Recenzijos / Re iews 335
VYTAUTAS KARDELIS
Vilniaus uni e si e as
Resea ch a eas include dialec ology, dialec ome y, a ia ion in
language, his o y o language, cogni i e seman ics.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
No less han € 5
Mo ing Chu ches
18 h cen u y Me ic
I don' hink I'm going o make i his a .
The day
Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, 2023, page 183
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
In he same yea , a he end o 2023, a senio esea che o he Ins i u e o
Li huanian Language, he Bal ic Languages and Va dino Resea ch Cen e , D . Dien,
Laimučio Bilkio, p o esionalaus i k uopš aus lie u ių ie o a džių y ėjo, mo-
nog a ija Linkmenų bažnyčios XVIII amžiaus me ikų oikonimai, neišlikę iki šių
was published. The Monog aph o he Fi s Men ions in he Sou ces o His o y is
dedica ed o he 650 h Anni e sa y o he Fi s Men ions in he Sou ces o
His o y. I has been published in elec onic o m and is a ailable o eade s online
a : h ps: lki.l /wp-con en /uploads/2023/12/laimu
isbilkis-linkmenu-oikonimai-monog aph-2023.pd . A he op o he 183-page
monog aph is a pho og aph o he […] Liñkmenų chu ch, aken by he au ho o
he monog aph himsel . In he ex i sel he e a e illus a ions, o example, an
in e es ing agmen o he map o he pa ishes o U enas, Labano , Su ainiškio,
Linkmenų and Kuk iškių (p. 13), he ops o he 1740-1760 bap ismal and connec i e
me ic books o he Linkmenų chu ch (Lkm II, LJn II) (p. 1812), as well as agmen s
o he me ic books. The e a e also summa ies o supplemen a y and illus a i e s a is ical diag ams.
I is in e es ing o no e ha he Me ic books o he Chu ch o he Ascension
we e handed o e o he au ho o he monog aph 20 yea s ago by he esea che o his o ical oponymy, Vidas Ga liauskas.
VYTAUTAS KARDELIS
336 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC ha he s udy appea ed in he yea 2023,
when Liñkmenys celeb a es he beau i ul jubilee […] 650 h anni e sa y o he
men ion o his o y in he sou ces. The e o e, as he au ho himsel says:
[…][p] is a omas esea ch, among o he hings, is also a modes a emp o
con ibu e o he disclosu e, analysis and publica ion o li le-known ac s o
he his o y o he noble own and i s su oundings[…] (p. 9).
The monog aph consis s o he P ac ice Guide, which p o ides an o e iew o he
esea ch, explains he impo ance and mo i es o choosing he objec o he
esea ch, and indica es he pu pose, asks, scope and me hodology o he wo k. The
mos impo an , analy ical and in es iga i e pa o he monog aph consis s o
ou chap e s: "Oikonimai o Vie o a dine o igin", "Oikonimai o Asmen a dine
o igin", "Oikonimai o Apelia y inė o igin" and "Oikonimai o Neaiški o igin". The i s
chap e also di ides in o such sec ions: "Oikonimai, named a e anished
se lemen s om he wa e s", "Oikonimai, named a e now exis ing o o me
se lemen s o he in e wa pe iod, o be used a iably", "Oikonimai, named a e
he s a us o he Neaiška wa e s", "Oikonimai, named a e O onimin". Subdi isions
o he second sec ion: Oikonimai, named a e disappea ed se lemen s, Va ian ly
used oikonimai, named a e exis ing se lemen s, Neaiškaus s a uso oikonimai. The
hi d chap e is di ided in o he ollowing sec ions: Oikonimai, named a e
disappea ed se lemen s, Va ian ly used oikonimai, named a e exis ing
se lemen s, Neaiškaus s a uso oikonimai. The ou h chap e is no di ided in o
sec ions. In addi ion, he i s , second and hi d chap e s end wi h summa ies.
A he end o he monog aph, summa ies and speci ic conclusions a e p o ided.
Sou ces and used li e a u e a e also added, he e is a lis o abb e ia ions, a
summa y in English, place names and pe sonal p onouns. The monog aph con ains
he en i e scien i ic appa a us equi ed o such wo ks. The scope o he wo k
mee s he equi emen s o he monog aph. The language o he monog aph is
scien i ic, luen and egula . The s uc u e o he monog aph is well-de ined, clea
and consis en : in he i s h ee chap e s, he o igins a e discussed, he ex inc
se lemen s a e named, he a ia ions o he cu en se lemen s a e named, and
he s a us o he se lemen s is unclea . Each chap e ends wi h a summa y,
whe e he a o emen ioned s a is ical diag ams a e p esen ed o cla i y and
cla i y. The e iew o he s udies is b ie , bu i is su icien o a monog aph. The
aim o he wo k is o iden i y he ex inc , i.e. he ones ha ha e no su i ed o
he p esen day, eigh een h-cen u y oikonims o he pa ishes o Liñkmenai, o
e eal he peculia i ies o hei de elopmen and o igins, he eby supplemen ing
he in en o y o Li huanian place names wi h new da a (16 p.). In o de o implemen
he monog aph, he ollowing asks a e se ou : 1) o selec he names o
se lemen s in he me ic books o he Chu ch o he C osses co e ing he
speci ied pe iod, which do no ha e co espondences be ween he Li huanian and
Laimu is Bilkis. Linkmenų bažnyčios XVIII amžiaus me ikų
oikonimai, neišlikę iki šių dienų
Re iews o he book 337
(ei he he name o he ex inc se lemen , o a a ian o he su i ing name),
he beginning o use, he eason o he disappea ance, he na u e o he change,
discuss he mos impo an ea u es o he spelling, analyze he wo k and
desc ibe he links wi h he basis o he o igin wi h checks and common wo ds […] (16
pages). By no going in o he de ails, i can only be s a ed ha he pu pose o he
s udy has been achie ed, he asks se ha e been ul illed. The me hods o s udy
a e as ollows: desc ip i e, econs uc ion, s a is ical analysis is used o suppo
he conclusions. The chosen me hods a e in p inciple applied p ope ly. Taking in o
accoun he objec i es, asks and me hods o he s udy, as well as he analysis
ca ied ou , he summa ies o he sec ions o he monog aph and he conclusions
o he inal s udy a e beyond doub . Al hough his is mo e o a echnical de ail, i is
a e y accu a e lis o place names and pe sonal names, which g ea ly acili a es
he eade 's wo k. I is no enough o say ha he analysis was ca ied ou
co ec ly and easonably, e en i he e a e essen ial objec ions o impo an
subs an i e ema ks ha migh dis u b local language esea che s o linguis s o
o he specialisa ions who ead he s udy. I is commendable ha he au ho o he
monog aph de o ed himsel o he esea ch o he his o ical name. I is well known
ha esea ch in o his o ical e minology equi es no only g ea diligence, ca e
and pa ience in collec ing empi ical ma e ial, bu also app op ia e compe ence in
linguis ically examining he ma e ial. As jus men ioned, he au ho o he
monog aph essen ially se led wi h hese asks. Ano he un o una e
ci cums ance he e was ha all 18 h-cen u y (and la e ) chu ch me ics we e
des oyed. In he chu ch o Liñkmen a e kep (o p ese ed) he ollowing books o
me ics: 1708-1940 yea s o bap ism (LkmK I) and 1716-1739 yea s o bap ism (LkmJnI), 1740-1760 yea s o bap ism (LkmK II) and bap ism (LkmJnII), 1760-1795 yea s o bap ism (LkmJnIII) and 1760-1790 yea s o dea h (LkmM 1760-1790).
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
he la e oikonimija; 2) […]In e ms o he possibili ies o es ablishing hei
localiza ion, s a us, he monog aph o his colleague Laimu ius Bilkio is, in my
opinion, impo an no only in he s udy o place names and no only in he
adi ional linguis ic con ex (al hough one o he objec i es, as al eady men ioned:
[…] o iden i y he mos impo an ea u es o he spelling, analyze he wo k and
desc ibe he ela ionship wi h he basis o he o igin wi h e i iable and common
wo ds[…] (p. 16). I 's no jus spelling, w i ing and e ymology. I is impo an and a
joy ha he monog aph is no kep in a oom whose in e io is only linguis ic. Mo e
impo an ly, and o my deligh , he monog aph, despi e i s s ong s uc u e, clea
analysis, and unde s andable esul s, is no an exhaus i e s udy o a subjec ha
has been pushed o i s limi s. The mos impo an and he mos exci ing hing is
ha he monog aph opens up and lea es esea ch pe spec i es, aises ques ions
and p oblems ha will s ill need a lo o a en ion in he u u e. Fo me pe sonally,
se e al aspec s o u u e esea ch pe spec i es we e impo an and in e es ing.
The i s o hese is his o ical sociolinguis ics, p ima ily ela ed o cle gymen who illed me ic books. I'm going o pu a long quo e he e: […]I 's possible ha i wasn' w i en by a single cle gyman, because i 's e lec ed in some o he insc ip ions. In he 17 h cen u y, i was w i en by Kazimie z Goniecki.
VYTAUTAS KARDELIS
338 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC also known as
Se e al o he people we e bap ized la e : An ony Rosa (bo n 1731, Jacob Casimi
Sadowski (bo n 1732); S epan W ozbi owicz (bo n 1738); F anciscus Lasso a (bo n
1738); Pe e Pliskin (bo n 1739); Nicholas Toplick (bo n 1739) No only Kazimie z
Szukewicz's w i ings we e eco ded by LkmK II. The ollowing is a lis o no able
people who ha e been awa ded he O de o S . John o he C oss: G ego y he
G ea , Duke o Milan, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o
Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence,
Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o
Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence, Duke o Flo ence,
Duke o Flo ence. On he o he hand, i canno be uled ou ha in some cases he
eco ds may ha e been made no by he cle gy hemsel es, bu by o he pe sons
who handled chu ch a ai s.
(pages 17 and 18).
Oikonimai monog aph eliably analyzed on he basis o he adi ional s uc u al
p inciple: phone ics, mo phology, wo k. I is e y impo an ha he a ie y o
place names is shown and emphasised. And he ques ion a ises om he a iance,
how much o he a ia ions o he oikon a e de e mined by s uc u al ac o s and
how much by he w i e . This is, in my iew, a di icul and no e y g a e ul, bu
impo an pe spec i e o he s udy o his o ical sociolinguis ics. I may be
di icul o expec ha he e would be any da a on he educa ion, language
p o iciency, o biog aphical da a o he people who made he eco ds, bu
some imes he a chi es e eal he mos ex ao dina y su p ises. Since he
sociolinguis ic aspec is in e es ing and impo an , I will y o show i wi h one
example: he usual phone ic e ms in he monog aph a e w i en in b acke s, e.g.
mono ongiza ion. In he wen y- ou h no e, he au ho ge s ou o he si ua ion:
[…][O]ikonim w i e s' spelling cha ac e is ics conside he e ms naming he
subjec s ([…]mono ongiza ion[…], […]dis an assimila ion[…], […]assimila ion[…],
[…]hype no maliza ion[…], […]uni o miza ion[…]) a e p esen ed wi h hoo es, because
hese a e no na u al phone ic phenomena occu ing in li ing speech[…] (p. 30). Bu
he e, I hink, is he pe spec i e o he s udy: A en' hese eally he na u al
phone ic phenomena ha occu in li ing language? I so, hen he ocus u ns o
he sc ibes: wha condi ions, wha mo i es, wha con ex s could ha e caused he
a iance? Ano he pe spec i e aspec o his o ical socioling ela ed o he
Sla icisa ion o place names is di ec ly ela ed o hese issues. The au ho uses his e m many imes in he ex and, i should be unde s ood, does no doub he p ocess i sel , e.g. […][R]cons uc ed
Laimu is Bilkis. Linkmenų bažnyčios XVIII amžiaus me ikų
oikonimai, neišlikę iki šių dienų
Re iews o Re iews 339 Taking in o accoun he ways o glo i ica ion, La iniza ion1
and o he dis o ions o names al eady highligh ed in many Li huanian his o ical
oponymy and an h oponymics wo ks, speci ic cases o o he names a e discussed
by analyzing he spelling o indi idual names. I seems o me ha his is no so simple,
because glo i ica ion is a p ocess, so i is a ealis ic p ospec o look a he na u al
phone ic phenomena in li ing language, he spelling, he in en ions o he sc ibes (i
possible), he con ex s o glo i ica ion […] mo e b oadly and he ela ionships
speci ic o Linkmen […]. The second impo an aspec , which does no neglec he
his o ical sociolinguis ic aspec jus discussed, is he a iabili y o place names. I
ha e al eady men ioned ha an impo an ad an age o he monog aph is ha a lo
o a en ion is paid o a ia ion: no only o a ying phone ic o mo phological
o ms, bu […] his is especially impo an […] o a yingly used oikonims. This
analysis is use ul no only in he local sense, bu is impo an o b oade
heo e ical s udies o place names and e en o s udies o e hnogenesis. Examples:
*Kal iai, *Ka oliai ((li . kál is, ka õlius, ka õlis) […] now Cijõnai (p. 101[…]102, 134) […] i
he e we e no e idence o such a ia ion, i would be easy o assume ha Cijonai is
an old, o iginal place name, and i s e ymology suppo ed by socioling is
in e p e a ion could lead o misunde s andings. And in gene al, he e a e wo
ques ions ela ed o he a ia ion o place names: 1) Why did one o he a iega ed
(concu en ?) place names disappea ? The au ho p o ides he mos easoned and
con incing answe s o his ques ion in he conclusion. This ques ion, o cou se, is
easie han he second di icul one: 2) Why a e he e in gene al compe ing a ian s
o place names? The au ho belie es ha he abundance o […][I]s o ic a ian s was
mos likely due o he ac ha hey we e w i en in me ics om he language o
li e (hea d om he local inhabi an s who pa icipa ed in he ce emonies), we e no
no malized, uni ied, codi ied. We can ag ee wi h he specula ion o o he
esea che s ha a ia ion could also be ound due o he use o sepa a e names o
se lemen pa s (single illages, plo s) (p. 133). Tha 's ue, bu as a as I'm
conce ned, his is jus he ip o he icebe g, because I da e say ha he
eme gence o a iance is a e y complex phenomenon. The me ic ille s can be
emembe ed as one o he addi i es o his complex. Howe e , i would be possible
o see wha he cu en si ua ion is […] whe he place names in oday's li ing
language also a y? So I see a lo o p ospec s o u u e esea ch he e. As a
echnical ool, he ollowing me hod o analysis migh be app op ia e: in he pa o
he monog aph being s udied, he icons o all books a e examined oge he . Such a
choice by he au ho is en i ely possible and unde s andable. In he u u e, i migh
be possible o hink o an al e na i e: o g oup he oikonimas and hei a ian s
acco ding o books and compa e hem wi h each o he .
1 The Pa isian man […] V. K.

VYTAUTAS KARDELIS
340 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
I pasku inė su pe spek y omis susijusi min is: monog a ijoje įdė a 1812 me-
agmen s o ha pa ish map. I would be e y in e es ing and aluable o see
he whole map, and e en mo e in e es ing would be a mode n map, whe e you
could see he icons ha ha e no su i ed o his day and hei geog aphical
ela ionship wi h he cu en ones […] and all his in digi al o ma !
I is no di icul o unde s and ha he opics discussed he e a e no he ones
missing om he monog aph. They a e like guidelines by which he au ho o he
monog aph sel lessly ma ks he u u e esea ch pa hway o himsel and o he
esea che s. The monog aph o colleague Laimučius Bilkio is undoub edly aluable
and in e es ing no only o esea che s o oikonimi, bu also o dialec ologis s,
his o ians o language, esea che s o e hnogenesis, his o ians.
As a layman mysel , I am deligh ed wi h his wo k o my colleague and
look o wa d o con inuing he success ul esea ch on he 18 h-cen u y me ics o he Linkmen's Chu ch.
Deli e ed on 6 May 2024
VYTAUTAS KARDELIS
Vilniaus uni e si e as
Facul y o Philology
The Depa men o Li huanian Language o he Ins i u e
o Speech and Language a he Uni e si y o Vilnius,
LT-01131 Vilnius, Li huania y au as.ka de[email p o ec ed]