ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language ORCID id.: orcid.org/0000-0001-5952-8027 Research areas: historical anthroponymy, historical toponymy. DOI: doi.org/10.35321/all87-07

NAMING TENDENCIES OF KĖDAINIAI WOMEN IN 17TH–18TH-CENTURY SOURCES ON THE HISTORY OF THE CITY OF KĖDAINIAI

Trends in the Naming of Kėdainiai Women in Kėdainiai Historical Sources of the 17th–18th Centuries

ABSTRACT

Some of the most important sources for the historical anthroponymy of Lithuanian townspeople are the act books of municipal self-government institutions, various inventories, registers, and church metric books. Among these, the 1604, 1622, 1624, and 1666 Kėdainiai inventories and the 1628–1663 documents of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church, written in Polish, stand out. Eighty-two records of Kėdainiai women were selected from these unique 17th-century manuscripts. They are discussed in detail from the perspective of naming. It was established that female residents of the Radziwiłł city were most often recorded with two suffixed personal names identifying them through their husbands. Thirty-two women (39.02 percent of all 17th-century names) were mentioned in this way. Thirteen (15.86 percent) Kėdainiai women were identified by a given name and surname or an anthroponym performing its functions. They were most often called by traditional Christian names. In the later 1752–1799 baptismal register of St George’s Church in Kėdainiai, 32 townspeople’s surnames with Lithuanian suffixes were found.

KEYWORDS: Kėdainiai, Kėdainiai woman, historical anthroponymy, historical personal name, naming.

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Naming tendencies of Kėdainiai women in 17th–18th-century sources on the history of the city of Kėdainiai

A N N O T A T I O N

Municipal register books, various inventories, registers and church registers are among the key historical anthroponymic sources of Lithuanian townspeople. The most notable among them are the Kėdainiai inventories of 1604, 1622, 1624 and 1666 and the documents of Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church of 1628–1663 written in the Polish language. Eighty-two records of Kėdainiai women were collected from these unique manuscripts of the 17^th century. They are thoroughly discussed from the perspective of naming. It was established that the female residents of the town of the Radziwill noble family were usually recorded by two suffixal anthroponyms formed after their husband. The naming of 32 women followed such a pattern (39.02% of all the cases of naming). As many as 13 (15.86%) women of Kėdainiai were recorded by the first name and surname or by an anthroponym performing its functions. They were usually given traditional Christian names. In the later baptismal register of 1752–1799 kept by St. George’s Church of Kėdainiai Parish, 32 surnames of the towns¬women bearing Lithuanian suffixes were identified.

KEYWORDS: Kėdainiai, Kėdainiai woman, historical anthroponymy, historical personal name, naming.

INTRODUCTION

The process of naming female residents of Lithuanian towns was long and complex. Their recording system varied both in 16th–18th-century administrative and legal documents and in church metric books. The only clear point is that, at least in the 18th century, the binary naming model for townspeople’s women was the most common, though it had not yet become an absolute norm (Ragauskaitė 2008: 33–34).

At the beginning of the 17th century, female residents of Vilnius were most often called by baptismal names and patronymics. Women’s baptismal names were either accompanied by no additional name or followed by a patronymic; other additional names were rare. This accounts for over 80 percent of the names (in the marriage register, as much as about 90 percent). It was not customary to identify women of Vilnius with only a patronymic, without a baptismal name (Zinkevičius 1977: 48–49).

The development of the naming of 1,293 Kaunas townspeople in the 16th–18th centuries is characterized by several stages: from an anthroponym indicating dependence through a husband to the binary naming model consisting of a given name and the surname of the father or spouse (16th century – 61.07 percent, 17th century – 58.28 percent, 18th century – 45.85 percent). The naming of women from the lower and higher strata of the townspeople differed. In the 16th–18th centuries, the upper classes (wives of councillors and burgomasters) were noticeably more often recorded with canonical forms of Christian names. Comparing the results of research on the naming of women townspeople of Kaunas and Lithuanian peasants, it was argued that the binary naming system of Kaunas townspeople’s women developed more rapidly than that of peasants (Ragauskaitė 2005: 55, 144).

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The naming system of women residents of Joniškis^¹ in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries varied. Most often, especially at the end of the sixteenth century, mothers, daughters, and godmothers were identified only by a Christian name. When recording them by name, their kinship relationship (through a spouse or father) was sometimes indicated (Garliauskas 2004: 22). When female townspeople were identified by a Christian name, their dependence on a male personal name, expressed by the genitive case, was sometimes specified. A small number of records of Joniškis women stand out in which a Christian name is given alongside an indication of marital dependence through the husband’s anthroponym, written in the nominative case. In addition to these, another common type of recording them (especially in the later entries of the 1599–1621 Joniškis baptismal register) involved two anthroponyms. At the end of the old manuscript, a method of identifying Joniškis residents by three personal names can be observed (Ragauskaitė 2015: 60).

Research on the surnames of Lithuanian townspeople remains relevant, since it is evident that there are few studies examining the historical anthroponymy of women of this estate. This was determined by objective circumstances, the most important being that female townspeople are not often mentioned in historical documents. Their naming can be analyzed more extensively and in greater detail from approximately the beginning of the 16th century (Ragauskaitė 2005: 11). The historical anthroponymy of different Lithuanian towns differs in terms of Slavicization, formation, origin, and other aspects. Therefore, the female name stock of one of the few private^² Magdeburg-law Lithuanian towns—Kėdainiai in the 17th–18th centuries—is discussed here.

The aim of this article is to examine the recording tendencies of Kėdainiai townspeople (Lithuanians and members of the Polonized part of society^³) in the 17th–18th centuries, to determine what factors influenced the formation of their naming types, and to characterize the development of the binary naming model of Kėdainiai residents (by given name and surname).

The objectives of this article are: 1) to indicate the main ways of recording women; 2) to analyze their given names (the first members of binary names) from the perspective of origin; 3) to reconstruct personal names recorded with Lithuanian derivational formants in 17th–18th-century manuscripts.

The anthroponymic material was collected mainly from sources on the history of the 17th-century Radziwiłł city^⁴. These are the 1604, 1622, 1624, and 1666 Kėdainiai inventories and the 1628–1663 documents of the Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church, written in Polish (see Ragauskaitė 2016: 47; 2016a: 112; 2017: 55; 2018: 102).

^¹ Only on 4 July 1616 was Joniškis granted the Magdeburg privilege, and the townspeople’s community began to form (Kryževičius 1981: 133; Baliulis 1994: 31–35; Meilus 1994: 13–16).

^² “In the state of Lithuania, these were Biržai, Kėdainiai, Kretinga, Nesvizh, Skuodas, Slutsk, and the town of the bishops of Medininkai (Samogitia), Varniai.” (Kiaupa 1998: 171).

^³ For the ethnic and religious composition of Kėdainiai in the 17th–18th centuries, see Tworek 1969: 213; Žirgulis 2002: 130–131; 2002a: 25–26; 2005: 180–183; Ragauskaitė 2016: 47–49; 2016a: 113–115; 2017: 54–56; 2018a: 175–177.

^⁴ See the list of these historical documents at the end of the article.

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The oldest, 1604 inventory lists not only the residents of the city of Kėdainiai but also those of the district. The relatively short 1622 inventory of the Kėdainiai parsonage registers Kėdainiai residents and information about the parsonage’s property. The final, 1666 city inventory lists the houses, plots, and streets of Kėdainiai residents. When the townspeople’s houses were recorded, their construction type was specified (brick or wooden building). These original inventories may be useful not only for studying the historical anthroponymy of townspeople but also the development of historical street names and the history of urban architecture (Šinkūnas 1928: 21). The archive of St George’s Parish Church in Kėdainiai was also examined, and a 1752–1799 baptismal register was found there. The entries in this church book can help supplement and broaden the picture of women’s naming that administrative documents help us form.

For a detailed study, sources containing sufficient information about all groups and strata of urban society were selected. In classifying and analyzing the collected data on the historical anthroponymy of Kėdainiai women in the 17th–18th centuries, the following principal methods, customary in studies of the historical anthroponymy of Lithuanian townspeople, are applied: descriptive, comparative, and reconstructive (Zinkevičius 1977: 4; Ragauskaitė 2005: 31; 2019: 179; 2020: 116; Sinkevičiūtė, Račickaja 2014: 296–298; Sinkevičiūtė, Račickaja 2014a: 332–333; Sinkevičiūtė 2016: 222–223).

According to the legal provisions of the time, representation was provided not only for a wife but also for a mother, sister, mother-in-law, and a wife’s unmarried sisters. A woman had to be under the guardianship of a man (father, spouse, or brother), who accompanied her to court or participated in court proceedings on her behalf, and so on (Karpavičienė 2001: 18–26; 2001a: 5–19; 2005: 42–44; Ragauskaitė 2005: 33; 2021: 8–10). This was influenced by the higher social status of men. It was often only townspeople who had become widows who were mentioned in the 17th-century Kėdainiai inventories under study. Because of these historical circumstances, there are far fewer records of women than of men. Their naming varied, and different periods (the 17th and 18th centuries) had their own characteristic features.

1. 17TH-CENTURY MODELS OF RECORDING WOMEN

Eighty-two names of women were collected from the discussed 17th-century sources on the history of the Radziwiłł city. Various forms of anthroponyms were counted (graphic variants, with different suffixes and endings). Most Kėdainiai women were recorded without a given name, only with two personal names consisting of the spouse’s or father’s name and a second anthroponym. There are 32 of them (accounting for 39.02 percent of all 17th-century names). The woman’s given name is not indicated in these records because the suffixed personal names expressing dependence through a husband are most relevant. As mentioned, the 1604, 1622, 1624, and 1666 Kėdainiai inventories under study indicate the streets on which

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townswomen lived. The street names provide a more detailed picture of the distribution of women in the city according to their ethnic composition, for example: 1624 Vlica Wielka [...] Janowa Berelowa KI₂ 1v⁵; 1666 Ulica Skomgolska [...] Janowej Butkiewiczowej gen. KI₃ 11; 1624 w Koncu Vlicy Kowiensk iey [...] Abrahamowa Giendrelewiczowa KI₂ 9 – 1624 Vlica Kowienska [...] Abramowa Giendrełowa KI₂ 8; 1624 Vlica Szatska [...] Macieiowa Girniowa KI₂ 6; 1624 Vlica Skongolska [...] Stanisławowa Gredowa KI₂ 5; 1666 Ulica Kon ska [...] Andrzeiowej Karasiowej gen. KI₃ 6; 1631 Thomaszowej Kliszewiczowej gen. CZK 13; 1604 Ulica 3a niewiąza prawa ftrona [...] Pawłowa Klifżowa KI₁ 12v, 13; 1624 Vlica Kowienska [...] Adamowa Lelałowa KI₂ 8; 1666 Ulica Konska [...] Plac Joz ephowej Lipskiey gen. KI₃ 6, 7; 1666 Ulica Konska [...] Domek Jakubowey Łozowey gen. KI₃ 6, 7; 1624 Vlica Iaswoynska [...] Janowa Łukaszewiczowa KI₂ 4; 1604 Ulica Wielka [...] rynku prawa ftrona [...] Sczepanowa Michciowa KI₁ 5, 6; 1624 Vlica Stara [...] Druga Strona [...] Adamowa Mikszewiczowa KI₂ 2, 2v; 1631 Stanisławowa Mukciowa CZK 13; 1666 Ulica Konska [...] Domek Pawłowey Odoyciowey gen. KI₃ 6, 6v; 1624 Trzecia Kwatera [...] Ławrinowa Pacewiczowa KI₂ 1; 1624 Vlica Stara [...] Czepowa Paiełezowa KI₂ 2; 1624 Vlica Kowienska [...] Andrzeiowa Paleciowa KI₂ 8; 1604 Miafta Kieydany 3a rzeka niewiąza [...] Pawłowa Pozarowa KI₁ 13v, 15; 1666 Ulica Kowienska [...] Jakubowey Praniewskiey gen. KI₃ 12; 1604 ulica Wielka [...] Grehorowa Sruogieiwiczowa KI₁ 5v, 6v; 1624 Vlica Kowienska [...] Druga Strona [...] Mikołaiowa Stagiełowa KI₂ 8, 8v; 1604 Ulica Wielka [...] Ławrzynkowa stanisławowiczowa KI₁ 5; 1624 Vlica Szatska [...] Mikołaiowa Tykn iowa KI₂ 6; 1624 Pierwsza Kwatera Rynku [...] Abramowa Trzeciakowa KI₂ 1; 1604 Ulica Wielka [...] Sebestianowa Trzeciakowa KI₁ 5; 1604 Ulica Konska z rynku prawa ftrona [...] Pawłowa Waskowa KI₁ 10v; 1624 Vlica Kowienska [...] Druga Strona [...] Krzysztophowa Wolczkowa KI₂ 8, 8v; 1604 Ulica nowa od Kościoła prawa Strona [...] Maczułowa Wubkiewiczowa KI₁ 15v; 1604 Miafta Kieydany 3a rzeka niewiąza [...] Jakubowa Zusłowa KI₁ 13v, 14; 1666 Ulica Konska [...] Janowey Zwilgowej gen. KI₃ 6, 6v.

In addition to this most productive type of naming, Kėdainiai women were recorded in other ways as well. For the sake of brevity, 21 (25.61 percent) female residents of the city were recorded with a single suffixed personal name, for example: 1666 [...] Domek Ambroziowey gen. KI₃ 1v; 1604 Ulica ftara [...] z rynku prawa ftrona [...] Borysowa KI₁ 8; 1666 Druga strona [...] ulicy zamkowej [...] Dom Buzewiczowey gen. KI₃ 2; 1644 Gierdwiłowey gen. CZK 62; 1630 Pani Jakubowa CZK 8; 1622 Vlicy Wilensk iey [...] Karaiowey

⁵ All women’s names are documented. The year in which the personal name was recorded, the abbreviation of the historical source, and the folio (page) number are marked next to each one. When presenting the Kėdainiai anthroponyms, an effort is made to preserve their original spelling, unlike the tradition for publishing historical sources (cf. Lepszy 1953: 12; Wolff 1957: 32).

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gen. KKČI 3; 1638 Pani Kozakowa CZK 45; 1666 Ulica Konska [...] Druga strona [...] Memayciowej gen. KI₃ 7; 1604 Ulica za niewiasą prawa strona [...] Narwidowa KI₁ 13; 1652 Paksztewiczowej gen. CZK 81; 1624 Ulica Stara [...] 3 Paweysiową instr. KI₂ 2; 1653 Perkunowej gen. CZK 94; 1631 Petras zowej gen. CZK 13; 1666 Ulica Skomgolska [...] Philipowej Domek gen. KI₃ 11; 1622 Ulica Nowomiejyska [...] Ruybiowa KKČI 1; 1638 Pani Sadkowa CZK 45; 1637 p(ani)^{⁶ Stanisławowa} CZK 15; 1666 Druga strona [...] ulicy zamkowej [...] Domek Tomaszewiczowej gen. KI₃ 2, 2v; 1638 P(ani) Trzeciakowa CZK 45; 1655 Warnelowa CZK 102; 1604 ulica [...] Witowtowa KI₁ 15v.

A naming model similar to the most common type is a suffixed personal name indicating dependence and the appellative nickname widow (in sources written in Polish—wdowa). This designation was a very important part of women’s naming in the 17th century. Sixteen (19.51 percent) townspeople were recorded in this way, for example: 1666 Ulica Wilenska [...] Domek Budrowey wdowy gen. KI₃ 13v; 1666 Wilenskiey Ulicy [...] wdowy Butkowey gen. KI₃ 15; 1666 Ulica Kowien ska [...] Domblewskiey wdowy gen. KI₃ 12v, 13; 1666 Wilenskiey Ulicy [...] Wdowy Dubowey gen. KI₃ 14, 15v; 1666 Ulica Kowien ska [...] Gudowa wdowa KI₃ 12v, 13v; 1624 Ulica Stara [...] Druga Strona [...] z Jaroszewiczowa wdową instr. KI₂ 2v; 1604 Ulica nowa od Kościoła prawa Strona [...] Jurgidowa wdowa KI₁ 15v; 1666 Wilenskiey Ulicy [...] Wdowу Kiborynskiey gen. KI₃ 14, 16; 1666 Wilenskiey Ulicy [...] wdowy Maculowey Domek gen. KI₃ 14, 16; 1666 Wilenskiey Ulicy [...] wdowy Pupowey Domek gen. KI₃ 14, 15v; 1666 Wilenskiey Ulicy [...] Wdowy Sereykowey Domek gen. KI₃ 14, 16; 1604 Ulica [...] prawa strona [...] Stanisławowey wdowy gen. KI₁ 8v, 9; 1666 Wilenskiey Ulicy [...] wdowy Stephanowey Domek gen. KI₃ 14, 16; 1666 Ulica Skomgolska [...] Tomaszowey wdowy Dom gen. KI₃ 11; 1666 Wilenskiey Ulicy [...] wdowy Zwirblowey Domek gen. KI₃ 15v.

Thirteen women (15.86 percent) were recorded by a given name and surname or an anthroponym replacing it. In most cases, the first members of this binary name are Polish forms of Christian names (see also Zinkevičius 1977: 49–50; 2008: 352; Maciejauskienė 1991: 253, 258; 1999: 109; Mickienė, Černiauskaitė 2014: 168, 175–176; Ragauskaitė 2015: 61–62; 2021: 7). At least 9 different traditional Christian names were used. Historical forms of Christian names are compared with present-day Lithuanian women’s names, for example: 1624 Barbara KI₂ 2. Cf. modern name Barborą (LVKŽ 90); 1604 Helzbiety gen. KI₁ 13v. Cf. modern name Elzbietą (LVKŽ 148); 1604 Hanna KI₁ 8v, 9, 13v, 14v; 1604 Hanny gen. KI₁ 4. Cf. modern name Oną (LVKŽ 294–295); 1604 Huliana KI₁ 9v, 10v. Cf. modern name Julijoną (LVKŽ 213); 1604 jęwa KI₁ 13v. Cf. modern name Ievą (LVKŽ 195); 1649 Katarzyna CZK 66. Cf. modern name Kotryną (LVKŽ 235); 1659 Klarą instr. CZK 110. Cf. modern name Klarą (LVKŽ);

^⁶ Abbreviations recorded in the historical documents are expanded. The expansion is given in parentheses.

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1604 Magdalena Kl₁ 7v. Cf. modern name Magdalėnà (LVKŽ 255–256); 1604 Zophia Kl₁ 14v, 15v, 16. Cf. modern name Žȯfija (LVKŽ 385). Alongside the long forms, abbreviated forms of Christian names also functioned, for example: 1624 Dorota Kl₂ 2. Cf. modern name Daratà (LVKŽ 112); 1604 Polonia Kl₁ 4. Cf. modern dialectal name Paliõnija (LVKŽ 77).

The records in the historical sources show that the wives of members of the city government and wealthier merchants were identified by canonical forms of names. Individual diminutive forms of names are found among representatives of the lower strata of Kėdainiai—servant girls, female urban workers, and others, for example: 1604 Giendrula Kl₁ 10v, 11v. Cf. modern name Geñdrė (LVKŽ 174), further cf. old name variant Gendrutà (LVKŽ 174); 1604 Katrynėla Kl₁ 13. Cf. modern name Kotrynà (LVKŽ 235); 1604 Paliula Kl₁ 11v; 1604 Paliula Kl₁ 14v. Cf. modern name Pãlė (LVKŽ 296), further cf. modern dialectal name Paliõnija (LVKŽ 77). They were treated more casually, so scribes did not observe uniformity or officiality in the forms of their names.

Townspeople’s personal names based on the father were formed with the suffix –ovna (written in the sources as –owna), while those based on the spouse were formed with the suffix –ova (–owa). Some were formed from male anthroponyms with Polish suffixes of the –sk– type. These women’s personal names can be regarded as derivatives with the ending –a (see Ragauskaitė 2005: 107; 2015: 63), for example: 1604 Miąsto Kiędany Rynek prawa strona od mostu […] Hanny Gielezowney gen. Kl₁ 4; 1649 Katarzyna Girdwiłowa CZK 66; 1604 Miąsta Kiędany […] Helżbiety Gowienowey gen. Kl₁ 13v; 1604 Ulica od rynku prawa strona […] Huliana juchnowa Kl₁ 9v, 10v; 1624 Vlica Stara […] Dorota Pawlukowa Kl₂ 2; 1604 Miąsto Kiędany Rynek prawa strona od mostu […] Polonia Szałbowa Kl₁ 4; 1604 Ulica stara 3 rynku lewa strona […] Magdalena Žeykniowa Kl₁ 7v; 1604 Miąsta Kiędany […] Hanna Andrzeiowna Kl₁ 13v, 14v; 1604 Ulica nad eyfmilgą […] Hanna Kunigielowna Kl₁ 8v, 9; 1604 Ulica nowa od Kościoła prawa Strona […] Zophia Pranowna Kl₁ 15v, 16; 1604 Ulica Kon̨ka 3 rynku prawa strona […] Giendrula Wiprikowna Kl₁ 10v, 11v; 1659 with the maiden Klara Lipska instr. CZK 110.

Unmarried girls were rarely recorded in historical sources. This happened when their parents died. Sometimes a document recorded other family members alongside a man—his wife, daughters, and sons. As can be seen, the identification of Kėdainiai residents in the 17th century varied and had its own distinctive features. Their recording tendencies are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1. Naming of Kėdainiai women in the 17th century

Serial no. | Naming model (alphabetical order) | Number of names | Percentages 1. | Two suffixed personal names | 32 | 39.02% 2. | Binary | 13 | 15.86% 3. | Suffixed personal name + wdowa | 16 | 19.51% 4. | Unary | 21 | 25.61%

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The examples presented testify to a naming system of Kėdainiai residents in the 17th century that had not yet fully formed. Some of these records reflect common life situations (widowhood, two marriages, and so on). It can be argued that a married woman’s relationship with her husband was expressed in at least several ways, not only in official usage but also in spoken language. This was influenced by the specific nature of the city inventories and the context of their entries.

2. 17TH–18TH-CENTURY FEMALE PERSONAL NAMES WITH LITHUANIAN SUFFIXES

In the various naming types of Kėdainiai residents in the 17th century, the most common Slavic suffixes were –ova and –ovna. However, personal names of unmarried townspeople with the Lithuanian suffixes –aičia (written –ayčia) and –yčia (–yca) also occurred. Forms of anthroponyms with Lithuanian derivational formants were reconstructed according to the principles for rendering Lithuanian surnames in Polish (Ragauskaitė 2014: 11–12; 2015: 63–64; 2021: 9). In reconstructing women’s personal names from the 17th century, the suffixes –aičia and –yčia are retained (in the modern standard Lithuanian language, –aitė and –ytė are used), because they attest to the older formation of anthroponyms. The reconstructed forms are compared with present-day men’s surnames and, in some cases, with present-day names as well. When an exact attested equivalent was not found in the current name stock, several surnames with the corresponding root or stem are indicated, for example: *Budrai­čia: 1604 Miaſta Kieydany za rzeka niewiąza [...] Paliula Budraycia KI₁ 13v, 14v. Cf. modern surname Budrà (LPŽ₁ 329); *Sabulýčia: 1624 Vlica Stara [...] Barbara Sabulica KI₂ 2. Cf. modern surname Sabùlis (LPŽ₂ 654); *Vatai­čia: 1604 Miaſta Kieydany za rzeka niewiąza [...] J̨eva Wataycia KI₁ 13v. For vat cf. modern surname Vatėnas (LPŽ₂ 1173) (see Ragauskaitė 2015: 73). Anthroponyms of unmarried women with the suffix –yčia were usually formed from male personal names ending in –is or –ys, while those with the suffix –aičia were formed from male anthroponyms ending in –a and –as (Maciejauskienė 1991: 268–271). However, this phenomenon was not consistent in the historical sources and varied (Ragauskaitė 2015: 65).

Kėdainiai women’s personal names with Lithuanian suffixes were also recorded in the 17th–18th-century Kėdainiai act books. This variation was apparently related to the unofficial characterization of townspeople. Court-session protocols reflect surname forms conveyed in the written language. It is known that in the 17th century, the Kėdainiai magistrate permitted people to speak, testify, and answer various questions. Thus, data from spoken language and the writing-office tradition of the Kėdainiai magistrate of the time clearly intertwine, for example: *Eivaičia: 1690 Anna Jeywaycia Macieiowa Garnelowa Mieszcz(anka) Miaſta Kieydan KAK₁ 16. Cf. modern surname Ėiva, Ėivà (LPŽ₁ 570); *Jasaičia: 1690 [...] Zofia Jafaycia KAK₁ 4. Cf. modern surname Jãsas (LPŽ₁ 813); *Mažaičia: 1731 Ja Zofia Mazaycia Zwilgowa KAK₂ 74. For maž cf. modern surnames Mažėika, Mažaitis (LPŽ₂

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191); *Meškaičia: 1704 z Panią Jadwigą Marcinowiczową Augustynowiczową alias Mieszkaycia KAK_₂ 4v. Cf. modern surname Mešką (LPŽ₂ 212); *Plauškaicia: 1690 [...] Pani Zofia Plawżkaycia Piotrowa Mordafzewiczowa KAK₁ 13. Cf. modern surname Plauška (LPŽ₂ 469) (see Ragauskaitė 2014: 15; 2021: 12, 19).

The varying system for recording Kėdainiai residents in the 18th century clearly shows that the official binary naming of women (by given name and surname) crystallized more slowly in administrative and legal documents and became established somewhat later than that of men^⁷. The 18th-century Kėdainiai act books examined mention 115 townspeople. They were most often recorded by a given name and their father’s or spouse’s surname (48, accounting for 41.74 percent of all 18th-century names). In addition to the most common form, women in this century were identified in the following ways: 1) 22 (19.13 percent) records with four anthroponyms; 2) 17 (14.79 percent) names with two personal names based on the husband; 3) 15 (13.04 percent) records with a surname only; 4) 13 (11.30 percent) cases with three anthroponyms (Ragauskaitė 2021: 14–18).

The baptismal registration book of Kėdainiai Parish Church of St George for 1752–1799 mentions mothers and godmothers of newborns. The variety of their naming is considerably smaller than in the aforementioned eighteenth-century Kėdainiai town books of acts. Most Kėdainiai women are recorded by a given name and surname. Only those female records marked with the Polish reference Kieydany were selected. The first members of these binomial names are canonical Christian names. At least 10 different names were used; their historical forms were compared with present-day Lithuanian women’s names, e.g.: 1755 Agata KKr₁ 27; 1758 Agatha KKr₁ 164. Cf. modern name Agotà (LVKŽ 62); 1755 Anna KKr₁ 27. Cf. modern name Onà (LVKŽ 294–295); 1760 Barbara KKr₁ 203. Cf. modern name Barborà (LVKŽ 90); 1754 Catharina KKr₁ 19. Cf. modern name Kotrynà (LVKŽ 235); 1762 Dorothea KKr₁ 127. Cf. modern name Dorotėjà (LVKŽ 127); 1759 Elisabeth KKr₁ 81; 1754 Elisabetha KKr₁ 21. Cf. modern name Elzbietà (LVKŽ 148); 1772 Helena KKr₁ 260. Cf. modern name Elenà (LVKŽ 146); 1766 Magdalena KKr₁ 203. Cf. modern name Magdalènà (LVKŽ 255–256); 1764 Marianna KKr₁ 100. Cf. modern name Marijonà (LVKŽ 264); 1765 Zophia KKr₁ 127. Cf. modern name Žofijà (LVKŽ 385).

It is interesting that 32 surname forms with Lithuanian suffixes were found in this ecclesiastical source. The second members of the binomial names are surnames formed with the Lithuanian suffixes –ienė (written: –enie, –ienią, –ienie), –aičia (–aycia, –ayczia), –yčia (–iczia), e.g.: *Abromaitienė: 1760 Catharina Abramaytienia [...] Kieydany KKr₁ 98. Cf. modern surname Abromáitis (LPŽ₁ 60); *Petrilaitienė: 1759 Elisabeth Petrylienę [...] Kieydany KKr₁ 81. Cf. modern

^⁷ In the eighteenth-century Kėdainių town books of acts, all townspeople already had surnames. The phenomenon of surname variation at the end of the eighteenth century can be assessed as a result of the subsequent development of Kėdainių surnames. The surnames of servants, hired workers, and representatives of marginal strata living in the town formed more slowly (see Ragauskaitė 2017: 67).

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modern surname Petrilaitis (LPŽ₂ 441); *Petrilienė: 1754 Elisabеtha Petrylenie [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 21. Cf. modern surname Petrilā (LPŽ₂ 441); *Augustaičia: 1755 Agata Augustaycžia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 27. Cf. modern surname Augustaitis (LPŽ₁ 136); *Brazaіčia: 1764 Anna Brazayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 167; 1759 Catharina Brazayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 80. Cf. modern surname Bražas (LPŽ₁ 301); *Brazionaičia: 1767 Marianna Brazionayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 222. Cf. modern surname Braziōnis (LPŽ₁ 302); *Butnoraičia: 1758 Agatha Butnorayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 64. Cf. modern surname Būtnoras (LPŽ₁ 370); *Dimšlaičia: 1766 Catharina Dymszlaycia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 203. Cf. modern surname Dimšlys (LPŽ₁ 500); *Dominykaičia: 1756 Anna Dominikayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 188. Concerning dominyk, cf. modern surname Domininkaitis (LPŽ₁ 514), name Dominykas (LVKŽ 126); *Grigaliūnaičia: 1760 Barbara Grygalunayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 203; 1766 Magdalena Grygalunayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 203; 1764 Marianna Grigalunayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 100. Cf. modern surname Grigaliūnas (LPŽ₁ 711); *Gustaičia: 1767 Elisabeth Gustayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 211; 1764 Marianna Gustayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 169. Cf. modern surname Gūstas (LPŽ₁ 748); *Juškaičia: 1760 Anna Juskayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 94. Cf. modern surname Juška (LPŽ₁ 873–874); *Juškutaičia: 1765 Anna Jus kutayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 182. Concerning juškut, cf. modern surnames Juška, Juškus (LPŽ₁ 873–874, 875); *Laurynaičia: 1763 Agatha Laurynayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 160. Cf. modern surname Laurynas (LPŽ₂ 35); *Levonaičia: 1754 Catharina Lewanayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 19. Cf. modern surname Lėvonas (LPŽ₂ 68); *Liugaičia: 1765 Marianna Lugayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 190. Cf. modern surname Liūgas (LPŽ₂ 99); *Liutkaičia: 1789 Catharina Lutkayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 421. Cf. modern surname Liūtkas (LPŽ₂ 102); *Margaičia: 1762 Dorothea Margayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 127. Cf. modern surname Mãrgis (LPŽ₂ 161–162); *Matekūnaičia: 1759 Catharina Matekunayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 80. Cf. modern surname Matekūnas (LPŽ₂ 179); *Matilionaičia: 1765 Catharina Matilonayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 186. Cf. modern surname Matilionis (LPŽ₂ 180); *Mikalojūnaičia: 1772 Helena Mikołaiunayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 260. Cf. modern surname Mik alojūnas (LPŽ₂ 227); *Navickaičia: 1755 Anna Nawickayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 27. Cf. modern surname Navīckas (LPŽ₂ 310–311); *Paliūnaičia: 1767 Zophia Palunayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 214. Cf. modern surname Paliūnas (LPŽ₂ 382); *Petrilaičia: 1763 Catharina Petrylayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 156. Cf. modern surname Petrilā (LPŽ₂ 441); *Petrošiūnaičia: 1764 Magdalena Petraszunayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 164. Cf. modern surname Petrošiūnas (LPŽ₂ 442); *Skuraičia: 1767 Magdalena Skurayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 218. Concerning skur, cf. modern surnames Skurãuskas, Skurãvičius (LPŽ₂ 756); *Soraičia: 1758 Catharina Sorayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 64. Cf. modern surname Sóra (LPŽ₂ 779); *Valiūnaičia: 1765 Zophia Walunayczia [...] Kіеdany KKг₁ 127. Cf. modern surname Valiūnas (LPŽ₂ 441).

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Perhaps this baptismal register was written by priests who knew Lithuanian well. The formulas in the ecclesiastical source’s entries were not uniform; the manner of writing changed over the years. It has been established that in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Slavicization of Kėdainiai personal names was influenced by the scribes’ competence, nationality, attitude toward the work they performed, and the specific nature of historical documents (Ragauskaitė 2015: 73; 2018: 105; 2021a: 6–7). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the Evangelical Reformed community of Kėdainiai fostered Lithuanian-language traditions. During this period, the town was a center of Lithuanian identity among Evangelical Reformers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lukšaitė 1970: 15). Lithuanian services were held in Kėdainiai from the third decade of the seventeenth century, with a five-year interruption (1682–1687), until 1785 (Lukšaitė 2001: 23). It is likely that still more authentic anthroponyms, by which Lithuanian townswomen were called in the living language of that time, may also be found in other historical sources.

3. CONCLUSIONS

1. Eighty-two women from Kėdainiai are mentioned in seventeenth-century historical documents from Kėdainiai. Their names attest to various forms of Christian names (long traditional forms, abbreviations, and their diminutive derivatives). Most women were recorded with two suffixed personal names based on their spouse (32, constituting 39.02 percent of all seventeenth-century names). Other more popular ways of recording them were as follows: 1) 21 (25.61 percent) names consisting of only one suffixed personal name; 2) 16 (19.51 percent) cases with an anthroponym indicating affiliation and the appellative byname našlė (Polish wdowa).

2. Thirteen (15.86 percent) townswomen were recorded by a given name and surname in the seventeenth century. This clearly demonstrates tendencies in the formation of the binomial naming system. Slavic suffixes –ova and –ovna were most commonly used in the personal names of Kėdainiai residents. However, there were also isolated cases of using girls’ and women’s surnames with the Lithuanian suffixes –aičia and –yčia.

3. In the later 1752–1799 baptismal registration book of Kėdainiai Parish Church of St George, the binomial model for naming townspeople predominated (a canonical Christian name and a surname). The 32 authentic Kėdainiai surnames with the Lithuanian suffixes –aičia, –yčia, –ienė collected from this source were reconstructed and compared with modern Lithuanian men’s surnames.

ABBREVIATIONS

modern – modern, –ė nom. – nominative instr. – instrumental gen. – genitive

dat. – dative cf. – compare surn. – surname name – given name

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ŠALTINIAI

CZK – Collecta zboru Kreydanskiego. To jest rachunek wszystkich recept i expens zborowych zaczę ty roku 1628 dnia 20 novembra. Unpublished print, opracował Wacław Gizbert Studnicki, Wilno: 1939. Mokslų akademijos bibliotekos Rankraščių skyrius, f. 9, b. 3040.

KAK₁ – Kėdainių aktų 1690–1775 m. knyga. Lietuvos valstybės istorijos archyvas (toliau – LVIA), f. SA, b. 15357.

KAK₂ – Kėdainių aktų 1704–1720 m. knyga. LVIA, f. SA, b. 15358.

KI₁ – Kėdainių 1604 m. inventorius. Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Rankraščių skyrius (toliau – VUBRS), f. 4, ap. A1723, b. 34308a.

KI₂ – Kėdainių 1624 m. inventorius. VUBRS, f. 4, ap. A1724, b. 34308b.

KI₃ – Kėdainių 1666 m. inventorius. VUBRS, f. 4, ap. A215, b. 16891.

KKČI – Kėdainių klebonijos 1622 m. činšo inventorius. VUBRS, f. 4, ap. A207, b. 16292.

KKr₁ – Kėdainių Šv. Jurgio bažnyčios krikšto 1752–1799 m. registracijos knyga. LVIA, f. 1424, ap. 1, b. 1.

LITERATŪRA

Baliulis Algirdas 1994: Joniškio miestiečiai XVIII amžiuje. – Lietuvos istorijos metraštis. 1993 metai, Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 31–47.

Garliauskas Vidas 2004: XVII a. Molėtų bažnyčios krikšto ir santuokos metrikų knyga, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.

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Karpavičienė Jolanta 2001a: „… Magdeburgo teisėje gerada turi dukrai tekti“: tur­tinė moters padėtis Vilniuje ir Kaune XVI a. pirmojoje pusėje. – Lituanistica 3(47), 3–47.

Karpavičienė Jolanta 2005: Moteris Vilniuje ir Kaune XVI a. pirmoje pusėje: gyvenimo sumiestinimo Lietuvoje atodangos, Vilnius: Versus aureus.

Kiaupa Zigmantas 1998: Lietuvos miestų savivalda XIV–XVIII a. – Lietuvos heraldika 1, sud. E. Rimša, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 163–183.

Kryževičius Vincas 1981: Lietuvos privilegijuotieji miestai. XVII a. antroji pusė – XVIII a., Vilnius: Mokslas.

Lepszy Kazimierz 1953: Instrukcja wydawnicza dla źródeł historycznych od XVI do połowy XIX wieku, Wrocław: Zakład imienia Ossolińskich–wydawnictwo.

LPŽ1–LPŽ₂ – Lietuvių pavardžių žodynas 1–2, aut. V. Maciejauskienė, M. Razmukaitė, A. Vanagas, ats. red. A. Vanagas, Vilnius: Mokslas, 1985–1989.

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Lukšaitė Ingė 1970: Lietuvių kalba reformaciniame judėjime XVII a., Vilnius: Lietuvos TSR Mokslų akademijos Istorijos institutas.

Lukšaitė Ingė 2001: Knygos nobažnystės (1653) parengimo kultūrinė aplinka. – „Knyga nobažnystės krikščioniškos“ (1653) – XVII a. Lietuvos kultūros paminklas, red. I. Lukšaitė, Kėdainiai: Kėdainių krašto muziejus, 4–28.

LVKŽ – Lietuvių vardų kilmės žodynas, aut. Kazys Kuzavinis, Bronys Savukynas, Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, 1994.

Maciejauskienė Vitalija 1991: Lietuvių pavardžių susidarymas XIII–XVIII a., Vilnius: Mokslas.

Maciejauskienė Vitalija 1999: Moterų įvardijimas XIX a. istorijos šaltiniuose. – Acta Linguistica Lithuanica / Lietuvių kalbotyros klausimai 41, 108–144.

Meilus Elmantas 1994: Prekyba Joniškio mieste 1616–1795 m. – Lietuvos istorijos metraštis. 1993 metai, Vilnius: Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 13–30.

Mickienė Ilona, Černiauskaitė Aušra 2014: Įvardijimai XIX amžiaus pradžioje: Telšių bažnyčios gimimo metrikų studija. – Lituanistica 60(3), 168–179.

Ragauskaitė Alma 2005: XVI–XVIII a. kauniečių asmenvardžiai, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas.

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Trends in the Naming of Kėdainiai Women in Kėdainiai Historical Sources of the 17th–18th Centuries

SUMMARY

The article discusses the anthroponyms of the female residents from the town of the Radziwill noble family in the 17th–18th centuries. The records of 82 townswomen were collected from several historical sources of the 17th century (Kėdainiai inventories of 1604, 1622, 1624 and 1666 and the collection of documents Collecta zboru Kieydanskiego of Kėdainiai Evangelical Reformed Church of 1628–1663). Having investigated the system of naming of Kėdainiai women of the 17th century, it was determined that the first elements of the binomial naming model are Christian names. Their different forms were used (traditional long forms, abbreviations and their diminutive derivatives). Nine different canonical Christian name forms were identified. During the period under study, the townswomen were recorded by suffixal personal names formed from the name of their spouse and the second anthroponym (32, which accounts for 39.02% of all the naming records of the 17th century). Other naming types were not that popular. They are: 1) 21 (25.61%) cases of naming by a single suffixal personal name; 2) 16 (19.51%) cases of naming by an anthroponym designating belonging and appellative nickname našlė (Pol. wdowa); 3) 13 (15.86%) cases of naming by the first name and surname or an anthroponym replacing it. The 17th century records of townswomen collected from the town’s documents of administrative type are predominated by the Slavic suffixes –ova, –ovna, though Lithuanian suffixes –aičia, –včia were occasionally found as well. The binomial naming model (Christian first name and surname) prevailed in the later baptismal register of 1752–1799 kept by St. George’s Church of Kėdainiai Parish. A total of 32 surnames of Kėdainiai women with Lithuanian suffixes –aičia, –yčia, –ienė were recorded in the abovementioned church source.

Įteikta 2022 m. rugpjūčio 2 d.

ALMA RAGAUSKAITĖ

Baltų kalbų ir vardyno tyrimų centras Lietuvių kalbos institutas Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT–10308, Vilnius, Lietuva [email protected]

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