S aipsniai / A icles 11
ALBRECHT GREULE
Uni e si ä Regensbu g
Scien i ic esea ch a eas:
Tex g amma , heolinguis ics and spi i ual song, onomas ics,
and his o ical syn ax.
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
We' e going o he ice.
Ou o he Wo kshop
Middle High Ge man
Syn ac ically
VERBWÖRTERBUCHS (MSVW) is he name o he book.
They' e coming o you.
I is also known as he "Syn ac ic Žodyno"
(MSVW) o "Syn ac ic Žodyno" (MSVW) o "Syn ac ic Žodyno" (MSVW) o "Syn ac ic Žodyno" (MSVW) o "Syn ac ic Žodyno" (MSVW) o "Syn ac ic Žodyno" (MSVW) o "Syn ac ic Žodyno" (MSVW).
The anno a ion
Conside a ions o he d a ing o a Middle High Ge man e b dic iona y, an impo an pa o
his o ical Ge man g amma , ha e been unde aken se e al imes in he in e na ional con ex
since abou 2000. All app oaches ha e so a yielded no esul s. Wi h he publica ion o he Middle
High Ge man Dic iona y (MWB) bo h in p in and on he In e ne since 2006, he MWB is used o
w i e con inuous en ies o he Middle High Ge man Syn ac ic Ve b Dic iona y (MSVW) om
2018. The a icle in oduces he me hod by which dic iona y a icles a e w i en and p esen s
he dic iona y en ies o he e bs mhd as a p elimina y p in . They' e going o a ack,
hey' e going o a ack, hey' e going o a ack, hey' e going o a ack, hey' e going o
a ack.
SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: His o ical syn ax, Middle High Ge man, Valenz, lexicog aphy,
change o meaning.
The anno a ion
Conside a ions o he w i ing o a Middle High Ge man alence dic iona y, an impo an
pa o his o ical Ge man g amma , ha e been made se e al imes since abou
ALBRECHT GREULE
12 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX he In e ne since 2006, he MWB will be used o
he yea 2000 in an in e na ional con ex . So a , all app oaches ha e no led o any esul s.
Wi h he publica ion o he Middle High Ge man Dic iona y (MWB) bo h in p in and on
con inuously w i e en ies o he Middle High Ge man Syn ac ic Ve b Dic iona y (MSVW) om
2018 onwa ds. The a icle p esen s he me hod by which dic iona y a icles a e w i en, and
b ings as a p ep in he dic iona y en ies o he e bs mhd. They' e going o a ack, hey' e
going o a ack, hey' e going o a ack, hey' e going o a ack, hey' e going o a ack.
KEYWORDS: his o ical syn ax, Middle High Ge man, alence, lexicog aphy, change o meaning.
1. P epa a ions o he MSVW
Conside a ions o he d a ing o a Middle High Ge man syn ac ic e b dic iona y
(MSVW), pa ly also unde he i le […]Middle High Ge man Ve b Valence Dic iona y[…],
ha e been unde aken se e al imes in he in e na ional amewo k since abou 2000,
all app oaches ha e so a led o no lexically iden i iable esul . A e he appea ance
o he syn ac ic e b dic iona y o he Old High Ge man ex s o he 9 h cen u y.
Cen u y […] (G eule 1999) had concen a ed his o ical Valenz esea ch on he one hand
on Old High Ge man, on he o he hand on Ea ly New High Ge man (Ko honen 1978), he
call o a Middle High Ge man Valenz dic iona y became loud. In addi ion, i became
clea ha he desc ip ion o e b alence in i s speci ic o m on he his o ical
language le els o Ge man, no leas on ha o Middle High Ge man, would be an
essen ial pa o his o ical g amma in he in e sec ion o syn ax and lexicon. The
genuine place o he desc ip ion o e b alence is he desc ip ion o he s uc u es
o he simple sen ence o he ypology o he sen ence pa e ns o sen ence plans
(G eule 2005: 51[…]54, see also Schmid 2017:
185–201).
The esea ch ask was and s ill is o aise he alence po en ial o he e bs hidden
in he Middle High Ge man ex s by desc ibing he syn ac ic en i onmen s o each
e b, o desc ibe i sys ema ically and o make i accessible and a ailable in a (Middle
High Ge man) alence dic iona y. A Middle High Ge man alence dic iona y would also
be an essen ial con ibu ion o he his o y o language de elopmen and change o
meaning and could be an impo an s ep on he way o a diach onic alence
dic iona y. In addi ion, i would be concei ed as an aid wi hin media s udies, because
such a e e ence wo k would suppo he conc e e ex wo k and in e p e a ion
o he Middle High Ge man ex s om a linguis ic pe spec i e.
S aipsniai / A icles 13
Von an ei en bis eischen. Aus de We ks a
des Mi elhochdeu schen syn ak ischen Ve bwö e buchs (MSVW)
(G eule and B aun 2010: 71).
The suppo o he conc e e ex wo k would also be ensu ed by he ac ha he
Middle High Ge man Valence Dic iona y, like i s Old High Ge man coun e pa , would
be ex -based. As a me hod, he co pus e alua i e sen ence analysis was p ac iced
in all p e ious a emp s. In con as o he me hod used in he c ea ion o he
Syn ax Ve b Dic iona y o he Old High Ge man ex s o he 9 h cen u y. (G eule
1999) was applied, namely he g adual e alua ion o he p in ed ex s by ex ac ion
and segmen a ion o he suppo ing sen ences and hei syn ac ic analysis (see
G eule, Ko honen 2021: 149 .), he esea che s o he Middle High Ge man Valence
e e ed o he […]Bochume Ko pus[…] (G eule 2003: 418; G eule, Léná d 2004: 25[…]31).
The Bochum co pus is a selec ion co pus, in which only manusc ip s (no edi ions) o
Middle High Ge man e se, p ose and documen ex s a e in eg a ed. I is s o ed
on elec onic da a ca ie s; a lemma lis could be used o e ie e he cha ac e s
o a e b by machine. Howe e , he co- ex (sen ence) belonging o he p edica e
had o con inue o be ex ac ed and in e p e ed om he coded ex s (G eule
2006).
Valence analysis o he base
Middle High Ge man
This is a lis o books published by Jeho ah's Wi nesses.
Wi h he publica ion o he Middle High Ge man Dic iona y (MWB) in p in (1s olume
2006, 2nd olume 2013), he sou ce si ua ion o he edi ing o he MSVW changed
again and g a ely. The Middle High Ge man Dic iona y (MWB) is an epochal dic iona y
o ea ly medie al (High) Ge man (1050-1350. Fo he en i e ocabula y desc ibed, he
MWB no only p o ides g amma ical in o ma ion and explana ions o meaning, bu
Spek ums de aus diesem Zei aum übe lie e en deu schsp achigen Tex e. […]
also p o ides he in e p e ed ocabula y i sel in de ail as a e e ence dic iona y.
(Ci ed om he p in ed edi ion, he MWB is also a ailable on he In e ne a
www.mhdwb-online.de. Cu en ly, all Middle High Ge man lemmas om a o kachez
Flye de Akademie de Wissenscha en und de Li e a u , Mainz, 2017). Das
Lie e ungswe k soll mi ün Bänden 2025 abgeschlossen sein. Pa allel zu
can be called (1.8.2023).
ALBRECHT GREULE
14 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
The use o he MWB online and he documen s collec ed he e unde a e b lemma
was p eceded by a case s udy ha es ed he ex en o which he his o ical
dic iona ies, in pa icula he "Ge man Dic iona y o Jacob and Wilhelm G imm" (DWB),
can be used as sou ces o his o ical alence esea ch a all (Csiky, G eule 2008). This
ques ion is also a he o e on o he collec ion ha ini ia ed he in e na ional
p ojec o a his o ical syn ac ic e b dic iona y (G eule, Ko honen 2016), wi h
Michael P inz (2016) exp essing himsel undamen ally abou digi al documen
eposi o ies as sou ces o an MSVW and skep ical abou dic iona ies as sou ces o
an MSVW. The case example o a alence analysis o mhd. Howe e , "B eeding on he
basis o he MWB online" (G eule 2018) shows ce ain labou - echnical ad an ages in
he use o he digi al lexicon: he occupa ional ph ases ela ed o he
g amma ical-seman ic da a such as "geni i e o he pe son" and so on. can be used
Quellen e link sind, und die seman ische Vo gliede ung de Belege; selbs die
as i s indica ions o he ype o ac in. The i s exempla y use o he MWB online is
in connec ion wi h he plans o a "His o ical Syn ac ic Dic iona y" (HSVW) (G eule,
Ko honen 2016; 2021: 156 ., 190[…]192) and implemen s he speci ica ions o he model
designed o he p epa a ion o a His o ical Syn ac ic Ve b Dic iona y online (see
Bu gha d , Reimann 2016). Fo he
The elabo a ion o a Middle High Ge man syn ac ic e b dic iona y, which, like he
MWB, is o be a ailable bo h in p in and on he In e ne , is he anno a ion and
de i a ion o "gene al pa aph ases", as in he example o mhd. B eeding is shown
(G eule 2018: 6972), no necessa y. O e all, he aim is o enable he apid
de elopmen o an a icle o he MSVW di ec ly on he PC om he ma e ials
p o ided by he MWB online (see Chap e 3).
3. The Middle High Ge man
Syn ac ic ocabula y book
(MSVW): KURZE PROJEKTBESCHREIBUNG
and me hod
The Middle High Ge man Syn ac ic Ve bal Dic iona y (MSVW) is he epochal dic iona y
o he syn ac ic e b dic iona y o he Old High Ge man ex s o he 9 h cen u y.
Jah hunde s[…] (G eule 1999) con inues […] wi h he di e ence ha he MSVW is
d awn up on a di e en ex basis. I is designed as a compendium o he MWB, ha
is, he seman ic and syn ac ic in o ma ion a ailable in he MWB online abou a e b X
S aipsniai A icles 15 and 15
Von an ei en bis eischen. Aus de We ks a
des Mi elhochdeu schen syn ak ischen Ve bwö e buchs (MSVW)
is digi ally ex ac ed and in e p e ed acco ding o he alence heo y, gene alized
wi h abb e ia ions and summa ized in a dic iona y a icle. The in e p e a ion o he
clauses occu ing wi h he e b X ( alence heo e ically adi ionally: addi ions,
abb e ia ed E) is ca ied ou by he p ocesso o he p ocesso in wo di ec ions […]
analogous o he p ocedu e desc ibed in de ail (G eule 69: 72) only wi hou digi al: 2018:
Abspeiche ung:
1) seman isch, on de Bedeu ung des Ve bs ausgehend, als Seman ische
olling o deep-cu ing;
2) mo phologically by case.
This s uc u e is called he e b-oc an cons ella ion (VAK). Example: mhd. Acco ding
o he MWB online, enigen has he meaning jmdnsich o jmdm o e w. o ee; Ge id
o some hing. This esul s in he classi ica ion o he p e ix as "ac i i y" and he e
mus be an addi ion (E) in he ole o "ac i i y ca ie " o "agen ". F om he
a achmen s a ailable in he MWB online, i appea s ha he agen appea s in he
o m o a noun in he nomina i e. This is w i en o mally as ollows: E Agens ( he
libe a o ) → Sn abb e ia ions such as Sn, Sg, Sd, Sa = noun (in nomina i e, geni i e,
da i e, accusa i e) e e o Helbig, Schenkel (1973: 97[…]99). The symbol S encloses
di e en ly shaped subs i uen s as addi ions o ac an s ha a e occupied in he
co pus, wi h a, e.g. noun g oup, p eposi ional g oup, p onoun, ad e b o (nex )
sen ence. The naming o he ac an oles la gely ollows he desc ip ion o he
seman ic oles by Pe e on
Poland (2008: 167 […] 172). This is a lis o coun ies by popula ion.
Fu he mo e, om he desc ip ion o he meaning and he clauses in he MWB
online, i appea s ha mhd. is su ounded by wo u he clauses (E) in he
unc ion as a p edica e: (a) by a clause deno ing he one who is bu dened by
some hing, and b) om a clause ha deno es wha is annoying, e.g. in he whole
sen ence (biblical): Jesus (= Agens) ees he labo iously bu dened (= pa ien s)
om hei bu den (= objec ). This esul s in wo u he addi ions wi h he
o mulas: E Pa iens (bu den) → Sa (subs an i e in he accusa i e) E Objec ( he
bu den) → Sg (subs an i e in he geni i e). In summa y, he ollowing a icle is
o mula ed om he da a in he MWB online: o ee; Ge id o some hing.
P ac i i y ( elease)

ALBRECHT GREULE
16 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
E Agens (Be eiende , z. B. Mensch, Engel) → Sn
Pa ien (also called pa ien , e.g. human) → Sa (also e lexi e)
E objec ( he load) → Sg
Examples: And do no submi you sel es o he messenge s o Sa an, who a e
he messenge s o he angels. HeslApk is B) Whe e you don' wan o go, don' go
anywhe e, so don' go anywhe e in he coun yside whe e you' e banned.
P Be h. Wha a e you doing? ----- The example sen ences a e selec ed om he
se o assignmen s in he MWB online o illus a e he maximum alence. They
a e copied in o he a icle along wi h he sou ce in o ma ion o he MWB (in he
o m o seals). In o ma ion ha is no impo an o he desc ip ion o he
VAK, such as he mo phology o he e b, is no epea ed in he MSVW, as i is
a ailable in he MWB and can be sea ched o called up he e. Commen : Only one
semem is assigned o he e b ænigen enigen. I is monosemic and has a 3- alue
VAK, i.e. he e b is as a p edica e in all occupa ions o h ee ac an s […]
su ounding […]. Special ea u e: The ole o Pa ien → Sa is also e lexi ely
occupied.
4. Polysemy o he Middle Eas
Ve bs wi h h ee seeds
Unlike mhd. Mos Middle High Ge man e bs a e polysemic, i.e. hey ha e a o al
o a leas wo sememes. The sememes a e al eady dis inguished in he MWB
online and a e aken o e om he e in he a icles (wi h co ec ions i
necessa y).
4.1. appeal and so on. o a ange, o co ec ,
o jndm. o p epa e
The Semem 1
P ac i i y (o de ed)
E Agens (o de ed) → Sn
E a izie es Objek (das Geo dne e) → Sa ( akul a i )
S aipsniai A icles 17 and 17
Von an ei en bis eischen. Aus de We ks a
des Mi elhochdeu schen syn ak ischen Ve bwö e buchs (MSVW)
Examples: A) you emembe whe e e en [...] d iu ich, [...], dei you zeches whe e
an ei es, na ow and wide, as you wan . The sky is 2.7 […] b) F om he wo ld o he
angels o he wo ld o ou Lo d, do he sco a he poo men's scenes.
This is Spec 148.31.
The Semem 2
P ac i i y ( ec i ica ion)
E agens (who makes igh ) → Sn E e icien objec (wha is made igh ) → Sa
E a icia ed objec (wha is made igh ) → pS (p = o ) Example: wo
ouse s he on lei e, Sn di we e gan ai ed uon golde un uon be elen. This
is Rol 3320. 2723.
The Semem 3
P ac i i y (p epa e, assign)
E agens (a p epa ed o) → Sn
An e icien objec (wha is p epa ed) → Sa E Add essa ( he one o whom b
is p epa ed) → Sd example: he consola ion ha you, lo d, go dne unde
gan ei ha e [quod pa as i] o all he wo lds (Kon (Sch) 28,15).
-----
Commen : I is no unp oblema ic o use he e b o push as in he MWB as a
polysemes e b, jus because he h ee sememes belong o an e ymologically
uni o m e b […] in con as o bâ en (see u. 6). The polysemy o ini ia ion would
ha e o be demons a ed seman ically and he homonymy on his
Rejec ion o he basis.
4.2. eischen heischen o
Semem 1 and so on. ( om jmdm.) (e ) ask, demand, wan P ac i i y (please,
demand, wan ) E Agens (asking, demanding) → Sn E Add essa (pe son om
whom some hing is eques ed o demanded) → Sd pS
Sa Sg (p = ane + Akk om and om)
Objec (wan ed, equi ed) → Sa E In NSdas examples: a) he is chea ing
on us. SM: UWS 35: 5.2 […] This is he i s ime I' e seen his. b) he
iuwe [...] muoz go o ea me. This is Gen. 2409.
ALBRECHT GREULE
18 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX
Semem 2
(e.g. o ask ques ions)
P ac i i y (ques ions o be answe ed)
E Agens (Ques ione ) and Sn
Objec (ques ioned) → pS Ad E NSob (p = a e ) Examples: a)
Ch ysos omus John demands ha he e be no and âge o i .
This is J F s 9522 b) Pila e [...] asked whe he ou he o was a
Galilei. This is J F s 6467.
The Semem 3
(li e ally) jmdn. P ac i i y (please, eques , eques )
E Agens (calling ou ) → Sn
Add ess ( eques ed) → Sa E Ta ge ( o which eques ed) → In Ad E pS (p = an)
Examples: a) he kúnic o Po egal [...] was he i s o B aban . R EWh 8455 […] b) he
poo young boy he was wi h he manly cu zü in he s ep he e o . This is GT oj
8993. Commen : Excep o a ew mo phological peculia i ies ( he p os he ic dog has
a s ong p ee e i um (h) beside he icy one), he […] is e y di e en ia ed igh ly.
Objec a ea (so he MWB) o his e b, he e summa ized as
Semem 3, his is ema kable.
5. Polysemes o he Middle Eas
VERB wi h ou seeds
pene a ing
The Semem 1
And so on and so o h. Pushing somewhe e, s i ing, o wha e e . -
Wha 's he ma e ? a acking […] P ac i i y (p essing, s i ing, a acking)
E Agens (D ängende /s) → Sn
E o igin o way o des ina ion o NSunzdaz o pS o Ad (p = unz o
h ough o agains o in o a ound o a e )
S aipsniai A icles 19 and 19
Von an ei en bis eischen. Aus de We ks a
des Mi elhochdeu schen syn ak ischen Ve bwö e buchs (MSVW)
Examples: (a) Vlixes [ ea ed o he ship's po nde sluc nd] d anc, nz he o he
s a e sp anc He b 4395; b) [who dines an hank, do he nih sol, o whom he hos
gelone a ely wol] who he e o e o gi en u ge [s i e], daz he a li ye sunge
[...] / [e was und is de wisen spo ] Jüngl 129; c) du ch sin hu úncz u das bain
u ges he do ne il gemain We nhml 9338; d) sin w a h z sime hea s d anc
I 's he all o 2022.
Semem wo jmdn. P ac i i y (p essing, p essing) P ac i i y (p essing,
p essing) P ac i i y (p essing) P ac i i y (p essing) P ac i i y (p essing) P
ac i i y (p essing) P ac i i y (p essing) P ac i i y (p essing) P ac i i y (p essing) P ac i i y (p essing) P ac i i y (p essing) P ac i i y (p essing) P ac i i y (p essing)
E Agens (opp esso ) → Sn (opp esso ) is he name o he game.
E Pa ien s (a lic ed) → Sa
Examples: (Passi e) [iz geschach daz] Jesus was pushed ou o he way by he
c owd E Be l 106,3; (b) (b) (c) (d) (e) ( ) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i) (i
Semem 3 is jmdn. om e w. pushing i ou , e lec ing.
pushing each o he , pushing each o he
P ac i i y (pushing ou )
E Agens (D ängende /s) → Sn
E Pa ien s ( h ea ened o dis essed) → Sa/Re l. Examples o E o igin and way →
pS ADV (p = ûz/ ondu ch) a e: (Ma hew 6:5, 10) The apos le Paul w o e: "Le us
no become ego is ical, s i ing up compe i ion wi h one ano he , en ying one
ano he . b) His swo d's blade wan s o pene a e my hea HeidinII 1722; c)
( e lexi ely) whe he you a e pushing you sel h ough he olcano Pa z 647,10. 637,10.
Semem 4 and so on.
push, p ess
P ac i i y (p essing and squeezing)
E Agens and Sn
E Pa ien is Sa
E o igin/goal → (pS) (p = in/ on-an) Example: d i aldig go sin o me d ang in
people wax Mügeln 11,2. Commen : The special meanings a e no aken in o
accoun : ‘e c. Fo example, [ he book] was ansla ed om in-d i en […]z
C e an languages in o La in sc ip (LBa l 8) and […]e c. Wea ing, wea ing,
wea ing, wea ing, wea ing, wea ing, wea ing, wea ing, wea ing, wea ing,
wea ing, wea ing, wea ing
ALBRECHT GREULE
26 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXIX (Linguis ic Ac s o he Li huanians)
I 's called a aiding aid. I 's called a aiding aid. I 's called a aiding aid. The nex s age o he
p ojec in ol es he analysis o in es men s and sudu ines. Tęsian žodyno engimo da bus,
he ma e ials o he p ojec ha e no ye been published on he elec onic ea h, o hese
a e passi e, he plan is o publish he book. Fo example, lygin i su senosios okiečių aukš aičių
kalbos eiksmadynas is al eady minė o elek oninio žodyno sin aksinis kompendiumas. I would
like o ask you, M P esiden , whe he you a e awa e o he ac ha he Eu opean
žodžiais. Pap as ai, nuosekliai ap ašan duomenis, palies i šiuos į ai iak ypčius, už okiečių
idu io aukš aičių kalbos ibų išeinančius san ykius a sisakoma. Visų pi ma, engiamas žo-
Pa liamen has adop ed a numbe o amendmen s o he T ea y on he Func ioning o he
Eu opean Union, and whe he you a e awa e o he ac ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has
adop ed a numbe o amendmen s o he T ea y on he Func ioning o he Eu opean Union.
I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing.
ALBRECHT GREULE
Uni e si ä Regensbu g
Ins i u e o Ge man S udies, D-93040
Regensbu g Alb ech .G eule@sp achli .uni- egensbu g.de This is a lis o uni e si ies and colleges in Ge many.