Envy as a Psychological and Cognitive Phenomenon in Ukrainian and Slovak Linguistic Consciousness (Based on the Associative Experiment)

S aipsniai / A icles 301 ANDREA GROMINOVA Uni e si y o Ss. Cy il and Me hodius in T na a, Slo akia ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-2384-6880 Fields o esea ch: ansla ion s udies, ansla ion ecep ion o Russian li e a u e in Slo ak cul u al con ex , con empo a y Russian li e a u e, con empo a y Russian and Slo ak poe y. OLEH TYSHCHENKO Uni e si y o Ss. Cy il and Me hodius in T na a ORCID id: o cid.o g/0009-0009-0811-2123 Fields o esea ch: Sla ic e hnolinguis ics, compa a i e ph aseology, linguocul u ology, cogni i e linguis ics, gene al and compa a i e- ypological linguis ics, ansla ology. IGOR KOROLYOV Ta as She chenko Na ional Uni e si y o Kyi ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0003-0436-5923 Fields o esea ch: gene al linguis ics, linguis ic communica ion, psycholinguis ics. MYROSLAVA FABIAN Uzhho od Na ional Uni e si y ORCID id: o cid.o g/0000-0002-3351-1275 Fields o esea ch: lexical seman ics, compa a i e seman ics, p agma ics, c oss-language and c oss-cul u al communica ion, sociolinguis ics. DOI: doi.o g/10.35321/all90-12 ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 302 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC ENVY AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL AND COGNITIVE PHENOMENON IN UKRAINIAN AND SLOVAK LINGUISTIC CONSCIOUSNESS (BASED ON THE ASSOCIATIVE EXPERIMENT)1 Pa ydas kaip psichologinis i kogni y inis eiškinys uk ainiečių i slo akų kalbinėje sąmonėje ( emian is asociaciniu ekspe imen u) ANNOTATION The complex psychological, sociocul u al and semio ic phenomenon o ENVY is explo ed in he pape . I is ega ded as a men al co ela ing ac o o cul u al signs and symbolic s e eo ypes, no ms and alues. Addi ionally, i se es as he elemen o cogni i e and e alua i e expe ience, e hical, and eligious cus oms and belie s, such as he nai e model o he wo ld in he magic ex s, body and e alua i e me apho s o up and down, he concep s o success, weal h, po e y, he domes ic and he s ange, e c. A linguis ic-cogni i e analysis o he concep ual sphe e o ENVY has been conduc ed. I is based on he associa i e expe imen on i s s imuli eac ions, hei equency as well as na ional and cul u al speci ici y ecei ed om Uk ainian and Slo ak esponden s. The ame model o ENVY has been de eloped acco ding o gende , associa i e image y, e alua i e and me apho ic ea u es. The ob ained esul s ha e been in e p e ed in cogni i e, quan i a i e and quali a i e e ms, sus ained by he p o e bs and sayings ac ualizing he no ion o ENVY. The empi ical ma e ial has been modelled as co esponding sub ames. Zones o hei seman ic in e connec ions wi h he concep s o HATRED, JEALOUSY and GREED ha e been iden i ied. 1 The s udy is published wi h he suppo o he in e na ional g an p ojec E asmus+ KA220-HED No. 2021-1-SK01-KA220-HED-000022917 en i led “The inno a ion o he concep and cu iculum o doc o al s udy p og ams and inc easing hei e ec i eness” (A. G omino a, O. Tyshchenko). S aipsniai / A icles 303 En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness (Based on he Associa i e Expe imen ) KEYWORDS: concep o ENVY, associa i e expe imen , ame, sub ame, Uk ainian and Slo ak esponden s. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje nag inėjamas sudė ingas psichologinis, sociokul ū inis i semio inis eiški- nys PAVYDAS. Jis laikomas psichiniu eiksniu, ko eliuojančiu su kul ū iniais ženklais i simboliniais s e eo ipais, no momis i e ybėmis. Be o, jis y a kogni y inės i e inamo- sios pa i ies, e inių i eliginių no mų bei ikėjimų elemen as, pa yzdžiui, nai usis pasaulio modelis magijos eks uose, kūno i e inamosios me a o os, nu odančios k yp į aukš yn a ba žemyn, sėkmės, u o, sku do, bui ies, s e imybių są okos i k . A lik a ling okogni y inė koncep ualiosios PAVYDO s i ies analizė. Ji g indžiama uk ainiečių i slo akų esponden ų asociacinio ekspe imen o eakcijų į s imulus, jų dažnu- mo, aip pa au inės i kul ū inės jų speci ikos duomenimis. Koncep o PAVYDAS eimų modelis bu o suku as pagal ly ies, asociacinių aizdinių, e inamųjų i me a o inių ypa ybių požymius. Remian is pa a lėmis i p iežodžiais, ak- ualizuojančiais koncep ą PAVYDAS, gau i ezul a ai bu o in e p e uojami kogni y i niu, kiekybiniu i kokybiniu požiū iu. Empi inė medžiaga bu o modeliuojama kaip a i inkami po eimiai. Nus a y os jų seman inių sąsajų su koncep ais NEAPYKANTA, PAVYDAS i GODUMAS s i ys. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: koncep as PAVYDAS, asociacinis ekspe imen as, eimas, po eimis, uk ainiečių i slo akų esponden ai. 1. INTRODUCTION Linguis ic consciousness has been he cen al objec o psycholinguis ic esea ch in con empo a y s udies. I de e mined i s mul i- ec o s udy om a ious pe spec i es: me hodological, cogni i e, semio ic, e hnolinguis ic, axiological, lexicog aphical, e c. ENVY as one o he basic an h opological ca ego ies is a complex mul i unc ional, cul u al, men al, and linguis ic phenomenon ha needs sepa a e conside a ion. The axiome ic and seman ic econs uc ion o he associa i e ield o ENVY equi es e hnocul u al and e hno-psychological econs uc ion o emo ions by ocusing on 1) bo h common and dis inc i e ea u es o images o linguis ic consciousness peculia o ep esen a i es o di e en na ions; 2) he s udy and comp ehension o iden i y and his o ical memo y o he e hnos; 3) he alues and cul u al s e eo ypes o he e hnos by applying psycholinguis ic and cogni i e echniques. ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 304 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC The men ioned cogni i e echniques p o e Ku e ’s s a emen (1998: 72– 73) ha “ENVY is a g eed engo ging a pe son om inside […] i u ns in o a esen men which F ied ich Nie zsche e med as “exis en ial ENVY” (Ge m. Lebensneid).” The des uc i e seman ics o ENVY and HATRED a e highligh ed by Ma ia Szymkowska (1989: 27) who ega ds he emo ional s a es h ough he p ism o “psychological hygiene”: hey ha e “ he sense o des uc ion and disease bo h om he poin o soma ic heal h o hose who expe ience hem and hose o whom hey a e di ec ed. They cons i u e a h ea o he physical heal h.” As a mul idimensional ca ego y, ENVY has always a ac ed he a en ion o schola s who y o ind answe s o ques ions abou i s composi ion and mani es a ions. F om he iewpoin o nu sing science, he analysis o ENVY is based on he desi e o unde s and human beings om he pe spec i e o subjec i e heal h and illness (Maijala, Munnukka, Nikkonen 2000). Simila s udies ocus on he s udy o ENVY and JEALOUSY, and how hei posi i e and nega i e aspec s among nu se academics a ec he wo kplace (Clea y, Wal e , Halcomb, Lopez 2016), and y o p o e ha no only can pa ien s ENVY hei analys s’ c ea i i y, bu ha he apis s and analys s can ENVY hei pa ien s’ c ea i i y (Sa án-Ge a d 2019; Hupka, Zaleski, Ju gen, Reidl, Ta ab ina 1997). Oleh Tyshchenko (2020: 248) ound ou he ea u es o lexemes compa ibili y wi h he ENVY and JEALOUSY in Sla ic languages. In nume ous wo ks compa a i e and ypological e lec ion o he conside ed concep is p esen ed: I ina Nes e ajlo a (2010), I ina Kol uckaja (2014), Na alija Šap an (2015), Ta jana G igo jano á, Ma ina Ma y cina (2018). Based on he ca ego ies o cul u al an h opology and human psychology, Schoeck p o es ha FEAR and ENVY a e in eg al componen s o human ela ionships exis ing in mode n and p imi i e cul u es whe e ele an ep esen a ions and concep s ca ego ize and egula e a ious mani es a ions o ENVY (Gawa kiewicz 2008: 11). ENVY is one o he Se en deadly sins, and he mos shame ul one, de i es om he La in in idia, “non-sigh ”. I is deeply ing ained in he human psyche, being common o all imes and people. I is usually di ec ed owa ds he people who compa e hemsel es o eel hey compe e. En ious people end o be hos ile, ang y, esen ul and i i able. Fo a clea e delinea ion o hese nuances in he in es iga ed emo ions, he esea che s use he p inciple o seman ic p imi i es, sugges ed by Wie zbicka: 1) X eels ENVY: “Some hing good happened o someone else. I did no happen o me. I do no wan ha o be he case. I wan such good hings happen o me, no o someone else. The e o e, I su e and ha e he o he s”; 2) X eels jealous: “I ea ha he pe son who is dea o me has good eelings o someone else. I’m a aid ha he S aipsniai / A icles 305 En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness (Based on he Associa i e Expe imen ) pe son who is dea o me may lose good eelings o me. I do no wan ha o be he case. I wish he pe son who is dea o me had good eelings only o me. The e o e, I su e and ha e he o he ” (Wie zbicka 2006: 123). The gi en esea ch aims o c ea e he linguis ic and cul u al image o ENVY based on associa i e expe imen as well as o p esen i s “psychological po ai ” in he amewo k o es ablished discu si e p ac ices, and in pa icula , in i s unc ioning in indi idual’s e e yday consciousness, in subjec i e, indi idual ac s o speech, e ealing i s equency and c ea ing i s ypology in Uk ainian and Slo ak s uden s. To achie e he aim o he esea ch, he ollowing asks ha e been pu o wa d: o make a b ie o e iew o ENVY as a psycho-cogni i e and social phenomenon; o p esen he concep ual sphe e o ENVY o Uk ainian and Slo ak esponden s in he ame s uc u e o m and o ind he e bal con en o each gi en he equency and quali a i e composi ion o eac ions; ha ing es ablished he mu ual associa i e concep connec ion index, o ind he a eas o seman ic in e sec ion in he associa i e pai s ENVY – GREED, ENVY – JEALOUSY wi hin he associa i e- e bal ne wo k; o desc ibe he eac ion ypology wi hin each o he o e ed sub ames (scena io, axiological, pa ame ic, causa i e, e c.) gi en hei uni e sali y, uniqueness and na ional and cul u al ma kedness; o isualize he ecei ed eac ions o he wo d-s imuli in he app op ia e g aph o m and commen on hem. 2. METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF RESEARCH In he p esen pape , he ame modelling o ENVY in he linguis ic consciousness o he Uk ainians and Slo aks is based on he no ion o a ame as a complex axonomic s uc u e. Ame ican sociologis Go man in e p e s he ame as he abili y o p ac ical consciousness “ o assemble he wo ld in o an o ganized whole wi hou he pa icipa ion o discu si e con ol”, as “a ce ain pe spec i e o pe cep ion ha c ea es a o mal de ini ion o he si ua ion”, i.e. ames a e basic elemen s ha a esea che can iden i y wi hin he amewo k o si ua ions. Si ua ions a e subjec ed o o ganizing p inciples ha “gene a e” di e en e en s, e.g. social e en s. The same p inciples also egula e ou subjec i e pa icipa ion in e en s (Go man 1974: 10–11; Sinele a 2014: 78). As commonly ecognized, an associa i e expe imen is a echnique o s udying speech eac ions o wo ds o wo d combina ions (s imuli), e ealing e lexi e empo a y connec ions o sensa ions, eelings, images, concep s and designa ions in he men al lexicon o na i e speake s. ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 306 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC An associa i e expe imen in ol es in o man s ques ioning wi h a lis o s imuli and subsequen ly es ablishing he mos equen eac ions (Gal on, Tumb, Ma be). I is aimed a modelling he language sys em in he o m o an associa i e- e bal ne wo k (Yu. N. Ka aulo ) o associa i e ields o ocabula y, he o ma ion o an “associa i e p o ile” o consciousness images (U imce a 2008: 20). Fu he mo e, he associa i e expe imen “allows o con i m he psychological ele ance o he heo e ical assump ions o he esea che , i.e. o ep esen he associa i e ne wo k o meanings [...] as a e lec ion o hie a chical concep ual s uc u es in he mind o a speake ” (Po apenko 2013: 20), and eac ions o a speci ic s imulus can be conside ed as a e lec ion o he co esponding concep ual s uc u es, which o some ex en a e accompanied by emo ions and e alua ions ollowing in o man ’s concep ual pic u e o he wo ld. As Zinaida Popo a and Josi S e nin speci y (2007: 203), “a cogni i e in e p e a ion o he esul s o associa i e expe imen s can be pe o med h ough he s age o desc ibing psycholinguis ic meanings o h ough a di ec cogni i e in e p e a ion o associa es”. Acco ding o Roman Gawa kiewicz (2008: 7), “associa i e expe imen aims o analyze he ways o desc ibing, in e p e ing and pe cei ing he wo ld, i s e alua i e ca ego iza ion by mode n na i e speake s, o ep esen he “sys em o meanings c ea ed by cul u e”. Language is a e lec ion o ou concep ual sys em (Tyshchenko, Ko olyo , Palche ska 2021), and by conduc ing cogni i e psycholinguis ic associa i e expe imen s as well as using o he a ious me hodologies, we may ind a complex solu ion o he language o hough concep ual aming oge he wi h i s sub ames. The emo ional componen plays a leading ole in shaping bo h he my hological and mode n pic u e o he wo ld. Fundamen ally con as ing associa i e es s a e ca ied ou on a ious hema ic g oups o ocabula y in closely ela ed as well as s uc u ally and geog aphically dis an languages. Fo ins ance, Pe o a (2018: 14) p esen ed he associa i e ield o s imuli names o FOOD in Uk ainian, English and mode n G eek, iden i ying he ollowing ypes o eac ions: syn agma ic, pa adigma ic, hema ic, phone ic, wo d- o ming, eminiscen (quo a ion), hyponymic, pe sonali ies, geog aphical adema ks, na ional and cul u al, e alua i e, indi idual (subjec i e) associa ions. Fo a comple e analy ical e iew o his issue in Uk ainian and compa a i e psycholinguis ics, see (Le chenko, Tyshchenko, Dilai 2020). S aipsniai / A icles 307 En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness (Based on he Associa i e Expe imen ) 3. RESEARCH PROCEDURE AND FINDINGS The empi ical basis o he esea ch comp ises he esul s o he associa i e expe imen conduc ed in 2019. The gene al scena io o he ee-associa i e expe imen consis ed o he ollowing esea ch p ocedu e: he s uden s and cade s o L i S a e Uni e si y o Li e Sa e y (Fi e Sa e y, Ci il Secu i y speciali ies), he s uden s o L i Poly echnic Na ional Uni e si y and Uni e si y o S . Cy il and Me hodius in T na a ook pa in he associa i e expe imen . In o al, 194 Uk ainian and 127 Slo ak esponden s we e o e ed 67 incen i es, such as en y(n), o en y( ); en ious(adj) like/as which in he agg ega e o he ecei ed eac ions c ea e he associa i e e bal ne wo k o ENVY concep sphe e. Thus, a o al o 145 eac ions om Uk ainian esponden s, including 104 unique, and 536 eac ions om Slo ak esponden s ecei ed in he p ocess o associa i e expe imen ha e been p esen ed in Figu es 1 and 2 co espondingly. The expe imen low shows ha he pa icipan s (Uk ainian esponden s) eac ed wi hou missing he s imuli, mos ly owa ds he middle o he gi en lis ; by he end o he lis , he numbe o eac ions signi ican ly dec eases (o is limi ed o one esponse o a s imulus wo d). Se e al esponden s indica ed “no associa ion” e en a he beginning o he lis o pu a line indica ing he absence o any eac ion. On he con a y, Slo ak s uden s (despi e he smalle numbe o esponden s) pa icipa ed mo e ac i ely and hey ied o gi e answe s o all wo d s imuli equally du ing he poll. Thus, se e al answe eac ions we e gi en o mos o he wo d s imuli. This subjec i e ac o can be used o explain se e al disp opo ions o he ecei ed answe s om Uk ainian and Slo ak esponden s. In he esea ch p esen ed, he expe imen and analysis o e bal esponses did no in ol e he ask o de e mining he co ela ion and speci ici y o esponden s’ answe s based on hei gende . We belie e ha in es iga ing his aspec wa an s a sepa a e s udy. Howe e , in he p ocess o he di ec ed associa ion expe imen , a sepa a e ask was o ace he ypology o eac ions depending on compa ison s anda d (which objec s ENVY is compa ed wi h in wo d combina ions ‘en ious as’ in masculine o m and ‘en ious as’ in eminine o m). To ensu e he uni e sali y o he indings and highligh he social componen , pa icula ly he gende ac o , in he ele an segmen o he expe imen , we ind i essen ial o p o ide commen a y on he equency o e bal associa ions in each o he compa ed languages, along wi h speci ying he numbe o male and emale esponses, espec i ely. An aspec o he o e ed me hodology is he de e mina ion o he “associa i e” dis ance be ween concep s using he da a analysis on hei common associa es ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 308 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC ( he mu ual associa i e connec ion index), as well as he associa i e expe imen isualiza ion esul s, which makes i possible o iden i y such common a eas (e.g., be ween ENVY and g eed, ENVY and jealousy). Fig. 3–4 shows he in es iga ed sec ion o he associa i e- e bal ne wo k. The mu ual associa i e concep connec ion index was calcula ed by de ec ing he co ela ion be ween he numbe o iden ical eac ions o he o al numbe o ecei ed eac ions. P e iously, a simila echnique was o e ed (Ulano ič 2010: 214). I is impo an o s a e ha no all ecei ed eac ions we e aken in o accoun o he ob ained esul s desc ip ion, bu only hose ha co espond o he eac ion dis ibu ion me hod (by sub ames wi hin he ames) o e ed by he au ho s, since hese e bal associa ions ha e he g ea es p agma ic and cogni i e- alue ele ance o he ob ained esul s. Thus, he desc ip ion does no include he eac ion esul s associa ed wi h decla a i e, pa iciple, and possessi e (belonging o ENVY o a ce ain objec ) sub ames. The e o e, he numbe o desc ibed eac ions p esen ed in he main pa o he in es iga ion is much smalle han he ecei ed lis o eac ions in gene al. FIG. 1. Reac ions o заздрість ‘ENVY’ s imulus S aipsniai / A icles 309 En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness (Based on he Associa i e Expe imen ) FIG. 2. Reac ions o zá isť ‘ENVY’ s imulus To commence, an in-dep h analysis o he axiological and colou sub ames. is p o ided. The a ing o ENVY wi hin he ca ego y o GOOD-EVIL akes mainly he nega i e pole o he axiological scale. I p ima ily mani es s he incen i e o ENVY in he ca ego ies o cu en no ms iola ions, e hical e alua ion, ejec ion, some imes wi h a signi ican mani es a ion o nega i i y (in a pe son’s hough s o ac ions): Uk ainian не варто/no wo h ( 1,3), дуже погано/ e y bad (m 0,65), думати погано/ hink poo ly ( 0,65), зле/bad ( 0,65) зло/e il ( 1,3/m 1,3), недобре, негатив/no good, nega i e ( 1,3), Slo ak nega í ne/nega i ely ( 2,00). Simila eac ions a e obse ed o заздрість ‘ENVY’ s imulus: найгірше/ he wo s (m 0,69), недобре/no good (m 0,69), нічого доброго/no hing good (m 0,69), обмеженість/na ow-mindedness ( 0,69), погана/bad ( 0,69), погано/ badly ( 0,69/m 2,07). We obse e simila eac ions o he s imulus заздрити ‘ o ENVY’ ( 3,9/m 2,6): погань/badness (m 1,38), низько/mean (m 0,69), ницість/meanness ( 1,38), недоречність/inapp op ia eness ( 0,69), нікчемність/ wo hlessness ( 0,69), кoристолюбність/sel ishness ( 0,69). This concep is in e p e ed wi hin he limi s o e hical and eligious no ms as a iola ion o ce ain p ohibi ions and egula ions: гріх/sin ( ypically a su icien ly p oduc i e ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 316 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC відлюдькуватий/lonely, wi hd awn ( 0,65). Reac ions o he s imulus en ious as/like ( eminine o m) associa ed wi h po e y a e less equen (m 0,65). In gene al, he ob ained an h opocen ic eac ions con aining a gene ic e m human being (p edominan ly emale) some imes wi h pejo a i e adjec i es найгірша людина, одинока нещасна жінка/ he wo s pe son, a lonely unhappy woman a e also connec ed o e il eye/вріклива ( 0,65). 8. THE COMPARATIVE SUBFRAME: REACTIONS TO STIMULUS ENVIOUSAS/ LIKE (IN MASCULINE FORM) AND ENVIOUS AS/LIKE (IN FEMININE FORM) Ra e and a ypical eac ions a e connec ed wi h he names o plan s. Acco ding o he ob ained da a, a single emale eac ion o his ype морква/ca o ( 0,65) has been eco ded, he sense o which is ha d o explain a ionally. We can speak abou si ua ional o highly subjec i e eac ions. Only emale esponden s compa e an en ious woman wi h a wi ch/відьма ( 1,56), an h oponym Параска/ Pa aska (p esumably unde he in luence o ic ion), wi h a gossipe пліткарка/ scandalmonge o wi h an inde ini e subjec не знаю хто/do no know who ( 0,78); whe eas men – wi h child en and some i al human uni e sal alues such as li e and goodness (m 0,78). Mo eo e , male eac ions a e connec ed wi h concep s o JUSTICE and TRUTH: виправдання і хотіти чи бажати чогось/jus i ica ion and wan ing o desi ing some hing (m 0,78). Women end o ela e ENVY wi h HONESTY ( 0,78) and ega d i as s able and unchangeable завжди/always ( 0,78). We can also spo adically obse e he connec ion wi h soma ic me apho ic co ela es such as жало/s ing (m 0,65). Some allusi e in e ex ual eac ions ela ed o ca oons (поштар Пєчкін/pos man Pechkin – only o emale eac ions 0,65), o an onomasia Леськахвеська/Leskah eska (only o emale eac ions 0,65), o some eligious concep s Буда/Buda (m 0,78) a e a he exp essi e. Reac ions o ph aseological o igin жаба/ og o compa isons аж очі повилазили/ he eyes popped ou om shock pe ain o emale esponses. Many eac ions ep esen amily o in e pe sonal ela ions (тітка/aun 0,78), e e yday images o close su oundings (сусіди, сусід/neighbou s, neighbou – m 0,78, a ibu i e and p onominal wo d combina ions сусіди, моя сусідка зла сусідка, сусідка/neighbou s, my neighbou is an e il neighbou , neighbou 6,25/m 3,13 in he unc ion o s anda d compa ison), social and age cha ac e is ics (розлучена/di o ced 0,78), p o ession продавець/selle (m 0,78), social s a us дякова жінка/deacon’s wi e ( 0,65). They a e also ypical o he S aipsniai / A icles 317 En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness (Based on he Associa i e Expe imen ) Slo aks: chcem o, čo sused/I wan wha my neighbou wan s ( 2,00), suseda/male neighbou (m 23,53/ 8,00), susedka/ emale neighbou ( 2,00). S a us associa i e eac ions in he Slo ak language a e connec ed o he amily and kin ela ions – mo he -in-law o a ela i e in gene al: sú odenec/a sibling, s ok a/mo he -in-law ( 2,00), which se e as an e alon o he compa ison in he cons uc ions like zá is li ý ako. Howe e , animals and insec s e oke he s onges associa ions: заздрити ‘ o ENVY’: бджілка/bee (m 0,78), вовчиця/she-wol (m 0,78), wi hou emo ional conno a ions вовк, ворона/wol , c ow ( 1,56), гусениця, пантера/ ca e pilla , pan he ( 0,78). Acco ding o he esul s o associa i e expe imen , a snake is conside ed o be a s anda d o emale ENVY змія ( 3,13/m 0,78), less ypical лисиця/ ox ( 1,56/m 0,78), миша/mouse ( 0,78/m 1,56), муха/ ly ( 0,78), and he leas common – зозуля, кішка, кобра, криса/cuckoo, ca , cob a, a ( 0,78). Male eac ions, on he con a y, ac ualize images o кобилa, куркa, мавпa, павлін, сорокa/ma e, chicken, monkey, peacock, magpie (m 0,78), and собакa/dog (m 1,56). The la e male eac ion can be conside ed a ypical nega i e e alua ion o a male olen pe son. The compa a i e sub ame cons uc ed du ing a di ec associa i e su ey on he gende -based esponses is also wo hy o a en ion. He e ENVY was compa ed o o he objec s, and Slo ak esponden s e ealed he ollowing associa i e connec ions: o animals wi h bo h he gene ic and speci ic nomina ions B i ská mačka/B i ish ca ( 2,00), ho ädo/b u e ( 2,00), hus/a goose, ana/a c ow (m 5,88), laň/a doe, zmija/a snake ( ipe ) ( 2,00), líška/a ox ( 6,00), mačka/ ca , kamoška/ iend, ( 2,00), s aka/magpie ( 4,00), o he s imulus zá is li á ako; býk/a bull ( 2,00), pes/dog ( 4,00), s aka/magpie ( 2,00), o he s imulus zá is li ý ako. The esponse B i ská mačka is in e p e able in e ms o B i ain’s lea ing he EU; social and ole, as well as gende -age associa ions člo ek (m 5,88/ 4,00), malé decko/a small child, moja s a á/my old lady, s a ý člo ek/old pe son (m 5,88), baba/an old woman, s a á babka/old g andma, šľach ic/a nobleman, p ia eľka/a iend, jednoduchá osoba/a single pe son ( 2,00), nep ia eľka/enemy, nad iadená/supe io (m 5,88). To he s imulus zá is li á ako no only eal such as he an onyms Slo ák ( 2,00), cham i ec/a g eedy pe son, bu also imagina y, ic i ious associa i e connec ions ha e been ixed: maniak/maniac, h áč/playe ( 2,00), including some my hological pe sonages s igôň/a male old wi ch, lkodlak/we ewol ( 2,00). Pu ely emale eac ions in he Slo ak language encompass he emo ional eac ions con aining he people’s names, o example, babizňa/a hag, hlupák/a ool, paž a ica/clo e, za pknu á žena/bi e woman, zlá k áľo ná/E il Queen. Conce ning he s imulus zá is li ý ako, he mos p ominen e bal associa ions include no only he people’s names o e alua i e eac ions (less equen , ye exp essi e chudák/poo guy ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 318 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC (m 11,76/ 2,00), bu also he nomina ions o he objec s o ENVY e balized by inde ini e-quan i a i e wo ds o p onouns (cha ac e is ic mainly o emale eac ions: ja nie/I do no /no me, mnohí/many ( 2,00), whe eas každý naokolo/ e e yone a ound (m 5,88) is ypically male esponse. FIG. 5. ENVY compa ed o o he objec s: eac ions o he s imuli zá isť, zá idieť and zá is li ý ako/zá is li á ako The e a e also some unique eac ions con aining p ope names and e hnic nomina ions Fe o/Fe o (name), Slo ák/Slo ak (pe son) ( 2,00). Thus, Fe o is a diminu i e o F an išek, i can also be a su name. This eac ion could be e e ed o indi idual o , pe sonal one. S aipsniai / A icles 319 En y as a Psychological and Cogni i e Phenomenon in Uk ainian and Slo ak Linguis ic Consciousness (Based on he Associa i e Expe imen ) 9. CONCLUDING REMARKS The a icle p esen s a linguocogni i e analysis o he ENVY concep osphe e as a key emo ion based on he da a o an associa i e expe imen conduc ed wi h Uk ainian and Slo ak s uden s. Ve bal eac ion ypology is iden i ied wi hin he amewo k o he co esponding ame and sub ame s uc u es, hei ypicali y and uniqueness a e highligh ed, and cha ac e is ics a e p esen ed in e ms o equency and quan i a i e pa ame e s. By es ablishing a mu ual associa i e concep connec ion index, a mechanism o modelling he associa i e- e bal ne wo k is p esen ed (acco ding o he me hod o Ulano ič, Ka aulo , e c.). This app oach allowed us o es ablish he cases o eac ion coincidence o he s imuli ENVY and GREED and o ende hem isually in columns No. 3 and 4. A en ion is d awn o he eac ion di e ences acco ding o associa i e-image and alue cha ac e is ics. The na ional and cul u al speci ici y o he ob ained associa es is aced, conside ing he ealia cha ac e is ics o a pa icula linguis ic cul u e (ph aseological and me apho ical eac ions, allusions, compa isons). Acco ding o he analysis, he mos equen a e he eac ions wi h he alue ca ego iza ion, ENVY e alua ion in he poles o good-e il, good-bad (axiological sub ame) and i s pa ame e iza ion (in ensi y o exp ession, in pa icula h ough colou associa ions). Besides, he ypical eac ions common o bo h languages a e wo h conside ing. They a e cha ac e ized by clea p agma ic ma kedness and a connec ion wi h he concep s o success, ca ee , and luck, which usually e oke ENVY in o he s (causa i e sub ame) o he ich-poo opposi ions, which a e ep esen ed by se e al an onymic eac ions wi h dis inc emo ional and exp essi e conno a ion (Slo ak blahoby /well- being, maje ok/mansion, pienaze/money, Uk ainian гроші/money, золото/gold, бідолаха/poo man, бідося/poo hing). The la e Uk ainian and Slo ak eac ions demons a e ypological simila i ies, ob iously due o a common social, e hical and Ch is ian sys em o alues and ideas. The ob ained da a is suppo ed by pa emial and ph aseological con ex s om he dic iona ies in bo h languages. Pu ely Slo ak eac ions ep esen he nega ion o alsehood and lie ( he concep ualiza ion o he TRUTH and PRIDE) o he dis espec o na ional p ide. Many eac ions e lec emo ions o su e ing and pain ul physical and men al s a e. They display cha ac e ai s, whe e ENVY is pe cei ed as a des uc i e en i y. The mos ypical eac ions o Uk ainian esponden s a e пригноблення/ opp ession, туга/sadness, біль/pain, щеміти/hu , страждати/be o men ed, мучитись/su e ; in Slo ak – тортура/ o u e, тужити/yea n, гнів/ ange , ненависть /ha ed, гріх/sin, фальш/ alsehood, егоїзм/sel ishness; less ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 320 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC o en- eac ions associa ed wi h men al abili ies – дурість/s upidi y, дурниці/ nonsense and hlupák/ ool. Se e al eac ions belong o he scena io ame ( hey a e some imes classi ied as eac ions o he syn agma ic ype). Such eac ions a e he ac i a ion o he co esponding ph aseological uni s and simila me apho ical compounds in wo languages in he esponden s’ memo y: Uk ainian руйнувати/des oy, точить душу/sha pens he soul (wo ies), душевна пустота/emp iness o he soul, жаба душить/ he og s angles ( eeling ENVY), Slo ak zožie a dušu člo eka/ea s up he soul o a pe son, p ázdna duša/emp y soul. In his case, he pe soni ica ion o ENVY is obse ed (me apho ical model ENVY IS A BEING) wi hin he cogni i e s uc u e o he BODY as a speci ic loca ion. Bo h Uk ainian and Slo ak s uden s esponded simila ly o su ey ques ions ela ed o compa ison s imuli. Thei eac ions we e mainly ela ed o di e en animals. None heless, unique associa ions can be aced wi h he simila i y o eac ions associa ed wi h he ENVY om neighbou s (less o en- ENVY o neighbou s). Fo example, among Slo ak s uden s mo e equen ly obse ed a e he eac ions associa ed wi h he e ms o kinship and amily ies (sú odenec/ sibling, s ok a/ a he -in-law, baba/old lady, s a á babka/old woman, Uk ainian тітка/aun ), wi h social, his o ical and my hological ealia (nad iadená/boss, šľach ic/nobleman, maniak/maniac, s igôň/wampi , lkodlak/we ewol ). The Uk ainian esponden s’ answe s we e also unique. These answe s can be co ela ed wi h p eceden ex s (in connec ion wi h child en’s anima ed ilms – поштар Пєчкін/posh a Pechkin o nicknames associa ed wi h wo dplay and s yliza ion as olk speech (Леськахвеська/Leskakh eska e c.). The Slo ak s uden s’ eac ions in hei connec ion wi h e hnonyms and iconic p ope names a e also aced he e. SOURCES ČRFS – Mokienko Vale ij, Wu m Al éd. Česko- uský azeologický slo ník, Olomouc: Uni e zi a Palackého Olomouci, 2002. Gawa kiewicz Roman 2008: Polski słownik asocjacyjny z suplemen em, Szczecin: P in G oup Sp. z o.o. NKPP III – Nowa księga p zysłów i wy ażeń p zysłowiowych polskich 3 (R–Ż), w opa ciu o dzieło Samuela Adalbe ga op ac. Zespół Redakcyjny pod kie unkiem J. K zyżanowskiego, ed. haseł omu 3 D. Świe szczyńska, S . Świ ko, I. Woj owicz, Wa szawa: Pańs wowy Ins y u Wydawniczy, 1972. 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Tyshchenko Oleh 2020: Концептуалізація емоції та ціннісних концептів в слов’янських пареміях та фраземах: від совісті до заздрості [Koncep ualizacija emociji a cinnisnych koncep i slo ’jans’kych pa emijach a azemach: id so is i do zazd os i]. – Scien i ic Bulle in o Sou h Uk ainian Na ional Pedagogical Uni e si y named a e K. D. Ushynsky 29, 248–272. Tyshchenko Oleh, Ko olyo Igo , Palche ska Oleksand a 2021: Cul u al and Cogni i e S uc u e o he Omen: Epis emology, Axiology and P agma ics. – Wisdom 2(18), 137–151. Ulano ič Oksana I. 2010: Уланович, Оксана И. Психолингвистика [Psicholing is ika], Минск: Изд-во «Гревцова» [Minsk: Izd- o “G e co a”]. U imce a Na al’ia V. 2008: Уфимцева, Наталья B. Ассоциативные словари славянских языков [Associa i nye slo a i sla ianskich jazyko ]. – Polski słownik asocjacyjny z suplemen em, au o R. Gawa kiewicz, odpowiedzialność R. Gawa kiewicz, I. Pie zyk, B. Rodziewicz, Szczecin: P in G oup Sp. z o.o., 15–31. Wie zbicka Anna 2006: Seman yka: jednos ki elemen a ne i uniwe salne, Lublin: Wydawnic wo Uniwe sy e u M. Cu ie-Sklodowskiej. Pa ydas kaip psichologinis i kogni y inis eiškinys uk ainiečių i slo akų kalbinėje sąmonėje ( emian is asociaciniu ekspe imen u) SANTRAUKA S aipsnio ikslas – emian is uk ainiečių i slo akų esponden ų asociacinio ekspe imen o duomenimis, išnag inė i koncep ą PAVYDAS kaip sudė ingą psichokogni y inį i semio inį eiškinį. Taip pa siekiama paaiškin i žodinių asociacijų ipologiją i jų seman ines sanki as su ki omis koncep ualiosiomis s i imis (PAVYDAS, GODUMAS i k .). ANDREA GROMINOVA, OLEH TYSHCHENKO, IGOR KOROLYOV, MYROSLAVA FABIAN 324 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica XC Remian is kogni y inės an opologijos, iloso ijos, sociologijos i kogni y inės seman ikos y imais, p is a omas koncep o PAVYDAS eimo modelis lyginamose kalbinėse kul ū ose, ku is a spindi uk ainiečių i slo akų kalbinės asmenybės kogni y inių s e eo ipų, no mų i e ybių sis emą. Su elkus dėmesį į asociacinį kompleksą pa yko a skleis i pag indinius ski umus a p y ų i mo e ų eakcijų (lyginamajame po eimyje panaudojus s imulus pa ydus kaip ( y iškosios giminės o ma) i pa ydi kaip (mo e iškosios giminės o ma)). Taikan eimų modelia imo me odą, ap ašy os pag indinės me a o inės koncep o PAVYDAS ak ualizacijos s i ys, okios kaip koncep ualioji i asociacinė- igū a y ioji koncep o komponen inė dalis, nus a y as jų yšys su spal ų asociacijomis (aspek inis po eimis), a lik a jų kiekybinė analizė, ku i apibend in a penkiose diag amose i g a ikuose. A lik a bend ų, ipinių i unikalių, au inių i kul ū inių asociacijų a anka a skleidė uk ainiečių i slo akų men alinio žodyno ypa umus panaudojus pag indinių neigiamų emocijų aksonome iją. Į eik a 2023 m. lapk ičio 3 d. ANDREA GROMINOVA Uni e si y o Ss. Cy il and Me hodius in T na a, Slo akia 577/2, Nám.Joze a He du S . 91701, Slo akia, T na a and ea.g omino[email p o ec ed] OLEH TYSHCHENKO Uni e si y o Ss. Cy il and Me hodius in T na a 577/2, Nám.Joze a He du S . 91701, Slo akia, T na a olko iszcz[email p o ec ed]om IGOR KOROLYOV Ta as She chenko Na ional Uni e si y o Kyi 14, Ta as She chenko Boule a d S . 01601, Uk aine, Kyi igo .ko olyo @knu.ua MYROSLAVA FABIAN Uzhho od Na ional Uni e si y 14, Uni e sy e s’ka S . 88000, Uk aine, Uzhho od my osla a. [email p o ec ed]