200 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-3826-7272 Di ec ions o
scien i ic esea ch: wo d making, mo phemics,
lexicog aphy, and lexicology.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
DARYBOS FORMANT […] This is a lis o ai po s in F ance, so ed by loca ion.
Homonyms and hei
meanings
Homonymy o De i a ional Fo ma i es and I s
Ma king in he Wo d Fo ma ion Manual
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle discusses he homonymy o Li huanian language wo d-making ools, he ele ance
o which was highligh ed in he de elopmen o he Wo d-making Guide, a digi al knowledge o
Li huanian language wo d-making. The aim o he s udy is o subs an ia e he issue o ma king
he o man s o homonymy in ocabula ies, mo phemes, mo pheme composi ion in
dic iona ies, dic iona ies and o he lexicog aphic publica ions and o discuss he p oblems
encoun e ed in p ac ical p esen a ion o homonymy in ocabula ies. I is conside ed ha he
homonymy should be spoken o a he le el o e b o man s and no a he le el o
mo phemes (a ixes). Di e en meanings o he Vedic ex s and di e en o igins o he
ools o he Vedic ex s a e conside ed o be non-con o e sial c i e ia o de e mining he
o man s o homonymic ex s, and he di e ence be ween he pa s o he Vedic language
and he pa s o he language o hei basic wo ds does no in i sel condi ion he homonymy
o he ools o he Vedic ex s. Only o ms o he same species a e conside ed o be
homonyms. The p oblem o homonymy ma king is discussed in he o man s o ac ions wi h
which mobile nouns (subs an i e mobilia) a e made. The p elimina y ma king o homonyms in he
ocabula y ledge no only highligh ed he ele ance and p oblems o he homonymy o
ocabula y ools, bu also showed i s magni ude […] homonyms a e abou hal o he p eposi ions o Li huanian wo ds and almos all he endings.
ESMINIAI WORDS: he making o wo ds, he o m o he making, he a ix, he
mo pheme, he homonymy, he seman ics.
A icles published by A icles 201
Da ybos o man ų homonimiškumas i
jo žymėjimas žodžių da ybos žinyne
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle deals wi h he homonymy o he means o Li huanian wo d o ma ion, he ma king
ele ance o which has become appa en in he de elopmen o he Wo d Fo ma ion Guide, a
digi al manual o Li huanian wo d (noun) o ma ion. The s udy aims o jus i y he need o
o homonymic de i a i e o ms in dic iona ies o wo d o ma ion, dic iona ies o mo phemes,
dic iona ies o mo phemic composi ion, wo d o ma ion manuals, e c., and o discuss he
p oblems encoun e ed in p ac ice when he homonymic means o wo d o ma ion in he
a e p esen ed in hese publica ions. I is conside ed ha homonymy should be discussed a
he le el o de i a ional o ma i es, no a he le el o mo phemes (a ixes). The di e ence
de i a i e meaning o de i a i es and he o igin o he means o wo d o ma ion in he pa o
a e conside ed o be indispu able c i e ia o he iden i ica ion o homonymous de i a ional
o ma i es, while he di e ence in he pa o speech o de i a i es and he di e ence
speech o hei base wo ds is no in i sel likely o lead o homonymy o de i a i e means. Only
a ixes ( o ma i es) o he same ype a e homonymous. The p oblem o ma king he homonymy
o he de i a ional o ma i es used o o m mobile nouns (subs an i a mobilia) is discussed. The
p elimina y ma king o homonyms in he Wo d Fo ma ion Guide has no only highligh ed he
ele ance and p oblems o homonymy o de i a ional o ma i es bu has also shown he ex en
o homonymy […] abou hal o he su ixes o Li huanian nouns and almos all he in lec ions
a e homonymous. KEYWORDS: wo d o ma ion, de i a ional o ma i e, a ix, mo pheme,
homonymy, and seman ics.
The Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
Homonyms a e he elemen s o he language ha ha e he same p onuncia ion. The essence
o he phenomenon o homonymy […] se e al, usually wo, elemen s o he language o ma ch
he hyme (phone ic and o g aphic) and a comple ely di e en meaning. a ious ypes o
homonyms acco ding o phone ic g aphics abou he spelling o wo ds (homo o ms,
mo phological, pa ial homonyms, homog aphs, e c.) and hei di e en ea men in a ious
sou ces. RIMKUTE, 2003: 34-38 and he li e a u e e e ed o he ein. In English, homonyms can
e e o wo ds om h ee di e en classes […] 1) p onounced he same way (e.g., o, oo,
wo); (2) he same spelling and spelling (e.g., quail ‘pu pelė and quail ‘k ūp elė i, (wi h) shaking)
o (3) he same spelling only (e.g., bow [ba] ‘ o wa d o he ship, o ewing and bow [bō] ‘lankas
laid o he a ows). In all cases, o cou se, he wo ds di e in meaning. Wo ds o he i s
and second ype a e some imes called homophones, he second and hi d […] homog aphs.
Some esea che s end o conside only hi d-class wo ds as homonyms. This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he
Eu opean Union. This is he i s ime ha he Commission has been able o do so. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
202 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII, as amended by he T ea y o Lisbon
Reikšmės požymis iš homonimo (pp . žodžio) apib ėž ies lie u ių kal-
bo y oje ka ais ikslingai išleidžiamas kaip pe eklinis, nedi e encinis, nes
„no maliai isi d ipusiai elemen ai ski iasi eikšme, išim į suda o neben si-
nonimai“ (U bu is 2008: 214; plg. Gai enis, Keinys 1990: 80)2. Be o, d ie-
The di e ence be ween he meanings o hei language elemen s mus be
absolu e, i.e. hei meanings mus be so a apa ha i would no be possible o
daugia eikšmiškumą. Dažniausiai homonimija nag inėjama leksikos lyg-
speak o he same language elemen in he menu, bu i is cha ac e is ic no only
o wo ds bu also o hei o ms, mo phemes. I is also possible o use he p e ix
[…] in addi ion o he oo ( o example, do 1-as, -a, do 2-o i, -oja, -ojo,
san-do 3-is), bu also he p e ix […] ( o example, s ip-ena1, hand-ena2, iskas-ena3,
smeig-ena4, zuik-ena5), he p e ix […] (be1-no ė i, be2-dugnė), he p e ix […]
(skund-as1, na s-as2 […], sa g-as2, in o-as4, apa -as5, a b ad-as6) (e.g. U bu is 2008:
[…] 2015; 2009: […] 2011). I was he homonymy o he elemen s o his le el o he
language […] mo phemes, mo e p ecisely, a ixes, wo d o man s […] ha became
ele an in he c ea ion o he digi al Li huanian language wo d- o ming
knowledge […] Wo d- o ming guide (www.zd . edlys, access o he In e ne : h ps: www.zodziu-da ybos- edlis.l ).
This knowledge […] one o he Li huanian language esou ces in o ma ion sys em E. language
se ices, mo e p ecisely, ŽDV oge he wi h Speech ad ice (KP) o ms he se ice E. ad ice. I is
ecommended o ad ise on how o o m new wo ds in he Li huanian language, 2 Homonimas and
homonymy e ms in he explana ions o o he languages, lexicon and so on. Howe e , signs o
di e en meanings a e mos o en men ioned, e.g. […]Vā dus o he same sound unlike he same
w i ing, bu wi h di e en , no mu ually exclusi e wo ds[…]. (h p: www.homonym.com.h ml)
[…]OMONIMI [...] Wo ds, he same sound, bu comple ely di e en
[žiū ė a 2022-08-08]; „Homonīmi i ā di a a šķi īgu nozīmi, kas iz unājami un aks āmi ienā-
di.“ (h ps://l .wikipedia.o g/wiki/Homon%C4%ABms [žiū ė a 2022-08-08]); „[…] one o
значенням, наприклад: коса (волосся), коса (мис), коса (сільськогосподарське знаряддя),
OMONIMIA [...] Sound is di e en depending on he meaning o he wo ds o hei o m. The
Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o
однакові за звучанням, але цілковито відмінні за значенням […], ОМОНІМІЯ […] Звуковий
supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his
Regula ion. […]OMONIMI [...] Слова, as well as o he linguis ic uni s, ha e di e en meanings o wo ds o hei o ms […] omonyms[…] (SUM-20, h ps: www.sum20ua.com en y=66229&page=2094 [ iew 2022-08-11]); […]Onomim [...] […] di e en by
значению, но одинаковые по звучанию и написанию единицы языка (слова, морфемы и др.)“
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in
he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. […]Omonia […] sound coincidence o di e en linguis ic uni s, he meanings o which a e no ela ed o each o he .[…] (LES)
344).
3 In Li huanian wo d-making li e a u e, p e ixes a e usually indica ed along wi h endings.
Fo hei homonymy, see also 3.1.
A icles o he T ea y A icles 203
Da ybos o man ų homonimiškumas i
jo žymėjimas žodžių da ybos žinyne
acco ding o he ules o he wo dmaking4. The in o ma ion is p o ided in he wo
Li huanian g amma g amma chap e s […] academic (LKG) and […] cu en
Li huanian language (DLKG) […] wo d-making (by Vincas U bu is). A he s age o i s
Nea sisakoma min ies a ei yje ŽDV p i aiky i i ki ų kalbos dalių da ybos duo-
menims, a i inkamai ko eguojan duomenų bazės s uk ū ą. Tačiau pi majame
c ea ion, he pe cep ion o VAT as a se ice o he E. ad ice pa , is p ima ily
o ien ed owa ds objec wo ds, imagining ha i is p ecisely hei c ea i e
ac i i ies ha will be o in e es in c ea ing new names o a ge ing he ules
al eady c ea ed. Since his digi al ool is mo e aimed a he gene al public, i s da a
s uc u e is simpli ied. (The in o ma ion in he da abase o p o essional
Li huanian wo d-making esea ch should be mo e b oken down in e ms o bo h
seman ics and o m, which would p o ide mo e da a sea ch and classi ica ion
possibili ies). Howe e , he e a e some aspec s o da a p esen a ion ha canno
be simpli ied, on he con a y, compa ed o p esen a ion in g amma s, i mus be
e ined, albei mo e complex. One such aspec is he homonymi y o he means o
p oduc ion, which mus be indica ed e en in a simple da abase.
Fo eign mo phemes and wo d-making dic iona ies, which con ain a numbe o di e en […]
especially Russian language (see li e a u e lis ), as well as La ian language (Me uzāle-Kange e
1985), English language (DPSCF) and e c. […] mo pheme homonymy is no always ma ked. In he
da abase o Li huanian mo phemes (LKMDB) and i s based A galiniame, Abėcėliniame and
Dažniniame Li huanian mo phemes dic iona ies (Rimku ė, Kazlauskienė, Raškinis 2011; 2011a;
2011b) he homonymy o mo phemes is also no e lec ed. The pu pose o his a icle is o
jus i y he necessi y o labeling homonymic o man s (and mo phemes in gene al) in
lexicog aphic wo ks and o aise he p oblems encoun e ed in he p ac ical p esen a ion o
homonymic wo d-making ools. I s aim was o sol e he ollowing p oblems: o egis e
homonyms o Li huanian-language ools o making objec s […] a achmen s, p e ixes and
su ixes; discuss he c i e ia o he homonymi y o p oduc ion me hods on he basis o he
scien i ic li e a u e; indica e he p oblema ic aspec s o he ma king me hodology.
Synch onous wo d o ma ion, mo pheme, seman ic analysis, analy ical and desc ip i e
esea ch me hods we e used du ing he s udy. 4 […]The Li huanian language is ich in
wo d-making ools, and i is some imes no enough inspi a ion o c ea e a new wo d, a li le
encou agemen is needed […] o explo e he wo d-making ools, o look a examples[…] (Ri a
Miliūnai ė, h ps: www.del i.l /in e nal p ojec s-sup as ie a/lie u- iu-kalba-
ne ukus- aps-leng esne-in e ne e-ku ia-pa ogia-sis ema.d?id=78879667 [žiū ė a 2022-08-04]).
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
204 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
1.Homonyms and mo phemes
The p ac ical esul s
Theo e ically, he homonymy o he means o ac ion […] p ecep s, p eceden s […] is
a known and unde s andable hing (al hough he e ha e been con lic ing opinions in
he pas , o example, he o man s o homonymy we e no ecognized by N.
Janko-T inickaja, M. B odowska-Honowska (U bu is 2009: 180)). In he Russian
lexicon, which is cha ac e ized by he o ma ion o wo ds and mo phemes and
mo pheme-speci ic ocabula y gausa (Cyganenko 1982; Kuzne so a, E emo a 1986;
Ba do ič, Shakun 1989; E emo a 1996; E emo a 2000; Tichono 1990; Tichono 1996;
Ši šo , E emo a 2005; Rau skaja 2009; E emo , Uluchano 2016 and k ., no o
men ion he olde o he published ones), he ela ionship be ween homonyms is
conside ed and p ac ically sol ed: heo e ical ela ionships o homonymism and
homonymism, he c i e ia o he classi ica ion o homonyms, homonymism and
homonymism. The ele ance o he homonymy o mo phemes is mos e iden in
hei egis e s, columns, and lis s. This is no so ele an in wo ks dic iona ies,
whe e wo ks a e p esen ed in b acke s, o in dic iona ies o he mo phological
o de o wo ds, whe e hey a e p esen ed b oken down by mo phemes. Fo
example, in he Mo phological Dic iona y o he Bulga ian Language (Ba do ič,
Šakun 1989) he homonymi y o mo phemes is a emp ed o be shown in o he ways
a he han by numbe ing hem. In Tokyo- ype dic iona ies, i is impo an o
dis inguish only mo phologically di e en e b homonyms, and i he wo ds b oken
down by mo phemes a e comple ely iden ical, hei homonymy is in no way los .
Such in o ma ion is pe haps edundan and inaccu a e in he dic iona ies o
mo phological o de s, no mo phemes hemsel es. Any o he mo phemes,
dic iona ies, dic iona ies o o he egis e s whe e mo phemes a e p esen ed no
in wo ds, bu as sepa a e uni s, and hei homonymic cases mus be ma ked in
o de o dis inguish and show all mo phemes. The in e p e a ion o he meanings
o mo phemes, especially hei plu ali y, has always been a di icul ask o
lexicog aphe s (Osilbeko a 2017: 334). Fo example, mo phemes o simila owel
o ms a e p oposed o be conside ed homonyms i hey belong o wo ds o
di e en pa s o he language (1) o di e en seman ic g oups (2) o he same
pa o he language, e.g. 1) za-pe ( eiksmažodis) za- ečije (daik a a dis), 2) bo-ец
руб-ец. In he second case, mo phemes exp ess di e en meanings (in o he
wo ds, a ixes gi e di e en meaning o e bs). I he meanings a e in e ela ed,
hey a e no homomo phic, bu one

S aipsniai / A icles 205
Da ybos o man ų homonimiškumas i
jo žymėjimas žodžių da ybos žinyne
he plu al o m o he mo pheme (Cyganenko 1982: 102, 15)5. The plu ali y o e bs,
i.e. polysemy and homonymy, should be one o he p inciples o such ocabula y
o ma ion (Osilbeko a, 2017, p. In he Li huanian language, he homonymy o e bs
o mo phemes is spo adically men ioned in he discussion o o he opics (mos ly
ela ed o lexical homonymy), o example (mo phological) plu ali y (Rimku ė 2003:
38; 2003a: 63). Appa en ly, he hasn' been speci ically s udied.
2. Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc .
HOMONIMIŠKUMO ŽYMĖJIMO POREIKIS
2.1. Akademinėje g ama ikoje, iename iš ŽDV šal inių, ašoma:
The seman ic classi ica ion o ypes o e bs p e ailing in he sec ions o e bs and
adjec i es is no con enien o he eade when he wan s o ind ou abou one o
he e bs (adjec i e, ad e b o ad e b). To a oid his incon enience, a he end o
he i s olume is added a […]Daik a a ds and adjec i es, which makes i easy o
ind he g amma ical pa ag aph (o pa ag aphs) whe e he wo ds wi h he ca e
a ix a e men ioned[…] (LKG I 5[…]6). Rodyklė (LKG I 722[…] 728) is indeed essen ial,
o he wise his g amma would no be a ailable as a knowledge, bu he p esen a ion
o in o ma ion in i could be mo e accu a e and con enien o he eade . Fo
example, i you a e in e es ed in deminu s and a e looking o in o ma ion abou
hem, you will see he ollowing e e ences in he -ukas box:
- Sec ion 652
-uk, -ė §§ 385, 521, 558; see also -uk, -ė
-iukas, -ė §§ 385, 521, 558; see also -ukas, -ė (LKG I 727, 725). Abou he deminu i es, such as he hou , he
hou , he hou , he hou . a nėniukas, only § 385 (LKG I 265[…]269) is e e ed o. In o he cases, hese
a e p eposi ions o o he ca ego ies o e bs, wi h which he names o he cha ac e s and he
holde s o he e b p ope ies a e made, e.g., "c aps ukas", " -ė 1". "He who wo ks long, wo ks
slowly". The e m "Russian-speaking" is used o desc ibe a a ie y o Russian and Uk ainian wo ds
wi h di e en mo phological meanings, homonyms; he seman ic componen s o he p oduc ion
a ixes o be indica ed; speci y he mo phemes in he unc ions o he de i a i es (idem).
niminės mo emos ( os pačiõs i ski ingų kalbos dalių), aip pa a p au inės homomo emos.
6 Ki i p incipai: u i bū i pa ody as mo emų a ian iškumas; p iesagos pa eik inos ka u su galū-
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
206 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
LKG I 328), he names o he holde s o he su name cha ac e is ics, e.g. ca inuk,
musinukė, pos ca d, inge ‘ he sewing ing is sewn wi h he inge (§ 558, LKG I
348349), he names o he ools, e.g. k apš ukas ‘ he handke chie o be sewn,
iklis’, š ilpukas, žindukas ‘nedidelis gaminys su elas inga spenelio pa idalo da-
limi, duodamas žįs i kūdikiui; sin. čiulp ukas’ (§ 652, LKG 393; BLKŽ), iš nau-
k apšjažodžių migdukas ‘žaislas, he music o which is dissemina ed, he ligh bulb
užmig i’ (ND). Taigi šiuo a eju bū ų galima kalbė i ne apie ieną, o apie ke u-
ias homonimines p iesagas, ku ių ediniai ski iasi da ybos eikšmėmis.
Sukū us p adinę ŽDV, i s cause he da a om he DLKG, hen hey help o ill i
in. The p eposi ions we e in oduced in he o m in which hey appea in he
ele an g amma ical pa ag aphs, a he han in he a o emen ioned LKG column,
which in some cases spells hem somewha di e en ly han in he indica ed
pa ag aph. In pa icula , in he case a hand, he p e ix o he names o he
holde s o he cha ac e is ics o he ac ion is LKG I § 521 w i en - (i)uk (ė), and
DLKG § 251 - (i)uk, (ė), he possibili y o sepa a ing he end o he emale o m by a
cable. In addi ion o he abo e, he e is a dis inc ion be ween he wo ypes o
p onouns: he p onoun o m (p onoun o m) and he p onoun o m (p onoun o m),
which is used o e e o he noun o m (p onoun o m), which is used o e e o
he noun o m (p onoun o m) and he p onoun o m (p onoun o m) which is used
o e e o he noun o m (p onoun o m). Only comple ely analogous sequences o
spellings a e ma ked wi h homonymic numbe s in Vedly. So he au oma ically
gene a ed lis o p e ixes be o e edi ing he ZDV da a looks like his:
- (whispe ing)
- (i) he ea , -ė1
- (i) he ea , -ė2
- I hu s.
I is ob ious ha in compa ison wi h he LKG indica o , he subjec -speci ic indica o s a e
p esen ed mo e accu a ely, i is immedia ely appa en ha his is no a single p e ix, bu he
indica ion o hei homonymy is no ye consis en . In addi ion, he numbe ing o homonyms is
misleading, because i assumes he idea ha homonym p eposi ions a e wo. 2.2. V. U bu is in he
Encyclopedia o he Li huanian Language (2008: 215) speaking o homonymic mo phemes claims ha
hey can be o a ious ypes: […]šaknys (e.g., 7 Plg. in his w i en sec ion o he LKG and DLKG on he
apsi- k- i – su- k- i), p iesagos (p z., be ž-ýn-as – pelėd-ýn-as ‘pelėdžiukas’)7,
making o daik a a ds […] -(i)ukas, -ė a i med: p e-dels (e.g., be-no […] i […] be-nãmis), galūnės (e.g.,
„[s]u šia p iesaga dažniau da omi kokie ki i ediniai (ypač deminu y ai), ačiau i a dažodinės
S aipsniai / A icles 207
Da ybos o man ų homonimiškumas i
jo žymėjimas žodžių da ybos žinyne
añk-os, n.m. […] añk-os, d.g.)). The la e examples illus a e he homogenei y o he limbs o he
limbs and he limbs o he limbs. Fo example, in Vedly, homonyms do no ha e only he plu al endings
nimiją, ačiau sus uk ū in i g ama ikų duomenys odo, kad šis eiškinys būdin-
-ai, -es and -os, wi h which he names o holidays and ce emonies a e made. All o he limbs belong o
g oups o wo, h ee, ou , six o se en homonyms. Thus, se en homonyms o he ends, i.e. he
se en ends ha pe o m di e en unc ions in he making p ocess, a e p esen ed in Vedly. They
a e used o:
1) he names o ac ions (abs ac s o ac ions), e.g. ic o y
( o win)
2) abs ac names o p ope ies, such as alue (: alue, -a), guil (: guil , -a);
(3) names o holde s o su name cha ac e is ics, e.g. plik (: ba e, -a), lėkš ė (:
lėkš as, -a), s iukė (: s iukas, -a); (4) he names o he esul s o he ac ion,
e.g. iekė ( iek i, iekia, iekė), b ydė (b is i, b ido), pynė (pin i, pynė); (5) he
names o he ools, such as: dildo (dildy i, dildo, dildė), pashluos ė ( pašluos y i,
pašluos y i, pašluos ė), sklendė ( sklęs i, sklendė); 6) place names, such as:
nuošalus (: nuošalus, -i), plynė (: plynas, -a);
7) pa adinimai pagal ly ies ski umą, pa yzdžiui: ilkė (: ilkas), liū ė (: liū as),
kalaku ė (: kalaku as).
I seems app op ia e o a ange and numbe homonyms acco ding o he egula i y, equency, and
pe haps also he equency o he use o e bs, bu his would equi e ex ensi e esea ch on he
cu en use o e bs, which would subs an ially con i m o co ec he si ua ion o he use o
e bs desc ibed in he g amma s o he second hal o he 20 h cen u y. In addi ion, i is also
necessa y o a oid he p ac ice o making new wo ds. In o he wo ds, in he case o he
a o emen ioned " highs", i is e y likely ha he high, wi h which names a e made acco ding o
gende di e ence, is used mos o en and his ac ion is he mos egula compa ed o o he
homonyms o he " highs". I is wo h no ing ha wi h his end no only egula ly, as soon as hey
a e needed, om he name o any animal, hei emales easily make new wo ds o ma k hem. New
wo ds o Li huanian a e also eco ded in he dic iona y o new wo ds, ma king pp . In he case o
he Uni ed Kingdom, he Commission conside s ha he applica ion o he p inciple o
p opo ionali y is jus i ied on he basis o he p inciple o p opo ionali y in he ligh o he
p inciple o p opo ionali y. Elsewhe e, his idea is o mula ed in a monosyllabic way: […]The e m
plu al is used no only o analyze homomo phic o ms ha di e in mo phological ea u es, bu also
o alk abou a e b (e.g., e b […] e b: he same e b o m gi es di e en meanings) [...] plu al- z
eikšmiškumą“ (Rimku ė 2003: 38).
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
208 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII he eminini y o a human being, ano he
li ing o pe soni ied being, e.g. au ho i y, subjec , doll, u ed, obo , na cissis , e c.
(see also The esul s o he Mu mulai y ė 2021: 58 esea ch ha e no ye been
59). Toks p iesagos „ak y umas“ odo, kad ji homonimų są aše galė ų bū i pa-
žymė a pi mu nume iu. Ku ian Vedlį išsamių daba inės da ybos i a osenos
ecei ed, so i is planned o numbe homonyms mainly based on he in o ma ion
p o ided in he g amma s abou he numbe o p eposi ions, p e ixes and
su ixes, i.e. he numbe s o homonyms o a e, in e media e, non-s anda d o ms
will be la e .
In o de o unde s and how o dis inguish be ween he wo ypes o e bs, i is
necessa y o unde s and he ollowing: (1) how o ea e bs whose e bs a e
mobile e bs (subs an i e mobilia), i.e. can be bo h masculine and eminine, e.g.
-inis, -ė (mishkinis, o es ), plg. he o mally coinciding p eposi ions -inis ( a -inis,
šal -inis) and -inė (ska d-inė1, palaid-inė1, šim -inė1; malk-inė2);
2) wha is o be conside ed as he basic uni […] mo phemes (a ixes) o he
o man s o he wo k (a combina ion o he main and seconda y wo k
a ixes); (3) wha should be he c i e ia o he assignmen o homonyms; 4)
how o deal wi h o mally analogous na i e and o eign (neoclassical,
in e na ional) a is ic a ixes ( o ms); (5) in addi ion o he o egoing, he
o de o he homonymic ins umen s o p oduc ion should be de e mined on
he basis o :
3. Manu ac u e om ma e ials o any heading, excep ha o he p oduc .
HOMONYMIZED and LIGNED
Ques ions
3.1. Fo man o he a ix
In he unique mode n Russian mo pheme dic iona y (Racibu skaja 2009) he
homonymy o he adjec i es is gi en, no he o m o he e b, bu he
mo pheme, he adjec i e. In he case o p eposi ion-making o man s, his
means ha he seconda y p eposi ion ool (galun), i he wo d has i , is no
aken in o accoun , only he homonymy o he p eposi ions hemsel es is
conside ed […] in he o m o a di e en meaning. Thus, o example, in -injōji,
ba an-in-a and saha -in a e conside ed homonym p eposi ions. In he opinion o
Danija Osilbeko a, such an in e p e a ion o he inconsis ency o mo phemes is
A icles by A icle 215
Da ybos o man ų homonimiškumas i
jo žymėjimas žodžių da ybos žinyne
ieną, iek ki ą (minė ieji ankin-ukas, audon-ukė i as in-ukas, -ė) da osi aki-
doub ul and one o he p inciples in he p epa a ion o he dic iona y o
wo d-making a ixes mus be he image ha he ma king o homonyms would be
oo complica ed o non-wo d-making specialis s ying o ake in o accoun
he Vedic mo phological genus. So a leas in Vedly, which is essen ially o he gene al public, his me hodology is no accep able.
4.HOMONY o he p oduc
In he case o he wo d "manu ac u ing"
(p elimina y s a is ics)
A e p elimina y da a p ocessing, i u ned ou ha 364 o he 770 (abou 47%)
objec p onouns a e homonyms: 202 o hem a e pai s o homonyms, in 33 cases
he e a e h ee homonyms, in 8 […] ou , i e and six homonym g oups a e wo
each. Howe e , hese a e only p elimina y indica i e igu es om which i is
possible o o m an app oxima e pic u e o he ex en o he homonymy o he
p e ix o he noun and o compa e i wi h he homonymy o o he means o
p oduc ion. As men ioned, almos en i ely, he nouns a e homonyms. This, o
cou se, can be explained by he ac ha he in en o y o limbs hemsel es
(con aining a single line in he head) is almos a hund ed imes smalle han ha
o p ecep s, so ha a uni o mly shaped limb pe o ms mo e unc ions, gi es
mo e meanings o he de i a i es o di e en ac ions han a o mally be e a ie y o p ecep s.
In he i s phase o da a p ocessing, i e pai s o homonyms ma ked wi h
numbe s (in-, pa-, p e-, be o e-, p o-), which make up abou 21% o all p e ixes, we e
excluded. Howe e , i should be bo ne in mind ha he homonymy o p eposi ions in
Vedic is s ill mo e o mal, wi hou a ho ough s udy, wi hou compa ison wi h
simila ph ases in o he languages. I should be no ed ha in he scien i ic
li e a u e, he homonymy o Li huanian p e ixes is usually illus a ed by he only
examples o di e en […] dalely inės and p elinksninės […] o igins o p e ixes be-1
and be-2, e.g. be-no ė i […] be-namis (U bu is 2008: 215), be-no ė i […] be-da bis
(Jakai ienė 2009: 111). All o he p e ixes a e likely o be ea ed as plu al, i.e. he
meanings gi en o each o hei p e ixes, e en i di e en , a e no essen ially
in e ela ed. In his case, he e b p e ix is used o e e o wo ds ha deno e (1)
a place, an en ance, an inse ion in o a basic noun, a designa ed hing ha
cons i u es he beginning o ha hing, e.g. inkl (clone) o (2) a hing ha is
in ended o be o exis s as a basic noun in a designa ed place, e.g. inšlopis ‘lopšš ́
(lope), inlū ‘lūš ́ (lupa). In his case, i is possible o speak no o he homonymy o
p e ixes, bu o he polysemy o he same p e ix, because bo h meanings gi en o
i s adjec i es ha e a common […] pene a ion in o he oo

DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
216 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII
daik a a džiu žymimo dalyko idų – semą. (Tas pa s pasaky ina apie p iešdėlį
po-, which is conside ed a plu al because he meaning o he e b gi en o i (see
able 2) indica es an associa ion wi h he p e ix po seman ics and in all cases he
base wo d is a noun.) In he case o he i s -o de p imi i e, he i s -o de
p imi i e is a subse o he second-o de p imi i e, and he second-o de
p imi i e is a subse o he hi d-o de p imi i e. - "D. L. K. G. 1449," "L. K. 459," "L.
K. 459," "L. K. 459," "L. K. 459," "L. K. 459," "L. K. 459," "L. K. 459," "L. K. 459," "L. K. 459,"
"L. K. 459," "L. K. 459." On ha basis, he di e ence in he meaning o he wo k,
which is condi ioned by he di e ence in he pa o he language o he base
ski umas) Vedlyje ski iami du homonimai in-1 (inklonis) i in-2 (inkiau is)12. Plg.
anksčiau minė ą deminu y ų a ejį, odan į, kad pama inių žodžių kalbos dalies
wo d, is no conside ed o be a c i e ion o homonymy, because i does no
supp ess such a la ge seman ic di e ence ha he e bs om nouns and
adjec i es (along wi h hei de i a i e o ms) would be conside ed homonyms.
Thus, he pa o he language o he base wo d in de e mining he homonymi y o
he e b o man s is impo an only inso a as he meaning o he e b depends
on i , and no in i sel (see also 3.3.2.2). Two slowly. The meaning o he wo k is
desc ibed in Vedic examples 1. place indica ed by he base wo d o he objec
unde g ound, unde g ound, unde g ound, a he bo om o he i e
2. hing which is o is in ended o
he bo om o he wo d ma k o he hing
be he basis o he subs a e,
3. ‘smalles sys ema ic uni o jus
en e ing he basic wo d po ūšis,
la ge uni o sec ion
a subg oup, subg oup, class, sec ion,
pos g oup, subg oup ma king he
4. ime immedia ely ollowing he base wo d
o sligh ly ea lie po aka is 5. […]w ong child[…]
poka is, popie ė, po y is, he ime o ma king
poduk a, posun, po aikis 6. indi idual sign […]
unnecessa y, cons an ly s u e ing while
speaking, embedded wo d, speech[…]
12 Plg. Funkcinėje lie u ių kalbos g ama ikoje i pama inių žodžių, i pačių edinių kalbos dalies ski -
umas nė a pag indas įž elg i p iešdėlio į- (in-) homonimiškumą. Joje iek eiksmažodis į-mes-
Bo h he adjec i e in o-saulus and he adjec i e in o-nagis a e conside ed o be he same
p e ix in oduc o y (see Valeckienė 1998: 314). I should also be added ha in his g amma i is
okie a dažodžiai laikomi su p iešdėliu į- pada y ais iš p ielinksninių kons ukcijų. Tačiau da y-
bos pama u p ipažįs an p ielinksninę kons ukciją į saulę, būd a dis įsaulus, -i, ma y , laiky inas
he end, and no he p e ix, because i is he basis o he usual ac ions (plg. h ps://www.sme ona.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
A icles by A icles 217
Da ybos o man ų homonimiškumas i
jo žymėjimas žodžių da ybos žinyne
In he g amma , in he desc ip ions o he cons uc ion o he p e ix wo ds,
daik a a džių, ku ie nė a edami iš daik a a džių, ačiau is dėl o galė ų bū-
i laikomi p iešdėlių pa-, p ieš-, p ie- ediniais, pa yzdžiui, pa-sukos, p ieš-gina,
he e is a small p e ix. Almos all such e bs a e based on co esponding
unobjec ionable e bs (unlike he e bs o he e bs, which also o en ha e
p eposi ions, bu a e de i ed om he e bs o he p eposi ions, e.g. each-a
( each, each, each), a ack-is (b ing, b ing, b ing). Howe e , his does no ye
allow us o alk abou any clea endency o he cu en Li huanian language o
deal wi h p eposi ions o nouns om e bs, because: 1) he e a e e y ew such
nouns, 2) hey can be indi idual analogue nouns; 3) may e en be pa ly unde s ood as
end-o -li e ma iages (DLKG 149; LKG 435). Such cases a e p esen ed in Vedly
sepa a ely om he usual p eposi ions o he p eposi ions o he p eposi ions
o he p eposi ions o he p eposi ions o he p eposi ions o he
p eposi ions o he p eposi ions o he p eposi ions o he p eposi ions o
he p eposi ions o he p eposi ions o he p eposi ions o he p eposi ions
o he p eposi ions o he p eposi ions. be o e dawn, be o e he chambe ;
p e-angis, p e-linksnis), ma ked as homonyms o hese p e ixes. I is clea ha
he homonymi y o p e ixes in he ZDV is no ye ma ked consis en ly, keeping in
mind in all cases he same c i e ia and a uni o m me hodology, because he
s uc u al da a o g amma ical homonyms only highligh ed he p oblem o p e ixes, and i needs o be sol ed by deepe esea ch on p e ix wo ks (especially new wo ds).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o
i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The wo d-making
guide is designed o he gene al public as a ool o help hem check hei
wo d-making knowledge, c ea e a egula ocabula y, e c., bu i is also
use ul o wo d-making o mo phology esea che s. Tha is, by de eloping
s uc u ed da a on he cons uc ion o he wo d objec s and by e ising
he lis o cons uc ion ools (p isms and p e ixes), he ele ance o he
ques ion o he homonymy o cons uc ion ools was highligh ed. Acco ding
kios y a be eik isos. Iki ol a iksų i apsk i ai mo emų homonimija nuo-
o p elimina y es ima es, abou hal o Li huanian-language nouns a e homonyms, and he endings ha e no ye been s udied.
2. Žodžių da ybos edlyje a lik as p elimina us da ybos p iemonių homo-
nimiškumo žymėjimas. Įsi ikin a, kad okio pobūdžio žinynuose i pan.
leksikog a iniuose šal iniuose homonimiją žymė i bū ina. P iklausomai
nuo keliamų ikslų i aikomų leksikog a ijos me odikų, homonimiją ei-
I would a leas be use ul o ma k he wo d-making and mo phemics
(mo phemical, mo phemical pa e ns) in he dic iona ies. Mo pheme wo ds should
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
218 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII e lec s he homonymy o all kinds o
mo phemes, bo h c ea i e a ixes and oo s. Homonyms a e conside ed o be
mo phemes o he same species only. 3. The homonym should be spoken o in he
o m o a e b (in he case o su ixa ion i would be a p eposi ion oge he
wi h a su ix, e.g., -ikas, -ikis, -ikė), a he han a he le el o sepa a e
mo phemes (e.g., sepa a e imamic p eposi ions -ik). 4. i is also di icul o
es ablish uni o mly and i mly he homonymi y c i e ion o he ocabula y o
he ZDV, in e alia, because his knowledge co e s only he ocabula y
in o ma ion o one pa o he language. A di e en image o homonymy would
be seen in he con ex o common, no jus objec wo ds, means o
p oduc ion. A his s age, when e alua ing only he o man s o he
wo dmaking o objec s, he c i e ia o he dis inc ion o homonyms a e he
di e en meaning o he Vedic wo ks (in gene al ca ego y, mo e speci ically
g oup) and he di e en o igin o he means o making. The di e ence
be ween he Vedic pa o he language and he di e ence be ween he basic
wo ds o he language (unless i is also essen ially ela ed o he seman ics o
he o he pa o he language) does no in i sel cons i u e he homonymy o
ku ių ediniai gali u ė i abiejų giminių ( y iškosios i mo e iškosios) a /
i ku ios no s ienos iš jų o mas. Tai y a s a bu, nes nuo o labai p iklau-
he means o he language and i s c i e ia a e mos likely no alid. I is no ye
en i ely clea how o ea some e b o man s, such as he designa ion o
homonyms, especially in cases whe e he o m o a single genus o mally
coincides wi h a sepa a e p e ix, e.g. me g-ike (p iesaga -ikė), neš-ikas, neš-ikė
(p iesaga -ikas, -ikė), audon-ikis, audon-ikė (p iesaga -ikis, -ikė). 6. Mo e
esea ch is needed o de e mine he homonymy o p e ixes, especially new
wo ds. Neabejo ini homonyms a e p eposi ions o dalely in and p ielinksnin
o igin wi hou - (only he la e is used in he cons uc ion o he adjec i es,
so i is p esen ed wi hou a second homonym, unnumbe ed in he ZDV). In some
cases (pa-, be o e-, be o e-) p e ixes a e ma ked as homonyms due o
di e en ac ions, some o hei adjec i es may be based on non-objec i e
wo ds. 7. In he u u e, i would be possible o p epa e an explana o y
dic iona y o he o man s o he wo ds o he Li huanian language in he
o m o a supplemen ed ocabula y guide. In addi ion o he in o ma ion
al eady p o ided in he Wo d-making Guide and e ised om he poin o iew
o homonymy, i should also p o ide ools o he wo d-making o o he pa s o he language and mo e neoclassical (in e na ional) o man s, no only he ini ial ones, bu also he inal ones. Thei homonymy, bo h in e ms o hei own means o p oduc ion and in e ms o hei own compensa ion, mus o cou se also be aken in o accoun .
i as i sužymė as.
LITERATŪRA IR ŠALTINIAI
Ba do ič Ana olij M., Shakun Leu M. 1989: Ba do ič, Ana olij M., Shakun, Leu M.
Ma emny is a slang o he Bela usian language [Ma emny slownik bela uskaj mo y], which is used in he Bela usian language.
A icles and a icles 219
Da ybos o man ų homonimiškumas i
jo žymėjimas žodžių da ybos žinyne
2nd loo , ewo ked. and so on. [2-e edi ion, pe ap ac. i dap.], Minsk: Highe school
[Minsk: High School]
BLKŽ […] Dic iona y o he Li huanian language o he Fede a ion, edi ed by D.
Liu ke ičienė. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha
o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Cyganenko Galina P. 1982:
Tsyganenko, Galina P. Se ice wo ds in he mo phology o he Russian language [Slo a služebnyx mo em usskogo jazyka], Kie : Radyanskaya school
[Kie : Radjansky school]
DLKG […] G amma o mode n Li huanian language, edi ed by V. Amb azas, 4 h amendmen .
Published by Vilnius: Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing, 2006. DPSCF […] A
Dic iona y o P e ixes, Su ixes, and Combining Fo ms om Webs e 's Thi d New
In e na ional Dic iona y, which was published in 2002. Accessed om he In e ne : h ps:
secu e.spellingbee.com o o ms/M_W_p e_su _comb.pd [ iewed 2022-07-30]. E emo a
Ta jana F. 1996: E emo a, Ta yana F. The dic iona y o he ocabula y uni s o he
Russian language [Tolko yj slo a slo oob azo a elnyx edinic usskogo jazyka], Moscow:
The Russian language [Moscow: Russkij jezik]. E emo a Ta yana F. 2000: E emo a,
Ta iana F. New dic iona y o he Russian language: he in e p e i e-language dic iona y
[No y slo a ] o he Russian language: he in e p e i e-language dic iona y] 12, Moscow:
he Russian language, D o a [Moscow: he Russian language, D o a]. E emo a Ta jana F.
2005: E emo a, Ta iana F. A dic iona y o he ocabula y uni s o he Russian language
[Tolko yj slo a slo oob azo a elnyx edinic usskogo jazyka], 2nd edi ion, co ec ed
edi ion [2-e izdanie, isp a lennoe], Moscow: Lingua, As eľ, AST [Moscow: Lingua, As el,
AST]. This is he i s edi ion o he dic iona y o he Russian language. Gai enis
Kazimie as, Keinys S asys 1990: A dic iona y o e ms used in Kalbo y os, Kaunas: Ligh .
Inčiu ai ė-No eikienė Lina, S undžia Boni acas 2015: On wo d o ma ion pa e ns o
hyb id neoclassical nouns and adjec i es in Li huanian. […] Con ibu ions o Mo phology
and Syn ax. P oceedings o he Fou h G ei swald Uni e si y Con e ence on Bal ic
Languages, edi ed by A. Judžen is and S . Kessle , Be lin: Logos Ve lag, 27 […] 50.
Jakai ienė E alda 1980: Li huanian language lexicology, Vilnius: Science. She is a membe o
he boa d o di ec o s o he Li huanian Academy o Sciences. Jakai ienė E alda 2009:
Leksikologija, Vilnius: Vilnius Uni e si y publishing house. She is also he au ho o a numbe o books. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ефремова, Татьяна Ф. Словарь морфем русского языка [Slo a ’ mo em usskogo
jazyka], Москва: Русский язык [Mosk a: Russkij jazyk].
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
220 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXVII This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
LES […] Linguis ic encyclopedic dic iona y […] Linguis ic encyclopedic dic iona y […], see also
he o de . This a icle is pa o a se ies on he So ie Encyclopedia, published by he
Russian Academy o Sciences. The Li huanian language will soon become easie : i c ea es a
con enien sys em on he In e ne . This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day
ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
[Re iewed by 2022-08-04].
LKG […] G amma o he Li huanian language 1, ed. This Decision shall en e in o o ce
on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean
Union. LKMDB […] Da abase o mo phemes o he Li huanian language, sud. E. Rimku ė, A. Kazlauskienė, G. Raškinis, I. Ma kie icz. He is also a membe o he boa d o di ec o s o he Eu opean Ins i u e o Gende Equali y. Access o he In e ne : h ps: klc. du.l o mo ema.
Augus o 2022 ].
Lopa in Vladimi V., Uluchano Igo S. 2016: Lopa in, Vladimi V., o he language [Slo a ]
Улуханов, Игорь С. Словарь словообразовательных аффиксов современного русского
wo d- o -wo d in e p e e […]nyx a ikso so emennogo usskogo jazyka], Moscow:
The Azbuko nik (Moscow) is loca ed in he no he n pa o he coun y.
Hans Ma chand 1969: The Ca ego ies and Types o P esen -day English Wo d
Fo ma ion: a Synch onic[…]Diach onic App oach, 2nd edi ion, Munich by C. H. Beck[…]sche
The ade in secu i ies.
Me uzāle-Kange e Baiba 1985: A De i a ional Dic iona y o La ian La ian language
de i a ion dic iona y, Hambu g: Helmu Buske Ve lag. This is a lis o all he wo ds ha
can be used in he dic iona y. This is he Me iam-Webs e Dic iona y. I is a ailable on he In e ne a h ps: www.me iam-webs e .
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Mu mu is Dai a 2021: New wo ds in he Li huanian language in e ms o gende
exp ession. […] Li huanian language 16, 51[…]59. The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he
O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. La ian language upda e da a [con inued online
knowledge since 2011], sud. R. Miliūnai ė, Vilnius: Li huanian language ins i u e. The
Commission shall be empowe ed o adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26
o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his
Regula ion. Jü gen Puke : The mo phology o he ac ions o he da abase o new loans.
[…] Taikomoji is spoken by 3, 1[…]26. This is a lis o ci ies and owns in he Uni ed
Kingdom by popula ion wi hin he Uni ed Kingdom, so ed by loca ion.The ollowing is a lis o ci ies and owns in he Uni ed Kingdom, so ed by popula ion:Ci ies and owns in he Uni ed Kingdom, so ed by loca ion.
RIMKUTY ERIKA: Homonyms, homo o ms, and homog aphs om he poin o iew
o ex ual linguis ics. Te minology 10, 33 and 41.

S aipsniai / A icles 221
Da ybos o man ų homonimiškumas i
jo žymėjimas žodžių da ybos žinyne
The Rime o he Ancien Ma ine , 2003 The ypology o mo phological plu ali y. This
Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.li uanis ika.l h ps: con en /13209
[Re iewed by 2022-08-12]
Rimku ė E ika, Kazlauskienė As a, Raškinis Gailius 2011: Backg ound o he mo phemic
dic iona y o he Li huanian language 13, Kaunas: The Uni e si y o Vy au as he G ea .
Rimku ė E ika, Kazlauskienė As a, Raškinis Gailius 2011a: Abėcėlinis Li huanian mo phemic
dic iona y o he Li huanian language 13, Kaunas: Vy au as he G ea Uni e si y. This is a
lis o uni e si ies and colleges in he Czech Republic by numbe o s uden s en olled.
AbcII.pd , h p://donelai is. du.l /lkk/pd /AbcIII.pd [žiū ė a 2022-08-08].
Rimku ė E ika, Kazlauskienė As a, Raškinis Gailius 2011b: Dažninis lie u-
Osilbeko a Danija A. 2017: Osilbeko a, Denma k A. On he p inciples o he composi ion o
he ocabula y wi h he mo pheme o ocabula y. Teache o he 21s cen u y
[P epoda a el XXI ek] 3(2), 333341. This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h
day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Racibu skaja La isa V. 2009: Racibu skaya, La isa V. A unique mo pheme o he mode n
Russian language [Slo a uniknyx mo em so emennogo usskogo jazyka], Moscow:
Flin a, Nauka [Moscow: Flin a, Nauka]. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Russian
language ha he wo d has been used. This is Sme ona.l . Li huanian language and dialec .
I is a ailable on he In e ne a : h ps: www.sme ona.l h ps: [ iewed 2022-08-10].
Ši šo I an A. 2004: Ši šo , I an A. A comp ehensi e ocabula y o he Russian language
[Tolko yj slo ob azo a elnyj slo a usskogo jazyka], Moscow: AST [i]
O he .] [Moscow: AST] [and he doc o ]
Tichono Aleksand N. 1990: Tihono , Alexande N. A dic iona y o he Russian language
[Slo oob azo a elnyj slo a usskogo jazyka] 12, 2nd edi ion, is dele ed. This is he i s
edi ion o he dic iona y. [2-e izdanie, s e .], Moscow: Russian language [Moscow: Russian
language]. Tikhono , Aleksand N. 1996: Tikhono , Alexande N. Mo phomo phog aphic
dic iona y o he Russian language. Russian mo pheme [Mo emnoo og a ičeskij slo a
usskogo jazyka. Russkaja mo emika], Moscow: School-P ess Language Encyclopedia,
[Mosk a: Škola-P ess].
U bu is Vincas 2008: Homo onai, homo o mos, homog a ai, homonimai. – Lie u ių
Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Publishing o Linguis ics and Encyclopedias. I is also known as he
Ins i u e o he Publishing o Linguis ics. "Vilnius: Mokslo i enbos- edlys" (Vilnius: Mokslo i
ciklopedijų leidybos ins i u as.
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Valeckienė Adelė 1998: Func ional g amma o he Li huanian language, Vilnius:
Ins i u e o science and encyclopedia publishing.
ŽDV – Mu mulai y ė Dai a, Aleksai ė Agnė 2021: Žodžių da ybos edlys [elek oninis
iš eklius], Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. P ieiga in e ne e: ekalba.l /zodziu-da y-
enbos- edlys) is he second edi ion o he book "The Theo y o he Making o Wo ds" by U bu is Vincas, published in 2009.
Homonymy o De i a ional Fo ma i es and i s
Ma king in he Wo d Fo ma ion Manual
Summa y
Lexical homonymy is he mos commonly s udied ype o homonymy, bu his is no only a
phenomenon o wo ds bu also o hei o ms, as well as mo phemes. I is he homonymy o
elemen s a his le el o a language […] mo phemes, o mo e p ecisely, a ixes, o ma i es […]
ha has become ele an in he de elopmen o he Wo d Fo ma ion Guide (WFG, h ps:
www.ekalba.l /zodziu-da ybos- edlys), a digi al Li huanian noun wo d o ma ion manual, mainly
in ended o he gene al public. The s udy aims o jus i y he necessi y o he ma king o
homonymy o de i a ional o ma i es (and mo phemes in gene al) in lexicog aphic publica ions
and o aise he p oblems encoun e ed in he p ac ical p esen a ion o he homonymic means
o wo d o ma ion. To achie e his goal, he homonymic means o he o ma ion o nouns in
he Li huanian language […] su ixes, in lec ions, (pa ially) p e ixes […] ha e been egis e ed,
he c i e ia o homonymy o he means o wo d o ma ion ha e been discussed, and he
p oblema ic aspec s o homonymy ma king ha e been highligh ed. The Wo d Fo ma ion Guide
p o ides a p elimina y ma king o he homonymy o he noun de i a ional o ma i es
p esen ed in he Li huanian g amma . I has become e iden ha i is use ul o e en
necessa y o ma k homonymy in such manuals and o he lexicog aphic sou ces (dic iona ies
o wo d o ma ion, mo phemes, mo phemic s uc u e). Such dic iona ies should e lec he
homonymy o all ypes o mo phemes […] de i a ional a ixes and oo s. Only mo phemes o
he same ype should be conside ed homonymous. Mo eo e , homonymy should be discussed a
he le el o o ma i es, no a he le el o mo phemes (e.g. in he case o su ixa ion, i would
be a su ix oge he wi h he ending […])
- and, -ikis, -ikė, no jus -ik-).
I is also di icul o es ablish homonymy c i e ia o de i a ional means in he WFG i mly and
unambiguously, in pa icula because he manual only co e s nouns. A di e en o de i a ion.
pic u e o homonymy would be appa en in he con ex o he de i a ional means o all
A icles by A icle 223
Da ybos o man ų homonimiškumas i
jo žymėjimas žodžių da ybos žinyne
pa s o speech. As a as nouns a e conce ned, he c i e ia o dis inguishing homonymy
a e he di e en de i a ional meanings o de i a i es and he di e en o igins o he means
The di e ence in he pa o speech o de i a i es and he di e ence in he pa o speech
o hei base wo ds (unless his is also undamen ally ela ed o di e en ) is unlikely o be a
de i a ional seman ics) does no in i sel lead o homonymy o he means o de i a ion and
c i e ion o i .
I is no ye en i ely clea how o ma k he homonymy o de i a i es whose de i a i es may
ha e bo h masculine and eminine o ms and o ei he one o hem. C . me g-ikė ‘li le, cu e gi l
(diminu i e, he su ix -ikė), neš-ikas, neš-ikė ‘bea e ( he su ix -ikas, -ė), audon-ikis, audon-ikė
‘pe son wi h a ed, sca le ace ( he su ix -ikis, -ė). Mo e esea ch is needed o es ablish he
homonymy o p e ixes. The p e ixes beo igina ing om he pa icle be and om he
p eposi ion be a e unques ionable homonyms (only he la e is used in nouns, e.g. be-dugnė
‘abyss c . be dugno ‘wi hou bo om). In some cases, p e ixes a e ma ked as homonyms due o
hei di e en o ma ions, and some o hei de i a i es may e e o non-nouns. In he
u u e, an explana o y dic iona y o Li huanian de i a ional o ma i es could be compiled based
on he supplemen ed WFG. In addi ion o he homonymy-co ec ed in o ma ion al eady p o ided
in he WFG, i should also con ain he de i a ional o ma i es o o he pa s o speech and
mo e neoclassical o ma i es, no only ini ial bu also inal ones. Thei homonymy, bo h
conce ning he indigenous de i a ional means and wi h each o he , should, o cou se, also be
in es iga ed and ma ked.
Deli e ed on 12 Sep embe 2022
DAIVA MURMULAITYTĖ
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The Commission shall be empowe ed o
adop delega ed ac s in acco dance wi h A icle 26 o supplemen his Regula ion by laying down de ailed ules o he applica ion o his Regula ion.