A icles by A icles 169
P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
La ian Language Ins i u e o he Uni e si y o La ia
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Resea ch a eas include onomas ics, seman ics, his o ical
lexicology, and lexicog aphy.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Lexeme siens ‘hay in La ian Place names
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle p o ides an o e iew o La ian place names based on he lexema siens […]šienas[…].
The aim o he a icle is o in es iga e he mo i a ional endencies o his g oup o place
names and o de e mine whe he he unca ion o mic o onyms is also cha ac e is ic o
place names wi h lexema siens. This a icle examines he mos common place names in La ia
Siena pu s ‘šieninė pelkė, hei une en dis ibu ion in he egions o La ia and he easons
o his phenomenon. I is s a ed ha he mo i a ion o mos local wo ds wi h siens is simple
[…] i.e. meadows, meadows, peasan s, islands whe e hay was mowed, b idges whe e hay was
anspo ed, e c., in u n, Siena pu s ype local wo ds p o ide ma e ial o a consis en
s udy […] hei a ea o dis ibu ion es i ies o he di e ences in a ming cha ac e is ic o
hese La ian egions, i is also wo h no ing. The s udy shows ha he names o he ponds
a e mo e i id han o he mic o onyms, many o he ponds a e s ill called Siena pu s, al hough
hay is no longe cu in hem. ESMINIAI WORDS: La ian place names, mic o onyms, helonyms,
mo i a ion o place names, i ali y o place names.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
This a icle discusses a g oup o La ian place names based on he lexeme siens ‘hay. The main
objec i es a e o analyze he main ends unde lying he mo i a ion o hese place names, and o
ind ou whe he he endency o mic o oponyms o apidly disappea .
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is ypical o his g oup, oo. The a icle speci ically
ocuses on he widesp ead oponym Siena pu s ‘hay swamp/ma sh, he di e ences o i s
dis ibu ion in a ious egions o La ia and he easons he eo . The mo i a ion o oponyms
con aining siens ‘hay is usually a he ob ious hese names we e gi en o meadows,
ma shlands o islands whe e hay was ha es ed; b idges ac oss which i was being
anspo ed, e c. Ne e heless, he oponym Siena pu s p o ides ma e ial o mo e
esea ch […] i s dis ibu ion a ea shows he di e ences in ag icul u al adi ions in a ious
egions o La ia; Besides, i 's o en been used me apho ically. This s udy con i ms ha he
names o swamps and ma shlands su i e longe han o he mic o oponyms. Se e al swamps
ha e e ained he name Siena pu s e en hough hay is no longe ha es ed he e.
KEYWORDS: La ian placenames, mic o oponyms, helonyms, oponym
1.The ollowing able is inse ed:
Un il ecen ly, in he u al egions o La ia, ag icul u e was he mos
impo an occupa ion o he inhabi an s, so i is no su p ising ha in
oponymy, and especially in mic o oponymy, one can ind names wi h he wo d
siens […]šienas[…]. The name o his main animal eed was ela i ely common e en
a ew decades ago, acco ding o he ma e ial o he La ian Local Vocabula y
A chi e (LVVK), which is he mos impo an sou ce o his s udy.
Al hough place names a e pa o a sys em o eal wo ds, in which ancien
language ea u es, such as a chaic bo owings o disappea ed inhe i ed lexemes
in ou ime, a e qui e common, mic o oponymy has ended o change mo e
s ongly. Th oughou he 20 h and ea ly 21s cen u ies, he names o meadows
and o es s changed pa icula ly apidly, and he e y eali ies o meadows
we e educed o u ned in o ields. In addi ion, he names o smalle objec s
we e and s ill a e o en local, used only by one amily.
Di e en opinions on he umpo o mic onames o he cen u y al eady a he
end o he cen u y mean La ian linguis s, who a gue ha e e y land e o m
loses mo e and mo e names o meadows and o he small opo-objec s (Ancī is
1933: 41; D a iņš 1939: 411; Š ausa 2013: 490 and k .). O cou se, he disappea ance o
mic onames is no unique o La ia. Fo example, he di e si y o Ge man
mic onames dec eased signi ican ly a e he eo ganiza ion o u al
e i o ies (Flu be einigung) in he 1970s, when, in an e o o make ag icul u e
mo e e icien and o me ge much smalle plo s o land in o la ge ones, many o
he ea lie names o ields and meadows emained only in a chi al ma e ial and on
cen u ies-old maps (see The pu pose o his a icle is:
Bingenheime 1996: 9; G e e 2016: 4) The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
A icles by A icles 171
Siens ‘šienas’ La ijos ie o a džiuose
1) o de e mine whe he he endency o a sudden dec ease in mic o onyms is also
cha ac e is ic o La ian place names wi h lexema siens, and o assess he ages and
i ali y o he place names unde s udy. In addi ion, he da a om he La ian
Vocabula y A chi e (LVVK) (bough mainly in he wen ie h cen u y in he six een h
and eigh een h decades) will be compa ed in sepa a e cases wi h he da a om
ea lie imes, o example, a ious maps o he nine een h and ea ly wen ie h
cen u ies (p.19 VTRKRVZ; KWR 1866 1914-1919) and he da abase o he La ian
Vocabula y Agency (LIAVZ), he collec ion o La ian Vocabula y In o man s (DBTV).
2) o in es iga e he endencies o place names wi h hei lexical mo i a ion by
means o seman ic analysis, on he basis o da a p o ided by place name selec o s
and in o man s, indica ing he possible mo i a ion o place names, and o
de e mine whe he his g oup o place names could e lec he peculia i ies o
a ming in La ia (and in a pa icula egion o La ia) in ea lie imes. The mapping
me hod is used o isualize he a ea o he p e alence o he place names unde s udy.
2.LATVIA is a municipali y in he p o ince o Siens.
The mo i a ion o he lesson
LVVK duomenimis, žodžio siens sąsaja su į ai iais opoobjek ais La ijos
he place names a e une en: he majo i y (102 place names ou o a o al o 134
place names, o 77%) o he place names wi h siens a e called Siena pu s […]šieninė
pelkė[…], mainly i is called pelkės, bu his name is also eco ded o meadows,
o es s, houses and e en illages. he name siens is much less common han he
names o o he geog aphical ca ego ies in he LVVK nomencla u e […] 4 names o
meadows Siena pļa a […]šieninė pie a[…], 4 objec s Siena island […]šieno sala, o
šienkaimis[…], 3 squa es Siena dīķis […]šieno kūd a[…], 3 b idges a he same ime S
Se s Šienže is […], 2 i e s wi h he name Siena oad […] Siena oad […], 1 squa e
Siena squa e […] Siena squa e, 1 b idge
[…] his b idge […] and k . (LVVK).
In ecen yea s, se e al onomas ics ha e s udied he mo i a ion o mic onames in he Bal ic
languages, de o ing sepa a e a icles o chap e s o his opic in majo s udies, such as Sanda
Rapa (Rapa 2013), Laimu is Bilkis (Bilkis 2019), Dalia S ide skienė (S ide skienė 2016, 2017, 2019). O he
coun ies, especially Ge many, a e also cha ac e ized by collec ing mic o oponyms in indi idual
egions and s udying hem in a ious aspec s, including mo i a ional sea ch (e.g. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU.
2011).
P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV 172 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
2.1. he b ewe y "Sienin Pi a" in he
municipali y o Siena, he b ewe y "Sienin Til " in he municipali y o Siena
This is he way o go and he way o go. The lesson
The mo i a ion
I should no be su p ising ha he name Siena pļa a šieninė pie a appea s so
a ely only ou imes in he ile. In he pas , he meadows in he illage we e mainly
used o g azing li es ock, mo e p ecisely, o haying, so he majo i y o he
meadows we e, o cou se, g assland, and he name siena pļa a […]šieninė pie a[…]
was mos likely conside ed a gene ic wo d. The e o e, he mos app op ia e name
o he meadow was gi en by gi ing i some o he cha ac e is ic ea u e, o
example, he meadow Pu ene ‘pu iena in Pinki (1969) is p obably named a e he
pu ines ha g ew in his meadow, o he meadow Vik gas ‘wol s end on he s ee ,
nea he houses wi h he name Vilki ‘wol (1957). The seman ic mo i a ion o he
local wo ds o hay could be qui e clea hese a e meadows and ma shes, lakes,
islands whe e hay was mowed, b idges whe e hay was anspo ed. The
in o ma ion o he in o man s eco ded in he place names ile cla i ies he
meaning o hese mo i a ions. An ai Siêna cêlš ‘ he hay oad in Sa iniuose was
indeed a meadow oad ha was used o anspo hay om he meadows o he
o es (1953); The island o Siena […] he island o Siena […] us. Senokos, he name o
he illage o Eze niekes in he dis ic o Ežeze o was explained by he ac ha
[…]čia was mowed hay[…] (1962, 1979); he name o he pas u e Aknys oje Siena
laukums […]šieno aikš ė[…] […] he place […]whe e he s a e hay ecep ion poin was
a e he wa […]; and a he ime o he eco ding o his place name and i s
mo i a ion, he locals s ill said: […]Jòa[…]àn gù […]is uz s‘na làukumu[…] […] eikia
a i i ka es šieno aikš ėn[…] (1979) […] so i can be seen ha e en a e 30 yea s,
i id memo ies o ce ain e en s o places ha e no aded. The name Siena il s
[…]šieno mos , šien il is[…] in he Alps, as well as Siena il a g a as […]šieno mos
g io os[…] and Siena il a upī e […]šien ilčio upelis[…] (LVVK) […] […] he name
o igina ed in he yea s o he Second Wo ld Wa […] he e was a lion, he soldie s
h ew hay in o i , so he b idge was buil (1972).
The combina ion o he wo ds Siena i gus šieno u gus as a place name has su i ed in he names
o squa es and squa es in a ious La ian ci ies Riga, Ven spils, Liepaja, Jekabpilja. These names
a e eminiscen o he once-li ing adi ion o selling hay on specially designa ed ci y squa es. The
names o s ee s, squa es, squa es and 3 s ee s in La ia a e almos ne e included in he
oponymy o o he peoples, bu a e gi en, o example, in he da abase o he La ian websi e
ZDUTS La ia (ZDUTS) and in he da abase o he La ian da abase Tau asku Da ubaz (TVDB), in
Minsk dis ic (MiB 219).
A icles o he T ea y A icles 173
Siens ‘šienas’ La ijos ie o a džiuose
which he people o he u al egions hemsel es can en e he oponyms o he places hey
know. The unce ain ac uali y o he Siên-kaûdzes o es nea he Sa in dis ic is he
mo i a ion o he name "Sienkaudzes pušynas" (1953; see Sienkaudzes o es annex, Plāķis 1936:
155, 156). Since he e is no explana ion on he ca d, i can only be assumed ha he name o he
me apho ical o m […] o he hays ack had ees g owing he e, o he me onymic […] somewhe e
nea he o es in he wai ing s ables was conside ed hay.
The moun ain in he meadows o he Ružina o es S‘na d‘egl‘is (meža pu ûs,
1960), appa en ly ma king he place o he bu n o es , whe e g ass g ew a e
he i e and hay was mowed, sugges s ha he meaning o he wo d dèglis
comes om a single wo d […] […] bu n place, bu n […] (ME I 461). 2.2. The i s wall o he ci y wall "SHIENIN"
The mo i a ion o he lesson and
The applica ion
As al eady men ioned, among he place names wi h siens in La ia he e a e
mainly Siena pu s […]šieninė pelkė[…] names.
An o e iew o hese place names by ca ego y o objec and by he desc ip ion
o he mo i a ion o he place names eco ded in he ile shows ha no all
geog aphical objec s named Siena pu s a e meadows whe e hay was p e iously
mowed, in a hi d o he cases his name was used o we g asslands, o en
along he banks o i e s o lakes, o in pamiškėse, o example: Sena pù s
Daudzes explained as […]pelkė a meadow[…] (1961); Sena pù s Dignajoje, pel ed
meadows ou side he illage o Mikainė (1961); Sena pù s Sinuolėje, o es ed
meadow wi hin he bounda ies o he K ači es a e, no h o he house (1980);
Siena pu s in Viesiena, "pel ed g ass" (1970); Siena pu s in he P eilies, pel ed
meadow in he ields o he Jaša ė peacock, on he eas e n side (1979). Appa en ly,
we meadows esemble g asslands, so i can be assumed ha such we meadows
wi h pejo a i e conno a ions we e desc ibed as g asslands o lesse quali y. Fo
example, simila exp essions o me apho ical abs ac ions in La ian place name
nomina ions ha e been e iewed by Sanda Rapa (Rapa 2013: 54; Rapa 2017: 63).
Howe e , some cases may be me onymic: a g assland ha is h i ing becomes a
meadow, o a meadow wi h ha name is nex o a meadow. Such cases in he
con ex o La ian mic o oponyms a e desc ibed by S. Rapa and Oja as

P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion
in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The ac ha we e o es s a e called ma shes is men ioned in he s udy o he local wo ds o he Blydenė alley and Valija Dambė
The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y.
Mo e o en han he name o he meadow Siena pu s a e called meadows.
The e a e usually no explana ions o commen s in he eco d as o why he
meadow was so named, appa en ly because i was sel -e iden ha hay was
mowed in hese meadows. In a e cases, howe e , an explana ion is added, e.g.
he name o he meadow Siena pu s Bejoje wi h he ollowing addi ional no e:
meadow in he middle o he o es nea K u upė; In he d y summe s, i mows
he g ass (1961) o Siêna pu is mows he g ass in Tau kalnė, […]p e ious
Pende ių ienkiemį, a la ge, pa ially d ied g ass, p e iously mowed he g ass he e (1961).
In s udies on he his o y o ho icul u e in La ia (Gus iņa 2016, Dumpe 1985 and
o he s), he e is an opinion ha in La ia na u al g asses a e usually o med nea
i e s o lakes, while o he meadows a e ound due o human ac i i y, clea ing
o es s. Since c op p oduc ion was mo e p o i able han li es ock p oduc ion in
he pas millennium, all a able land was con e ed in o ields, lea ing g asslands o
mo e di icul - o- each a eas […] paupius, pelkes (Gus iņa 2016: 66). "When hay was
needed on a ms, i was used o co e all a eas whe e g ass g ew, bo h g een
g ass on he banks o lakes and small g ass g owing ines and ines" (Gus iņa 2016:
67[…]68). This me hod o a ming pe sis ed un il he hi d o ou h decades o he
wen ie h cen u y, when he cul i a ion o meadows o he cul i a ion o
pas u es by new me hods yielded mo e odde and he need o alloca e a li le
mo e g assland o hem. In his way, less e ile meadows we e g adually
abandoned, occasionally plan ed wi h o es s. (Gus iņa 2016: 68) This is a lis o
people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine.
And he ma e ial o olk songs is based on he esea ch o he people's poe Helga
G asė on meadows and meadows in a ious egions o La ia men ioned in he
pas cen u ies. As he schola admi s, he La ians conside ed he pea
meadows o be bad and spoke con emp uously o hem and hei ha es e s: Ni
man īk ā pļa iņa, ni pļa iņas pļā ējiņi: Pu ē bija ā pļa iņa, pj melli pļa iņi
28666,3 (I liked ha g ass meadow, and he ha es e s we e p oud o i and
emembe ed i ) (G ase 1937: 169). The esea che claims ha swamp meadows
we e sung in olk songs in all egions o La ia, including Žiemgalą, appa en ly
con i ming ha hese, he bes , he wo s meadows we e mo e o less used
h oughou La ia un il a ce ain his o ical momen . Howe e , Ka lis D a inis, a
La ian linguis and cul u al wo ke bo n in Ku zemė, S endė, emembe s ha he
did no conside li le swamp meadows and did no call hem ha . I hey killed
any o hem, i was no because o he hay, bu because o he g ass wi h which
hey killed he chickens.
This is he case in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, whe e he Cou o Jus ice has uled in a ou o he applican .
A icles o he 175 h
Siens ‘šienas’ La ijos ie o a džiuose
The ac ha he in ensi y o swamp g azing may indeed ha e a ied in
di e en pa s o La ia is e idenced by he ma e ial o he La ian Local
Vocabula y Reco d (LVVK).
1 PAV. O he The a ea o dis ibu ion o La ian place names Siena pu s […]šieninė
pelkė[…]4 On he map (see Fig. 1) by ma king all place names wi h Siena pu s […] bo h
pelkes, bo h meadows, and o he objec s […] opens an in o ma i e image. I u ns ou
ha geog aphical objec s wi h his name a e qui e compac ly dis ibu ed mainly in
he eas e n pa o La ia […] La gale, Sēle, eas e n Vidžeme and he eas e n subu b
o Žiemgala, hey o m a single a ea. Compa ing his map wi h he map o La ian
ma shes (LPK) published on he websi e […]Ci s geog a ijas ska ījums[…], which
shows ha ma shes a e mo e o less concen a ed h oughou he e i o y o
La ia, i is no ed ha he a ea o dis ibu ion o Siena pu s does no e lec he
dis ibu ion o ma shes in La ia i sel , bu a he e lec s he peculia i ies o
ag icul u al ac i i ies in he egions. I is ue ha i shows ha he e a e ac ually
ewe ponds in Žiemgalo. In e es ingly, a simila ela ionship be ween he egion's
cha ac e is ic e ain and he p e alence o a speci ic name desc ibing a ca ego y
o objec is no ed by O. Bush, who no iced ha he e we e no places called
Pu askalni in Žiemgala yes e day, because he e a e no oo many geog aphical
objec s in his egion ha could be called a moun ain. (Bush 2019: 341, 342) This is no
he case. I may be ha La gale, as his o ically he poo es egion in he ma shes,
has been shaded mo e and pe haps longe han o he egions o La ia, and his is
e lec ed in he map.
The i s and second maps we e d awn by Edmund T ump.
P esiden o he Uni ed S a es
176 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
Fo oponyms, a map o he locali y Pu a pļa a ‘pelkinė pie a (see Fig. 2) has
been c ea ed, which is based on he La ian locali y ocabula y la ge han Siena
ka o ekos (LVVK) duomenys. Galima ma y i, kad šio ie o a džio a ealas y a
pļa a ‘šieninė pelkė (see Fig. 1). I also co e s Ku š, excep o he no he n
pa , bu he e a e some simila i ies be ween he wo places, namely in Žiemgala,
mo e o en in La gale. Thei p e alence could also es i y o he ac ha in
Žiemgalo, as a highe yield in he La ian egion, he g ass in he meadows is
ac ually compa a i ely less common. 2 PAV. O he A ea o dis ibu ion o La ian
local wo ds Pu a pļa a ‘pelkinė pie a 3. The ci y o […]SHIENAS[…]
GYVYBINGUMAS is he name o he coun y.
As men ioned, he LVVK mainly eco ds La ian place name da a up o he 7 h
decade o he 20 h cen u y, so i is abou hal a cen u y old in o ma ion. One o
he goals o his a icle is o ind ou how long hese oponyms (mos ly
mic o oponyms) wi h he elemen siens a e iable. In he La ian place names
alkie o ganized in 2017, when esiden s had he oppo uni y o upload he names
o hei nea es su ounding objec s o he place names base hemsel es, abou
4000 place names we e published […] du ing such an ac ion his means a lo , bu […]
li le in ela ion o all La ian place names. O hose 4,000 local wo ds, he lexema
siens occu ed in only one local wo d, he Siena ma k […]šieno u gus[…].
In Riga (TVDB).
A icles by A icles 177
Siens ‘šienas’ La ijos ie o a džiuose
Fo i s pa , he La ian Geode ic In o ma ion Agency's da abase o place names
con ains 17 place names wi h he wo d siens o he diminu i e o m sīns: o
hese, 1 Siena eze s […]šieno eže as[…], 10 objec s wi h he wo d compound Siena
pu s […]šieninė pelkė[…] (including 2 meadows, 4 pelkes, 1 place, 1 illage, 1 illage, 1
island and 1 i e ), 5 Siena šieno island[…], 1 Siena ī elis […]šieninė pelkė[…]
(LIA da abase) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Thus, his ma e ial seems o con i m he assump ion ha mic o oponyms in
gene al a e e y unusual, since compa ed o he si ua ion i y yea s ago, only
wo meadows a e eco ded in he name o Siena pu s […]šieninė pelkė[…] oday.
Howe e , he names o he ma shes, o helonims, a e conside ed mo e pe manen
han he mic o onyms. Based on maps o ea lie decades and cen u ies, an a emp
was made o de e mine whe he his assump ion was ue, o mo e p ecisely,
whe he he maps con i med i . Un o una ely, he old maps we e no e y use ul in
his case, as he small ponds, named Siena pu s (as seen on he map o he La ian
Geode ic In o ma ion Agency), we e ma ked in he ca og aphic ma e ial o ea lie
imes, bu wi hou names. This has been he case o a leas he las cen u y and a
hal . In any case, he names o small ponds appea on exis ing maps only a e he
a i al o he digi al e a.
Fo example, Siena pu s Lyga nės alsčiuje, as seen om he LIA map (see
Fig. 3), is nowadays loca ed on he ailway line be ween Zel kalnių and Kazkajai
a ms.
3 PAV. O he The Kazakh illage o Siena pu s Lyga nės alsčiuje (LIA map) is
ma ked on he mili a y opog aphical map o 1866 (see Fig. 4), bu he swamp
o i is no ye isible om he ea (VTKRI 1866).