai / A icles 127
Rusas Lie u ių kalbos žodyno pasaulė aizdyje
Fo example: Masculine...keikia wi h h ee syllables TS1899,6 (see h ee syllables).
The males began o li e, blink hei eyes, and aise hei heads o he g ound
(blink). Russian (and Russians) is he mos widely spoken language in Li huania as
a whole and in i s a ious dialec s; Russian is o en used in speeches and in some
unc ional s yles (domes ic, a is ic and he olde publici y s yle). The LKZ gi es
he ollowing meanings o he ollowing wo ds:
1 Russian, -ė, a man o he Russian na ion.
2 ùsas Rusijos aldžia; Rusijos ka iuomenė11.
ùsai au a, kalban i iena y ų sla ų kalbų, gy enan i daugiausia Rusijoje.
1 Russian see 1 Russian.
2 Russian see 2 Russian.
Russian see 2 Russian.
Since he a o emen ioned Russian synonyms "g ea ", "mask", "Russian", "Russian", "Russian" a e
used ela i ely a ely, and "good" and "mask" do no always e e only o pe sons o Russian
na ionali y, in his a icle, he agmen a ion o he concep o "Russian" is analyzed only by hose
illus a i e sen ences in which wo lexemes a e used: "Russian", "Russian" and a ious g amma ical
and phonological a ian s "Russian", "Russian", "Russian", "Russian", "Russian", "Russian". The
esea ch ma e ial was compiled om he 2018 upda ed e sion o he elec onic dic iona y
(www.lkz.l ). A de ailed sea ch o he en i e LKŽ hype ex (in gene al o all he wo ds in he
dic iona y in he dic iona y a icles) ound mo e han 270 illus a ed sen ences wi h hese Russian
names. The illus a ions in he LKJ a e w i en in Li huanian, and he 135 illus a ions in he dic iona y
came om a ious 19 h- and 20 h-cen u y w i ing sou ces: pe iodicals ([…]Auš os[…], […]Kelei io[…],
[…]Tė ynės Sa go[…] and o he newspape s), ine li e a u e ([…]G. Pe ke iča-Bi ės, […]B. S uogos, […]M.
Ka ilios and o he w i e s' wo ks), scien i ic and publicis 11 LKJ illus a ions canno always be easily
dis inguished, when i comes o he meaning o e hnici y o na ionali y. The Russians came, I was
al eady old. Zaliukau in miškus sulindo, he Russian who sho hose Zaliuk Nmj (Zaliukau i). Thus, in
his a icle, he a my, he go e nmen , because in his case […]in i s lexical meaning, he kuopiniai
objec s mean he pu chase o indi iduals o he same kind as a kind o indi isible uni and
g amma ically hey a e no di e en om o dina y common objec s[…] (LKG I: 164). O a Russian kid.
nag inėjami isi pa yzdžiai su e nonimu usas, g iež ai nea ski ian , a usas eiškia au ybę, a
12 Dalis jų ( usai ė, usiukas, uskelis, uskiūkš is, uskui is, uskū is, usū is) eiškia mažą, jauną usą
13 I is emphasized ha he illus a ions selec ed o he s udy ep esen all Li huanian language
a ie ies. The Russian, Russian and hei a ian s a e w i en om all he wes e n, no he n and
pie ų žemaičių pa a mių (E ž, K š, Rsn; Akm, D , End, Kal, Kl, Lk, Lž, Pp i ki ų šnek ų) bei isų
wes e n, sou he n and eas e n highland dialec s (B š, G š, Gs, Jon, Ž ; K ok, Lp, Pls; Ad, An , Dbg, ,
Ku , Kp, K kn, Š, Ml , Sb, Šmn, Km, nč and o he owels).
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
128 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV ex s (S. Daukan o, A. Salio, A. Sme onos and
o he w i ings), encyclopedias and dic iona ies (A. Juškos, J. Šlapelio and o he
dic iona ies). Thus, i can be a gued ha in his pa icula case, he LKZ e lec s
bo h he li ing language and he app oach o w i en sou ces o Russian. The
pu pose, he asks, he me hodology. I should be emphasized ha his a icle does
no analyze he o e all concep o RUSO in Li huanian […] his would be oo b oad a
opic. The pu pose o his a icle is o examine wha agmen o his concep
eme ges om he LKŽ illus a i e sen ences ha men ion he Russian na ion.
Since he e a e e y ew illus a ions ha alk abou he local Russians (sen iki) in
Li huania, he a icle analyzes he a i ude o Li huanians o he Russian
na ionali y in gene al, ocusing mainly on sen ences ha alk abou he a i al o
Russians, i.e. concen a ing on one o he mos impo an bina y opposi ions o
pos colonial an h opology s. o he membe s o hei own. To achie e he main
objec i e, he ollowing asks a e se : (1) o selec illus a i e sen ences wi h he
lexemes us, usk and hei a ian s om he LKŽe; 2) o ca y ou a seman ic
analysis o hese sen ences by combining a s uc u al app oach o meaning wi h a
cogni i e one (i.e. om he meaning o a speci ic wo d o he meaning o he whole
sen ence); 3) o highligh wha is Russian i s and o emos as a agmen o
ano he , o eign pain ing composed o he ma e ial selec ed o analysis.
The o ma ion o he concep o illus a ion is pa icula ly impo an , because i is in hem ha he
a i ude o all ep esen a i es o he Li huanian language o his na ion and he e lec ion o he
wo ld iew o he Russian language in a ious w i en sou ces ( om he oldes w i ings o he 20 h
cen u y) a e eco ded. The empi ical ma e ial in he a icle is analyzed by seman ic analysis, desc ibing
14 Di e en ia ed Li huanian a i udes owa ds he Russian na ion emphasized by his o ian G igo ijus
Po ašenko. Acco ding o him, he ca pe , and he Russians who came o Li huania much la e . I is
a siski ia usai sen ikiai, ku ie į Lie u ą a gaben i XIX amžiuje, . y. daugiausia po 1863 m. su-
impo an o emphasize he schola 's poin ha i is qui e di icul o econs uc he image o
sen imen in Li huanian cul u e, because such analysis lacks ex s (Po ašenko 1989: 50). A simila esul
is obse ed in he illus a ions o LKŽ. In he examples selec ed o he s udy, i is some imes
impossible o dis inguish whe he hey e e o local Russian sen ien s o o a ague ocabula y
lesnius a ėjūnus. Apsk i ai sen ikiai LKŽe kon eks e minimi labai e ai. A likus de aliąją paiešką
discou se, only wo illus a ions a e ound in which sen ien s a e men ioned: he wi e o Podie o was
he sen ien Kl n (ž. podie o is). In he 17 h cen u y, ano he b anch o Ch is iani y eme ged in
jų – sen ikių. Jie a sikėlė iš Rusijos, nes en uo laiku bu o sma kiai pe sekiojami MLTEIII0 (ž. sen ikis).
Li huania: he "Syn agma ic" and "Pa adigma ic" app oaches o meaning, which analyze he
syn agma ic and pa adigma ic ela ionships be ween wo ds and he meaning hey con ey, p e ailed in
Li huania o a long ime, bu in ecen yea s he e has been a shi o he "Cogni i e" app oach o meaning, whe e he meaning o a wo d is s udied h ough he ela ionship o language and hough .
(See also Maume ičienė 2010: 11 and 12).
16 A concep is unde s ood as an essen ial cogni i e uni o knowledge belonging o he human
concep ual sys em and a ising om expe ience […] i is all in o ma ion abou some hing ha exis s in
he minds o people speaking a pa icula language (see below). Papau ėly ė-Klo ienė 2007: 17;
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles o he 129 h
Rusas Lie u ių kalbos žodyno pasaulė aizdyje
Guda ičius 2011: 109[…]117; wi h analy ical and in e p e a i e me hods. In his a icle, we will analyze
he ela ionship be ween wo ds in a sen ence and he concep ual in o ma ion ha is con eyed in he
sen ence as a whole, when he seman ics o a pa icula wo d and i s ela ionships wi h o he wo ds,
meanings, conno a ions, associa ions, seman ic mechanisms c ea e he highes le el o language
pe cep ion - meaning, along wi h i s ideological implica ion, which in luences he in e p e a ion o a
pa icula objec . The s udy is also based on Lublin's me hods o e hnolinguis ic concep analysis. The
goal o cogni i e linguis ics esea che s is o show wha is igge ed in he speake 's consciousness
when a pe son u e s o hea s a wo d in a ce ain con ex (Sme ona 2018: 179), o ind ou how
speake s unde s and a hing, how he a ibu es and e alua ions o ha hing a e ca ego ized. The
cogni i e de ini ion e lec s all he ea u es o meaning cen al and pe iphe al, deno a i e and
conno a i e. In o de o apply his me hodology, he concep analysis should be based on h ee da a
ypes: he language sys em (i.e. ocabula y da a), ques ionnai es and ex s ( o mo e in o ma ion on
he cogni i e e hnology me hodology, see Ru ko ska e al., 2017: 29-35). Since he ma e ial o he
s udy o he RUSO concep is e y la ge, i is analyzed in de ail in ce ain s ages: i s , he indi idual
agmen s o he concep in di e en discou ses a e examined, and la e hey will be summa ized
and combined in o a common
The concep o RUSO.
The Eu opean Union is he wo ld's la ges ading pa ne .
[…] Li huanian ocabula y […]
1. Rusai – didelės als ybės au a g e a ki ų au ų
In some sen ences, i is men ioned ha he Russians a e he people o a la ge
odėl na ū alu, kad šis au o a dis dažnai minimas g e a žodžių als ybė, žemė,
s a e, a coun y, e c. (see sen ence 1[…]3): (1) The Russian s a e is d awn along
by many s a es by Jon (ž. auk i). On Sep embe 8, 1380, on he Kuliko o plain,
nea he Don Ri e , he a mies o Moscow and o he Russian lands me wi h
he o de o Mamaeus ( sh). he is no p e en ed om going o he Russian
(3) Dėl Polocko kunigaikš ijos susilpnėjimo lie u iai i iš Vilniaus žemės galė-
lands A. Sal (ž. země). In he illus a ions, a ious Russian ci ies (Kalining ad
(Ka aliaučius), Pe e bu g and o he s) a e men ioned (see sen ences 4[…]6): (4)
Pasonė[je] is Kalining ad, he igh o Russian soldie s is only Zh (ž. iskė i).
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
130 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
(5) Mai onis, a s uden a he Uni e si y o Kie and S . Pe e sbu g, who was
well acquain ed wi h Russian poe y, was he i s o b eak he old adi ion o eulogism o A. Vencl (ž. b eak).
(6) Rūsai e žas į ki ų žemes, anie ple as – į Ka aliaučių įsigy eno K š
(ž. žemė).
O en his name is men ioned in he con ex o o he peoples. The Poles
encoun e he Russians in a ious wa s (see sen ences 7 and 8): (7) Cei ung
ells ... he Poles won, bu he Russians los Kel1863,71
(whispe ing)
(8) Polish oops a e being d awn o he Russian bo de ( ac ). Non-o icial
Russian ela ions wi h he Jews. The e a e sayings ha es i y o he
a o o Jews and Russians o each o he (see sen ence 9), bu he
illus a ions do no depic he pain ul s o y o how Jews su e ed om he
Russians (see sen ence 10): (9) The Jews we e he ones who a acked wi h lowe s a hose Russians [1940]
(whi e)
Fi s , he Poles and he Russians, unhumanely su ounded by he Jews, ook
hem o he ci ies, as i he Za ians had ampled on hei heads. His o y and
LKJ examples show ha many peoples (La ians, Slo enes, e c.) we e aken in o
hei ule by he Russians (see sen ences 11-12), smalle occupied peoples ied
o assimila e, conside ing hem in e io (see sen ence 13 (11)): he supe io i y o
he Russians o e he Russians is also seen om he ac ha Bishop A nold, in
1209 du ing he Zokonink, made a simple ea y wi h he Albanians, p omised o
gi e hem a ax. F om he eas , he Russians, who had conque ed he Slo enes,
in aded hei e i o y.
A1883,223 ( o be adminis e ed).
(13) The sa is go e nmen accus omed he Russian inhabi an s o ega d he
inhabi an s o he e hnic a eas o local o igin as a lowe ace, o icially calling
hem […]di e en aces[…] (ž. ki akilmis).
So ie iniu laiko a piu iš į ai ių aš ų už ašy uose sakiniuose gi dimas pa o-
I 's a na a i e o iendship be ween peoples. F om such illus a ions eme ges
he desi e o he o me empi e o uni e di e en peoples in c ea ing a new ype
o homo so ie icus pe sonali y (see Venclauskienė 2016: 146; Zino ie 1981) (see
sen ences 14-15): (14) The Russians, La ians and Li huanians, and he Geo gians in a single line.
(a) he ollowing able is inse ed:
(15) Žiū o ai gė ėjosi b oliškųjų au ų siui a, ku ią suda ė la ių, es ų, bal a u-
Russian and Russian dances in he e ening (ž. siui a).
A e Li huania egained i s independence, we ind in he speeches w i en
sen ences in which he in o man s openly exp ess hei opinion on how he
Russians occupied many na ions (see sen ence 16):
(16) All he peoples o Russia ha e become sel -su icien in Gs (ž. su og i).
A icles by A icles 137
Rusas Lie u ių kalbos žodyno pasaulė aizdyje
4. The Russian in E e yday Li e
F om he LKZ illus a ions we lea ned his and ha abou he appea ance o he
Russians, hei daily li e. In he sen ences w i en in he e ms, he in o man s
d aw a en ion o he Russian men's bea ds (see sen ences 96 […] 97):
The e was a Russian named G g (ž. ba zdainis). (97) The Russian
bea ded ul u e, la ge P ng (whi e ul u e). The ep esen a i es o
he media immedia ely no iced he beau i ul Russian na ionali y
(see sen ences 98 and 99):
(98) Russian in elligence came h ough he wa , wo Russians beau i ul Kln
(ž. in elligence). (99) The Russian goes like a doll o he ba e-headed Mžk (ž. 1
uskis). Fea u es o he house men ion Russian un, li eliness […] In he
illus a ions ixed in he shel es, he in o man no es ha Russians like o sing and dance
(see sen ences 100 and 102):
(100) The Russians began o ide he Sh s (p adainuo i). (101) Linksmus uskū is,
kojikės as o agiukai (no o jump) Sh (sho o uskū is) This is a lis o
people who li e in he Uni ed Kingdom. The illus a ions o he wo d men ion
ha he Russians a e indus ious, hey a e no a aid o simple wo k (see sen ences 102[…]104):
(102) This is a wa ning o ca le g azing in he Jd (ž. wa ning). Fo a couple o
yea s, B. S uog wo ked o him as a axi d i e . (104) F om Klaipėda, he
Russians wo ked o he Jd (Russian). In gene al, Russians do a wide a ie y
o jobs, men ioning all hei special ies and posi ions (see illus a ions
105[…]106): (105) The Russian doc o e lec ed e y well on he DUNZ (see 1
Russian). (106) I 's no ou s, i 's he Russian's. I 's called he ha pis Sh. Thei
women we e s ong, ie ce: (107) We, he So ie s, he un o una e, we e he
i s o no ice he g ea na cissism o Russian women in he Land ( he eye).
Russians o en become wi es o o eign men (see 108[…]109 sen ences):
(108) She was ma ied o Rsn (ž. es i).
And his Jew has a son who ma ied a Russian and a daugh e who didn' ma y a Pole.
(whispe ing)
O en Li huanians also c ea e mixed amilies wi h pe sons o Russian
na ionali y (see sen ences 110[…]111), and hei child en lea n Li huanian
(see sen ences 112): (110) Sūnus manas su uska aps edęs G (ž.
uskas). (111) He wen ou o he Russian Mšg (ž. uskus). (112) And
hose Russians in Li huanian call i Lk (Russian). Mixed amilies wi h
Russians ha e been o med since ancien imes
(see sen ences 113 and 114):
Algi das had ma ied wo wi es, one a e he o he , and bo h we e Russians.

AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
138 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV
(114) John [Glinsky] ma ied Anas azia, he daugh e o Daniel o Os ogo, and
se led in he Russian Kun[gaik] s be ween EncIX161 (see link). Howe e ,
in o man s o he li ing language some imes admi ha hey do no wan o
s a amilies wi h people o Russian na ionali y: (115) Li huanians did no
choose (neėmė), and un il he Russians did no wan o choose (lz). The e a e
some sen ences ha alk abou he daily li e o he Russians (men ioning
hei ood, d inks, wo k):
(116) Rusai nieko ki o ne e da i ne algo, ik ušy as bulbes G nk (ž. ušin i).
(117) Baisiai smagią gi ą da o usai Skd (ž. smagus).
(118) F om he lea es o he willow ee, he zhen is called DūnŽ (ž. yžena).
5. Russian science, cul u e and eligion
The Russian-de i ed plan s, animal b eeds, a ious Russian i ems, p oduc s,
e c. men ioned in he LKZ illus a ions (see sen ences 119-121): (119) Anizhyn is
an old Russian olk selec ion [obelų] b eed š (ž. anyžyn). (120) The mos common
a e he Russian blackbe ies, us ake s and g ay u manai [ca els] sp. (ž.
us ake sis).
(1 Ins umen s simila o he lumzdelis o some o he peoples' music
(Russian s i el, La ian s abulė, Bulga ian dudka, Ge man shnabel lio ė) MLTEII48021)
(shell ish)
The e a e se e al sen ences ha alk abou Russian science: a ious ields o
science a e men ioned (a ia ion, philosophy, g amma , e c.), he names o amous
Russian scien is s, hei me i s in science (Z . 122 […] 123 sen ences), i is
emphasized ha he Russians a e s a ing o s udy Li huanian his o y and
Li huanian s udies (Z . 124 […] 125 sen ences). The idea o unde g ound usion was
i s aised in 1888 by he amous Russian scien is D. Mendelee sp. (123) The
g ea Russian scien is s a e he ounde s o wo ld a ia ion science sp
The ounde .
(124) The s udy o Li huanian his o y passed in o he hands o he Russians and Poles.
(125) In Russian and Polish science, he Li huanian language g ows š (li . Li huanian
Iš į ai ių aš ų iš ašy uose sakiniuose pab ėžiamas usų me aš ininkų indėlis
language). his o y schools:
(126) The sou he n pa o he sūdu s un il he end o Na a's Russian
ch onicles is called jo ingiais š (ž. k onininkas).
(127) Lie u os me aščius ašė usų aš ininkai š (ž. aš ininkas).
The sou ces o a ious w i en and spoken cul u e (Russian ch onicles, ai y
ales, songs, e c.) a e lis ed (see 128[…]130 sen ences):
A icles by A icles 139
Rusas Lie u ių kalbos žodyno pasaulė aizdyje
(128) [K. Būga] cla i ied he peculia i ies o he ansc ip ion o Li huanian
sounds in he old Russian ch onicles and he o ma ion o some double-syllable names
MLTEI277 (ž. ansk iba imas).
(129) Russian ai y ales le ... in his oldes book LTII480(Bs)
(sho o y um).
(130) Russian songs a e chan ed, and ou sad ones a e G g (ž. chan ed). The
So ie -e a illus a ions pay conside able a en ion o Russian li e a u e: hey
analyze wha i condemns and p aise, wha i s in luence is on o he peoples
(See also pa ag aphs 131-133):
Russian li e a u e condemns e e y hing ha is sel ish, sel ish (so .) sh (ž.
šangus). (131) The bes ep esen a i es o [Russian li e a u e] p eached he
humanis ic p inciples o mu ual unde s anding and cul u al in e ac ion be ween
peoples. Russian and Ge man li e a u e we e he mos impo an in e media ies
h ough which he oices o dis an ci iliza ions came o Li huania ( sh (ž.
in e media y). (133) The book is a collec ion o essays and sho s o ies w i en by
a numbe o p ominen w i e s and c i ics, including Alexande Pushkin, An on Chekho , I an K ylo , and Visa ion.
Belinsky and k . ):
Pushkin buil his con ibu ion o Russian li e a u e on a wo ld plo (134)
(including inlays).
(135) Pe haps none o he Russian w i e s el his mos sympa he ic and
sub-u oc a ically ha ed by he in elligen sia as much as Chekho K. Ko s
( ecommended o consump ion).
K ylo […] one o he mos na ionalis ic Russian w i e s sh (ž. nacionališkas) (136)
Bielinsky wi h wonde ul s eng h and b illiance exp essed he deepes hopes and
he highes aspi a ions o he Russian people.
6. A e he Russians iends o Li huania?
Li huanians ha e been communica ing wi h Russians o mo e han a cen u y - om he 13 h cen u y,
when he G and Duchy o Li huania was es ablished, o he p esen day. As can be seen om he
analizės, LKŽe disku se apie usus dažniausiai kalbama: 1) iš XIX–XX a. a-
sen ences aken om hese sou ces. 2) in a ious Li huanian-language dic iona ies o he 20 h cen u y.
The mos s iking Russian pain ing comes om he las cen u y, w i en by 23 poe s and w i e s o
he same Russian people. In 2007, he numbe o pe sonali ies in he Russian Academy o Sciences was
e y limi ed. In e es ingly, 56% o he esponden s said hey we e p oud o he g ea es Russian poe s
Sociologijos ins i u o a lik a apklausa pa odė, kad daugumai Rusijos piliečių pasididžia ią kelian-
and w i e s.
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
140 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV o he o hog aphic ex s. Al hough he
Russian go e nmen and i s decisions a e usually conno ed nega i ely in he
illus a ions o he dic iona y, we could no say ha he LKJ p esen s only a
nega i e Russian pic u e. Illus a i e sayings w i en om w i en sou ces
es i y ha om he ea lies imes Li huanians and Russians had common
enemies (see sen ence 138):
He (Jogaila) simply ag eed wi h he Golden Ho de, wi h hese common Russian and
Li huanian enemies o ac oge he agains he g ea p ince o Moscow (ž.
eik i) (138). Se e al sen ences conside wha could ha e p e en ed he
desniems abiejų au ų kul ū iniams yšiams, p imenama, kad uos yšius ei-
glaucoma om being p ese ed in he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies, al hough he ques ion a ises as o whe he he iendly ela ions be ween he coun ies will no be b oken
(see sen ences 139 and 141):
A e he 1831 up ising, he policy o he Russianiza ion o he sa is
go e nmen (ž. usi ikacinis) was cons an ly s eng hened, p e en ing
Li huanian and Russian cul u al ies om de eloping and Li huanian cul u e om eme ging.
The Russians and I had o go o P . oge he . (141) In such ci cums ances, can he
iendship be ween Li huanians and Russians be s ained? TS1894.10 (Vaižg) (also
known as apped).
O cou se, he illus a ions o he So ie pe iod emphasize he iendship
be ween he wo peoples:
(142) His o ians poin o mo e han one example o he iendship be ween he
Russian people and he Li huanian people in ancien imes by A. Vencl (ž. nu ody i).
(143) The Russians and Li huanians ose […] all oge he […] pe ys pe in E. Miež (ž.
ise). Li huania, ha ing egained i s eedom, is no longe a aid o emb ace
Li huanian adap abili y and communion wi h he occupie s:
(144) As soon as he en e s, he Li huanians a e on hei necks: wi h he
Vokyčiai bal aičiai, wi h he Russians wi h he S ibokai K š (ž. į e ž i).
Howe e , in gene al, we do no ind much hos ili y o he Russian people in he
w i ings o in he ex s w i en by he Ta mins. The Russians a e di e en om
he Li huanians in hei language, cus oms, and way o li e, bu hey a e nei he
Li huania's g ea es enemies no i s bes iends. (146) A Russian will no come […] I
will no come o him, no a Li huanian will come […] I will no come o Rdm ( o lea e).
Taigi b ėžian ibas a p sa as / s e imas opozicijos sykiu iš yškėja i sa i i
cha ac e is ics o na ional iden i y: cau ion, a ce ain deg ee o adap a ion, ole ance
mas i k .
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
A e analyzing abou 300 LKŽ illus a i e sen ences men ioning he e hnonym
us, i can be seen ha in he con ex o he dic iona y abou his na ion a e
A icles by A icles 141
Rusas Lie u ių kalbos žodyno pasaulė aizdyje
p esen ed: 1) objec i e, conc e e his o ical and o he ac s (mos ly in
illus a ions om a ious 20 h-cen u y w i en sou ces), 2) he expe iences o
indi idual people o he 19 h cen u y wi h he pe sonali ies o his na ion h ough
speci ic images (in illus a i e sen ences w i en in 20 h-cen u y Li huanian).
a min yje gana yški sa o / s e imo opozicija: apie ie inius Lie u os usus ilius-
Ob iously, in he con ex o he LKZ and in ou collec i e ac s, he wo ds a e
no spoken, and he pe sonali ies o his na ion a e p ima ily iewed as o he s,
wi h hei own language, cus oms, ways, alues. Analysis o he illus a ions
sidėlioja iš pas a ąjį šim me į už ašy ų ilius acinių sakinių. LKŽe ilius acijose
iš yškėja šie s a biausi usų b uožai. Tai didelės als ybės au a i jos san ykiai
selec ed o he s udy shows ha he mos i id Russian pain ing is no as
exp essi e as ha o o he peoples. A a ious imes, he Russians ook some o
he peoples unde hei con ol, and he smalle occupied peoples ied o
assimila e, conside ing hem in e io . A ha ime, he pa ody o he na ion's
solida i y and he na a i e o app ochemen was pa icula ly widesp ead in he
So ie -e a sen ences hea d om a ious w i ings. Th oughou his o y, du ing
di e en pe iods, he Russians had o igh wi h many na ions. The illus a ions
o he wo d men ion he he oism o he Russian soldie s, no su ende ing o he
enemy. The ela ions o he Russian soldie s wi h wo peoples, Li huanians and
Ge mans, s and ou in he con ex o he wa . Du ing he Wo ld Wa s, he
Li huanians we e in he wa zone, igh ing agains he Russian and Ge man a mies.
We lea ned abou he a i al o he Russian a my in Li huania and i s ac ions he e
om he sen ences w i en in he se mons. The illus a ions show ha du ing
he wa s wi h he Ge mans, he Russian soldie s we e pa icula ly ac i e: hey
p essed, supp essed, de ea ed, and c ushed hei enemies. In many sen ences,
he in o man s o he li ing language o he au ho s o a ious w i ings compa e
he Russians o he Ge mans, o en p e e ing he Ge mans ( o o de , o
us ing people, e c.) and c i icizing he Russians o hei he , diso de , e c. F om he illus a ions we also lea ned abou he appea ance o he Russians, hei way o li e, hei daily li e and li e (men ioned hei ood, d ink, wo k, ma iages wi h people o o he na ionali ies, e c.).
The e a e se e al sen ences ha alk abou Russian science (men ioning a ious
ields o science, he names o amous Russian scien is s). In he illus a ions o
he So ie pe iod, a lo o a en ion is paid o Russian li e a u e. I is clea om
he illus a ions ha he Li huanians do no eel much hos ili y o excep ional
iendliness owa ds he Russian people. We do no ind i in he dic iona ies o in
he w i en sen ences. The e is a clea endency in he LKZ con ex o a oid he
aiškaus ka ego iza imo. Rusai kaip au a nė a nei labai sme kiami, peikiami,
u h a he han o exagge a e i . Pe haps such a cau ious app oach was
o med due o his o ical and poli ical ci cums ances: Li huania as a small s a e o
many yea s was dependen on Russia and he Russians, and mos o he illus a i e
examples we e collec ed p ecisely du ing he pe iod o he So ie occupa ion,
when s ic sel -censo ship was in o ce, so he Russians as a na ion a ha ime we e conside ed a he cau ious, e en neu al. Al hough
AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIV Russianism, Russian men ali y was e y se e e,
in he illus a ions o LKŽ, he look a he Russians, does no e eal ei he a s ong
hos ili y o a special iendship (only in So ie -e a w i en sou ces he iendly
ela ions be ween Li huanians and Russians a e emphasized mo e o en, 142). A
s onge pejo a i e e alua ion is e ealed in illus a ions in which he speake
p ima ily associa es wi h o eign au ho i ies and he mili a y. The illus a ions
ma apie usų ka iuomenę i aldžią, nes usas kaip s e imas, a ėjūnas lie u iams
selec ed o he s udy show ha in he LKZ con ex , some ac ions o Russian
soldie s du ing he wa yea s ( he , loo ing) and he Li huanians h ough coe cion
we e nega i ely assessed by he sa is and So ie Russian au ho i ies. Especially
such a nega i e a i ude owa ds he powe o he Russian immig an s is
e lec ed in he illus a ions ound in he las olumes o he dic iona y: he e
he e is a clea dissa is ac ion wi h he Russian go e nmen , i s decisions, a ious
injus ices, he desi e o independence, he desi e o ee hemsel es om
o eign powe , he ea o alking abou he beha io o he Russians in depo ing
Li huanians o Sibe ia, he a e o he Russians in Li huania.
F esh o chilled
LKŽ2 […] Li huanian language dic iona y I[…]XX (1941[…]2002), e. a ian , ed. by he
college G. Nak inienė, J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, ed.
by he college. G. Nak inienė, Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language, 2005 (upda ed
e sion, 2008 and 2018). Access o he In e ne : www.lkz.l .
LITERATŪRA
Aleksand a ičius Egidijus 2000: P aei is, is o ija i is o ikai, Vilnius: Vaga.
Anglickienė Laima 2005: E nonimų a ojimo lie u ių kalboje i olklo e ypa u-
mai. – Vā ds un ā pē išanas aspek i 9, 7–17. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://e alpykla.li u-
anis ikadb.l / edo a/objec s/LT-LDB-0001:J.04~2005~1367157789738/da as eams/
DS.002.0.01.ARTIC/con en .
Anglickienė Laima 2006: Ki a aučių į aizdis lie u ių olklo e, Vilnius: Ve sus au-
eus. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://e alpykla.li uanis ikadb.l / edo a/objec s/LT-LDB-
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Anglickienė Laima 2007: Tau osaka apie ki a aučius: e nos e eo ipų i siuže ų mi-
g acija. – Ry ų Eu opos kul ū a mig acijos kon eks e: a pdalykiniai y imai, Vilnius: Ve sus

S aipsniai / A icles 143
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AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
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Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial
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A icles by A icles 145
Rusas Lie u ių kalbos žodyno pasaulė aizdyje
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Eu opean Union. I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y.
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This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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AURELIJA GRITĖNIENĖ
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on
kul ū os y imai, sud. G. Blažienė, N. Mo ozo a, J. Zaba skai ė, Vilnius: Lie u ių kal-
he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
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d=IwAR2ekg4Lp-3uE Z i86ph0 IiBBM2IMQOzuiks1bYDHk3UoGY7Eh6yXKeyI.
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day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Janusz Maciewski: S e eo ypes o Russia and he Russians in Polish Li e a u e
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и Литвы (1999–2003 гг.), Москва: Институт этнологии и антропологии РАН.
Russian in he Wo ld iew o The Dic iona y o
he Li huanian Language
Summa y
The aim o he a icle is o s udy wha agmen o he concep o "Russian" comes o he o e in
he illus a i e sen ences men ioning he na ionali y "Russian," which a e p esen in he Dic iona y
o he Li huanian Language. The illus a ions a e especially impo an o he o ma ion o he
concep , as hey eco d he a i ude o he ep esen a i es o dialec s om all o e Li huania
owa ds his na ionali y and he wo ld iew o he Russian language e lec ed in a ious w i en
sou ces. The empi ical ma e ial is s udied using he seman ic analysis, desc ip i e, in e p e i e and
cogni i e e hnolinguis ics me hods. The analysis o 300 illus a i e sen ences om he Dic iona y,
which men ion he e hnonym "Russian," shows ha in he con ex o he Dic iona y his na ionali y
is desc ibed in he ollowing ways: (1) objec i e, speci ic his o ical and o he ac s (usually in he
o m o illus a ions om a ious w i en sou ces o he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies); 2) expe ience o
he ela ionship be ween indi iduals and pe sons o his na ionali y h ough speci ic images (in he
o m o illus a i e sen ences om Li huanian dialec s eco ded in he 20 h cen u y). I is clea
ha in he con ex o he dic iona y he local