S aipsniai / A icles 57
MINDAUGAS STROCKIS
Ins i u e o Li huanian Language
Scien i ic esea ch a eas: he p ose o ancien G eek and La in
languages, Li huanian language spelling, lexicog aphic da abases.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Mee ings wi h Li huanians
In g amma
The Chap e on Accen ua ion in he 1737
Li huanian G amma
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae, a g amma o he Li huanian language by an unknown
au ho , published in 1737, is he ea lies known sou ce o accu a e desc ip ions and
desc ip ions o he o igins o he Li huanian language. Howe e , he desc ip ions o p e ixes
gi en in ha g amma book a e some imes di icul o he mode n eade o unde s and
because o he unusual 18 h-cen u y La in e minology; Li e al ansla ion doesn' help much
he e. Explaining he e minology o he ime, i becomes clea ha e e y hing ha is said
he e abou he Li huanian language guides ully co esponds o wha is known abou hem now.
ESMINIAI WORDS: chu ching, a endance, 1737, Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae,
how much is spoken, La in language, ansla ion.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
A G amma o Li huanian, w i en in La in and published in 1737 in Vilnius wi hou an au ho 's
name unde he i le Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae, is he ea lies known wo k o co ec ly
desc ibe he syllable ones o Li huanian. Howe e , he desc ip ion o syllable ones in his
g amma is no always easy o unde s and o a mode n eade because o i s unusual
eigh een h-cen u y e minology. When his is disen angled, i becomes e iden ha all ha
he g amma es i ies abou Li huanian syllable ones is ully in line wi h wha we know abou
hei p onuncia ion oday.
KEYWORDS: accen ua ion, syllable ones, 1737, Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae,
syllable quan i y, La in, ansla ion. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way.
MINDAUGAS STROCKIS
58 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV is he i s o i s kind in Li huania.
A g amma o he Li huanian language w i en in La in by an unknown au ho and
published in Vilnius in 1737, called Uni e si as Lingua um Li uaniae (la e ansla ed as
" he uni e sal o m o he Li huanian language" o " he isually unde s ood
language") is no able o being he i s in Li huanian his o y o accu a ely desc ibe
and eco d he expec a ions o he Li huanian language. Some o he ansla ions
dėl o jos sky iuje, ap ašančiame ki į i p iegaides, y a i neaiškumų; kai ku ie iš
a e inco ec , and some o hem sound ague in he o iginal La in ex . The aim o
his a icle is o ansla e as accu a ely as possible he desc ip ion o Li huanian
language p e ixes and o cla i y he au ho 's hough , hidden behind unusual
e minology in ou ime. A good way o do his would be o examine 18 h-cen u y
e ms by examining hei usage in o he shops o he ime, whe e he meaning o he
e ms is clea om he con ex . The ull desc ip ion o Li huanian p eposi ions in
he Uni e si as g ama ica is on he unnumbe ed page 4, in chap e 3, di ided in o
sec ions 1 o 5, and in he en i e g amma ical ex he p eposi ions a e omi ed in all
wo ds (wi h mino excep ions due o p in ing e o s). The ollowing symbols a e
used o ma king: (1) he sho las wo d o he skiemuo is ma ked wi h a
le -handed symbol (g a iu), as i is now; 2) he owels a e deno ed by he owel ci cle
(â, ê and so on; his sign is used o a di e en pu pose in mode n Li huanian and
when i needs a name, called […]s ogeliu[…]); 3) s ongly p onounced owels and a
double-syllable up igh sc ip (li e a an iqua), inse ed in o a wo d p in ed in i alics.
I is highly likely ha he o iginal manusc ip o he au ho 's p ose was ma ked wi h
a igh hand ma k (akū), and he an ique w i ing me hod was used in he p in ing
p ess due o echnical di icul ies, lacking he necessa y numbe o p esses wi h
acu e. This can be seen om he p in ing e o s ha e eal he condi ion o he
manusc ip , and om he ac ha i is unlikely ha anyone would w i e one le e
in he manusc ip in a di e en handw i ing (S ockis 2007: 107). 4) S ong owels
ha a e no in he las syllable o a wo d a e ma ked wi h he same g a i y sign as
sho owels a he end o he wo d. The e is a possibili y, albei no e y high, ha
he o iginal manusc ip used he La in ilde sign (ũ and . .; S ockis 2007: 108), which
was used o he G eek ci cum lex, used in he p esen -day signage om he ime
o Ku šaičius, whose p ess was hen a ached o he spa, and once again used he
g a io sign. (5) I he sho owel does no occu a he end o he las wo d, i is
usually le unma ked; This is no he case in he c oss sec ion, bu see he
pa icipan 's bouncy chee on page 27 (as men ioned, unnumbe ed): Buwias, Buwusio,
Buwusiam, Buwusi and so on. I he las syllable o a wo d has a double owel, i is
ei he le unma ked o ma ked wi h a comma, bu he e a e no many such wo ds in
he ex , and he spelling mis akes also make i di icul o unde s and he au ho 's
in en ion. and he adjacen p in ing p ess claimed ha he p in ing p ess did no
ha e he le e s in and ou (which is mo e likely o be c ossed), so, o example, he
wo d " amilia " had o be w i en as pażyns a (wi h a e ical on ins ead o an
A icles by A icles 59
Ki čia imo sky ius 1737 me ų lie u ių kalbos g ama ikoje
acu e ma k and wi h a aide ins ead o a nosed), and added he no e: No andũ quòd
dą à dziàw (a džiaũ). Kad au o ius u ėjo de in is p ie spaus u ės ne obulumo,
non p o e a u hic in i cancella […] i is no ed ha i should no be conside ed he e
as in, bu as i[…]1. I is easonable o suppose ha he o iginal manusc ip o he
au ho had he handw i ing o he nos ils c ossed ou , while he nos ils we e s ill
w i en in he old way, ha is, as ansli e a ed le e s, al hough hey we e
p in ed in he an ique sc ip in hei p esen o m.
I is clea ha he Uni e si y g amma was in ended o s uden s wi h a na i e
Polish language, who s udied a he hen Vilnius Uni e si y (Eigminas 1981: 20) and
in ended o become p ies s in Li huanian pa ishes. This can be seen om he ac
ha , al hough he g amma ical ex is w i en in La in, he Li huanian wo ds in i
a e ansla ed no in o La in bu in o Polish. Thus, i can be expec ed ha
g amma ical desc ip ions, as well as Li huanian language u o ials, will be adap ed
o Polish s uden s. Also, a e examining he accompanying sec ions, he e is no
doub ha he au ho o he Uni e si y himsel augh he Li huanian language,
because some sen ences could only be w i en by someone who had hea d he s uden s' mis akes himsel .
The e o e, i is wo h e iewing he ex on page 4 explaining he
guidelines o he Li huanian language.
Accen us es mul iplex, summa au em ejus obse andi necessi as, quia con a accen um
loquens e è non in elligi u , (u pa ebi ex p axi) qua e lice non possun omnes
dic iones in hoc libello compingi, amen sal em supe his quæ ponun u adjungen u no æ;
and quidem.
[…]The e a e many kinds o c osses, and he mos impo an hing is o ollow hem, because
hose who do no speak acco ding o he c osses emain almos incomp ehensible, as will be
seen in p ac ice; The e o e, al hough i is impossible o i all he wo ds in his book, a leas
hose ha a e p esen ed will be accompanied by [ki i] ma ks. This is: ... This ex clea ly shows
a so o discussion wi h Klein's g amma published 84 yea s ea lie . In Klein's g amma , he
ma king o he c oss is ansla ed as "i pe nosį" (ULL 1981: 105). O cou se, his in e p e a ion
is qui e co ec , al hough i does no e lec he o iginal o mula ion. Polish s uden s who
lea ned Li huanian om his book, o cou se, had o know pe ec ly om hei na i e language
he le e s […] and […], as he so-called […]o e w i en[…] le e s.
MINDAUGAS STROCKIS
60 The Li huanian Language Ac LXXXV
Accen us iplex es , u apud G eek: Acu [us], G a is, and Ci cum lexus; which does
no always impose a dic iona y, does no disc imina e and is no anspa en . (PLKG
1957: 115; p. 21 o he o iginal publica ion). The e a e h ee kinds o cu sy, like he
G eeks: acu e, g a is, and ci cum lex. [These signs indica e ha du ing he li e ime
lai] is dėl o ne isada dedami žodžiuose, o ik ka ais, dėl a sky imo i aiškumo.“
o he Uni e si y o Vilnius, Klein's g amma was published in a dis an Lu he an
en i onmen , and he Uni e si y o Vilnius augh a he Ca holic Uni e si y o
Vilnius. Because o his, he was able o use i o icially as a eaching ool (e en
w i ing his own); Ne e heless, hese sayings abou he ma king o he c oss lea e
li le doub ha he au ho o he Uni e si as had ead Klein's g amma and
poin ed ou i s sho comings. Klein says " h ee kinds, like he G eeks", e e ing o
he h ee signs o he c oss: acu e, g a e, and ci cula (b oad) lexion, which he
used no as hey a e used now, bu as explici diac i ical signs, acco ding o a 16 h-
and 18 h-cen u y La in spelling example explaining he g amma ical o m o he
wo d (S ockis 2007: 44 […] 105). Such a sys em would, o cou se, be di icul o use
o didac ic pu poses: i , as is cus oma y in Klein's w i ing, he owel ci cle is placed
a he end o he consonan , bo h in he owel and in he consonan , how could a
Polish s uden know ha one wo d equi es a owel and he o he does no ? The
discussion wi h Klein is ob ious he e: Klein says ha he e a e " h ee kinds" o
ki is; The au ho o he uni e si y eplies ha ki is is o a ious kinds (ha ing a
leas ou phone ic a ian s in mind); Klein says ha he signs o he c oss a e
ma ked no e e ywhe e, bu only in some places ([…]disc iminis g a ia[…], i.e. usually
whe e hey a e use ul o dis inguish homog aphic o ms, as in he La in w i ing o
he ime); The au ho o he uni e si y eplies ha he c oss ma ks a e w i en
e e ywhe e, because wi hou hem he lea ne will no be able o co ec ly c oss
Li huanian wo ds, and i is almos impossible o unde s and he w ongly c ossed
language. The 4 h edi ion o he Uni e si y is dedica ed o he c oss. 1. g a is
acen us in ul imis syllabis posi us no a eas singula i b e i a e p onunciandas
[e bi] g[ a ia] awìs. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha a syllable is p onounced in his way.
The g a y ma k placed on he las sp ou s means ha hey a e cooked wi h a
special abb e ia ion, o example, a s. In Polish, he leng hs o he owels
disappea ed in he 15 h and 16 h cen u ies (DługoszKu czabowa 2006: 134); Thus,
he eigh een h-cen u y, as well as he p esen , Polish s uden needs o be
explained abou he peculia ( om he poin o iew o Polish language) b e i y o
A icles by A icles 61
Ki čia imo sky ius 1737 me ų lie u ių kalbos g ama ikoje
he Li huanian sho oices. I you p onounce a wo d wi h a Polish accen like "a "
in Li huanian, i could sound like a meaningless wo d, some hing like "a ỹs". 2.
Accen us ci cum lexus no a syllabam longam p onunciandam quasi duplicando
ocalem [e bi] g[ a ia] Pônás [p in ing e o ; i was supposed o be Pônas]. The
ci cum lex ki is [i.e. he c oss ma k] means a long skele on, like a double- oiced
a in, o example, a oo . In he end, i 's a p ess e o , by all accoun s. Wha
language's oice needs o be doubled o say Li huanian s ongly? Polish, o cou se;
na i e speake o he 18 h cen u y Polish, o p onounce he wo d põnas in
Li huanian, should say i as a double Polish o, as in Polish sounds say [poˈonas]. I can
be assumed ha by saying he double o, he second o hem should be c ossed ou
and hus he imi a ion o he Li huanian s onghold would be accep able. 3. Li e a
an iqua in e cu si a posi a no a syllabam longam quidem, sed di e sæ longi udinis
à ci cum lexa, & cum a enua ione quadam ocis e e endam: [e bi] g[ a ia] siena
sciana. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha a le e has been
w i en in i alics. One o Vienna.
[…]An iqua [i.e. a e ical on ] le e […] [in he place o he acu e ma k in he
manusc ip ], inse ed be ween he i alics, also means a long skiemen, bu o
a di e en leng h han he ci cum lex and sha pened wi h a ce ain
weakening o he oice, o example, s[…]ena, […]ena.
2 I is possible o compa e he Li huanian and Polish owels w i en by Ku šaičius mo e han a
cen u y la e wi h he compa ison: […]I should be emphasized ha he Sla ic languages [...] do no
ha e a long closed owel. In Russian and Polish languages his oice is in a iably said o be sho and
open. I is impossible o p onounce i in a closed Sla ic language. I someone is poo and can' a o d
o ex end i , i 's s ill like hal a a. (Ku šai is 2013: 54, § 50; ansla ed by Al onso Teko iaus). The
o iginal ex eads: "I is ema kable ha he Sla s [...] ha e no ga es, no ga es, no ha . In Russian
and Polish, his oice will be spoken only b ie ly and openly. I 's impossible o a sla e o speak clea ly.
Because i he e's a di icul y in his p onuncia ion, i 's s ill hal he same. (Ku scha 1876: 18, § 50) I is
no possible o say ha he Commission has no been consul ed on his ma e . O cou se, i was
w i en mo e han a cen u y la e and is compa ed o he Li le Li huanian dialec s; Un o una ely,
we do no ha e a simila es imony om he 18 h cen u y abou he G ea Li huanian language;
Ne e heless, his es imony o Ku šaičius helps o o m an idea abou he di e ence be ween he
Li huanian and Polish languages in ea lie imes.

MINDAUGAS STROCKIS
62 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV
The ph ase "wi h a ce ain [o […]kažkokiu[…]] a enua ion o he oice"3 can be
unde s ood in such a way ha when saying i mly wai , he oice mus seem o
sink o he end o he skiemens. The La in wo ds ce ainly do no mean ha he
wai is supposed o be a "weake oice", as ansla ed in he 1981 edi ion (ULL
1981: 61). 4. Accen us g a is non in ul ima syllaba no a e iam longam ab u oq[ue]
ex p io ibus di e sæ longi udinis, & du iùs p onunciandã [e bi] g[ a ia] kàłba.
G a io ki is [ma k o he c oss] no in he las semici cle also means leng h
[semici cle], bu o a di e en leng h om bo h ea lie ones, and a in ki is,
o example, kaba.
Wha does he wo d " ough" mean he e? This ce ainly does no mean "s onge
a a " as ansla ed in he 1981 edi ion (ULL 1981: 62). In La in, he wo d du us
means "ha d", " i m", " ough", no "s ong", "sma ". Wha did he uni e si y
au ho mean by ha o Polish s uden s? In Polish g amma , ha d and so e bs
a e spoken, simila o Li huanian. Al eady in he se en een h cen u y, he
La in-w i en g amma s o he Polish language used he wo ds du us ([…]kie as[…])
and mollis ([…]minkš as[…]), simila o wha is used oday. Fo example, in Volkma 's
Compendium linguæ Polonicæ (Volkma 1640: 78) i is said ha such Polish ad e bs as ź
[…]pasižymi minkš umu[…] (excedun in molli ie), and such ż […] pasižymi kie umu[…]
(du i ie). Simila ly, in Woyna's 1690 g amma book, he Compendiosa linguae Polonicae
ins i u io, i is w i en ha he e b ł (which a ha ime, as can be seen om he
desc ip ion, was s ill p onounced [], and no [w], as i is now) is p onounced
[…]kie ai[…] (du e) (Zwoliński 1952: 396). Thus, in he 18 h cen u y, when he g amma
Uni e si as was w i en, he e m was al eady known in Polish language science.
Thus, when w i ing du ius in La in, he Polish wo d wa dziej, kiečiau is used he e.
Howe e , i is cus oma y o speak o p obalsi; Wha does ha say abou he oice?
(o wo)?
A leas in mode n Polish, he owels ha si be ween wo so consonan s, sup iešakėja
(Os aszewska, Tambo 2000: 5253), o example, [a] becomes [æ] ( he ansc ip ion used in he
book in ques ion is [ä]). In Polish, i is no an o icial Polish language e m (PJ 2006). The e is no
kalbos balsis i kai kada adinamas „minkš u balsiu“ (samogłoska miękka), no s
eason o belie e ha he si ua ion would ha e been undamen ally di e en in he 18 h
cen u y. Thus, he ela ionship be ween wha in Polish could be called a "ha d" sound and wha
would be called a " h ee" sound can also be men ioned he e, ha in Si ydo's 1642 wo d
a enua io is ansla ed as "nume a ion" (SD:
457) and […]nulli y[…] (SD: 493).
A icles o he T ea y
Ki čia imo sky ius 1737 me ų lie u ių kalbos g ama ikoje
[…]minkš u[…] is a owel such as [a] wi h [æ] o , o example, Polish y [ɨ ~
[…]] wi h i [i].
Thus, he s a emen ha he s ong one is hea d in a wo d such as kaba is said o
be kiečiau, which should mean ha he oice a he e becomes mo e pos e io . This
sugges s ha he au ho did no ha e in mind he wo d [kaba], bu some hing
simila o [kba] ( ansc ibing simply and no men ioning p e ixes). This is no
con a y o he iden i ica ion o he Uni e si as au o iaus a mia laid down by he ULL 1981:
23–384.
The i s syllable is habe accen um quemcùnq[ue] eliquæ b e es sun . I
seems o he speake ha his sen ence says, "I he i s syllable o he
wo d has any o he signs o he c oss men ioned, hen he es a e
i ial". This is how i is ansla ed in he 1981 edi ion (ULL 1981: 62). This sen ence is he ha des o unde s and o all
he desc ip ion o he uni e si y c oss.
The au ho 's uni e si y no longe alks abou he leng h o he uncu skis; leng h
is discussed only as a ea u e o he c oss and he app oach. Nieku Uni e si as
ex does no con ain any ins uc ions on how o se he leng h o he uncu
s em. Mo eo e , his gene aliza ion is o cou se inco ec : in Li huanian, he
leng h o he skiemens does no depend on he place o he c oss. E en i ,
hypo he ically, he we e igh , he ques ion would a ise as o why such a
gene aliza ion was necessa y, i no o he cases we e men ioned ( o example,
wha would be he leng h o he uncu skis i he i s one was no cu , bu
someone else cu he wo d?). This sugges s ha his is no he leng h o he
skiemens as i is now unde s ood. The syllable b e is he e means "no cu o ".
As is well known, he place o he c oss in Classical La in au oma ically depends on he quan i y o
he skiemens: i he p e ix o he wo d skiemuo is long, i is also c ossed; i he las skippe is sho ,
he one in on o him is c ossed, i.e. he hi d om he end o he skippe . In mode n La in
ocabula ies, he leng hs o all owels a e usually indica ed, bu in ea lie ocabula ies, i is possible
o see he p ac ice o indica ing he leng h by only he penul ima e syllable, so ha he leng h sign
de ac o became a c oss sign (in he case o owels, leg[…] e, bu habē e). Thus, he wo ds " umpe
skiemuo" become a con enien way o La in 4 He e i is also possible o compa e he i agalio o
he double-syllable -ai w i ing -ey 1589 yea hegzame e ( ansc ibed ex and sequen ial analysis see
B ende 1933: 3545), o example ( a[…]), Sismundey (Shauksmininkas; abb e ia ion o he name
Sigismunda […]Žygiman ai[…] a e he example o he La in poe ic o m due o he licen ia poe ica;
Acco ding o he scheme o he hegzame o, his limb had an ik a, i.e. i was c ossed when declaming);
I sp eads he unci cumcised and he wi ling o he wo- oiced, no p onouncing [aɪ], bu pe haps
iesa, en pa keliomis eilu ėmis žemiau ašoma i skay yk e su -ay-. Toks ašybos s y a imas a -
[ɪ], [ɪ], o e en [əɪ].
MINDAUGAS STROCKIS
64 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXV o say "no o be idiculed". In ac , in he
eigh een h cen u y, i was di icul o ind ano he way o say his clea ly.
Ancien Roman philologis s called he unci cumcised skieman syllaba g a is
(Sunkus skiemuo, S ockis 2007: 34, 81, 118n.), li e ally ansla ed om he G eek
e m συλλαβὴ βαρεῖα (S ockis 2007: 19), bu in mode n imes, he e m "g a is"
has been changed o wha we know, such a sen ence would be absu d: he i s
a emp o bu n he i s syllaba g a is has he meaning o "g a is" (al hough i
has g a is). O he ph ases we e also used in Rennes' ime, such as he g amma ian
Pe us Ramus in 1559 w o e g a i syllaba dep imi u (S ockis 2007: 76) and i
li e ally mean "g a e [ ecognized] skiemuo p essed [i.e. no cu o ]" (acco ding
o he eachings o ancien philologis s; la e , as men ioned, he meaning o he
sign g a io changed o he one known oday, S ockis 2007: 31). Howe e , his would
no ha e been a e y clea and common ph ase o 18 h-cen u y s uden s. In he
18 h cen u y, " umpe skiing" and "unci cumcised skiing" mean he same hing,
especially in Poland, as can be seen om he old saying Nos Poloni non cu amus
k an em syllaba um "we, he Poles, do no wo y abou he numbe o skie s", i.e.
in La in we do no wo y abou he place o he c oss. Fo he sake o cla i y, i
needs o be p onounced inco ec ly by c ossing ou e e y possible wo d: Nos
Póloni non cú amus quan í a em syllába um. I is men ioned in he li e a u e ha
his ph ase o igina ed in he 18 h cen u y, bu Knie: 661 aces i s o igin o a
publica ion published in 1591 in which he e was e en an elegan dis ichas wi h
absu dly unci ilized skiing leng hs, hence he elegan dis icho ik ais, 1887 showing
he Lenkian ki ijučia:
The Ge mans and he Poles once a gued amongs hemsel es: "How
many skie s do I ha e o ake ca e o ?"
The e is also a quo a ion o he saying, whe e e possible, mis akenly c ossed and
no c ossed skiemen ma ked wi h signs o leng h and sho ness: Nos Pōlni non
cū ămus quan ī ă em syllābă um. A simila s o y is old by on Go schall 1884, 354,
whe e i is w i en ha his way he Ge mans would shou om he unci ilized
yniško ki čia imo, o pa ys ki čiuoda ę aisyklingai (Nós Polóni non cu ámus
Polish loqua in he syllaba y. In he end, Büchmann 1877: 224 inds he o igins o ha
s o y in he 15 h cen u y, when he hen King o Poland, Casimi I, had a mee ing wi h
he King o Sweden, Cha les VIII. A ha mee ing, he king o Sweden spoke La in, bu
none o he Polish delega ion unde s ood him, so hey had o in i e a monk o
A icles and a icles 65
Ki čia imo sky ius 1737 me ų lie u ių kalbos g ama ikoje
ansla e. Ang y, Kazimie Jogailai is hen s a ed ha no one in Poland could hold
high public o ice i hey did no speak La in. As a esul , he La in language is
widesp ead in Poland, bu less educa ed people speak poo ly; Tha 's whe e he saying
comes om. This a icle is no in ended o con i m o deny his s o y, bu we see
ha o say " he place o he chu ch" was said " he quan i y o he skies".
E en ually, such a joke e en made i in o F ied ich on Schille 's d ama
"Deme ius". The d ama ac ess Ma ina Mniszech says in he C oa ian
pa liamen Do you p omise o be ai h ul o me?, and he audience esponds:
Ju ămus! We swea ! This is a pa ody o he unci ilized Polish-La in language
cu sing o he ju amus (acco ding o he a o emen ioned sen ence); I would be
igh o ju e, bu he w ong place o he c oss is con i med by he hy hm o he
okiškos jambo eilu ės: Schwö ih mi T eue? Le 's hea i ! We swea ! As can be
seen om he place o his ex in he no es o he Boxbe ge publica ion, some
schola s o Ge man li e a u e did no unde s and his joke and conside ed i a
poe 's mis ake. I 's a bi o a s e ch o hink ha his is he i s ime in he
his o y o he wo ld ha a woman has been gi en he hono o being he Queen o
England, bu i 's no su p ise ha he Queen o England has also been gi en he
hono o being he Queen o England. I can al eady be conside ed as a cla i ica ion
ha umpe mean unci cumcised. Howe e , wha did he au ho o he
Uni e si y mean by ha ? I he i s skie has any ki is, he es a e unki is?
A i s glance, his sounds like a au ology.
As men ioned, he g amma was in ended o Polish s uden s. In he ea ly 19 h
cen u y, he use o he wo d "squa " was in oduced in he Polish language, and in
he la e 19 h cen u y, he use o he wo d "squa " was in oduced in he Polish
language, whe eas he use o he wo d "squa " was in oduced in he Polish
language in he la e 19 h cen u y. And ha 's how we go he Polish accen ha we
know oday. The g amma c ea ed by he uni e si y could s ill exis in i s
XVIII amžiaus p adžioje; adinasi, labai ikė ina, kad uo me u lenkų kalboje
ansi ional s age, when long wo ds s ill had wo c osses, in he i s and las
syllables. So he au ho o he uni e si y eaches Polish s uden s no o do i in
Li huanian: i he i s wo d o skiemuo is ma ked as c ossed, all he es a e
[…] umpi[…]; In o he wo ds, in long Li huanian wo ds, s uden s should y no o
p onounce he second syllable in he p e-las syllable, no ma e how much i is
equi ed in hei mo he ongue. This e eals ha he au ho o he Uni e si y
himsel augh he Li huanian language, because such a p ac ical ule could