„Siens“ ‘šienas’ Latvijos vietovardžiuose

A icles by A icles 169 P esiden o he Uni ed S a es La ian Language Ins i u e o he Uni e si y o La ia This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Resea ch a eas include onomas ics, seman ics, his o ical lexicology, and lexicog aphy. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The Lexeme siens ‘hay in La ian Place names This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. The a icle p o ides an o e iew o La ian place names based on he lexema siens […]šienas[…]. The aim o he a icle is o in es iga e he mo i a ional endencies o his g oup o place names and o de e mine whe he he unca ion o mic o onyms is also cha ac e is ic o place names wi h lexema siens. This a icle examines he mos common place names in La ia Siena pu s ‘šieninė pelkė, hei une en dis ibu ion in he egions o La ia and he easons o his phenomenon. I is s a ed ha he mo i a ion o mos local wo ds wi h siens is simple […] i.e. meadows, meadows, peasan s, islands whe e hay was mowed, b idges whe e hay was anspo ed, e c., in u n, Siena pu s ype local wo ds p o ide ma e ial o a consis en s udy […] hei a ea o dis ibu ion es i ies o he di e ences in a ming cha ac e is ic o hese La ian egions, i is also wo h no ing. The s udy shows ha he names o he ponds a e mo e i id han o he mic o onyms, many o he ponds a e s ill called Siena pu s, al hough hay is no longe cu in hem. ESMINIAI WORDS: La ian place names, mic o onyms, helonyms, mo i a ion o place names, i ali y o place names. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. This a icle discusses a g oup o La ian place names based on he lexeme siens ‘hay. The main objec i es a e o analyze he main ends unde lying he mo i a ion o hese place names, and o ind ou whe he he endency o mic o oponyms o apidly disappea . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. P esiden o he Uni ed S a es 170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is ypical o his g oup, oo. The a icle speci ically ocuses on he widesp ead oponym Siena pu s ‘hay swamp/ma sh, he di e ences o i s dis ibu ion in a ious egions o La ia and he easons he eo . The mo i a ion o oponyms con aining siens ‘hay is usually a he ob ious hese names we e gi en o meadows, ma shlands o islands whe e hay was ha es ed; b idges ac oss which i was being anspo ed, e c. Ne e heless, he oponym Siena pu s p o ides ma e ial o mo e esea ch […] i s dis ibu ion a ea shows he di e ences in ag icul u al adi ions in a ious egions o La ia; Besides, i 's o en been used me apho ically. This s udy con i ms ha he names o swamps and ma shlands su i e longe han o he mic o oponyms. Se e al swamps ha e e ained he name Siena pu s e en hough hay is no longe ha es ed he e. KEYWORDS: La ian placenames, mic o oponyms, helonyms, oponym 1.The ollowing able is inse ed: Un il ecen ly, in he u al egions o La ia, ag icul u e was he mos impo an occupa ion o he inhabi an s, so i is no su p ising ha in oponymy, and especially in mic o oponymy, one can ind names wi h he wo d siens […]šienas[…]. The name o his main animal eed was ela i ely common e en a ew decades ago, acco ding o he ma e ial o he La ian Local Vocabula y A chi e (LVVK), which is he mos impo an sou ce o his s udy. Al hough place names a e pa o a sys em o eal wo ds, in which ancien language ea u es, such as a chaic bo owings o disappea ed inhe i ed lexemes in ou ime, a e qui e common, mic o oponymy has ended o change mo e s ongly. Th oughou he 20 h and ea ly 21s cen u ies, he names o meadows and o es s changed pa icula ly apidly, and he e y eali ies o meadows we e educed o u ned in o ields. In addi ion, he names o smalle objec s we e and s ill a e o en local, used only by one amily. Di e en opinions on he umpo o mic onames o he cen u y al eady a he end o he cen u y mean La ian linguis s, who a gue ha e e y land e o m loses mo e and mo e names o meadows and o he small opo-objec s (Ancī is 1933: 41; D a iņš 1939: 411; Š ausa 2013: 490 and k .). O cou se, he disappea ance o mic onames is no unique o La ia. Fo example, he di e si y o Ge man mic onames dec eased signi ican ly a e he eo ganiza ion o u al e i o ies (Flu be einigung) in he 1970s, when, in an e o o make ag icul u e mo e e icien and o me ge much smalle plo s o land in o la ge ones, many o he ea lie names o ields and meadows emained only in a chi al ma e ial and on cen u ies-old maps (see The pu pose o his a icle is: Bingenheime 1996: 9; G e e 2016: 4) The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. A icles by A icles 171 Siens ‘šienas’ La ijos ie o a džiuose 1) o de e mine whe he he endency o a sudden dec ease in mic o onyms is also cha ac e is ic o La ian place names wi h lexema siens, and o assess he ages and i ali y o he place names unde s udy. In addi ion, he da a om he La ian Vocabula y A chi e (LVVK) (bough mainly in he wen ie h cen u y in he six een h and eigh een h decades) will be compa ed in sepa a e cases wi h he da a om ea lie imes, o example, a ious maps o he nine een h and ea ly wen ie h cen u ies (p.19 VTRKRVZ; KWR 1866 1914-1919) and he da abase o he La ian Vocabula y Agency (LIAVZ), he collec ion o La ian Vocabula y In o man s (DBTV). 2) o in es iga e he endencies o place names wi h hei lexical mo i a ion by means o seman ic analysis, on he basis o da a p o ided by place name selec o s and in o man s, indica ing he possible mo i a ion o place names, and o de e mine whe he his g oup o place names could e lec he peculia i ies o a ming in La ia (and in a pa icula egion o La ia) in ea lie imes. The mapping me hod is used o isualize he a ea o he p e alence o he place names unde s udy. 2.LATVIA is a municipali y in he p o ince o Siens. The mo i a ion o he lesson LVVK duomenimis, žodžio siens sąsaja su į ai iais opoobjek ais La ijos he place names a e une en: he majo i y (102 place names ou o a o al o 134 place names, o 77%) o he place names wi h siens a e called Siena pu s […]šieninė pelkė[…], mainly i is called pelkės, bu his name is also eco ded o meadows, o es s, houses and e en illages. he name siens is much less common han he names o o he geog aphical ca ego ies in he LVVK nomencla u e […] 4 names o meadows Siena pļa a […]šieninė pie a[…], 4 objec s Siena island […]šieno sala, o šienkaimis[…], 3 squa es Siena dīķis […]šieno kūd a[…], 3 b idges a he same ime S Se s Šienže is […], 2 i e s wi h he name Siena oad […] Siena oad […], 1 squa e Siena squa e […] Siena squa e, 1 b idge […] his b idge […] and k . (LVVK). In ecen yea s, se e al onomas ics ha e s udied he mo i a ion o mic onames in he Bal ic languages, de o ing sepa a e a icles o chap e s o his opic in majo s udies, such as Sanda Rapa (Rapa 2013), Laimu is Bilkis (Bilkis 2019), Dalia S ide skienė (S ide skienė 2016, 2017, 2019). O he coun ies, especially Ge many, a e also cha ac e ized by collec ing mic o oponyms in indi idual egions and s udying hem in a ious aspec s, including mo i a ional sea ch (e.g. The Commission he e o e concludes ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) TFEU. 2011). P esiden o he Uni ed S a es Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV 172 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. 2.1. he b ewe y "Sienin Pi a" in he municipali y o Siena, he b ewe y "Sienin Til " in he municipali y o Siena This is he way o go and he way o go. The lesson The mo i a ion I should no be su p ising ha he name Siena pļa a šieninė pie a appea s so a ely only ou imes in he ile. In he pas , he meadows in he illage we e mainly used o g azing li es ock, mo e p ecisely, o haying, so he majo i y o he meadows we e, o cou se, g assland, and he name siena pļa a […]šieninė pie a[…] was mos likely conside ed a gene ic wo d. The e o e, he mos app op ia e name o he meadow was gi en by gi ing i some o he cha ac e is ic ea u e, o example, he meadow Pu ene ‘pu iena in Pinki (1969) is p obably named a e he pu ines ha g ew in his meadow, o he meadow Vik gas ‘wol s end on he s ee , nea he houses wi h he name Vilki ‘wol (1957). The seman ic mo i a ion o he local wo ds o hay could be qui e clea hese a e meadows and ma shes, lakes, islands whe e hay was mowed, b idges whe e hay was anspo ed. The in o ma ion o he in o man s eco ded in he place names ile cla i ies he meaning o hese mo i a ions. An ai Siêna cêlš ‘ he hay oad in Sa iniuose was indeed a meadow oad ha was used o anspo hay om he meadows o he o es (1953); The island o Siena […] he island o Siena […] us. Senokos, he name o he illage o Eze niekes in he dis ic o Ežeze o was explained by he ac ha […]čia was mowed hay[…] (1962, 1979); he name o he pas u e Aknys oje Siena laukums […]šieno aikš ė[…] […] he place […]whe e he s a e hay ecep ion poin was a e he wa […]; and a he ime o he eco ding o his place name and i s mo i a ion, he locals s ill said: […]Jòa[…]àn gù […]is uz s‘na làukumu[…] […] eikia a i i ka es šieno aikš ėn[…] (1979) […] so i can be seen ha e en a e 30 yea s, i id memo ies o ce ain e en s o places ha e no aded. The name Siena il s […]šieno mos , šien il is[…] in he Alps, as well as Siena il a g a as […]šieno mos g io os[…] and Siena il a upī e […]šien ilčio upelis[…] (LVVK) […] […] he name o igina ed in he yea s o he Second Wo ld Wa […] he e was a lion, he soldie s h ew hay in o i , so he b idge was buil (1972). The combina ion o he wo ds Siena i gus šieno u gus as a place name has su i ed in he names o squa es and squa es in a ious La ian ci ies Riga, Ven spils, Liepaja, Jekabpilja. These names a e eminiscen o he once-li ing adi ion o selling hay on specially designa ed ci y squa es. The names o s ee s, squa es, squa es and 3 s ee s in La ia a e almos ne e included in he oponymy o o he peoples, bu a e gi en, o example, in he da abase o he La ian websi e ZDUTS La ia (ZDUTS) and in he da abase o he La ian da abase Tau asku Da ubaz (TVDB), in Minsk dis ic (MiB 219). A icles o he T ea y A icles 173 Siens ‘šienas’ La ijos ie o a džiuose which he people o he u al egions hemsel es can en e he oponyms o he places hey know. The unce ain ac uali y o he Siên-kaûdzes o es nea he Sa in dis ic is he mo i a ion o he name "Sienkaudzes pušynas" (1953; see Sienkaudzes o es annex, Plāķis 1936: 155, 156). Since he e is no explana ion on he ca d, i can only be assumed ha he name o he me apho ical o m […] o he hays ack had ees g owing he e, o he me onymic […] somewhe e nea he o es in he wai ing s ables was conside ed hay. The moun ain in he meadows o he Ružina o es S‘na d‘egl‘is (meža pu ûs, 1960), appa en ly ma king he place o he bu n o es , whe e g ass g ew a e he i e and hay was mowed, sugges s ha he meaning o he wo d dèglis comes om a single wo d […] […] bu n place, bu n […] (ME I 461). 2.2. The i s wall o he ci y wall "SHIENIN" The mo i a ion o he lesson and The applica ion As al eady men ioned, among he place names wi h siens in La ia he e a e mainly Siena pu s […]šieninė pelkė[…] names. An o e iew o hese place names by ca ego y o objec and by he desc ip ion o he mo i a ion o he place names eco ded in he ile shows ha no all geog aphical objec s named Siena pu s a e meadows whe e hay was p e iously mowed, in a hi d o he cases his name was used o we g asslands, o en along he banks o i e s o lakes, o in pamiškėse, o example: Sena pù s Daudzes explained as […]pelkė a meadow[…] (1961); Sena pù s Dignajoje, pel ed meadows ou side he illage o Mikainė (1961); Sena pù s Sinuolėje, o es ed meadow wi hin he bounda ies o he K ači es a e, no h o he house (1980); Siena pu s in Viesiena, "pel ed g ass" (1970); Siena pu s in he P eilies, pel ed meadow in he ields o he Jaša ė peacock, on he eas e n side (1979). Appa en ly, we meadows esemble g asslands, so i can be assumed ha such we meadows wi h pejo a i e conno a ions we e desc ibed as g asslands o lesse quali y. Fo example, simila exp essions o me apho ical abs ac ions in La ian place name nomina ions ha e been e iewed by Sanda Rapa (Rapa 2013: 54; Rapa 2017: 63). Howe e , some cases may be me onymic: a g assland ha is h i ing becomes a meadow, o a meadow wi h ha name is nex o a meadow. Such cases in he con ex o La ian mic o oponyms a e desc ibed by S. Rapa and Oja as P esiden o he Uni ed S a es The Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The ac ha we e o es s a e called ma shes is men ioned in he s udy o he local wo ds o he Blydenė alley and Valija Dambė The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Mo e o en han he name o he meadow Siena pu s a e called meadows. The e a e usually no explana ions o commen s in he eco d as o why he meadow was so named, appa en ly because i was sel -e iden ha hay was mowed in hese meadows. In a e cases, howe e , an explana ion is added, e.g. he name o he meadow Siena pu s Bejoje wi h he ollowing addi ional no e: meadow in he middle o he o es nea K u upė; In he d y summe s, i mows he g ass (1961) o Siêna pu is mows he g ass in Tau kalnė, […]p e ious Pende ių ienkiemį, a la ge, pa ially d ied g ass, p e iously mowed he g ass he e (1961). In s udies on he his o y o ho icul u e in La ia (Gus iņa 2016, Dumpe 1985 and o he s), he e is an opinion ha in La ia na u al g asses a e usually o med nea i e s o lakes, while o he meadows a e ound due o human ac i i y, clea ing o es s. Since c op p oduc ion was mo e p o i able han li es ock p oduc ion in he pas millennium, all a able land was con e ed in o ields, lea ing g asslands o mo e di icul - o- each a eas […] paupius, pelkes (Gus iņa 2016: 66). "When hay was needed on a ms, i was used o co e all a eas whe e g ass g ew, bo h g een g ass on he banks o lakes and small g ass g owing ines and ines" (Gus iņa 2016: 67[…]68). This me hod o a ming pe sis ed un il he hi d o ou h decades o he wen ie h cen u y, when he cul i a ion o meadows o he cul i a ion o pas u es by new me hods yielded mo e odde and he need o alloca e a li le mo e g assland o hem. In his way, less e ile meadows we e g adually abandoned, occasionally plan ed wi h o es s. (Gus iņa 2016: 68) This is a lis o people who ha e been awa ded he Nobel P ize in Physiology o Medicine. And he ma e ial o olk songs is based on he esea ch o he people's poe Helga G asė on meadows and meadows in a ious egions o La ia men ioned in he pas cen u ies. As he schola admi s, he La ians conside ed he pea meadows o be bad and spoke con emp uously o hem and hei ha es e s: Ni man īk ā pļa iņa, ni pļa iņas pļā ējiņi: Pu ē bija ā pļa iņa, pj melli pļa iņi 28666,3 (I liked ha g ass meadow, and he ha es e s we e p oud o i and emembe ed i ) (G ase 1937: 169). The esea che claims ha swamp meadows we e sung in olk songs in all egions o La ia, including Žiemgalą, appa en ly con i ming ha hese, he bes , he wo s meadows we e mo e o less used h oughou La ia un il a ce ain his o ical momen . Howe e , Ka lis D a inis, a La ian linguis and cul u al wo ke bo n in Ku zemė, S endė, emembe s ha he did no conside li le swamp meadows and did no call hem ha . I hey killed any o hem, i was no because o he hay, bu because o he g ass wi h which hey killed he chickens. This is he case in he case o he Uni ed Kingdom, whe e he Cou o Jus ice has uled in a ou o he applican . A icles o he 175 h Siens ‘šienas’ La ijos ie o a džiuose The ac ha he in ensi y o swamp g azing may indeed ha e a ied in di e en pa s o La ia is e idenced by he ma e ial o he La ian Local Vocabula y Reco d (LVVK). 1 PAV. O he The a ea o dis ibu ion o La ian place names Siena pu s […]šieninė pelkė[…]4 On he map (see Fig. 1) by ma king all place names wi h Siena pu s […] bo h pelkes, bo h meadows, and o he objec s […] opens an in o ma i e image. I u ns ou ha geog aphical objec s wi h his name a e qui e compac ly dis ibu ed mainly in he eas e n pa o La ia […] La gale, Sēle, eas e n Vidžeme and he eas e n subu b o Žiemgala, hey o m a single a ea. Compa ing his map wi h he map o La ian ma shes (LPK) published on he websi e […]Ci s geog a ijas ska ījums[…], which shows ha ma shes a e mo e o less concen a ed h oughou he e i o y o La ia, i is no ed ha he a ea o dis ibu ion o Siena pu s does no e lec he dis ibu ion o ma shes in La ia i sel , bu a he e lec s he peculia i ies o ag icul u al ac i i ies in he egions. I is ue ha i shows ha he e a e ac ually ewe ponds in Žiemgalo. In e es ingly, a simila ela ionship be ween he egion's cha ac e is ic e ain and he p e alence o a speci ic name desc ibing a ca ego y o objec is no ed by O. Bush, who no iced ha he e we e no places called Pu askalni in Žiemgala yes e day, because he e a e no oo many geog aphical objec s in his egion ha could be called a moun ain. (Bush 2019: 341, 342) This is no he case. I may be ha La gale, as his o ically he poo es egion in he ma shes, has been shaded mo e and pe haps longe han o he egions o La ia, and his is e lec ed in he map. The i s and second maps we e d awn by Edmund T ump. P esiden o he Uni ed S a es 176 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania. Fo oponyms, a map o he locali y Pu a pļa a ‘pelkinė pie a (see Fig. 2) has been c ea ed, which is based on he La ian locali y ocabula y la ge han Siena ka o ekos (LVVK) duomenys. Galima ma y i, kad šio ie o a džio a ealas y a pļa a ‘šieninė pelkė (see Fig. 1). I also co e s Ku š, excep o he no he n pa , bu he e a e some simila i ies be ween he wo places, namely in Žiemgala, mo e o en in La gale. Thei p e alence could also es i y o he ac ha in Žiemgalo, as a highe yield in he La ian egion, he g ass in he meadows is ac ually compa a i ely less common. 2 PAV. O he A ea o dis ibu ion o La ian local wo ds Pu a pļa a ‘pelkinė pie a 3. The ci y o […]SHIENAS[…] GYVYBINGUMAS is he name o he coun y. As men ioned, he LVVK mainly eco ds La ian place name da a up o he 7 h decade o he 20 h cen u y, so i is abou hal a cen u y old in o ma ion. One o he goals o his a icle is o ind ou how long hese oponyms (mos ly mic o oponyms) wi h he elemen siens a e iable. In he La ian place names alkie o ganized in 2017, when esiden s had he oppo uni y o upload he names o hei nea es su ounding objec s o he place names base hemsel es, abou 4000 place names we e published […] du ing such an ac ion his means a lo , bu […] li le in ela ion o all La ian place names. O hose 4,000 local wo ds, he lexema siens occu ed in only one local wo d, he Siena ma k […]šieno u gus[…]. In Riga (TVDB). A icles by A icles 177 Siens ‘šienas’ La ijos ie o a džiuose Fo i s pa , he La ian Geode ic In o ma ion Agency's da abase o place names con ains 17 place names wi h he wo d siens o he diminu i e o m sīns: o hese, 1 Siena eze s […]šieno eže as[…], 10 objec s wi h he wo d compound Siena pu s […]šieninė pelkė[…] (including 2 meadows, 4 pelkes, 1 place, 1 illage, 1 illage, 1 island and 1 i e ), 5 Siena šieno island[…], 1 Siena ī elis […]šieninė pelkė[…] (LIA da abase) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal. Thus, his ma e ial seems o con i m he assump ion ha mic o oponyms in gene al a e e y unusual, since compa ed o he si ua ion i y yea s ago, only wo meadows a e eco ded in he name o Siena pu s […]šieninė pelkė[…] oday. Howe e , he names o he ma shes, o helonims, a e conside ed mo e pe manen han he mic o onyms. Based on maps o ea lie decades and cen u ies, an a emp was made o de e mine whe he his assump ion was ue, o mo e p ecisely, whe he he maps con i med i . Un o una ely, he old maps we e no e y use ul in his case, as he small ponds, named Siena pu s (as seen on he map o he La ian Geode ic In o ma ion Agency), we e ma ked in he ca og aphic ma e ial o ea lie imes, bu wi hou names. This has been he case o a leas he las cen u y and a hal . In any case, he names o small ponds appea on exis ing maps only a e he a i al o he digi al e a. Fo example, Siena pu s Lyga nės alsčiuje, as seen om he LIA map (see Fig. 3), is nowadays loca ed on he ailway line be ween Zel kalnių and Kazkajai a ms. 3 PAV. O he The Kazakh illage o Siena pu s Lyga nės alsčiuje (LIA map) is ma ked on he mili a y opog aphical map o 1866 (see Fig. 4), bu he swamp o i is no ye isible om he ea (VTKRI 1866).