224 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Resea ch a eas include neology, wo d-making,
s ylis ics, and In e ne linguis ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The name o he new sala y
LYTIES Cou o Jus ice
New Names Based on Gende A ibu ion
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icles deal wi h gende -speci ic no els, gi en in he Li huanian-language dic iona y o new
wo ds. In his a icle, we will look a eminis linguis ic ac i ism, gende -based language e o m, and
non-sexis language e o m, as well as Vilnius Uni e si y's gende sensi i i y guidelines, aising he
hypo hesis ha his could ha e in luenced he c ea ion o new signs. The a icle iden i ies he mos
p oduc i e me hods and means o making such p oduc s; desc ibe how many and wha new
(s ylis ically ma ked o neu al) gende -speci ic names a e made wi h adi ional and inno a i e
(no ela ed o his ca ego y o making) making ools; Finally, s a is ics on he p e alence o new
beha iou on he In e ne indica ing sexuali y a e p o ided. ESMINIAI WORDS: new wo ds,
inno a ions, wo d making, eminis linguis ic ac i ism, language e o m.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle add esses new gende -deno ing coinages p esen in he Da abase o Li huanian
Neologisms om he o ma ional poin o iew. I also o e s a b ie o e iew o eminis
linguis ic ac i ism and eminis language e o m (also known as gende -based language e o m,
non-sexis language e o m, e c.), as well as he gende -sensi i e guidelines o Vilnius Uni e si y,
ad ancing a hypo hesis ha his could ha e played a ole in he eme gence o new
gende -deno ing coins in he Li huanian language. The a icle iden i ies he mos p oduc i e
me hods and ools o he o ma ion o such coins; I desc ibes he quan i y o new names based
on gende a ibu ion ha a e made wi h he adi ional and no el (o uncon en ional as a as
his ca ego y o o ma ion is conce ned) ools o o ma ion, as well as he na u e o he new
A icles by A icles 225
Naujieji pa adinimai pagal ly ies ski umą
wo ds (which can be s ylis ically cha ged o neu al). and concludes wi h he s a is ics on he
dissemina ion o gende -deno ing new
Li huanian coins on he In e ne .
KEYWORDS: neologisms, new coinages, wo d- o ma ion, eminis linguis ic
ac i ism, language e o m.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Feminizmas laikomas pag indiniu šio amžiaus socialiniu judėjimu
(Pauwels 2001: 137), which p omo ed language e o m (English k. eminis language
e o m, gende -based language e o m, non-sexis language e o m, e c.), aimed a
elimina ing he hidden gende inequali y in language. Al hough s udies in some
di e en coun ies show ha such language e o m is di icul o implemen
because socie y is accus omed o using adi ional o ms (Maldonado 2015: 247), i is
emphasized ha language changes alone will no ensu e gende equali y i men and
women a e no equal in socie y (Hong Kong 2018: 702)1, al hough i is claimed ha
language canno be a i icially changed (Laugesen 2019: 256). This language e o m did
no go unno iced in Li huania. In 2021, Vilnius Uni e si y's gende sensi i e language
guidelines (VU LJKG, guidelines) we e published, which s a e ha he "con en ion o
use g amma ical masculine gende as neu al is ou da ed and in some cases
disc imina o y". Al hough in Li huanian, when hinking abou a pe son, he masculine
gende name o m (Hol oe , Semėnienė 2006: 106), which is no always men ioned, is
unaccep able and abho en in many coun ies o he wo ld. This documen […]
guidelines […] encou aged o explo e he ex en o which he au ho s o new ideas
a e in ol ed in hese, as he au ho s o he guidelines w i e, […] a eas o
consciousness and language c ea i i y.
The objec o he s udy, a e ejec ing he bo owings, o choose he new wo ds o he Li huanian
language in he dic iona y (in […] ND, da a) o include new wo ds ha en e he names 1 By he way,
Laiman as Jonušys w i es abou his in he a icle […]Apie […]jau ią[…] g ama ic[…]: […]In Li huania he e
is ac ually disc imina ion agains women. Violence in he immedia e en i onmen is s ill a widesp ead
phenomenon. The p oblem is no jus he iolence i sel , bu also he ac ha some in socie y belie e
ha he ic im he sel is he cause o he iolence. In some ields, women ha e mo e di icul y han men
in pu suing ca ee s and occupying impo an posi ions. The e a e also posi i e de elopmen s. I'm eally
happy wi h he cu en go e nmen , which some jokingly call a "women's go e nmen ". I 's ue ha he
a i ude owa ds his go e nmen p obably depends mo e on he e alua o 's poli ical and ideological
iews han on he a i ude owa ds women, bu maybe ha 's he way i should be. Howe e , i is clea
ha he con emp o women minis e s is o en clea ly misogynis ic. Howe e , i would be di icul o
imagine ha all hese p oblems and posi i e de elopmen s (no jus in he go e nmen ) a e in any way ela ed o he g amma ical amily's use o he wo d […] (15min.l 2021-10-18).
AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ
Ac LXXVII o he Li huanian Language Ac , in acco dance wi h he gende
dis inc ion, he ca ego y o de i a i es, i.e. de i a i es wi h a sel -con ained and
bo owed oo (hyb ids). On May 5, 2021, he NDA submi ed 7,691 language names, o
iene as (žodžiai, žodžių junginiai i san umpos). Lie u iškų daik a a džių as-
which 55,524 we e selec ed o new names based on gende di e ences. The
pu pose o he a icle is o in es iga e how and wi h wha means new names a e
made acco ding o gende di e ence. I should be no ed ha he Li huanian
language in gene al […]does no ha e a leas a mo e de ailed s udy o gende
exp essions […]in e ms o gende balance[…] (K ašy ė, Maskuliūnienė, Župe ka 2021:
57), excep o he la es and only s udy o gende exp essions in new wo ds
(Mu mulai y ė 2021: 51 […]69). To achie e his goal, he ollowing asks a e en isaged:
(1) o manually selec om he ND he names o he newcome s […] acco ding o
he gende di e ence; (2) ca y ou a ac ual analysis o such inno a ions; 3) o
in es iga e and desc ibe he me hods and means o p oducing names acco ding o
gende ; (4) o de e mine how many o hese p oduc s a e made wi h adi ional and
inno a i e (no belonging o his ca ego y) manu ac u ing means; 5) o s udy he
a io o s ylis ically ma ked and s ylis ically neu al names acco ding o gende
di e ence; 6) check he p e alence o new gende -speci ic names on he In e ne
po al; 7) o check which gende -speci ic new wo ds a e included in he o hcoming Li huanian language dic iona y (BZ) p epa ed by he Associa ion; and
8) o de e mine he pa o he new Li huanian lexicon o med by such de i a i es.
In es iga ion me hods: synch onous b eaking down o new samples using
synch onous b eaking analysis; he analy ical-desc ip i e me hod is used o
in es iga e and desc ibe he peculia i ies o he Li huanian language's new wo ds
and ph ases; he sea ch me hod is used o examine he p e alence o new names
by gende on he In e ne ; In he analysis o nume ical exp essions o he
equency o compounds, he mos p oduc i e me hods and means o compounding a e s udied quan i a i ely, using he calcula ion me hod.
1 Feminis Linguis s
AKTYVISM This concep (English k. eminis linguis ic ac i ism) is unde s ood as "a conscious ac i i y
aimed a changing he o m and seman ics o a common language, i s uni s, in one way o ano he "
(K ašy ė, Maskuliūnienė, Župe ka 2021: 42). In he opinion o he au ho s o he popula science s udy
[…]Appeal o he co ec ness o he wo d: i s own and impo ed[…], […][P]a i šu ini's goals seem o be
based on he pu sui o gende equali y in language, aising women's expe ience, women's expe ience,
women's expe ience, women's expe ience, women's expe ience, women's expe ience, women's
expe ience, women's expe ience, women's expe ience, women's expe ience, women's expe ience,
iš eikš i pasaulį mo e s akimis“ (K ašy ė, Maskuliūnienė, Župe ka 2021: 42).
A icles by A icles 227
Naujieji pa adinimai pagal ly ies ski umą
women's expe ience, women's expe ience, women's expe ience, women's expe ience, women's
expe ience, women's expe ience, women's expe ience. This e o m o speech has been called […] e bal
hygiene (English: e bal hygiene; Debo ah Came on e m, see Laugesen 2019: 241; mo e widely see
p adė a siek i panaikin i šią kalboje slypinčią nelygybę i pakeis i pe šim me-
Came on 1995). Se e al wo ks ha e been published ab oad on he e ec s o sexis language on socie y
(see Pa ks, Robe on 1998: 478; 1998a: 446). O cou se, mos o he esea ch has been done in English,
which has shown ha a) P o essions wi h a high social s a us, such as p o esso s, a e male, while
p o essions wi h a low social s a us, such as eache s, a e emale. These wo ds a e used in a gene ic
masculine o eminine sense e en when he biological sex o he ep esen a i e o a pa icula
p o ession is no known o i seems insigni ican , unchanging in essence, e.g. p o esso s wo k in
uni e si ies and eache s in schools (Fue es-Oli e a 2007: 225; see mo e abou social s a us. The
a icle by A ydo Ma ulionis in he Encyclopedia o Li huanian Languages (www. le.l ) can be ound on
he In e ne a : h ps: www. le.l b) wo ds wi h nega i e conno a ions […] emale names (English k.
sh ew, bi ch) do no ha e masculine gende ma ches (Lako 2003: 162); In sexology, e ms ela ed o
he posi ion o he man, i.e. wha he man does o he woman, and no he o he way a ound, a e used
(Eh lich, King 1994: 59 […] 60) and many o he s. The mos common c i icism o he use o he wo d "male"
is ha i is used in a gene ic sense (see also B aun, Sczesny, S ahlbe g, 2005: 1, 3). O cou se, he
Li huanian language is no excep ion, because i you look a he quan i a i e pa ame e s, i is clea
ha gende ela ionships a e much mo e damaged in Indo-Eu opean languages (K ašy ė, Maskuliūnienė,
Župe ka 2021: 42). The au ho s o his popula science s udy d aw a en ion no only o he unequal
gende exp ession "pusiaus y a" (in he Li huanian language, as Egidijus 2 no ed, he e ms sexism
and acism appea ed in he 1960s in o de o d aw a en ion o o ms o disc imina ion agains
women) (Wodak, ci ed in Fo ma o 1997, 2016, 375). This can be conside ed he i s eminis linguis ic
inno a ion (Eh lich, King 1994: 61). Some schola s he e immedia ely dis inguish be ween English and
o he languages, emphasizing ha he esul s o English esea ch canno be gene alized and applied
o s uc u ally di e en languages (B aun, Sczesny, S ahlbe g 2005: 1). 4 h loo In Li huanian,
[…][A]pibend inimas is used only in he case o a male amily: [...] ec o 's council[…] (Paulauskienė 2007:
72), when bo h ec o s and ec o s a e included in his council.
AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ
Ac a Linguis ica 228 Li huanica LXXXVII is he i s o i s kind in he Eu opean Union.
Zaikauskas), bu also in he special domina ion o he mos impo an
concep s o he eminine gende :
P ieš ke i į amžiaus, kai eminis inio ling is inio ak y izmo ap aiškų Lie u oje da
Howe e , Egidijus Zaikauskas, ha ing e iewed he g amma o he Li huanian language
in e ms o eminism and masculini y, he le el o lexicon and wo d p oduc ion,
concluded ha he Li huanian language shows […] y ų i šesnumą[…]. The e a e some
examples suppo ing ha s a emen om his annual p esen a ion a he con e ence.
The oo o he e b VYRau i meaning, he noun didVYRė5; he oo o he e b a he -:
TVynė, TVai ( a he and mo he ); The Commission conside s ha he aid is compa ible
wi h he in e nal ma ke wi hin he meaning o A icle 107 (3) (c) o he T ea y. Thus, i
canno be said ha eminis ac i is s a e comple ely w ong, cons an ly epea ing
ha he language o masculini y, he eminine gende , is pushing he coun y. Howe e ,
i should be ecalled he e ha no a single esea che o ou cul u e, who has del ed
in o he na i e language, he mas e o he wo d o he new sense o he
ex ao dina y language, has paid a en ion o he excep ional place o he eminine
gende in he seman ic lexicon o he Li huanian language. The poe Ma celijus
Ma inai is ema ked: "Almos all he g ea Li huanian concep s a e eminine: ea h,
sun, li e, u h, spi i , eedom, lo e... (Ma inai is 2006: 155) I is also impo an o no e ha he Commission's p oposal o a di ec i e on he p o ec ion o wo ke s om he isks ela ed o exposu e o ca cinogens a wo k is based on he p inciple o p opo ionali y. Such seman ic wo ds compensa e in hei own way o he quan i a i e dominance o masculine o ms in o mal g amma . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Al hough he e is a wo ldwide deba e abou he need and impo ance o eminis
linguis ic ac i ism, bo h p oponen s and opponen s o he mo emen ecognize
ha e en he mos neu al o m o eminism will only be success ul i he public
can use al e na i e o ms o ac i ism in a delibe a e, conscious, and no
supe icial way.
2.Lyceum o he Uni e si y o Vilnius
Values o he Speech o he Hea
INTERNETO ŽINIASKLAIDOJE
Šiame s aipsnyje jokiu būdu nesiekiama pa eik i isapusiško i nuodugnaus
VU LJKG conside s ha he publica ion o such an inno a i e documen , a b ie o e iew o how such a
documen , p epa ed o he i s ime in Li huania, encou aging he use o a sensi i e language, is being
e alua ed in he online media, and ha he au ho s o he guidelines hemsel es ecognize ha "in some
languages and cul u es, a sensi i e language has been es ablished". a woman amous o he wo k and he
jou neys. Naujada has become a coun e weigh o he wo d he o.

S aipsniai / A icles 229
Naujieji pa adinimai pagal ly ies ski umą
ki ose yks a bandymai“. S aipsnyje ch onologiškai pa eikiama iešųjų asme-
ou eac ion o such a es :
The e a e many cases in language when he p inciple o synekdochos applies, o
example: he pa ep esen s he whole. Take he amous apho ism o Blaise Pascal
(sho ened): "A man is a hinking duck". E e yone unde s ands ha al hough man is used
as a singula he e, i does no mean any one pe son, bu people as a whole ( he pa
ep esen s he whole). I is equally unde s ood ha "man" does no e e o men, bu
žmones. An a e us, „žmogoms“ čia y a kompensacija: „nend ė“ y a mo e iškosios
o all aces.
O pe haps i is necessa y o examine why [...] many impo an wo ds belong o he emale
gende : pe sonali y, powe , socie y, ic o y, language, e c. [...] Ne e heless, i canno be
denied ha language wi hin he limi s o he mind changes in he di ec ion o
gende -neu al beha io . Long be o e all he new winds came, he e was his adi ional
add ess: "Ladies and gen lemen". Now he simila i y o wo g amma ical ela i es has
been expanded in wo k announcemen s, o icial languages, w i ings, and so on. This is
no mal, easonable, and unde s andable o he public. (15min.l 2021-10-18, Laiman as
Jonušys) Le 's ecall ano he Li huanian wo d ha is used when i is di icul o decide on
gende , žmogys a […] žmogus, pe sona (wi hou gende ) ([…]Negali nė sup as i, kas ę pe
žmogys a[…]). Isn ha he meaning ha he guidelines de elope s a e looking o ? And i
was ejec ed because o i s pejo a i e conno a ion. In adi ional cul u e, alue is
conside ed o be he clea pe cep ion o a pe son's sexuali y, a woman's […] a man's. T ue,
in Li huanian we ha e a gende pe spec i e and a neu al e e ence o […] da kness o
da kness. (l .l 2021-10-19, As a Ka u ė) […]This is pa ly a ansla ion om Li huanian.
"The Li huanian pe son and he pe son who speaks Li huanian will no unde s and o a
long ime, maybe ne e ", says Aud ys An anai is, chai man o he S a e Li huanian Language Commission. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
An anai is) is he mos common.
Al hough c i ics say ha he masculine gende is pe ec ly sui ed as neu al and has no
addi ional cha ge o o m gende ela ions, ha i is […] only g amma , ne e heless, i we
hink di e en ly, we would unde s and wha a s ong cha ge he language has in i sel :
ew c i ics, especially men, would p obably ag ee o be desc ibed as he eminine gende […]
I am a physicis , a saleswoman […] and he like. This shows ha he language is no neu al.
Jame (gai ėse – au . pas .) p oblemą „išsp endė“ labai pap as ai – pasiūlė žmogaus
(15min.l 2021-11-02, Jū a ė Juškai ė) he emale gende iden i y in he o m o a woman is
called […]žmoga[…]. Why no "woman" i I'm al eady ma ied? O "smoke", i I'm s ill a i gin.
And i I don' wan o announce my ma i al s a us, I can call mysel a woman.
AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ
230 o he Li huanian Language Ac LXXXVII
And i I don' wan o iden i y mysel wi h any gende , I could call mysel a […]mogo[…], an-
logiškai usiškam „ono“, nes lie u ių kalboje neka osios giminės nė a. (sk as as.l
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[…] E en on he 15 h o Oc obe his yea , he p es igious Vilnius Uni e si y published he
guidelines o he language o he senses, which, in my opinion, a e comple ely unmo i a ed,
e en shame ul, he demoli ion o adi ional Li huanian language no ms […], […] he
p o esso exp essed his posi ion. (e aplius.l 2021-11-16, Juozas Pab ėža) Simila wo ds can
be "in en ed" as occasional (indi idual, s ylis ic) newcome s, jokingly, jokingly (like people
on ele ision ins ead o "D i ačio žinių" "pelės"), bu do you no mally say hem in you
na i e language? [...] The language is much mo e di e se, mo e lexible, mo e lexible han i
is seen by c ea o s and c ea o s o "di e en languages". All you ha e o do is be able o
use i c ea i ely and a oid hose nega i e, de oga o y meanings and p o isions whe e
hey don' exis . The b igh es women o ou na ion (among hem no one […] ou s anding
eminis , a champion o equal igh s) […] Gab iele Pe ke ičai eiBi ei, Meilei Lukšienei, Vanda
Zabo skai ei, now Vic o ia Daujo y ei […] masculine wo ds giminė, used in ce ain cases in a
gene ic sense o bo h sexes, did no disappea .
Thousands o Li huanian women we e no ha med. A pile o oms ha has been occupied by a
ashionable ideology. (Posicija.o g 2022-01-06, Kazimie Župe ka) A he momen , as he da a om he
abo e sou ces show, he nega i e si ua ion is s onge , on he o he hand, i is unclea wha men al
changes a e possible in socie y in he long e m. Acco ding o he o ganize s o he guidelines,
[…][I]lgaini one o m o he plague, he o he will disappea ; One will become ins i u ionally
commonplace, he o he will emain only in he space o indi idual communica ion, and comple ely new
o ms will eme ge. Fo example, in English, back in he 1970s, eminis eminis s c ea ed he
abb e ia ion Ms, which was supposed o eplace he abb e ia ions Miss (panel, unma ied woman)
and M s (ponia, ma ied woman).6 The new abb e ia ion Ms (woman) was c ea ed by analogy wi h he
abb e ia ion M (man) and does no indica e he posi ion o he wi e (see Eh lich, King 1992;
Fue es-Oli e a 2007: 139; see also Pauwels 2001: 124 […] 141). Howe e , his abb e ia ion Ms was mos
o en ejec ed o used inapp op ia ely, o example, neu al, he abb e ia ion ha did no ha e o
indica e he ma i al si ua ion began o e e o di o ced women, ca ee women, p os i u es, e c.
(see below). In he pas , he e m "Miss" and "M s" ha e been c i icized o de ining a woman based
on he ela ionship wi h he husband (Lako 1975: 30; ci ed in Pauwels 2001: 139).
King 1992: 154; Eh lich, King 1994: 62–63; Fue es-Oli e a 2007: 222).
A icles o he T ea y
Naujieji pa adinimai pagal ly ies ski umą
Ano he a emp was o eplace he wo ds chai man, spokesman wi h neu al
ones: he pe son p esiding, he chai man, -ė (English k. chai pe son) and he
delega e, -ė, ep esen a i e, -ė (English k. spokespe son). This e o m did no wo k,
because, as Va osena has shown, hese neu al wo ds ha e los hei neu ali y:
he English wo ds chai pe son, spokespe son began o be used o desc ibe
exclusi ely women's ac i i ies (Eh lich, King 1992: 155; 1994: 63). Such examples
unde pin he c i icism o eminis linguis ic ac i ism ha language canno be
a i icially changed i socie y is no accus omed o change and does no
unde s and i s impo ance, and he need o a i icial language changes is e y
o en unnecessa y, a i icial a emp s o egula e gende equali y in language a e
o en misunde s ood by socie y and e en neu al o ms ha e o be used.
3. The Newly Named Pagal Ly ies
Fo he pu poses o his Annex, he ollowing de ini ions shall apply:
As men ioned, he da abase con ains 55 new gende -speci ic names, which,
acco ding o he cu en Li huanian language g amma (www.dlkg), "deno e
pe sons o he opposi e sex o o he li ing en i ies" (2006: 142). The as
majo i y is made up o end-o -li e ma iages (80 pe cen ; 44; see able 1), he
emainde is made up o p e-ma i al ma iages (20 pe cen ; 11).
One LENTEL. Gende -speci ic names o p oduc ion limbs ND
Eil. numbe The numbe o Vedic
le e s (ND) abs. sk.
- h ee hund ed and hi y- i e
-us (no alloca ed) 4
-3 (no alloca ed) 2
-is (no alloca ed) 2
-5a (no alloca ed) 1
O which: 44
Acco ding o a ecen s udy o mac oeconomics, his is he only ca ego y o wo k ha s ands ou in
he ield o ma hema ics (Aleksai ė, 2021: 91).
AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ
232 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Iš pa eik os 1-os len elės ma y i, kad naujieji pa adinimai pagal ly ies ski -
Thus, he LKG adi ionally men ions ha "many o he p o essions in which women
we e no employed in gene al, and e en now in some non- emale p o essions, i is
sel -e iden ha he e was no basis in eali y o he women's amily daik a a ds,
nep iklausančiomis galūnėmis -a, -as, -is i -ius.
which indica e he eme gence o such pe sons" (LKG 1965: 165). Fo example, such
wo d pai s: in he Li huanian ocabula y (LKZ) and in he mode n Li huanian
ocabula y (DZ8) he ixed a chi is is included in he ank o a chi is , he highes
Ch is ian cle gyman, he head o he a chi es (A chi is ), he budelis, he budelis, he
budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he
budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he
budelis, he budelis, he budelis, he budelis. In Li huanian, such pai s o masculine and
eminine nouns a e o med om bo h na i e and in e na ional wo ds.
This wo k is so egula ha i esembles a change o p o ession (Paulauskienė 2007:
72), o example, an ac o […] ac ess, a doc o […] doc o , a di ec o […] di ec o , a
w i e […] w i e , a s uden […] s uden , e c. (Paulauskienė 2007: 72; see also LKG 1965:
165), so ha in he pas , bo h now and o a new p o ession and when necessa y, i
was possible o c ea e such a daik a a d in he emale gende acco ding o he
[…]pas o ė[…] o only empo a y wo k (Paulauskienė 2007: 72).
72).
Ano he mo i a ion o c ea ing such inno a ions is he desi e o emphasize, o a he o emphasize,
he belonging o he o me ly called ( eali y) o a pa icula gende (Mu mulai y: 51 in 2021): au ho i y,
emale gende au ho i y (: au ho i y), gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale
gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende ,
emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale
gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende , emale gende ,
emale gende , emale gende . [...] Clea pa allels: iend and iend, iend and iend, p o esso and
p o esso . This is no he case in all languages (Daujo y ė 1990: 5, quo ed om K ašy ė, Maskuliūnienė,
Župe ka 2021: 45).
A icles by A icles 239
Naujieji pa adinimai pagal ly ies ski umą
The neck. in he ansli e a e sense […] he dead i gin is a li ing emale being[…]
(27); he la e newcome does no ha e a s ylis ic shade o BŽ. O cou se, such
da a a e p elimina y, since in o ma ion on many gende -speci ic inno a ions, o
džiui, a ki yskupas, pas o ius i k ., BŽ y a enkama, odėl a ei yje, ikė ina, į
example, would include mo e gende -speci ic p oduc i e names. A s udy o he use
o hese new language ph ases showed ha he e is no endency o use abou
43.6% o new gende -speci ic names ha a e spon aneously o med, including:
gù ė […]d asinė ado ė[…], k egždnas, šim akoj[…]enė, š iesulė13 […]i on. (usually
known as he wo ld o en e ainmen ) women and so on. Vaskelienė 2000: 5) also
highligh ed he p e e ence gi en o he newly c ea ed auclius (142) (see compe ing
a ian s auclinas (51) and aukliùkas (27)99), y inas (110) (see he synonym ius (22)),
mzas (plg. mzius) and s a s (227) (see z aginas (3)). Such a s udy o he use o
gende -speci ic p onouns shows ha socie y, when in need, has made and is
making new p onouns acco ding o gende di e ences ( ega dless o he
language). Re e en newcome s a e mo e likely o en e he ac i e age g oup
because hey name people who a e an impo an pa o daily li e (old people,
nu ses, e c.).
O he , o a a con en , by weigh
In he pe iod o w i ing he a icle, 55 new names we e gi en by gende
di e ence in he Li huanian language's new ocabula y (ND) (as o May 5, 2022,
ND eco ded 7691 language uni s). Such wo ks make up a e y small p opo ion
o he o al new lexicon (bo h indigenous and bo owed) (0.7 pe cen ).
2. Mos o hese wo ks consis o end-o -li e ma iages (80 pe
cen , 44 pe cen ), he es o he […] p ecep s ma iages (20 pe cen , 11 pe cen ):
2.1 Gende -speci ic inno a ions a e done wi h a a ie y o limbs: no only
įp as a, būdinga da ybos p iemone -ė, be i su šiai da ybos ka ego ijai
adiciškai nep iklausančiomis galūnėmis -a, -as, -is i -ius.
wi h 2.2 Du ing he pe iod unde in es iga ion, he scope o he o de s is
a he limi ed. Gende -based nouns a e made no only wi h he adi ional
p eposi ions -inas and -ienė, bu also wi h he non-exis en means o making
-ūnas and -(i)ukas o his ca ego y o making.
13 New wo ds a e c ossed o no c ossed (i hei c ossing is no ye clea ) acco ding o he ND submission.

AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ
240 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
2.3. Sinch oninė da ybinė okių naujada ų analizė pa odė, kad ND iksuo a
a ious w i ing ins umen s wi h which he names o male subjec s a e
composed (as, -is, -ius); -inas, -ūnas and -(i)ukas), bu hey a e no p oduc i e. In
he da abase, he names o emale subjec s p edomina e among gende ed
nouns (71 pe cen ; 39 pe cen ), o which he mos p oduc i e is he e b […]
galūnė -ė. The main easons o he c ea ion o gende -speci ic inno a ions
a e as ollows: (a) he occasion o he ci cums ances was exclusi ely
kio į a dy i naują mo e s p o esiją, eiklą, ku i anksčiau neegzis a o a ba
ese ed o men (pi a e, u dze, ýskupė, e c.); (b) he need o elimina e he
link be ween a ce ain concep and he wo ld o men alone (gènijė, kdikė,
pe sonãžė, e c.); and (c) s ylis ic e ec s
(ligh ing, ligh s and he like).
4.The domain is domina ed by s ylis ically neu al names wi h a e e ence
unc ion acco ding o gende di e ence (74.5%; 41%). They a e c ea ed o
designa i e easons […] he need o name a new eali y. The emaining e bs (25.5
pe cen ; 14) […] s ylis ically ma ked (nega i e conno a ions p edomina e: i onic,
de oga o y and con emp uous). In addi ion, a su ey o In e ne use s e ealed
ha some newcome s lose hei emo ional-exp essi e unc ion and a e mo e
o en used as s ylis ically neu al pe sonal names.
(c owd, c owds and so on).
5. Such a s udy o he use o gende -speci ic nouns indica es ha socie y,
when in need, has made and is making new nouns acco ding o gende
di e ences (i espec i e o he language). Re e en newcome s a e mo e
likely o en e he ac i e age g oup because hey name people who a e an
impo an pa o daily li e (old people, nu ses, e c.). These a e he new
gende -speci ic names ha a e being in oduced in o he cu en w i ing.
She will compile a Li huanian dic iona y.
ŠALTINIAI
Apie „jau ią“ g ama iką, au . L. Jonušys. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://www.15min.l /naujie-
na/ak ualu/komen a ai/laiman as-jonusys-apie-jau ia-g ama ika-500-1583066?co-
pied [žiū ė a 2021-10-18].
„A Jūs du ną mane ma o ?“. Apie „lyčiai jau ios kalbos“ p admenis, au . K. Župe ka.
P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://www.pozicija.o g/p o -kazimie as-zupe ka-a -jus-du -
na-mane-ma o -apie-lyciai-jau ios-kalbos-p admenis/ [žiū ė a 2022-01-06].
A Lie u ai eikalinga „negy a“ bend inė kalba?, au . B. Alijošienė. P ieiga in e ne-
e: h ps://www.e aplius.l /a -lie u ai- eikalinga-negy a-bend ine-kalba [žiū ė a
2021-11-16].
S aipsniai / A icles 241
Naujieji pa adinimai pagal ly ies ski umą
Aš neno iu bū i „žmoga“, au . R. Musneckienė. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://www.sk as as.
l /komen a ai/neno iu-bu i-zmoga [žiū ė a 2021-11-05].
BŽ – Bend inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, ed. kolegija D. Liu ke ičienė,
D. Mu mulai y ė, V. Sakalauskienė, A. G i ėnienė, A. Gaidienė, D. Daugi dienė,
L. Jonušys, y . ed. D. Liu ke ičienė. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /
bend ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/.
DLKG 2006 – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos g ama ika, 4-oji pa aisy a laida, ed. V. Amb azas,
Vilnius: Mokslo i enciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
DLKŽ8 – Daba inės lie u ių kalbos žodynas, y . ed. S . Keinys, 8-asis pa aisy as i pa-
pildy as leidimas, e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2021. P ieiga in e -
ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /daba ines-lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/.
Lyčiai jau ios kalbos gai es adina pasi yčiojimu: p asidės d audimai saky i ė as i mo ina.
P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://m.kauno.diena.l /naujienos/lie u a/salies-pulsas/uni e -
si e o-pa eng as-lyciai-jau ios-kalbos-gai es- adina-pasi yciojimu-1049615 [žiū ė a
2021-10-31].
LKG – Lie u ių kalbos g ama ika 2, y . ed. K. Ul ydas, Vilnius: Min is, 1965.
LKŽe – Lie u ių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (1941–2002), ed. kolegija G. Nak inienė,
J. Paulauskas, R. Pe okienė, V. Vi kauskas, J. Zaba skai ė, y . ed. G. Nak inienė,
e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as, 2008 (a naujin a e sija, 2018). P ieiga
in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /lie u iu-kalbos-zodynas/.
ND – Miliūnai ė R., Aleksai ė A. Lie u ių kalbos naujažodžių duomenynas [Tęs inis in-
e ne inis žinynas nuo 2011 m.], sud. R. Miliūnai ė, e. a ian as, Vilnius: Lie u ių
kalbos ins i u as. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://ekalba.l /naujazodziai.
Vilniaus uni e si e as: ideologiniai sp endimai mainais į Eu opos Sąjungos lėšas?, au .
A. Ka u ė. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://www.l .l /naujienos/pozicija/679/1523555/as-
a-ka u e- ilniaus-uni e si e as-ideologiniai-sp endimai-mainais-i-eu opos-sajun-
gos-lesas [žiū ė a 2021-10-19].
VLE – Visuo inė lie u ių enciklopedija. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://www. le.l /.
VLKK KB – Vals ybinės lie u ių kalbos komisijos Konsul acijų bankas. P ieiga in e ne e:
h p://www. lkk.l /konsul acijos.
VU lyčiai jau ios kalbos gai ės: pažangos ženklas a adikalus ekspe imen as?, au .
E. Zica i. P ieiga in e ne e: h ps://www.15min.l /naujiena/ak ualu/lie u a/lyci-
ai-jau i-kalba- a p-paga bos- isiems-i - adicines-g ama ikos-56-1586510?copied
[Re iewed by 2021-11-02]
AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
VU LJKG […] Vilnius Uni e si y o he eaching o senso y language, p epa ed by N.
A lauskai ė, L. Vaicekauskienė, J. Pake ys, V. Vuko ić, A. Ginio ai ė. Access o he
In e ne : h ps: www.k . u.l /documen ai/VU_ly%C4%8Diai_jau ios_kalbos_gai %C4%97s.pd This is a lis o people who we e bo n in, esiden s o , o a e o he wise closely associa ed wi h he ci y o Kie .
In he ield o li e a u e
Aleksai ė Agnė 2022: Li huanian language esea ch wo k on he basis o he
Naujažodžių duomenyno (2011-2019): doc o al disse a ion, Vilnius: Li huanian language
ins i u e. Alexande S. Skais ė: The possibili ies o using he Google sea ch engine in
he s udy o language phenomena. […] Common language 81, 266 […] 282. I is a ailable on
he In e ne a h ps: h ps: jou nals.lki.l /bend inekalba/a icle:// iew/435419.
Amb azas Saulius 2000: Daik a a džių da ybos aida 2: Li huanian language
e dažodiniai ediniai, Vilnius: Ins i u e o he publishing o academic and
encyclopedic wo ks. B aun F iede ike, Sczesny Sabine, S ahlbe g Dagma 2005:
Cogni i e e ec s o masculine gene ics in Ge man: an o e iew o empi ical indings.
[…] Communica ions 30, 1[…]21. Wha is he name o he company? I is a ailable on he
In e ne a : h ps: doi.o g/10.1515 comm.2005.30.1.
Came on Debo ah 1995: Ve bal Hygiene. She is also a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Ame ican Academy o Pedia ics. […] The Poli ics o Language, London and
This is New Yo k: Rou ledge.
Came on Debo ah is he au ho o Gende and Language Ideologies. The Handbook
o Language and Gende , edi ed by J. Holmes, M. Meye ho , USA: Blackwell
447–467.
Publishing, Eh lich Susan, King Ru h 1992: Gende -based language e o m and he
social cons uc ion o meaning. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Eh lich-Susan, King Ru h, 1994: Feminis meanings and he (de)poli iciza ion o he lexicon. […] Language in socie y 23 (1), 59 […] 76. A ailable on he In e ne : h ps://doi.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Fo ma o Fede ica 2016: Linguis ic ma ke s o sexism in he I alian media: a case
s udy o a minis e and a minis e . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he
wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: doi.o g/10.3366/co .2016.0100.
Fue es-Oli e a Ped o A. 2007: A Co pus-based View o Lexical Gende in
W i en Business English. – English o Speci ic Pu poses 26, 219–234. P ieiga in e ne-
e: h ps: doi.o g/10.1016/j.esp.2006.07.001.
Hol oe Axel, Semėnienė Lo e a 2006: Giminės ka ego ija. – Daik a a dinio
G amma wo ks o he Li huanian language 4 [= Li huanian language g amma wo ks
4], ed. A. Hol oe , R. Mikulskas, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e, 101120.
A icles o he T ea y
Naujieji pa adinimai pagal ly ies ski umą
Hong Xiuqin 2018: Sexis language e o m in he English ocabula y. […] Ad ances in social
science, educa ion and humani ies esea ch 233. 3 d In e na ional Con e ence on
Con empo a y Educa ion, Social Sciences and Humani ies (ICCESSH 2018), 699[…]702, which
was held in Vienna, Aus ia. K ašy ė Regina, Maskuliūnienė Džiulje a, Župe ka Kazimie as
2021: Abou he co ec ness o he wo d: i s own and impo ed, Vilnius: […]Žu ėd a[…].
Lako Robin 2003: Language, Gende , and Poli ics: Pu ing […]Women[…] and […]Powe […] in
he same sen ence. The Handbook o Language and Gende , edi ed by J. Holmes and M.
Meye ho , USA: Blackwell Publishing, 161-178. Laugesen Amanda 2019: Changing ‘Man Made
Language: Sexis language and eminis linguis ic ac i ism in Aus alia. E e yday
Re olu ions: Remaking Gende , Sexuali y and Cul u e in he 1970s Aus alia, edi ed by M.
A ow, A. Woollaco , Ac on ACT, Aus alia: ANU P ess, 241 […] 260.
Jackie F. K. 2007: Accep abili y o Sexis Language among Young People in Hong
Kong. […] Sex oles 56, 285 […] 295 […] Sex oles 56, 285 […] 295 […] Sex oles 56, […]
295 […] Sex oles 56, […] 295 […] Sex oles 56, […] 295 […] Sex oles 56, […] 295 […] Sex oles 56, […] 295 […] Sex oles 56, […] […] Sex oles 56, […] Wha a e you going o do wi h his? I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: doi.o g/10.1007 s11199-006-9170-4.
Maldonado Ga cia M. I. 2015: Spanish […]Poli ically Co ec […] Mo emen : Reasons o
Failu e. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Mu mu is Dai a 2021: New
wo ds in he Li huanian language in e ms o gende exp ession. […] Li huanian
language 16, 51[…]69. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.zu nalai. u.l o in he a icle a h p: a icle/ iew/24927/24771.
Jane B. Pa ks, Robe on Ma y A. 1998: In luence o age, gende , and con ex on a i udes
owa ds sexis o non-sexis language: is spo a special case? […] Sex oles 38, 477 […] 494.
[…] Wha a e you doing he e? I can be ound on he In e ne a h ps: h ps:
doi.o g/10.1023/A:1018766023667. Jane B., Robe on Ma y A. 1998a: Con empo a y A gumen s
agains non-sexis language: Blaube gs Pa ks (1980) Re isi ed. This is he i s ime ha
he book has been published. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I can be ound on he In e ne a h ps: h ps: h ps: h ps: h ps: h ps: h ps: h ps: www. Paulauskienė Aldona 2007: Basics o he mo phology o he Li huanian language, Kaunas:
The echnology.
Anne Powell's Sp eading he Feminis Wo d: The Case o he New Cou esy Ti le in
Aus alian English. Gende ac oss languages. The linguis ic ep esen a ion o women and
men, eds. by M. Hellinge , H. Bussmann, Ams e dam: John Benjamins
The publishing company, 137, 151.
Anne Powell, Linguis ic Sexism and Feminis Linguis ic Ac i ism […] The Handbook o
Language and Gende , eds. by J. Holmes, M. Meye ho , USA: Blackwell
Published by 550[…]570.
AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ
244 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII, which was published in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Vasilie a Zheleznyna is a p o esso a he Facul y o Law o he
Uni e si y o Šiauliai. The In e ne sea ch engine Google is looking o examples o use cases.
New Names Based on Gende A ibu ion
Summa y
Du ing he pe iod o w i ing his a icle, 55 new en ies o names based on gende a ibu ion
we e made in he Da abase o Li huanian Neologisms (DLN) (as o 5 May 2022, he DLN ea u ed
7,691 language uni s). Such o ma ions accoun o a ac ion (0.7%) o all new lexis (bo h
indigenous and bo owed). Mos o he o ma ions a e in lec i e de i a i es (80%; 44); he es
a e su ix de i a i es (20%; 11). New coins a e made bo h wi h he adi ional ools o o ma ion,
such as he ending -ė and he su ixes -inas and -ienė, and he endings -a, -as, -is, and -ius and he
su ixes -ūnas and -i-ukas, which a e no cha ac e is ic o his o ma ional ca ego y. E en
hough he DLN was ound o ea u e a b oade ange o o ma ional ools used in he making o
he names o masculine subjec s, hese a e no p oduc i e. The Da abase's
gende -denomina ing new coins a e domina ed by he names o eminine subjec s (71%; 39), wi h
he ending -ė as a ool o o ma ion demons a ing he highes ou pu . The names based on
gende a ibu ion ha a e ea u ed in he Da abase a e p edominan ly s ylis ically neu al
and e e en ial (74.5%; 41); o ma ions ha ha e a s ylis ic cha ge a e much less common (25.5%;
14).
This s udy o he usage o gende -denomina ing new coins e eals ha he public has been and
s ill is making new names based on gende a ibu ion as necessa y ( ega dless o wha is
ashionable in language). The main easons behind he appea ance o such coins a e: (a) he need
o denomina e a new eminine p o ession, an ac i i y ha was no he e be o e o has been
ci cums an ially in he p o ince o men. (b) he need o des oy he exclusi e bond be ween a
pa icula e m and he domain o men; and (c) a s ylis ic e ec .
Deli e ed on 9 June 2022
AGNĖ ALEKSAITĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.