S aipsniai / A icles 301
ANDREA GROMINOVA
Uni e si y o Ss. Cy il and Me hodius in T na a,
Slo akia
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-2384-6880
Fields o esea ch: ansla ion s udies, ansla ion ecep ion
o Russian li e a u e in Slo ak cul u al con ex , con empo a y
Russian li e a u e, con empo a y Russian and Slo ak poe y.
OLEH TYSHCHENKO
Uni e si y o Ss. Cy il and Me hodius in T na a
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0009-0009-0811-2123
Fields o esea ch: Sla ic e hnolinguis ics, compa a i e
ph aseology, linguocul u ology, cogni i e linguis ics, gene al
and compa a i e- ypological linguis ics, ansla ology.
IGOR KOROLYOV
Ta as She chenko Na ional Uni e si y o Kyi
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-0436-5923
Fields o esea ch: gene al linguis ics, linguis ic
communica ion, psycholinguis ics.
MYROSLAVA FABIAN
Uzhho od Na ional Uni e si y
ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-3351-1275
Fields o esea ch: lexical seman ics, compa a i e seman ics,
p agma ics, c oss-language and c oss-cul u al communica ion,
sociolinguis ics.
DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all90-12
ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO,
IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN
302 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
ENVY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL
AND COGNITIVE
PHENOMENON IN UKRAINIAN
AND SLOVAK LINGUISTIC
CONSCIOUSNESS (BASED
ON THE ASSOCIATIVE
EXPERIMENT)1
Pa ydas kaip psichologinis i kogni y inis
eiškinys uk ainiečių i slo akų kalbinėje
sąmonėje ( emian is asociaciniu ekspe imen u)
ANNOTATION
The complex psychological, sociocul u al and semio ic phenomenon o ENVY is
explo ed in he pape . I is ega ded as a men al co ela ing ac o o cul u al signs and
symbolic s e eo ypes, no ms and alues. Addi ionally, i se es as he elemen o cogni i e
and e alua i e expe ience, e hical, and eligious cus oms and belie s, such as he nai e
model o he wo ld in he magic ex s, body and e alua i e me apho s o up and down, he
concep s o success, weal h, po e y, he domes ic and he s ange, e c.
A linguis ic-cogni i e analysis o he concep ual sphe e o ENVY has been conduc ed.
I is based on he associa i e expe imen on i s s imuli eac ions, hei equency as well as
na ional and cul u al speci ici y ecei ed om Uk ainian and Slo ak esponden s.
The ame model o ENVY has been de eloped acco ding o gende , associa i e image y,
e alua i e and me apho ic ea u es. The ob ained esul s ha e been in e p e ed in cogni i e,
quan i a i e and quali a i e e ms, sus ained by he p o e bs and sayings ac ualizing he
no ion o ENVY. The empi ical ma e ial has been modelled as co esponding sub ames.
Zones o hei seman ic in e connec ions wi h he concep s o HATRED, JEALOUSY and
GREED ha e been iden i ied.
1 The s udy is published wi h he suppo o he in e na ional g an p ojec E asmus+ KA220-HED
No. 2021-1-SK01-KA220-HED-000022917 en i led “The inno a ion o he concep and
cu iculum o doc o al s udy p og ams and inc easing hei e ec i eness” (A. G omino a,
O. Tyshchenko).
S aipsniai / A icles 303
En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon
in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness
(Based on he Associa i e Expe imen )
KEYWORDS: concep o ENVY, associa i e expe imen , ame, sub ame,
Uk ainian and Slo ak esponden s.
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje nag inėjamas sudė ingas psichologinis, sociokul ū inis i semio inis eiški-
nys PAVYDAS. Jis laikomas psichiniu eiksniu, ko eliuojančiu su kul ū iniais ženklais i
simboliniais s e eo ipais, no momis i e ybėmis. Be o, jis y a kogni y inės i e inamo-
sios pa i ies, e inių i eliginių no mų bei ikėjimų elemen as, pa yzdžiui, nai usis pasaulio
modelis magijos eks uose, kūno i e inamosios me a o os, nu odančios k yp į aukš yn
a ba žemyn, sėkmės, u o, sku do, bui ies, s e imybių są okos i k .
A lik a ling okogni y inė koncep ualiosios PAVYDO s i ies analizė. Ji g indžiama
uk ainiečių i slo akų esponden ų asociacinio ekspe imen o eakcijų į s imulus, jų dažnu-
mo, aip pa au inės i kul ū inės jų speci ikos duomenimis.
Koncep o PAVYDAS eimų modelis bu o suku as pagal ly ies, asociacinių aizdinių,
e inamųjų i me a o inių ypa ybių požymius. Remian is pa a lėmis i p iežodžiais, ak-
ualizuojančiais koncep ą PAVYDAS, gau i ezul a ai bu o in e p e uojami kogni y i niu,
kiekybiniu i kokybiniu požiū iu. Empi inė medžiaga bu o modeliuojama kaip a i inkami
po eimiai. Nus a y os jų seman inių sąsajų su koncep ais NEAPYKANTA, PAVYDAS i
GODUMAS s i ys.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: koncep as PAVYDAS, asociacinis ekspe imen as, eimas,
po eimis, uk ainiečių i slo akų esponden ai.
1. INTRODUCTION
Linguis ic consciousness has been he cen al objec o psycholinguis ic
esea ch in con empo a y s udies. I de e mined i s mul i- ec o s udy om
a ious pe spec i es: me hodological, cogni i e, semio ic, e hnolinguis ic,
axiological, lexicog aphical, e c.
ENVY as one o he basic an h opological ca ego ies is a complex
mul i unc ional, cul u al, men al, and linguis ic phenomenon ha needs
sepa a e conside a ion. The axiome ic and seman ic econs uc ion o he
associa i e ield o ENVY equi es e hnocul u al and e hno-psychological
econs uc ion o emo ions by ocusing on 1) bo h common and dis inc i e
ea u es o images o linguis ic consciousness peculia o ep esen a i es o
di e en na ions; 2) he s udy and comp ehension o iden i y and his o ical
memo y o he e hnos; 3) he alues and cul u al s e eo ypes o he e hnos by
applying psycholinguis ic and cogni i e echniques.
ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO,
IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN
304 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
The men ioned cogni i e echniques p o e Ku e ’s s a emen (1998: 72–
73) ha “ENVY is a g eed engo ging a pe son om inside […] i u ns in o a
esen men which F ied ich Nie zsche e med as “exis en ial ENVY” (Ge m.
Lebensneid).” The des uc i e seman ics o ENVY and HATRED a e highligh ed
by Ma ia Szymkowska (1989: 27) who ega ds he emo ional s a es h ough
he p ism o “psychological hygiene”: hey ha e “ he sense o des uc ion and
disease bo h om he poin o soma ic heal h o hose who expe ience hem
and hose o whom hey a e di ec ed. They cons i u e a h ea o he physical
heal h.”
As a mul idimensional ca ego y, ENVY has always a ac ed he a en ion
o schola s who y o ind answe s o ques ions abou i s composi ion and
mani es a ions. F om he iewpoin o nu sing science, he analysis o ENVY
is based on he desi e o unde s and human beings om he pe spec i e o
subjec i e heal h and illness (Maijala, Munnukka, Nikkonen 2000).
Simila s udies ocus on he s udy o ENVY and JEALOUSY, and how
hei posi i e and nega i e aspec s among nu se academics a ec he wo kplace
(Clea y, Wal e , Halcomb, Lopez 2016), and y o p o e ha no only can
pa ien s ENVY hei analys s’ c ea i i y, bu ha he apis s and analys s can
ENVY hei pa ien s’ c ea i i y (Sa án-Ge a d 2019; Hupka, Zaleski, Ju gen,
Reidl, Ta ab ina 1997). Oleh Tyshchenko (2020: 248) ound ou he ea u es
o lexemes compa ibili y wi h he ENVY and JEALOUSY in Sla ic languages.
In nume ous wo ks compa a i e and ypological e lec ion o he conside ed
concep is p esen ed: I ina Nes e ajlo a (2010), I ina Kol uckaja (2014), Na alija
Šap an (2015), Ta jana G igo jano á, Ma ina Ma y cina (2018).
Based on he ca ego ies o cul u al an h opology and human psychology,
Schoeck p o es ha FEAR and ENVY a e in eg al componen s o human
ela ionships exis ing in mode n and p imi i e cul u es whe e ele an
ep esen a ions and concep s ca ego ize and egula e a ious mani es a ions o
ENVY (Gawa kiewicz 2008: 11).
ENVY is one o he Se en deadly sins, and he mos shame ul one, de i es
om he La in in idia, “non-sigh ”. I is deeply ing ained in he human psyche,
being common o all imes and people. I is usually di ec ed owa ds he people
who compa e hemsel es o eel hey compe e.
En ious people end o be hos ile, ang y, esen ul and i i able. Fo a clea e
delinea ion o hese nuances in he in es iga ed emo ions, he esea che s use
he p inciple o seman ic p imi i es, sugges ed by Wie zbicka: 1) X eels ENVY:
“Some hing good happened o someone else. I did no happen o me. I do no
wan ha o be he case. I wan such good hings happen o me, no o someone
else. The e o e, I su e and ha e he o he s”; 2) X eels jealous: “I ea ha he
pe son who is dea o me has good eelings o someone else. I’m a aid ha he
S aipsniai / A icles 305
En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon
in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness
(Based on he Associa i e Expe imen )
pe son who is dea o me may lose good eelings o me. I do no wan ha o
be he case. I wish he pe son who is dea o me had good eelings only o me.
The e o e, I su e and ha e he o he ” (Wie zbicka 2006: 123).
The gi en esea ch aims o c ea e he linguis ic and cul u al image o ENVY
based on associa i e expe imen as well as o p esen i s “psychological po ai ”
in he amewo k o es ablished discu si e p ac ices, and in pa icula , in i s
unc ioning in indi idual’s e e yday consciousness, in subjec i e, indi idual
ac s o speech, e ealing i s equency and c ea ing i s ypology in Uk ainian
and Slo ak s uden s.
To achie e he aim o he esea ch, he ollowing asks ha e been pu
o wa d: o make a b ie o e iew o ENVY as a psycho-cogni i e and social
phenomenon; o p esen he concep ual sphe e o ENVY o Uk ainian and
Slo ak esponden s in he ame s uc u e o m and o ind he e bal con en
o each gi en he equency and quali a i e composi ion o eac ions; ha ing
es ablished he mu ual associa i e concep connec ion index, o ind he a eas
o seman ic in e sec ion in he associa i e pai s ENVY – GREED, ENVY –
JEALOUSY wi hin he associa i e- e bal ne wo k; o desc ibe he eac ion
ypology wi hin each o he o e ed sub ames (scena io, axiological, pa ame ic,
causa i e, e c.) gi en hei uni e sali y, uniqueness and na ional and cul u al
ma kedness; o isualize he ecei ed eac ions o he wo d-s imuli in he
app op ia e g aph o m and commen on hem.
2. METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF RESEARCH
In he p esen pape , he ame modelling o ENVY in he linguis ic
consciousness o he Uk ainians and Slo aks is based on he no ion o a ame
as a complex axonomic s uc u e. Ame ican sociologis Go man in e p e s he
ame as he abili y o p ac ical consciousness “ o assemble he wo ld in o an
o ganized whole wi hou he pa icipa ion o discu si e con ol”, as “a ce ain
pe spec i e o pe cep ion ha c ea es a o mal de ini ion o he si ua ion”, i.e.
ames a e basic elemen s ha a esea che can iden i y wi hin he amewo k
o si ua ions. Si ua ions a e subjec ed o o ganizing p inciples ha “gene a e”
di e en e en s, e.g. social e en s. The same p inciples also egula e ou
subjec i e pa icipa ion in e en s (Go man 1974: 10–11; Sinele a 2014: 78).
As commonly ecognized, an associa i e expe imen is a echnique o
s udying speech eac ions o wo ds o wo d combina ions (s imuli), e ealing
e lexi e empo a y connec ions o sensa ions, eelings, images, concep s and
designa ions in he men al lexicon o na i e speake s.

ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO,
IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN
306 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
An associa i e expe imen in ol es in o man s ques ioning wi h a lis o
s imuli and subsequen ly es ablishing he mos equen eac ions (Gal on,
Tumb, Ma be). I is aimed a modelling he language sys em in he o m o an
associa i e- e bal ne wo k (Yu. N. Ka aulo ) o associa i e ields o ocabula y,
he o ma ion o an “associa i e p o ile” o consciousness images (U imce a
2008: 20).
Fu he mo e, he associa i e expe imen “allows o con i m he psychological
ele ance o he heo e ical assump ions o he esea che , i.e. o ep esen he
associa i e ne wo k o meanings [...] as a e lec ion o hie a chical concep ual
s uc u es in he mind o a speake ” (Po apenko 2013: 20), and eac ions o
a speci ic s imulus can be conside ed as a e lec ion o he co esponding
concep ual s uc u es, which o some ex en a e accompanied by emo ions and
e alua ions ollowing in o man ’s concep ual pic u e o he wo ld.
As Zinaida Popo a and Josi S e nin speci y (2007: 203), “a cogni i e
in e p e a ion o he esul s o associa i e expe imen s can be pe o med h ough
he s age o desc ibing psycholinguis ic meanings o h ough a di ec cogni i e
in e p e a ion o associa es”. Acco ding o Roman Gawa kiewicz (2008: 7),
“associa i e expe imen aims o analyze he ways o desc ibing, in e p e ing and
pe cei ing he wo ld, i s e alua i e ca ego iza ion by mode n na i e speake s, o
ep esen he “sys em o meanings c ea ed by cul u e”.
Language is a e lec ion o ou concep ual sys em (Tyshchenko, Ko olyo ,
Palche ska 2021), and by conduc ing cogni i e psycholinguis ic associa i e
expe imen s as well as using o he a ious me hodologies, we may ind a
complex solu ion o he language o hough concep ual aming oge he wi h
i s sub ames. The emo ional componen plays a leading ole in shaping bo h
he my hological and mode n pic u e o he wo ld.
Fundamen ally con as ing associa i e es s a e ca ied ou on a ious
hema ic g oups o ocabula y in closely ela ed as well as s uc u ally and
geog aphically dis an languages. Fo ins ance, Pe o a (2018: 14) p esen ed
he associa i e ield o s imuli names o FOOD in Uk ainian, English and
mode n G eek, iden i ying he ollowing ypes o eac ions: syn agma ic,
pa adigma ic, hema ic, phone ic, wo d- o ming, eminiscen (quo a ion),
hyponymic, pe sonali ies, geog aphical adema ks, na ional and cul u al,
e alua i e, indi idual (subjec i e) associa ions. Fo a comple e analy ical e iew
o his issue in Uk ainian and compa a i e psycholinguis ics, see (Le chenko,
Tyshchenko, Dilai 2020).
S aipsniai / A icles 307
En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon
in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness
(Based on he Associa i e Expe imen )
3. RESEARCH PROCEDURE AND FINDINGS
The empi ical basis o he esea ch comp ises he esul s o he associa i e
expe imen conduc ed in 2019. The gene al scena io o he ee-associa i e
expe imen consis ed o he ollowing esea ch p ocedu e: he s uden s and cade s
o L i S a e Uni e si y o Li e Sa e y (Fi e Sa e y, Ci il Secu i y speciali ies),
he s uden s o L i Poly echnic Na ional Uni e si y and Uni e si y o S . Cy il
and Me hodius in T na a ook pa in he associa i e expe imen . In o al,
194 Uk ainian and 127 Slo ak esponden s we e o e ed 67 incen i es, such as
en y(n), o en y( ); en ious(adj) like/as which in he agg ega e o he ecei ed
eac ions c ea e he associa i e e bal ne wo k o ENVY concep sphe e. Thus,
a o al o 145 eac ions om Uk ainian esponden s, including 104 unique, and
536 eac ions om Slo ak esponden s ecei ed in he p ocess o associa i e
expe imen ha e been p esen ed in Figu es 1 and 2 co espondingly.
The expe imen low shows ha he pa icipan s (Uk ainian esponden s)
eac ed wi hou missing he s imuli, mos ly owa ds he middle o he gi en
lis ; by he end o he lis , he numbe o eac ions signi ican ly dec eases (o is
limi ed o one esponse o a s imulus wo d). Se e al esponden s indica ed “no
associa ion” e en a he beginning o he lis o pu a line indica ing he absence
o any eac ion.
On he con a y, Slo ak s uden s (despi e he smalle numbe o esponden s)
pa icipa ed mo e ac i ely and hey ied o gi e answe s o all wo d s imuli
equally du ing he poll. Thus, se e al answe eac ions we e gi en o mos
o he wo d s imuli. This subjec i e ac o can be used o explain se e al
disp opo ions o he ecei ed answe s om Uk ainian and Slo ak esponden s.
In he esea ch p esen ed, he expe imen and analysis o e bal esponses
did no in ol e he ask o de e mining he co ela ion and speci ici y o
esponden s’ answe s based on hei gende . We belie e ha in es iga ing his
aspec wa an s a sepa a e s udy.
Howe e , in he p ocess o he di ec ed associa ion expe imen , a sepa a e
ask was o ace he ypology o eac ions depending on compa ison s anda d
(which objec s ENVY is compa ed wi h in wo d combina ions ‘en ious as’ in
masculine o m and ‘en ious as’ in eminine o m). To ensu e he uni e sali y
o he indings and highligh he social componen , pa icula ly he gende
ac o , in he ele an segmen o he expe imen , we ind i essen ial o p o ide
commen a y on he equency o e bal associa ions in each o he compa ed
languages, along wi h speci ying he numbe o male and emale esponses,
espec i ely.
An aspec o he o e ed me hodology is he de e mina ion o he “associa i e”
dis ance be ween concep s using he da a analysis on hei common associa es
ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO,
IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN
308 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
( he mu ual associa i e connec ion index), as well as he associa i e expe imen
isualiza ion esul s, which makes i possible o iden i y such common a eas
(e.g., be ween ENVY and g eed, ENVY and jealousy). Fig. 3–4 shows he
in es iga ed sec ion o he associa i e- e bal ne wo k.
The mu ual associa i e concep connec ion index was calcula ed by de ec ing
he co ela ion be ween he numbe o iden ical eac ions o he o al numbe o
ecei ed eac ions. P e iously, a simila echnique was o e ed (Ulano ič 2010:
214).
I is impo an o s a e ha no all ecei ed eac ions we e aken in o accoun
o he ob ained esul s desc ip ion, bu only hose ha co espond o he eac ion
dis ibu ion me hod (by sub ames wi hin he ames) o e ed by he au ho s,
since hese e bal associa ions ha e he g ea es p agma ic and cogni i e- alue
ele ance o he ob ained esul s. Thus, he desc ip ion does no include he
eac ion esul s associa ed wi h decla a i e, pa iciple, and possessi e (belonging
o ENVY o a ce ain objec ) sub ames. The e o e, he numbe o desc ibed
eac ions p esen ed in he main pa o he in es iga ion is much smalle han
he ecei ed lis o eac ions in gene al.
FIG. 1. Reac ions o заздрість ‘ENVY’ s imulus
S aipsniai / A icles 309
En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon
in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness
(Based on he Associa i e Expe imen )
FIG. 2. Reac ions o zá isť ‘ENVY’ s imulus
To commence, an in-dep h analysis o he axiological and colou sub ames.
is p o ided. The a ing o ENVY wi hin he ca ego y o GOOD-EVIL akes
mainly he nega i e pole o he axiological scale. I p ima ily mani es s he
incen i e o ENVY in he ca ego ies o cu en no ms iola ions, e hical
e alua ion, ejec ion, some imes wi h a signi ican mani es a ion o nega i i y
(in a pe son’s hough s o ac ions): Uk ainian не варто/no wo h ( 1,3), дуже
погано/ e y bad (m 0,65), думати погано/ hink poo ly ( 0,65), зле/bad ( 0,65)
зло/e il ( 1,3/m 1,3), недобре, негатив/no good, nega i e ( 1,3), Slo ak
nega í ne/nega i ely ( 2,00).
Simila eac ions a e obse ed o заздрість ‘ENVY’ s imulus: найгірше/
he wo s (m 0,69), недобре/no good (m 0,69), нічого доброго/no hing good (m
0,69), обмеженість/na ow-mindedness ( 0,69), погана/bad ( 0,69), погано/
badly ( 0,69/m 2,07). We obse e simila eac ions o he s imulus заздрити
‘ o ENVY’ ( 3,9/m 2,6): погань/badness (m 1,38), низько/mean (m 0,69),
ницість/meanness ( 1,38), недоречність/inapp op ia eness ( 0,69), нікчемність/
wo hlessness ( 0,69), кoристолюбність/sel ishness ( 0,69). This concep is
in e p e ed wi hin he limi s o e hical and eligious no ms as a iola ion o
ce ain p ohibi ions and egula ions: гріх/sin ( ypically a su icien ly p oduc i e
ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO,
IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN
316 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
відлюдькуватий/lonely, wi hd awn ( 0,65). Reac ions o he s imulus en ious
as/like ( eminine o m) associa ed wi h po e y a e less equen (m 0,65). In
gene al, he ob ained an h opocen ic eac ions con aining a gene ic e m
human being (p edominan ly emale) some imes wi h pejo a i e adjec i es
найгірша людина, одинока нещасна жінка/ he wo s pe son, a lonely unhappy
woman a e also connec ed o e il eye/вріклива ( 0,65).
8. THE COMPARATIVE SUBFRAME:
REACTIONS TO STIMULUS ENVIOUSAS/
LIKE (IN MASCULINE FORM) AND
ENVIOUS AS/LIKE (IN FEMININE FORM)
Ra e and a ypical eac ions a e connec ed wi h he names o plan s. Acco ding
o he ob ained da a, a single emale eac ion o his ype морква/ca o ( 0,65)
has been eco ded, he sense o which is ha d o explain a ionally. We can
speak abou si ua ional o highly subjec i e eac ions. Only emale esponden s
compa e an en ious woman wi h a wi ch/відьма ( 1,56), an h oponym Параска/
Pa aska (p esumably unde he in luence o ic ion), wi h a gossipe пліткарка/
scandalmonge o wi h an inde ini e subjec не знаю хто/do no know who
( 0,78); whe eas men – wi h child en and some i al human uni e sal alues
such as li e and goodness (m 0,78). Mo eo e , male eac ions a e connec ed
wi h concep s o JUSTICE and TRUTH: виправдання і хотіти чи бажати
чогось/jus i ica ion and wan ing o desi ing some hing (m 0,78). Women end o
ela e ENVY wi h HONESTY ( 0,78) and ega d i as s able and unchangeable
завжди/always ( 0,78). We can also spo adically obse e he connec ion wi h
soma ic me apho ic co ela es such as жало/s ing (m 0,65). Some allusi e
in e ex ual eac ions ela ed o ca oons (поштар Пєчкін/pos man Pechkin –
only o emale eac ions 0,65), o an onomasia Леськахвеська/Leskah eska (only
o emale eac ions 0,65), o some eligious concep s Буда/Buda (m 0,78) a e
a he exp essi e. Reac ions o ph aseological o igin жаба/ og o compa isons
аж очі повилазили/ he eyes popped ou om shock pe ain o emale esponses.
Many eac ions ep esen amily o in e pe sonal ela ions (тітка/aun
0,78), e e yday images o close su oundings (сусіди, сусід/neighbou s,
neighbou – m 0,78, a ibu i e and p onominal wo d combina ions сусіди,
моя сусідка зла сусідка, сусідка/neighbou s, my neighbou is an e il neighbou ,
neighbou 6,25/m 3,13 in he unc ion o s anda d compa ison), social and age
cha ac e is ics (розлучена/di o ced 0,78), p o ession продавець/selle (m 0,78),
social s a us дякова жінка/deacon’s wi e ( 0,65). They a e also ypical o he

S aipsniai / A icles 317
En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon
in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness
(Based on he Associa i e Expe imen )
Slo aks: chcem o, čo sused/I wan wha my neighbou wan s ( 2,00), suseda/male
neighbou (m 23,53/ 8,00), susedka/ emale neighbou ( 2,00).
S a us associa i e eac ions in he Slo ak language a e connec ed o he amily
and kin ela ions – mo he -in-law o a ela i e in gene al: sú odenec/a sibling,
s ok a/mo he -in-law ( 2,00), which se e as an e alon o he compa ison in he
cons uc ions like zá is li ý ako.
Howe e , animals and insec s e oke he s onges associa ions: заздрити
‘ o ENVY’: бджілка/bee (m 0,78), вовчиця/she-wol (m 0,78), wi hou
emo ional conno a ions вовк, ворона/wol , c ow ( 1,56), гусениця, пантера/
ca e pilla , pan he ( 0,78). Acco ding o he esul s o associa i e expe imen ,
a snake is conside ed o be a s anda d o emale ENVY змія ( 3,13/m 0,78),
less ypical лисиця/ ox ( 1,56/m 0,78), миша/mouse ( 0,78/m 1,56), муха/
ly ( 0,78), and he leas common – зозуля, кішка, кобра, криса/cuckoo, ca ,
cob a, a ( 0,78). Male eac ions, on he con a y, ac ualize images o кобилa,
куркa, мавпa, павлін, сорокa/ma e, chicken, monkey, peacock, magpie (m 0,78),
and собакa/dog (m 1,56). The la e male eac ion can be conside ed a ypical
nega i e e alua ion o a male olen pe son.
The compa a i e sub ame cons uc ed du ing a di ec associa i e su ey on
he gende -based esponses is also wo hy o a en ion. He e ENVY was compa ed
o o he objec s, and Slo ak esponden s e ealed he ollowing associa i e
connec ions: o animals wi h bo h he gene ic and speci ic nomina ions B i ská
mačka/B i ish ca ( 2,00), ho ädo/b u e ( 2,00), hus/a goose, ana/a c ow
(m 5,88), laň/a doe, zmija/a snake ( ipe ) ( 2,00), líška/a ox ( 6,00), mačka/
ca , kamoška/ iend, ( 2,00), s aka/magpie ( 4,00), o he s imulus zá is li á
ako; býk/a bull ( 2,00), pes/dog ( 4,00), s aka/magpie ( 2,00), o he
s imulus zá is li ý ako. The esponse B i ská mačka is in e p e able in e ms
o B i ain’s lea ing he EU; social and ole, as well as gende -age associa ions
člo ek (m 5,88/ 4,00), malé decko/a small child, moja s a á/my old lady, s a ý
člo ek/old pe son (m 5,88), baba/an old woman, s a á babka/old g andma,
šľach ic/a nobleman, p ia eľka/a iend, jednoduchá osoba/a single pe son ( 2,00),
nep ia eľka/enemy, nad iadená/supe io (m 5,88). To he s imulus zá is li á
ako no only eal such as he an onyms Slo ák ( 2,00), cham i ec/a g eedy
pe son, bu also imagina y, ic i ious associa i e connec ions ha e been ixed:
maniak/maniac, h áč/playe ( 2,00), including some my hological pe sonages
s igôň/a male old wi ch, lkodlak/we ewol ( 2,00). Pu ely emale eac ions in
he Slo ak language encompass he emo ional eac ions con aining he people’s
names, o example, babizňa/a hag, hlupák/a ool, paž a ica/clo e, za pknu á
žena/bi e woman, zlá k áľo ná/E il Queen. Conce ning he s imulus zá is li ý
ako, he mos p ominen e bal associa ions include no only he people’s
names o e alua i e eac ions (less equen , ye exp essi e chudák/poo guy
ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO,
IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN
318 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
(m 11,76/ 2,00), bu also he nomina ions o he objec s o ENVY e balized
by inde ini e-quan i a i e wo ds o p onouns (cha ac e is ic mainly o emale
eac ions: ja nie/I do no /no me, mnohí/many ( 2,00), whe eas každý naokolo/
e e yone a ound (m 5,88) is ypically male esponse.
FIG. 5. ENVY compa ed o o he objec s: eac ions o he s imuli zá isť, zá idieť and
zá is li ý ako/zá is li á ako
The e a e also some unique eac ions con aining p ope names and e hnic
nomina ions Fe o/Fe o (name), Slo ák/Slo ak (pe son) ( 2,00). Thus, Fe o is
a diminu i e o F an išek, i can also be a su name. This eac ion could be
e e ed o indi idual o , pe sonal one.
S aipsniai / A icles 319
En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon
in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness
(Based on he Associa i e Expe imen )
9. CONCLUDING REMARKS
The a icle p esen s a linguocogni i e analysis o he ENVY concep osphe e
as a key emo ion based on he da a o an associa i e expe imen conduc ed wi h
Uk ainian and Slo ak s uden s. Ve bal eac ion ypology is iden i ied wi hin he
amewo k o he co esponding ame and sub ame s uc u es, hei ypicali y
and uniqueness a e highligh ed, and cha ac e is ics a e p esen ed in e ms o
equency and quan i a i e pa ame e s.
By es ablishing a mu ual associa i e concep connec ion index, a mechanism
o modelling he associa i e- e bal ne wo k is p esen ed (acco ding o he
me hod o Ulano ič, Ka aulo , e c.). This app oach allowed us o es ablish he
cases o eac ion coincidence o he s imuli ENVY and GREED and o ende
hem isually in columns No. 3 and 4.
A en ion is d awn o he eac ion di e ences acco ding o associa i e-image
and alue cha ac e is ics. The na ional and cul u al speci ici y o he ob ained
associa es is aced, conside ing he ealia cha ac e is ics o a pa icula linguis ic
cul u e (ph aseological and me apho ical eac ions, allusions, compa isons).
Acco ding o he analysis, he mos equen a e he eac ions wi h he
alue ca ego iza ion, ENVY e alua ion in he poles o good-e il, good-bad
(axiological sub ame) and i s pa ame e iza ion (in ensi y o exp ession, in
pa icula h ough colou associa ions). Besides, he ypical eac ions common
o bo h languages a e wo h conside ing. They a e cha ac e ized by clea
p agma ic ma kedness and a connec ion wi h he concep s o success, ca ee ,
and luck, which usually e oke ENVY in o he s (causa i e sub ame) o he
ich-poo opposi ions, which a e ep esen ed by se e al an onymic eac ions
wi h dis inc emo ional and exp essi e conno a ion (Slo ak blahoby /well-
being, maje ok/mansion, pienaze/money, Uk ainian гроші/money, золото/gold,
бідолаха/poo man, бідося/poo hing).
The la e Uk ainian and Slo ak eac ions demons a e ypological simila i ies,
ob iously due o a common social, e hical and Ch is ian sys em o alues and
ideas. The ob ained da a is suppo ed by pa emial and ph aseological con ex s
om he dic iona ies in bo h languages. Pu ely Slo ak eac ions ep esen he
nega ion o alsehood and lie ( he concep ualiza ion o he TRUTH and PRIDE)
o he dis espec o na ional p ide.
Many eac ions e lec emo ions o su e ing and pain ul physical and men al
s a e. They display cha ac e ai s, whe e ENVY is pe cei ed as a des uc i e
en i y. The mos ypical eac ions o Uk ainian esponden s a e пригноблення/
opp ession, туга/sadness, біль/pain, щеміти/hu , страждати/be o men ed,
мучитись/su e ; in Slo ak – тортура/ o u e, тужити/yea n, гнів/
ange , ненависть /ha ed, гріх/sin, фальш/ alsehood, егоїзм/sel ishness; less
ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO,
IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN
320 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
o en- eac ions associa ed wi h men al abili ies – дурість/s upidi y, дурниці/
nonsense and hlupák/ ool.
Se e al eac ions belong o he scena io ame ( hey a e some imes classi ied
as eac ions o he syn agma ic ype). Such eac ions a e he ac i a ion o he
co esponding ph aseological uni s and simila me apho ical compounds in wo
languages in he esponden s’ memo y: Uk ainian руйнувати/des oy, точить
душу/sha pens he soul (wo ies), душевна пустота/emp iness o he soul, жаба
душить/ he og s angles ( eeling ENVY), Slo ak zožie a dušu člo eka/ea s up
he soul o a pe son, p ázdna duša/emp y soul. In his case, he pe soni ica ion
o ENVY is obse ed (me apho ical model ENVY IS A BEING) wi hin he
cogni i e s uc u e o he BODY as a speci ic loca ion.
Bo h Uk ainian and Slo ak s uden s esponded simila ly o su ey ques ions
ela ed o compa ison s imuli. Thei eac ions we e mainly ela ed o di e en
animals. None heless, unique associa ions can be aced wi h he simila i y o
eac ions associa ed wi h he ENVY om neighbou s (less o en- ENVY o
neighbou s). Fo example, among Slo ak s uden s mo e equen ly obse ed
a e he eac ions associa ed wi h he e ms o kinship and amily ies (sú odenec/
sibling, s ok a/ a he -in-law, baba/old lady, s a á babka/old woman, Uk ainian
тітка/aun ), wi h social, his o ical and my hological ealia (nad iadená/boss,
šľach ic/nobleman, maniak/maniac, s igôň/wampi , lkodlak/we ewol ).
The Uk ainian esponden s’ answe s we e also unique. These answe s can
be co ela ed wi h p eceden ex s (in connec ion wi h child en’s anima ed
ilms – поштар Пєчкін/posh a Pechkin o nicknames associa ed wi h wo dplay
and s yliza ion as olk speech (Леськахвеська/Leskakh eska e c.). The Slo ak
s uden s’ eac ions in hei connec ion wi h e hnonyms and iconic p ope
names a e also aced he e.
SOURCES
ČRFS – Mokienko Vale ij, Wu m Al éd. Česko- uský azeologický slo ník, Olomouc:
Uni e zi a Palackého Olomouci, 2002.
Gawa kiewicz Roman 2008: Polski słownik asocjacyjny z suplemen em, Szczecin:
P in G oup Sp. z o.o.
NKPP III – Nowa księga p zysłów i wy ażeń p zysłowiowych polskich 3 (R–Ż),
w opa ciu o dzieło Samuela Adalbe ga op ac. Zespół Redakcyjny pod kie unkiem
J. K zyżanowskiego, ed. haseł omu 3 D. Świe szczyńska, S . Świ ko, I. Woj owicz,
Wa szawa: Pańs wowy Ins y u Wydawniczy, 1972.
S aipsniai / A icles 321
En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon
in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness
(Based on he Associa i e Expe imen )
Nomys Ma ij 1993: Номис, Матвій. Українські приказки, прислів’я і таке інше
[Uk ajinski p yznaky, p isli ’ja i ake inše], cер. Литературні пам’ятки України
[se . Li e a u ni pam’ja ky Uk ajiny], Київ: Либiдь [Kyji : Lybid’].
SAFS – F onek Jose , Mok áň Pa el. Slo ensko-anglický azeologický slo ník. Veľký
ýbe slo ných spojení, B a isla a: No á P áca, 2018.
Zá u ecký Adol Pe e 2018: Slo enské p íslo ia, po ekadlá, úslo ia a hádanky,
B a isla a: Ta an.
REFERENCES
Clea y Michelle, Wal e Ga y, Halcomb Elizabe h, Lopez
Viole a 2016: An Examina ion o ENVY and Jealousy in Nu sing
Academia. – Nu se Resea che 23(6), 14–19.
Go man E ing 1974: F ame Analysis: An Essay on he O ganisa ion o Expe ience,
New Yo k: Ha pe & Row.
G igo jano á Ta jana, Ma y cina Ma ina 2018: Concep ualiza ion o
Nega i e Emo ions in Mode n Linguis ic Consciousness (on he Ma e ial o Russian,
English and Slo ak Linguis ic Cul u es: a Con as i e Analysis). – Jou nal o
Language and Cul u al Educa ion 6(2), 82–98. A ailable a : h ps://www.x-mol.com/
pape /1358814120744796160.
Hupka Ralph B., Zaleski Zbigniew, Ju gen O o, Reidl Lucy, Ta ab ina
Nadia V. 1997: The Colo s o Ange , ENVY, Fea , and Jealousy: A C oss-Cul u al
S udy. – Jou nal o C oss-Cul u al Psychology 28(2), 156–171. A ailable a : h ps://
jou nals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022022197282002.
Kol uckaja I ina 2014: Колтуцкая, Ирина. Эмоциональные концепты «радость
/ зависть» в славянском мифологическом дискурсе и языковой картине мира
[Ѐmocional’nye koncep y “ ados ’ / za is ’” sla ianskom mi ologičeskom disku se i
jazyko oj ka ine mi a]. – Visnyk Dnip ope o skoho uni e sy e u imeni Al eda Nobelya
2(8), 202–206. A ailable a : h ps://phil.duan.edu.ua/images/PDF/2014/2/31.pd .
Кu e Pe e 1994: Liebe, Hass, Neid, Ei e such . Eine Psychoanalyse de Leidenscha en,
Go ingen: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech .
Le chenko Olena, Tyshchenko Oleh, Dilai Ma ianna 2020: Associa i e
Ve bal Ne wo k o he Concep ual Domain БІДА (MISERY) in Uk ainian. –
Compu a ional Linguis ics and In elligen Sys ems, 106–120. A ailable a : h ps://ceu -
ws.o g/Vol-2604/pape 9.pd .

ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO,
IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN
322 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
Maijala Hanna, Munnukka Te u, Nikkonen Me ja 2000: Feeling o
“lacking” as he Co e o ENVY: a Concep ual Analysis o ENVY. – Jou nal o Ad anced
Nu sing 31(6), 1342–1350.
Nes e ajlo a I ina V. 2010: Несветайлова, Ирина В. «Зависть» и «ревность»
как эмоциональные концепты русской и английской лингвокультур [“Za is ’” i
“ e nos ’” kak èmocional’nye koncep y usskoj i anglijskoj ling okul’ u ]: автореферат
диссертации кандидата филологических наук [a o e e a disse acii kandida a
ilologičeskich nauk], Армавир [A ma i ].
Pe o a Halyna L. 2019: Петрова, Галина Л. Національно-культурна специфіка
мовної свідомості носіїв української, англійської та новогрецької мов (на матеріалі
рекламного дискурсу продуктів харчування) [Nacional’no-kul’ u na specy ika
mo noji s idomos i nosiji uk ajins’koji, anhlijskoji a no og ec’koji mo (na ma e iali
eklamnoho dysku su p oduk i cha ču annia)]: автореферат диссертации кандидата
филологических наук [a o e e a disse acii kandida a ilologičeskich nauk], Київ:
Київский национальный лінгвістический университет [Kyji : Kyji skyj nacional’nyj
ling is yčeskyj uny e sy e ].
Popo a Zinaida D., S e nin Josi A. 2007: Попова, Зинаида Д., Стернин,
Иосиф А. Когнитивная лингвистика [Kogni i naja ling is ika], Москва: АСТ
Восток-Запад [Mosk a: AST Vos ok-Zapad].
Po apenko Se gij I. 2013: Потапенко, Сергій И. Вступ до когнітивної
лінгвістики: навчальний посібник [Vs up do kohni y noji ling is yky: na čal’nyj
posibnyk], Ніжин: Видавництво НДУ імені М. Гоголя [Nižyn: Vyda nyc o NDU
imeni M. Hoholia].
Sa án-Ge a d Desy 2019: Vic ims o ENVY. – The Psychoanaly ic Re iew 106(3),
225–245.
Schoeck Helmu 1987: ENVY: A Theo y o Social Beha iou , Indianapolis: Libe y
Fund.
Sinele a Anas asija V. 2014: Синелева, Анастасия В. Формально-логическое
представление семантики и системности терминов философии и логики
[Fo mal’no-logičeskoe p eds a lenie seman iki i sis emnos i e mino iloso ii i logiki]:
автореферат диссертации кандидата филологических наук [a o e e a disse acii
kandida a ilologičeskich nauk], Нижний Новгород [Nižnij No go od].
Szymkowska Ma ia 1989: Nienawiść i zawiść, Wa szawa: Ins y u Wyd. Związków
Zawodowych.
Šap an Na alija V. 2015: Шапран, Наталія В. Семантико-когнитивная
структура концепта ЗАВИСТЬ в лингвокультурологичном освещении (на
S aipsniai / A icles 323
En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon
in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness
(Based on he Associa i e Expe imen )
материале английского, немецкого и украинского языков) [Seman iko-kogni i naja
s uk u a koncep a ZAVIST’ ling okul’ u ologičnom os eščenii (na ma e iale
anglijskogo, nemeckogo i uk ainskogo jazyko )]: автореферат диссертации
кандидата филологических наук [a o e e a disse acii kandida a ilologičeskich
nauk], Одеса: Південноукраїнський національний педагогічний університет імені
К. Д. Ушинського [Odesa: Pi dennouk ajins’kyj nacional’nyj pedagogičnyj uni e sy e
imeni K. D. Ušyns’kogo].
Tyshchenko Oleh 2020: Концептуалізація емоції та ціннісних концептів в
слов’янських пареміях та фраземах: від совісті до заздрості [Koncep ualizacija
emociji a cinnisnych koncep i slo ’jans’kych pa emijach a azemach: id so is i
do zazd os i]. – Scien i ic Bulle in o Sou h Uk ainian Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y
named a e K. D. Ushynsky 29, 248–272.
Tyshchenko Oleh, Ko olyo Igo , Palche ska Oleksand a 2021: Cul u al
and Cogni i e S uc u e o he Omen: Epis emology, Axiology and P agma ics. –
Wisdom 2(18), 137–151.
Ulano ič Oksana I. 2010: Уланович, Оксана И. Психолингвистика
[Psicholing is ika], Минск: Изд-во «Гревцова» [Minsk: Izd- o “G e co a”].
U imce a Na al’ia V. 2008: Уфимцева, Наталья B. Ассоциативные словари
славянских языков [Associa i nye slo a i sla ianskich jazyko ]. – Polski słownik
asocjacyjny z suplemen em, au o R. Gawa kiewicz, odpowiedzialność R. Gawa kiewicz,
I. Pie zyk, B. Rodziewicz, Szczecin: P in G oup Sp. z o.o., 15–31.
Wie zbicka Anna 2006: Seman yka: jednos ki elemen a ne i uniwe salne, Lublin:
Wydawnic wo Uniwe sy e u M. Cu ie-Sklodowskiej.
Pa ydas kaip psichologinis i kogni y inis
eiškinys uk ainiečių i slo akų kalbinėje
sąmonėje ( emian is asociaciniu ekspe imen u)
SANTRAUKA
S aipsnio ikslas – emian is uk ainiečių i slo akų esponden ų asociacinio ekspe imen o
duomenimis, išnag inė i koncep ą PAVYDAS kaip sudė ingą psichokogni y inį i semio inį
eiškinį. Taip pa siekiama paaiškin i žodinių asociacijų ipologiją i jų seman ines sanki as
su ki omis koncep ualiosiomis s i imis (PAVYDAS, GODUMAS i k .).
ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO,
IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN
324 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC
Remian is kogni y inės an opologijos, iloso ijos, sociologijos i kogni y inės
seman ikos y imais, p is a omas koncep o PAVYDAS eimo modelis lyginamose kalbinėse
kul ū ose, ku is a spindi uk ainiečių i slo akų kalbinės asmenybės kogni y inių s e eo ipų,
no mų i e ybių sis emą. Su elkus dėmesį į asociacinį kompleksą pa yko a skleis i
pag indinius ski umus a p y ų i mo e ų eakcijų (lyginamajame po eimyje panaudojus
s imulus pa ydus kaip ( y iškosios giminės o ma) i pa ydi kaip (mo e iškosios giminės
o ma)).
Taikan eimų modelia imo me odą, ap ašy os pag indinės me a o inės koncep o
PAVYDAS ak ualizacijos s i ys, okios kaip koncep ualioji i asociacinė- igū a y ioji
koncep o komponen inė dalis, nus a y as jų yšys su spal ų asociacijomis (aspek inis
po eimis), a lik a jų kiekybinė analizė, ku i apibend in a penkiose diag amose i g a ikuose.
A lik a bend ų, ipinių i unikalių, au inių i kul ū inių asociacijų a anka a skleidė
uk ainiečių i slo akų men alinio žodyno ypa umus panaudojus pag indinių neigiamų
emocijų aksonome iją.
Į eik a 2023 m. lapk ičio 3 d.
ANDREA GROMINOVA
Uni e si y o Ss. Cy il and Me hodius in T na a, Slo akia
577/2, Nám.Joze a He du S .
91701, Slo akia, T na a
and ea.g omino[email p o ec ed]
OLEH TYSHCHENKO
Uni e si y o Ss. Cy il and Me hodius in T na a
577/2, Nám.Joze a He du S .
91701, Slo akia, T na a
olko iszcz[email p o ec ed]om
IGOR KOROLYOV
Ta as She chenko Na ional Uni e si y o Kyi
14, Ta as She chenko Boule a d S .
01601, Uk aine, Kyi
igo .ko olyo @knu.ua
MYROSLAVA FABIAN
Uzhho od Na ional Uni e si y
14, Uni e sy e s’ka S .
88000, Uk aine, Uzhho od
my osla a. [email p o ec ed]