S aipsniai / A icles 165
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-6716-0776
Mokslinių y imų k yp ys: ekspe imen inė one ika,
phonology, geolinguis ics. This is a lis o he languages o he wo ld.
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DAR KARTM DL AUKŠTAIČI (Spanish p onuncia ion (help·in o)) is a Spanish ele ision se ies.
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Le e s o Apology
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Once Mo e on he T ansc ip ion o
Au ho i a ian subdialec s by he symbols o
he in e na ional phone ic alphabe (se e al
Cla i ied Cases)
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The a icle examines he issues o ansc ip ion o Li huanian language high-le el ad ice in he
in e na ional phone ic alphabe (TFA), cla i ies some o he spellings and ways o w i ing
phone ic uni s o he sounds o Li huanian dialec s in he p e ious TFA collec ion, published in
2017. Possible TFA spellings o owels and consonan s, sui able o w i ing high-pi ched sounds,
diac i ical ma ks, ansc ip ion possibili ies and p oblems o high-pi ched consonan uni s
(p iegaids and hei alo ons) a e discussed. A summa y o he ocal sys em o high-pi ched
consonan s (phonemes and hei b igh e a ian s), some o he mo e complex cases o TFA
ansc ip ion o consonan s, and examples o ansc ip ion wi h di e en p eposi ions o
double owels a e analyzed. In he u u e, a e ca ying ou mo e de ailed esea ch on
language phonology, ins umen al phone ics and summa izing mo e heo e ical wo ks, he
ansc ip ion o Li huanian languages in TFA w i ing will s ill be e ined.
The ollowing is a lis o wo ds ha ha e been assigned he s a us o in e na ional phone ic abb e ia ion (IFA) in Li huanian:
a mės, aukš aičiai.
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
166 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI, con aining he ollowing sec ions:
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle add esses he ques ions o ansc ibing he Aus o-Hunga ian dialec s o he
Li huanian language by he symbols o he In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA), e ises ce ain
symbols om he ea lie se o IPA symbols o he sounds o Li huanian dialec s p esen ed in
2017 and ways o ansc ibing. I discusses he owel and consonan symbols o he IPA, which
may possibly be used o ansc ibing he sounds in Augus ian, diac i ical ma ks, he
oppo uni ies and p oblems o he IPA in ansc ibing he p osodic uni s (pi ch accen s and
hei allo ones) o Augus ian subdialec s. I e iews he gene alized sys em o ocalisms o he
Aus onesian subdialec s (phonemes and hei mo e p ominen a ian s), analyses ce ain mo e
di icul cases o consonan ansc ip ion by he IPA symbols, and gi es he examples o
ansc ibing he syllables, which con ain diph hongs and bea di e en pi ch accen s. A e
mo e in-dep h s udies on dialec al phonology a e conduc ed in he u u e and mo e heo e ical
wo ks a e gene alized, he ansc ip ion o Li huanian dialec s by he IPA symbols will be
u he e ised.
KEYWORDS: phone ics, ansc ip ion, In e na ional Phone ic Alphabe (IPA),
Li huanian dialec s, and he Finnish language.
ĮVADAS
In ecen yea s, ansla o specialis s in Li huania ha e been using no only he
Copenhagen ansc ip ion sys em, bu also he ansla o 's wo k ela ed no only
inės one inės abėcėlės (TFA) ašmenimis. TFA ansk ipcijos sklaida moks-
o he e e -g owing need o in e language, bu also o he applica ion o he new
ansla o model in Li huanian dialec ology (see Aliūkai ė, Mikulėnienė 2014;
Mikulėnienė 2020). De eloping a mul imodal app oach o language a ia ion is a
egional mani es a ion o he de elopmen and use o mode n compu e -aided ools
o he s o age and analysis o linguis ic da a (see mo e widely Čepai ienė 2020;
Bakšienė 2021; Mikulėnienė, Čepai ienė bū ė; Geolinguis ics po al and k ėja 2021).
In 2017, he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language published a se o TFA sc ip s o
ansc ibing he sounds o he Li huanian language (Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017),
using he al eady ca ied ou esea ch on he dialec s o he uppe and lowe
classes, mainly based on he dialec ome ic calcula ions o he ansc ip ions o
he p og am (Chepai ienė 2018; Gab 2019; Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2020; Vyniau ai ė and
o he s), as well as he dialec ome ic analysis o all dialec s (K ž . In he scien i ic
p ess du ing hese yea s, he possibili y o he TFA se o eco d indi idual
Li huanian ad ice sounds (ž .
S aipsniai / A icles 167
Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės
one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų)
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. In addi ion, he TFA
ansc ip ion o a ious examples o ad ice is p o ided in he new ins uc ion o
he collec ion o e e ence ma e ial (see VTG 2021), which is no e y ich in
e e ence ex s om he Kaunas egion ha a e explo ed in he e e ence (see
Geolinguis ics po al). All o hese wo ks ha e again aised con o e sial,
p oblema ic TFA ansc ip ion issues, which we e summa ized in he 2021 semina
cycle o ganized by he Ins i u e o Li huanian Language Geolinguis s. The TFA
sys em is ele an o many ansla ion specialis s, so i is wo h e u ning o his
ai, kad pe šį laiko a pį a si ado i o icialus TFA ženklų inkinys, ski as ben-
d inei lie u ių kalbai (ž . VLKK k-25; Kazlauskienė, Bakšienė 2021), odėl už-
ašan a mių ga sus a siž elg ina i į jame siūlomas ekomendacijas.
opic once again and discussing and cla i ying he ma king o some ansla ion uni s
in mo e de ail. I is also wo h men ioning ha he pu pose o his a icle is o
discuss he mo e di icul cases o ansc ip ion high-le el ad ice highligh ed in
ecen yea s' esea ch and o p o ide some co ec ions in he 2017 TFA
manusc ip s p oposed o he Li huanian language. The main objec i es o he
p ojec a e: (1) o summa ize he ocal sys em o he high-pi ched consonan s, o
discuss he mos p oblema ic uni s o he TFA ansc ip ion o owels; 2) o e iew
he ma king o some o he mo e impo an ea u es o he high-le el o es in he
TFA alphabe ; 3) o p esen possible TFA me hods o he eco ding o high-pi ched
pa a mių i šnek ų ap ašais, kopenhagine ansk ipcija už ašy ais eks ais. Di b a
mokslinės li e a ū os analizės i ap ašomuoju-lyginamuoju me odais.
1. AUKŠTAITIŠKOJI VOKALIZMO SISTEMA IR
JOS ŽYMĖJIMAS TFA
Apibend in a aukš aičių pa a mių balsinių onemų, už ašy ų TFA ašme-
owels and o discuss he possibili ies o ansc ibing bilingual o dual owel sounds,
especially hose ela ed o owels. The s udy uses ma e ial om many p e iously published wo ks o dialec ologis s: namely, he so-called TFA e minology (see IPA 2022), he sys em is gi en in Table 1.
The i s cycle consis ed o h ee semina s, in which D . Rima Bakšienė, Senio Resea che a he
Geolinguis ics Cen e , p esen ed he gene al p inciples o ansc ip ion o he pa icipan s in a
emo e way, and discussed he mo e complex cases o ansc ip ion o TFA in high and low-le el languages.
2 The sys em o high-pi ched ocalisms is based on he ollowing sou ces: A kočai y ė, Rinkauskienė
L. K. T. Chekho , "Ka delis and O he Summa y Wo ks o he Dialec ologis s" Only owel uni s wi h he
s a us o phonemes a e lis ed in he able, he mos impo an phoneme a ian s a e discussed
sepa a ely. The e o e, o example, he open owel [æ] (o a ying leng h) is no included in he able,
which mos au ho s o phonological desc ip ions conside o be only a phonemic a ian . In gene al, he Li huanian opposi ion
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
168 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
1 LENTELĖ. Aukš aičių pa a mių balsinės onemos
The Long, he Sho , he Sho
Line o
Line o
he
he
Chinese
Chinese
Line o
Line o
he
he
Close o
b aces
he ankle
Chinese
Chinese Line o he Chinese Line o he Chinese Line o he Chinese Line o he Chinese Line o he Chinese Line
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
Close o he
p isone s
The lowes
o he low
Close o he
p isone s
labai umpi /
„mu mamieji“3
(/ɪ/) (/ʊ/)
Changes in he numbe o pe sons
Di ongoidai[…]ɛ/[…]ɔ[…] is he name o he game.
Middle eː/oː/
closed eː/
The middle
is he closed
lowe e.
eː/e/e (l) o (o)
The middle-aged,
he open-minded, he open-minded.
he open-minded,
The openings a e:
As is known, high-pi ched ocalism is cha ac e ized by he con as be ween he g oup o
quan i a i e opposi ions o no only sho and long, bu also hal -leng h phonemes ha exis in he
sub i les, con aining he so-called sys em o h ee phonological leng hs […] u eniškių, kupiškėnų, in
he pa o ilniškių and anykš ėnų (see below). Jasiūnai ė, in speech weak, phonemic con as is
possible only a he absolu e beginning o a wo d. Many high-pi ched owels and ypes o owel
phonemes a e gene ally non-exis en . The so-called " wo- oice" phonemes, he exis ence o which is
o en de e mined by a ious phonological and ex aphonological ac o s, such as he pace o speech,
he s yle, he localiza ion o speci ic syllables in he speech, e c. (see Gi denis 2003: 82).
In box 3, one on and one back "mu mamąjį" oice a e gi en, hei speci ic labeling is gi en below.
TFA balsių ašmenimis šiuo a eju y a sąlyginis. Apie šių balsių ansk ipciją TFA ž . s aipsnyje
A icles by A icles 169
Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės
one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų)
This is a lis o ai po s in F ance, so ed by loca ion. The e is no p oblem wi h he TFA
spelling o he numbe o syllables, bu he co esponding TFA diac i ics a e used, only once
again i is men ioned ha he long and hal -long (sho o long) syllables o he uppe owels
a e ma ked wi h he TFA close, and he sho ones wi h he nea -close syllables o he TFA
close, e.g. [1ˈɪjiɪ ý ɑs] ~ as, [jiˈ ɑjæljs] ~ y ɛl, [jsɑːs] [sɑˈjɑːs] [sɑˈjɪs] ˈjɪs] I 's no like
I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know wha I'm doing. I should be no ed ha in cases whe e
he long y, ū (usually in a non-cu ing posi ion) a e comple ely sho ened, hey a e s ill
ansc ibed in TFA closed owel spellings, as hey a e quali a i ely di e en om sho
owels, e.g. [ʋjiˈ jæljɪs], [g uˈdjæljɪs]. The summa ized sys em o high-pi ched phonemes
also includes he semi-long medium-pi ched oices ypical o he anykš ėnai and kupiškėnai
dialec s, e.g. [ˈmjedjɪs] ~dis, [sˈ mẽk] ~ sãko. The phonological s a us o lowe (open)
semilingual oices in he highe dialec s, especially in he wes e n and sou he n semilingual
owels, is s ill being discussed by dialec ologis s (see he p oblem e iew, see Ka delis 2018:
119129, 132136, Bakšienė, Leskauskai ė: 167-2021), bu hese oices (especially he elonga ed one)
a e also included in he desc ibed image o semilingual oices, especially because o he
eas e n semilingual owels. In e ms o ansc ip ion o he cha ac e is ics o quali a i e
phonemes, he i s o be men ioned is he no iceably highe deg ee o openness (lowe
[ˈmɑˑnɑˑ] ~ màno, [gʲeˈ ʲæˑsʲnʲɪs] ~ ge èsnis i k .
ongue ele a ion) cha ac e is ic o some o he ad ice oices. The open i, u (ma ked in he
adi ional Copenhagen ansc ip ion as […], […]) a e mos cha ac e is ic o he no he n
pa o he highlands o Kaunas, while he open ė, o ( adi ionally ma ked as ẹ, ọɔ […]) a e used
in many eas e n highlands and some sou he n and wes e n highlands o Šiauliai. All he open
owels o he posi ions, wi h he excep ion o he lowe case owel […]ɑ, a e ma ked in he
TFA sys em by using he lowe ed pos - oice diac i ic […], e.g. […]kjɪ ɑː[…] […]kje ɑ[…] ~ k[…] ɑ,
[…]s[…]k[…] […]s[…] ~ sùka, […]b o[…]ljɪs[…] […]b ólis, […] ɑ[…]s[…] […] ɑ[…] ɑ[…]s[…] The abb e ia ion
men ioned is less complex and is w i en wi h he same sign as in he Copenhagen
ansc ip ion, e.g., [1ˈb ɔːljɪs]. The TFA is a collec ion o signals speci ically sugges ed in
2017 (see Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017: 121, 122) by he a iable oices ie, uo ansc ip ion.
High-pi ched phonemes wi h a a iable deg ee o diph hongici y, cha ac e is ic o
high-pi ched phonemes: clea ly diph hongic, s ongly a iable a icula ions ie, uo ( adi ionally
called consonan al owels), used in all sub i les; and weake diph hongiza ions, wi h a whi e
sounds called diph hongizides, mainly used in eas e n highland illages, u eniškių, anykš ėnų
snacks. In addi ion o he ac ha in many o he ad ice, i is p ecisely he ini ial segmen s
o hese sounds ha a e acous ically simila o he elonga ed balsius y, ū, and only he end is
cha ac e ized by he di e ence in a icula ion and a ia ion (see Bace ičiū ė 2002; Gi denis
2009: 239; Ja osla ienė 2010: 7), as well as he accep ed ecommenda ion o he Li huanian
common language (ž . he VLKK k-25;

RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
Kazlauskienė, Bakšienė 2021: 4), siūloma isais a ejais (nea siž elgian į ki čia-
The and he p e ix a e ansc ibed in he same way, wi h he TFA closed [djiɛˈnɑ] ~ dienà,
balsių ašmenimis pi mojoje dalyje, p z.: [¹ˈpʲiɛnɑs] ~ penas, [²ˈdʲiɛnɑˑ] ~ diẽną,
[1ˈpuɔdɑs] ~ púodas, [2ˈjukɔs] ~ juõkas, [juɔˈks] ~ juokùs and . . Di ongiza ions o
di e en o igins a e weake , i.e. hey a e ma ked wi h he same le e s, bu abo e he
i s le e 4 is w i en a diac i ic, ma king a e y sho oice (English ex a sho ), e.g.
[kɔmɔpɔ s] ~ kompò as, [kɔ jɛlj s] ~ ko lɛ a, [ jɛˈjɛe lãljis] ~ ė lis, [ˈlɛpɔji] ~pɛp.
In he sys em o high-pi ched owel phonemes, one o he mos p oblema ic in
e ms o TFA ma king is he educed owels o he eas e n high-pi ched owels.
Bo h he sou he n and he no he n pane ėžys ha e one sho owel in he
on and back ows, bu o di e en quan i a i e and quali a i e b igh ness:
he sou he n […] less aded, he no he n […] e y aded, called […]mu mamuosius[…]
(See also Figu e 1.)
1 PAV. O he Reduced co espondence o sho owels in he sou he n and no he n pane ėžys In
ea ly 2017, he TFA collec ion o Li huanian dialec s p oposed o ansc ibe he no he n pane ėžys
[…]mu mamuosius[…] owels wi h addi ional diac i ic […], ma king he audible elease o he sound.
Howe e , his o e is undoub edly a ge ed. A ecen analysis o he TFA diac i ic sys em showed
ha his ma k is in ended o explosi e a ian s whe e he "explosion" is no clea ly hea d, i.e. he
wo ds do no suddenly all apa , do no mo e away om each o he , and he simila a icula ion is
immedia ely assumed (see HIPAA 1999: 17). This is mos o en he case in dū nis, e.g. [ˈpjljɪgbɑjo jɪs] ~
plkbajo is, [dg2ˈbljsjɪs] ~ plu albasis, e c. (see Pake ys 2003: 87). This sc ip is no designed o con ey
he cha ac e is ics o oices. The e o e, he only app op ia e solu ion is 4 Acco ding o he case,
when he second pa is hea d weake , o example, when ansc ibing he ex s o he Li huanian
hymns o Bela us, his diac i ic can also be w i en on he second pa .
A icles by A icles 171
Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės
one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų)
in his case […] o ma k he no he n pane ėžys educed owels al eady men ioned in he
TFA diac i ic, o exp ess a e y sho owel (ex a sho ), e.g. [1ˈduɔnɑ] ~ dúona, [ˈdoŋgs]
~ dangùs, [1ˈkoːsjnjɪsj] ~ ksnis, [2 jˈɛːsjɛ] ~ sia. I is app op ia e o weaken he
educ ion o he sou he n pane ėžys o he same TFA diac i ic, indica ing a lowe ed
ascending oice, e.g. [1ˈduɔn], [ˈdŋgs], [1ˈkɑːsjnjɪsj], [2ˈ jːsjɪ].
In ansc ibing he TFA sys em, he quali a i e a ian s o he owels a e sugges ed o
consis en ly ma k he back ows o owels o, ū, ų, u, as well as he addi ion o he i s
pa o u o he so owels. Phone ic specialis s claim ha i is one o he mos
no iceable a ian s o he dialec , whose a icula ion di e s pa icula ly sha ply om
he unapp oachable main allophone, and i is sugges ed o be ma ked in he TFA
ansc ip ion o he common Li huanian language (Pake ys 2003: 36; Kazlauskienė 2018: 35;
VLKK k-25; Kazlauskienė, Bakšienė 2021: 6). Such a balsi pap ika is ma ked wi h he TFA
diac i ic […] (ad anced), e.g. [1ˈjoːkjo] ~ jókio, [1ˈsjuːsj] ~ sisiu, [kjɛ2ˈljuː] ~ keli and so
on.
2. Wha a e he ad an ages o he
TFA label?
Iš isų aukš aičių pa a mėms būdingų p iebalsių, TFA ansk ipcijos a ž il-
The mos complica ed is he sign o he spide 's web, he spide 's web. In 2017, in he TFA sign se ,
i was p oposed o desc ibe hem as TFA ica i es wi h pos -la ency (see Bakšienė, Čepai ienė
eoliniais p iebalsiais [ʃ], [ʒ], no s jau ada disku uo a dėl šių ženklų ne isiško
2017: 124). Bo h he common Li huanian languages, and especially he ha d and so dialec s o he
dialec s, a e ma kedly di e en in hei a icula o y and acous ic p ope ies. A e a ho ough
examina ion o he common Li huanian accen ma ks, i is no ed ha TFA pos al eoliniai [], [] a e
somewhe e be ween Li huanian ha d and so accen ma ks, bu he e a e also a ious o so
ma ks sugges ed by TFA (see mo e widely Pake ys 2003: 71; Amze ičius, Leskauskai ė 2014: 16416;
Kazlausė U bana 4763; Ind ičāne, Ja osla ienė, G igo je s 2019: 21,99125 and k .). In addi ion o he
classical ha d-and-so opposi ion o his g oup, he a icula o y and acous ic cha ac e is ics
o he de-pala alized sounds o many ha d-and-so s ings a e e en mo e dis inc ly di e en
om hose o he pala alized s ings (see Amb aze ich's su ey, Leskauskai ė 2014: 38[…]44). The
depala ized ibs a e mos cha ac e is ic o sou he n and eas e n highland snails, so when
ansc ibing hei ibs in he TFA sys em, o he ha d and so snails, i is possible o choose
di e en co espondences, mo e p ecisely, hei p ope ies. In his case, i is necessa y o ix
he TFA pos al sys em sys em al eady men ioned, e.g. [2ˈjiɛnɑs] ~ sheen, [km1jiː] ~ kamšý i,
[jiɛmˈ] ~ win e , [ˈjɪbɑ] ~ žba; and de-pala alized his, ha […] TFA wi h e o leks [[…]], [[…]], e.g.
[2ˈiɛnɑs], [km1iː], [iɛˈmɑɑ], [ˈɪb]. Some high-pi ched syllables, such as he sou he n high-pi ched
syllable, a e cha ac e ized by e y so , in e media e consonan s be ween he so s, z, and sh,
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
172 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI
[ʃ], [ʒ] su minkš umo diak i iku išlaikan isų minkš ųjų p iebalsių žymėjimo
e.g., ma ked TFA wi h al eola pala inal consonan s [], [], e.g., [jɪˈjɪj] ~ is, [jljɪˈds] ~ slidùs,
[jɪzj] ~ zzia, [kɑˈjɪːs] ~ kazĩs. When ansc ibing sounds wi h a simple sys em o p eposi ions,
such as he wes e n high-pi ched kauniški, o when choosing a simpli ied, non-exhaus i e
ansc ip ion a ian , i is possible in all hese cases o go o he ma king o choose he
a o emen ioned abb e ia ions o TFA in his line by combining: c […] [ […]s], č […] [ […]], [d[…]z], [d[…]]
(ž Dzelušienė, Čepai ienė, Bak, 2017: 124, 125). Howe e , in he gene al language ecommenda ion,
hey a e ma ked wi h dig aphs [], [], [], [] mainly o p ac ical easons (see VLKK k-25;
Kazlauskienė, Bakšienė 2021: 5), so hey a e ansc ibed analogously o he sounds o he dialec s.
I he ansc ibed ex is chosen o be mo e de ailed, he abo e-men ioned p e ixes, i.e. he
ašmenis [ʃ], [ʒ] (minkš uosius papildomai žymin su pala alizacijos diak i iku ʲ).
Šiek iek ikslin ina i 2017 m. eik a a ika ų ansk ipcija TFA ašmeni-
mis. Bu o siūly a a ika as ansk ibuo i d iem a ski ais ašmenimis, i -
ma king me hod, a e ma ked wi h he co esponding componen s in A ikaans, e.g. [1ˈsɑmjjɪs]
[1ˈsɑms] ~ sám is, [ˈmjjɪs] ou o [ˈmjɛs] ~dis, [2ˈkjɪmjj] [2ˈkjɪm] ~ kis i, [ˈjjjuɪː]
[ˈkɪːːːːːːːːːːːːːːː] ~dɪːːːːːːːːːːː]
3. AUKŠTAIČIŲ PROZODINĖ SISTEMA IR
DVIGARSINIŲ SKIEMENŲ ŽYMĖJIMAS
TFA
Aukš aičių p ozodinė sis ema kiek pap as esnė negu žemaičių, ačiau dalyje
šnek ų aip pa esama į ai aus laipsnio ki čio a i aukimo bei sa i ų p iegaidžių
See also Kazlauskas 2000 [1968]: 59; Bakšienė 2016: 5055 and o he s. The mos common use o he 5-pala al
diac i ic is in dialec ome ic measu emen s, such as he compu e p og am Gabmap (see Ne bonne,
Colen, Gooskens, Kleiweg, Leinonen 2011: 6589; Leinonen, Kol ekin, Ne bonne 2016: 7183; Snoek 2014: 192208
and k .) o ep esen ansc ip s and calcula e sequences. Acco ding o he Li huanian so sounds,
he simila i y o he a icula ed acous ic cha ac e is ics o he TFA sound acous ics (see IPA 2022), i
would be possible o w i e he diac i ic as well, bu in his case he p io i y is gi en o he sys emic
c i e ion. 6 The same cha ac e s could be used o w i e he al eady a e cases o "squealing" in he
no he n Silesian slang, and due o he in luence o Sla ic languages, hey a e said o be pa icula ly
so .
S aipsniai / A icles 173
Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės
one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų)
The spelling o TFA emains unques ionably he mos p oblema ic pa o he
ansc ip ion. This ques ion has al eady been aised in he dialec ological
scien i ic p ess (see Bakšienė, Čepai ienė 2017: 126, 127; Bakšienė 2019: 727 and
o he s), bu i is acknowledged ha he mos app op ia e ansc ip ion a ian
is s ill being sough in o de o adequa ely con ey he di e si y o he spoken dialec s.
Two slowly. High-al i ude wai ing a eas7
Tonema Alo onas
ma ke posi ion
Accen ed Sp ead in he
PA and RA
The ollowing
de ini ions shall
apply: (i) a) (i) (i) (ii) (iii)
(i ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Ci cum lexion o he uppe
i agalė
p iegaidė PK + + +
con inuous access poin PK
(+) […] […] middle access poin
PK, AK (+) (+) (+) c ossing
poin PK) […] (+)
The TFA sys em is no necessa ily a ge ed. You, as he main signpos s, p o ide he TFA wi h he
diac i ics […] and […] o he alling one and he ising one. Howe e , a e summa izing mo e
heo e ical and ins umen al wo ks on Li huanian guides, he main opinion o esea che s was once
again con i med ha his phenomenon in he Li huanian language is no only o a onal na u e. In
addi ion, he signs o p eposi ional p onouns a e highly dependen on he cen e o he syllable, he
in ona ion sys em, he accen posi ion, and many o he ac o s. In high- ise buildings wi h s ong
opposi ion, such as he wes e n high- ise buildings in Kaunas, he a o emen ioned diac i ics may be
app op ia e o ix he ballis ic skies, bu he se en sho - e m meanings a e: PK is he main key, AK
is he sub ac ing key; + […] common o all a eas and posi ions, (+) […] no common o all a eas and
posi ions, o no common o all posi ions; - I 's no . 8 On he websi e o he In e na ional Phone ic
Associa ion (IPA 2022), he e a e se e al dic iona y examples o sounds ha sound e y simila o
Li huanian accen s wi h oices ha all o ise in pi ch.
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
180 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI, con aining he ollowing sec ions:
The i s pa o he a icle p esen s he gene alized Augus ian sys em o ocalism, educed
discusses he ansc ip ion o phonemes and hei a ian s by he IPA symbols. I highligh s
hose Aukš ai ian owel elemen s, which a e mos oublesome in e ms o ansc ibing. The
owels o he Eas e n Augus ian o Pane ėžys ha ing he s a us o independen phonemes a e
conside ed such elemen s. I is pa icula ly p oblema ic o p ope ly con ey he owels om
he subdialec o No he n Panem, which ha e unde gone a s ong quan i a i e and quali a i e
educ ion. The a icle discusses he possible IPA symbols o be used o he ansc ip ion o
hese owels. The second pa analyses he ques ions o ansc ibing Aukš ai ian consonan s
by he IPA symbols. Mos a en ion is paid o he consonan s š, ž and a ica es. As hei
a icula o y and acous ic p ope ies do no co espond o he IPA equi alen s mos o all, i is
a emp ed o ind as accu a e a a ian o hei ansc ip ion as possible. The hi d pa is
de o ed o discussing he ansc ip ion o Augus ian pi ch accen s and hei allo ones by he
IPA symbols. I also e iews he ansc ip ion o he syllables con aining diph hongs and gi es
some ansc ibed examples. Due o he inconsis encies in he u e ance o pi ch accen s, he
syllables o his g oup ha e an especially high numbe o posi ional a ian s.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
TFA on s a e o e ed o high-pi ched ad ice sounds13
This is Copenhagen.
ansk ipcija TFA TFA nume is Unikodas
The Balsai
[a][ɑ] 305 0251 This is no he case.
[[…]] 313 0252 Wha is he meaning o he name […]?
[α][ɐ] 324 0250
[e][ɛ] 303 025B
[a] [b] 325 00E6 The ollowing able is inse ed:
[E] 326 025C [E] 326 025C [E] 326 025C [E] 326 025C [E] 326 025 C [E] 326 025 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E] 326 C [E]
[ə][ə] 322 0259
[] [e] 302 0065 This is no he case.
[E] 302 + 430 0065 + 031E This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[][ɘ] 397 0258
[[…]][[…]] 397 + 430 0258 + 031E This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[i] [i] 301 + 503 0069 + 02D0 [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i] [i]
[i] 301 + 504 0069 + 02D1 [i] 301 + 504 0069 + 02D1 [i] 301 + 504 0069 + 02D1 [i] 301 + 504 0069 + 02D1
13 P epa ed on he basis o he TFA w i en ecommenda ion o he ansc ip ion o he common
language (see VLKK k-25). Only dialec s ha di e om he common language a e p o ided. I'm going
o b eak down he possible ansc ip ion a ian s in de ail, see sec ion 2 o he a icle o mo e
in o ma ion. I he equi ed spelling is compiled om he main symbol and he diac i ic, indica e he codes o bo h.

S aipsniai / A icles 181
Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės
one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų)
This is Copenhagen.
ansk ipcija TFA TFA nume is Unikodas
[I][][] 319 026A This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e
in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[ы][ɨ] 317 0268
[[…]][[…]] 319 + 432 026A + 032F This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[O] [O] 307 006F [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O] [O]
[O] 307 + 430 006F + 031E This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[ɔ][ɔ] 306 0254
[u] 308 + 503 0075 + 02D0 [u]
308 + 504 0075 + 02D1 [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u] [u]
[[…]] 321 028A This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[], [υ][] 321 + 430 028A + 031E [][]
321 + 432 028A + 032F
P iebals and A icans
[[…]] [[…]] 134 136 0283 [[…]] 0282 [[…]] [[…]] 134
+ 421 182 0283 + 02B2 0255 […] is he name o he game.
[[…]] 182 0255 This is no he case.
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.]
[c] [[…]] - 02A6 The ollowing able is inse ed:
[[…]][[…]j] - 02A6 + 02B2 […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] <unk
[] [] [] - 02A7 02A6 + 0322 [] [] [] -
02A7 + 02B2 02A8 / o
[[…]] - 02A8 This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
[ʒ][ʣ] - 02A3
[][ʣʲ] - 02A3 + 02B2
[[…]][[…]] [[…]] - 02A4 02A3 + 0322
[[…]][[…]j] [[…]] - 02A4 + 02B2 02A5 is he name o he game.
[[…]][[…]] - 02A5 The ollowing able is inse ed:
[ ] 150 028B
[w][β] 127 03B2 and
[N] [N] 119 014B Wha is he name o he coun y?
[x] [x] 140 0078 This is no he case.
[h][] 141 0263 Wha is he name o he coun y?
O he ma ks
· (leng h) ː 503 02D0
. (leng h) […] 504 02D1 a
hal (a) and (i)
( educed) […] 505 0306
[…], […]
([…]mu mamieji[…] balls) […] 505 0306 […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] […] <
‘ / ’/ 
(so ness) j 421 02B2
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
182 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVI and i s annexes
This is Copenhagen.
ansk ipcija TFA TFA nume is Unikodas
[…] (bu ning) […] 403 032C […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning) […] (bu ning is also used
[…] ( loa ing) […] 402A 0325 […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing) <unk) […] ( loa ing
( ecei ing) […] 413 031F
(basic […] 501 02C8
o skiemuo)
ki is, sho ened
[…] (side ence) […] 502 02CC
[…] ( i ap adė
p iegaidė) 1 o 00B9 […] ( i ap adė p iegaidė) 1 o 00B9 […] ( i ap adė p iegaidė) 1 o 00B9 […] ( i ap adė p iegaidė)
( i agalė 2 - 00B2
as i s allo men s
[…] con inuous,
middle, c oss
ancho age
ancho age, as well
[…] (clicks) […] 509 203F This is no he case.
- (skiemens iba
a p d iejų balsių)
.506 002E
ǀ (sin agmos
he in e nal pause) […] 507 007C
[…] (pause a he end o
syn agma) […] 508 2016
[…] (in ended
ca pe ) […] 510 2197
[…] ( alling
in ona ion) […] 511 2198 Wha is he meaning o he name […]?
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The ollowing is a lis o he ansla ions o he
D ibalsis /
d iga sis (bk
ašmenimis)
i ap adis i agalis ki čiuo as ęs ine
p iegaide
ki čiuo as
idu ine /
ki s ine
wo dialec s o he dialec : English, F ench,
Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man,
Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man,
Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man,
Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man.
Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man, Ge man,
The ollowing is a lis o he mos common ways o ansc ibing high-le el ad ice, illus a ing he gene al
p inciples o TFA ansc ip ion w i ing. I is unde s ood ha he e may also be a ian s o di e en
ypes o wins, hey a e w i en acco ding o he speci ic ad ice.
The ollowing ables a e inse ed in Annex I
Da ka ą dėl aukš aičių pa a mių ansk ipcijos a p au inės
one inės abėcėlės ašmenimis (kele as ikslin inų a ejų)
D ibalsis /
d iga sis (bk
ašmenimis)
i ap adis i agalis ki čiuo as ęs ine
p iegaide
ki čiuo as
idu ine /
ki s ine
o his Regula ion:
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [] [] [*] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[¹æˑn] /[¹ɛˑl], [¹ɛˑ ],
[¹ɛˑm], [¹ɛˑn]
[] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
[ɛmˑ²] [²æˑlˑ], [²æˑ ˑ],
[²æˑnˑ], [²æˑmˑ] /
[²ɛˑlˑ], [²ɛˑ ˑ],
[²ɛˑnˑ], [²ɛˑmˑ]
[]] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] []
[²ɛn], [²ɛm]
[] [] [] [] [] []] [] [] []] [] [] [] []
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[n], [m] [l], [ ], [n], [m] [l] [l]
[l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l]
[1ul], [1u ], [1un], [1um][1uːl],
[1uː ], [1uːn], [1uːm] I was
deli e ed on 29 Ap il 2022.
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
[*] [*] [*] [*] [*]
RIMA BAKŠIENĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.