Li huanian Linguis ic Ac s
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1
To he
e ymolo-
gy o LIT.
AL,
ALMUÕ,
ÁLM, EMS
and so on
and so
o h.
In conjunc ion wi h he Ge man
Names o
places and
hei ela i es
I'm so y,
bu I
don'
know
wha
you' e
alking
abou . I
don' know wha you' e alking abou .
ie o a džiu
Ulm
i jo giminaičiais
This is HARALD BICHLMEIER
The Saxon Academy o Sciences in Leipzig and he
Ma in-Lu he Uni e si y in Halle-Wi enbe g
The e-mail add ess is [email p o ec ed]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0001-1677 Fields o esea ch: Onomas ics ( oponymy), his o ical
phonology o he Ge manic languages, Indo-
Eu opean linguis ics and Aljamiado ex s.
This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The anno a ion
Li . al. i […] low, d ipping, unning, hu ying, nual i […] o e un, ( ield) swimming, almuõ (3) m. […]ei e […], álmė alm (4) .
[…] ma e leaking ou o he body[…], emės (4) . Pl. […]dass.[…] a e adi ionally e ymologized on he basis o a oo
ha is supposed o mean […] low[…]. He e i is a gued ha he wo ds should be based on a leas wo di e en
oo s: u idg on he one hand. * h1elh2-'whe e o d i e' o u idg. * h2elh2-‘go aimlessly, on he o he hand he oo
u idg. * h1el(H) - o be o en, o be o en. Based on he oo u idg. * h1el(H)-‘mod ig, aulig sein a e also he place
name nhd. Ulm and ela ed names. I u ns ou ha his amily o names is mos likely o be p imi i e. I 's called
"ulma" o "mo he ". O he o he h ee a i s glance unc ioning de i a ions o his ype o name, one has been
ound o be inco ec ea ly on, wo o he s a e seman ically meaning ul, bu only one o hem is also possible loudly.
The p oposal o change he name. To pu […]al(l)[…], […]ul-[…]walls[…], has no exis ence in he his o y o sound. The
de i a ion om an "Al eu opean" wa e name emains in p inciple a possibili y, bu he e ymology p oposed since
Hans K ahe mus be modi ied. Since a Ge manic e ymology is accep able, his is p e e able o he "ancien
Eu opean" solu ion.
2
SCHLÜSSELWÖRTER: Al eu opean hyd onym, Li huanian e ymology, Ge man oponyms, and his o ical names
Linguis ics o he Ge manic languages.
This is he abs ac .
Li h. al i ‘ o low, o d izzle, o hu y, nual i ‘ o inunda e ( ields), o low o e , almuõ (3) m. ‘pus, álmė (1), alm (4) .
‘ma e lowing ou o a body, emės (4) . Pl. ‘id. ha e been adi ionally e ymologized as de i ing om a oo
meaning ‘ o low. This a icle a gues ins ead ha hese wo ds o igina e om a leas wo dis inc
P o o-Indo-Eu opean (PIE) oo s. On he one hand, hey may be linked o PIE * h1elh2 - ‘ o d i e somewhe e o PIE *
h2elh2 - ‘ o go a ound aimlessly, o wande a ound. On he o he hand, some o hem appea o de i e om PIE *
h1el(H) - ‘ o be oul, o en.
The oo PIE * h1el(H) - ‘ o be oul, o en also unde lies he place-name NHG Ulm and ela ed oponyms in Ge many.
These names can be connec ed o PGe m. Ulma is oulness, pu idi y. Among he h ee p e ailing explana ions o
hese names, one can be uled ou en i ely, while he emaining wo o he s a e seman ically plausible […] bu only
one o hem also i s phonologically. The p oposal o connec he names o he oo PGe m. To boil, o boil is
impossible. The al e na i e hypo hesis - in e p e ing hem as ‘Old Eu opean hyd onyms, a i s p oposed by Hans
K ahe - emains possible bu equi es e ision. Howe e , since a Ge manic explana ion ee o seman ic and
phonological con adic ions can be p o ided, i is me hodologically p e e able o he ‘Old Eu opean hypo hesis.
KEYWORDS: Old-Eu opean hyd onymy, Li huanian e ymology, Ge man oponyms, his o ical phonology o he
Ge manic languages.
The i s is Li huania.
1
Deep a ound
li . al i […]
low, d ipping,
2
unning,
hu ying […],
nual i […]
c ossing,
( ield)
looding […],
3
almuõ (3) m.
[…]Ei e […], (1),
álmė alm (4) .
[…] coming ou
o he body
I was w i en by Se gio
4
Ne i (in Ne i, Ziegle 2012: 56 .
and in Ne i e al. 2016: 234 .) in
connec ion wi h nhd. The dial.
5
O no ag icul u ally.
1
The con ibu ion is based on he lec u e "On he E ymology o he Placename Ulm and i s Rela i es in Ge many"
and i s Po en ial Connec ions wi h Some Bal ic Wo ds", held a he con e ence "Kalbos i Kul u dialogas XXI
amžiaus nomas i Vankoje" a he 5 h In e na ional Scien i ic Con e ence "Language and Cul u e Dialogue in 21s
Cen u y Onomas ics", Vilnius, 7.8. This is No embe 2024. I hank he wo anonymous e iewe s o he a icle o
hei commen s; They ha e la gely been inco po a ed in o he con ibu ion. I am esponsible o any e o s and
inconsis encies ha may s ill exis .
2
No in Li EW (whe e Li EW I 7 will only
be lis ed as al i […]a m be[…] and al i
[…]alala call[…]); Li hED I 17 places al i 1
‘ ickle, d ip, ooze, wande a he
oo o u idg. * h2el - wi hou
a ibu ing any meaning o i (also
SEJL 2024 s. . al i 1) and e e s o he
lemma almuõ ‘pus, pu ulen e usion
om a wound, pu ulen spu um
(Li hED I 20 .; simila o SEJL 2024 s. .
almuõ), whe e he au ho does no
men ion his U indoge man oo , bu
e e s o al i 1 again. On he p oblems
o such an app oach, see also u he
down in he con ibu ion.
3
See also Li EW I 8; Li hEW I
20 . This is he i s ime
I' e seen i . ; SEJL 2024 s. . almuõ (and he p e ious oo no e).
4
See also
Li huania I 8.
Li hEW I 20 .
(s. . almuõ) and
SEJL 2024 s. .
almuõ explains
álmė as a new
o ma ion
based on he
new oo
u (os )bal li
abs ac ed
om almuõ. ♪
I'm he one
you' e looking
o ♪ This de i a ion canno explain he acu e in algae.
5
See also Li EW
I 8; Li hEW I
20 . This is he
i s ime I' e
seen i . (s. .
almuõ) and
SEJL 2024 s. .
almuõ explains
e mės as a new
o ma ion
based on he
abs ac ed
om almuõ
neo- oo u (os )bal li . ♪ I'm he one you' e looking o ♪
3
he a ea used, Ödland o in
connec ion wi h nhd. The dial.
Ugly, no o ious a ea, we
spo in he ield, ugly, we
spo discussed.
In o al, he explana ion iden i ies h ee U indoge manic oo s o he de i a ion o one
o he o he o he o ms men ioned: - The u idg. * h1elh2 - "whe e o d i e" (IEW I 306 .;
LIV 2001 [1998]: 235), - u idg. * h2elh2 - "go wi hou a pu pose" (IEW I 27 .; LIV 2001 [1998]: 264), -
u idg. * h1el(H) - (o * [s]h1el[H] -?) is o be blue (IEW I 305).
6
7
The ollowing conside a ions, espec i ely: De i a ions a e gi en:
In Ne i 2012: 57 almuõ, álmė, emės a e en a i ely w i en wi h li . álksna .
[…]P ü ze, Lache[…], le . al(u)ksna . in-shoo ing ma shy spo connec ed, wi h
he la e o ms om he o eg ound. *h1ol(H)-s-nah2 - […] he Mo as ige[…]
(wi h inne -Bal ic seconda y inse ed * -k - be o e *s -) o be explained. The
o he h ee o ms a e no explici ly e ymologized, bu he ollowing p e ixes
may be implied:
8
- li .
almuõ <
u bal .
Wha a e
you
doing?
I 's called
almōn,
Gen. I 's
called
almenes.
*h1ol(H)--
mōn, Gen.
*menes, -
li . álmė <
u bal .
This is
he i s
ime I' e
hea d o
his. I'm
no su e
wha
you' e
alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . *H1el(H)-miah2-. This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
The
connec ion o
nhd. The dial.
O he
p eceding mhd. ♪ She is ♪
‘Un ui ul ield consis s o he same oo unde lying i : mhd. I 's he . I 's called elana. I 's
called "Mo as , Sump ". *h1el(H)-onah2 - ‘Foulness, which is a subs an ia ion o he
p imo dial. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . *h1[…](H)-ono - is aul y.
Li . al i is no
men ioned in
his con ex .
In Ne i e al. 2016, he whole hing is p esen ed in a sligh ly mo e di e en ia ed way: he
2012 explana ion is basically conside ed u he as possible. In addi ion, e e ence is
made o Ha ald Bichlmeie 2013a: 406 . and Bichlmeie 2011: 184 bu conside ed ha he
9
Li huanian
Wo ds ha mean "ea e , mass lowing om
he dead body" wi h he e b li . al i o
connec " low, d ipping, unning, hu ying".
6
The oo has sa e appella i e con inua ions only in G eek and A menian and is se in LIV 2001 [1998] wi h […]?[…];
Howe e , he au ho conside s he app oach o be con incing.
7
The oo has ce ain appella i e con inua ions in G eek, La in and pe haps in La ian.
8
See also Li EW I 8; c . also ALEW 34, whe e, howe e , no e ymology in he p ope sense is o e ed; Li hED
I 19 (s. . a ksnis) leads li . álksna […]place co e ed wi h alde ees, alde g o e[…] and le . àlksna ‘ o es
ma sh on olde * aliksna < * alis nā - back, whe e he acu e a ose as pa o a eplacemen s e ch
a e he decline o he middle *i - and does no e en conside a connec ion wi h li . al i, álmė e c. In
SEJL 2024 s. . a ksnis, he au ho now men ions an Indo-Ge manic p e ix u idg. * h2elis no -, bu also inds
no link wi h ha in Anm. 2 men ioned oo * h2el - ins ead.
9
In Ne i e al. 2016: 244 is inco ec ly called Bichlmeie in he li e a u e di ec o y unde […]Bichlmeie conside a ions[…]
2013b ins ead o Bichlmeie 2011.
4
Fo li . emės i is implici ly u ban. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . *h1elh2-miah2
econs uc ed, while o ebenda (Ne i in Ne i e al. 2016: 234 . wi h e e ence o nhd.
dial. Ülme, ülmig) discussed he p imo dial. * ulman - ei he an amphikine ically lexing
n- ibe *h1élh2-mon -*h1h2-mn- ́ ‘wi h liquid p o ided > ‘Ei e , o (in his case i would
be assumed ha li . almuõ would ha e in oduced a seconda y o-s age) o a i s inne
Ge manic subs an ia ion o he adjec i e *ulma - ‘mod ig < *h1h2-m(n) ó - ‘ei ig, liquid
is o be assumed.
Fu he mo e,
one could also […]
*h2élh2-mon -
h*h2[…]h2-mn- ́
[…]wi h luidi y seen […]
[…]Ei e , Fäulnis[…], which akes he Ge manic and Li huanian o ms wi hou
Supplemen a y assump ions a e he basis.
The ques ion, o cou se, emains whe he one can ag ee wi h he seman ic de elopmen
assumed he e […] wi h luidi y seen […] […] Ei e , o […] so wi hou u he ado, especially
since i is also he o.a. The oo o he u idg. * (s)h1el(H) - […]mod ig sein[…] (IEW I 305) ac ually
exis s, e en hough he ques ion o whe he i is a oo wi h s mobile, .a.
10
I depends on whe he G eek and Indo-I anian wo ds, such as "wa e basin", "lake", "sump"
and so on. (which means. Sa as - n. wa e basin, pond, lake a he end o he lake, ja . *
ha ah - n. in he cho onym ja . Ha ax ai ī - ., he ape s. Ha au a ī- . […]A achosia[…], g .
[…]Ha au a ī- . […]A achosia[…] is he name o a illage in he no he n pa o he
coun y. […]λος n. […]mois meadow, swampy lowland, swamp, ma shland[…]) now jus om a
Wz. I 's called u idg. * sh1el(H) - o be de i ed om […]mod ig[…] o gi e hem hei own oo
u idg. * sel - […]Sump , sump ig[…] (see IEW I 901) is he basis.
11
Fo he Bal ic wo d o ms, one has o s a wi h a p e-Bal ic oo wi hou he
consonan * s -, bu wi h he closing la yngeal (also u idg. * h1elH -), since o he wise
es ima ed wo d o ms o he genus a e no o be explained, while he Indo-I anian and
G eek wo ds equi e he consonan * s -, bu nei he on * h1 - no on he consonan *-H -
gi e he sligh es indica ion (also u idg. * sel -). Bo h amilies can now be iden i ied unde
one app oach. * (s)h1el(H) - uni e, you can also lea e i ; I guess ha 's i .
I 's a ma e o as e.
The conside a ions in H. Bichlmeie 2011 and 2013a we e employed wi hou a oo u idg. *
(s)h1el(H) - o be "mod ig" in he in es iga ion. Since i is now clea ha .a. The ques ion a ises
as o whe he he Li huanian wo ds men ioned a e all o med on he basis o he same
Indo-Ge manic oo , o whe he hey a e no based on a leas wo:
Li . al i
[…] low,
d ipping,
unning,
hu ying[…],
nual i
[…]o e unni-
ng, ( ields)
looding[…]
can mos
easily be
ound in he
oo hills. *
h2elh2 eh1 -/*
h2elh2 eo - /
This is he i s ime I' e seen his.
10
The app oach o a oo wi h s mobile nex o a oo ha o he wise sounds like a la ynx is no he ule, bu i
is qui e possible o do o he wise; Look a ha . Ma k R. V. Sou he n in he yea 1999.
11
Fo a discussion o his issue, see Ne i 2016: 234 . e e ed o; To epea his would go oo a .
5
be e u ned; I 's
called Vo u bal .
* h1olh2 eh1 -/*
h1olh2 eo -
appea s less
likely due o he
o-le el hen o
be assumed.
Li . almuõ (3) m. ‘Ei e is he simples o e he o ebay. * h1olH mon - wi h u idg. * h1elH - o link
[…]mod ig sein[…]: he ansi ion om […]Mode […] o […]Fäule[…] o […]Ei e […] seems o be
unp oblema ic. The link wi h he […]mo emen e b oo s[…] u idg. * h1elh2 - 'whe e o d i e' (IEW
I 306 .; LIV 2001 [1998]: 235) o u idg. * h2elh2 - […]go aimlessly[…] (IEW I 27 .; LIV 2001 [1998]: 264) would
make i necessa y o assume ha he naming mo i o he wo d o […]ei e […] would be
lowing. I is also possible o combine i wi h li . álksna . […]P ü ze, Lache[…], le . al(u)ksna . […]
In he shoo ing o a mo ass […] […] in he oo hills. *h1olH-s-nah2 - he Mo as ige. Li . álmė (1), alm
(4) . […]ou o he body ma e […], emės (4) . Pl. […]dass.[…] a e less sa e o classi y: i he […]ou
o he mass, i.e. i s mo emen should ha e been he denomina i e mo i , one o he wo
[…]mo emen e b oo s[…] can be he basis (u bal . * álmi[…]á - […] o u bal . * h2elh2 mi[…]eh2
mi[…]ode * h1elh2 mi[…]eh2 mi[…]eh2 on he one hand and elmi[…] u bal - […] h1elh2 mi[…] on he
o he ). Bu was ha
The naming mo i , ha i was jus abou lazy hings in he ou going mass, may also be u ban
he e. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . * h1olH mieh2 on he one hand agains u bal .
I'm no
su e
wha
you' e
alking
abou . *
h1elH mieh2 on he o he hand o be se .
The e is no a gumen o con inuing all h ee o he abo e oo s in Li huanian, bu a con as
be ween "mo emen e b oo " and "mo he , o " seems likely. Whe he he "mo emen e b
oo " is now u idg. * h1elh2 - 'whe e o d i e' (IEW I 306 .; LIV 2001 [1998]: 235) o u idg. * h2elh2 - […]go
aimlessly[…] (IEW I 27 .; LIV 2001 [1998]: 264) was, o whe he bo h in he (p e-)U bal o a oo ea ly
U bal . I is no longe possible o decide o depends on he a gumen a i e alue o he
heo e ically possible (p e-)u bal ic mo phological image mechanisms. In addi ion o he jus
p esen ed explana ion o he di e en owels (a - e - ) o he accen o he Li huanian wo ds on
he basis o a ious U ind-Ge manic oo s and o on he basis o a ious s ages o abso p ion, i
should also be no ed ha he e is also he possibili y ha his is a (dialec al) inne -Li huanian o
inne -Bal ic a ia ion, which acco ding o he […]Lex Rozwadowski[…], li .
12
The dial. - a changes, such as in li . ẽže as m. […]See[…] s. li . dial. I'm no su e wha you' e
alking abou . I 's ha d o decide. The di e ence in in ona ion o he Li huanian wo d o ms
may indica e he possibili y o di e en unde lying oo s: o ms wi h acu e (álksna, álmė)
can ha dly be explained o he wise han on he basis o an U indoge man oo wi h a
p o uding la ynx, hose wi h a ci cumsc ibed oo can con ibu e li le o a decision he e,
since he e also he su ix *iā - he ci cumsc ibed oo is e oked
12
See also This is Jan Rozwadowski 1914-1915.
6
I can ha e i . In addi ion, he assessmen o he alue o he in ona ions o he explana ion
is made mo e di icul by he ac ha , in addi ion o he o-s age oo o he la ynx,
acco ding o he de Saussu e ule, i should ac ually ha e disappea ed ea ly and he e
should be no acu e. In his con ex , i should also be no ed ha an elemen is u ban. * alma -
compa a i ely common in Li huanian and gene ally Bal ic hyd onyms; See, o example, he
i e names li . Alm, Almaja, Almuonė o he names o he lakes li . A majas, A menas and so
on. These a e adi ionally linked o he e b alm[…] i o a e e en conside ed o be de i ed
om i . None o hese names seem o ha e a s iking oo .
13
In addi ion, hese names a e also o en associa ed wi h wo Eas Indo-Ge manic wo ds, ai.
A ma - m. Foun ain and Toch. I 's called "Sou ce". Bo h o ms indica e a p e o m wi hou a
p o uding la ynx o do no allow o a s a emen . Bo h wo ds a e commonly used in u idg. *
h2el mo - o he oo u idg. * h2el - o nou ish, o g ow (IEW I 26 . ;
LIV 2001 [1998]: 262) and e ymologically wi h la . almus […] nou ishing, nou ishing […] Li huanian
14
wa e names a e buil on his e y basis and ha in addi ion, li . alm[…] i is a denomina ional
e b o his basis, whe e, o cou se, a p ope seman ic shi mus be accep ed: […] nou ish […]
(u idg. * h2el > […] b ing o wa d […]). […] oun ain, oun ain […] (ai. á ma-, och Bl) […] wa e wi h
15
iden i izie . Un e diese Vo ausse zung schein es wah scheinlich, dass die genann en
[…] (Li huanian wa e names) > […] […] alm[…] O cou se, his e b and he a o emen ioned
wa e names a e mos likely pa allel o ma ions o he same s a ing poin . A he le el o
"some hing wi h wa e " (Li huanian wa e names) we could p obably also inse he o ms
discussed abo e, which indica e in ona ion wi h li . a - and ci cumsc ibed in ona ion, so
pe haps almuõ (3) m […]Ei e […] and su ely ma e (4) . […]em ou o he body almie[…] […]
aku ie e and hose wi h e - can indica e wi h he supposedly unde lying oo u idg.
* h2el - no
ag eed.
Back o Ge manic: The oo , which means " o be o en, o be o en", is well con inued in
Ge manic. The lexemes ep esen ed he e mean only his and ep esen he con inua ion o a
oo * h1el(H)-. The app oach o his oo would hen be unnecessa y (Ockham's azo would hus
all ic im) i all Ge manic wo ds adi ionally de i ed om i we e o be demons a ed o e e
o he wo o.g. […]Roo s o mo emen e bs[…] u idg. * h1elh2 - 'whe e o d i e' (IEW I 306 .; LIV 2001
[1998]: 235) o u idg. * h2elh2 - "going wi hou a goal" (IEW I 27 .; LIV 2001 [1998]: 264) could be aced
back. Bu unlike, o example, li . almuõ, álmė, emės, which mean "ea e , luid emana ing om a
dead body", he Ge manic wo ds do no ha e a meaning ha could somehow be associa ed wi h a
mo emen (a luid). So i 's be e o s ick o he adi ional iew. In Ge man, his oo is called
ahd. I 's a o en, o en piece o wood. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . In Ge man dialec s
i can be shown as ulmig […] aul, o en[…] in Alsa ian, Pala ina e and Wes phalian, in Thu ingian i
can be shown as Ülme […]a no o ious a ea, mois
13
See also 1981 Vanagas: 39 . This is he i s ime I' e seen i .
14
See also DTB 2013 [1999]: 29, 60; EWAia I 120. This is he i s ime ha his has happened.
15
See also
EDL 35
(see also alō).
7
16
A place in he
ield, a we place.
All o hese
shapes poin o
p imo dial. - The ulma.
I 's all igh , i 's all igh .
In addi ion, he e is also he basic wo d
nhd. Ulm […] o en wood, mode n […]
(DW XXIII 754 [Ulm 2]). I is loca ed in he
no he n pa o he ci y o Ulm. Fo
u he e ymological connec ions
wi hin and ou side Ge manic see EWAhd
VI 1168[…]1171. I 's unclea why. I'm going
o ake a look a some o he old woods.
* h1elh2 - "whe e o d i e" (LIV 2001
[1998]: 235) o u idg. * h2elh2 - […]go
aimlessly[…] (LIV 2001 [1998]: 264) is
aced back, al hough i is he oo
u idg. * h1elH - ( adi ionally […]3. - I'm
om Wes Ge many. I'm no su e wha
you' e alking abou . * h1(H)m(n)ó - is
comple ely ha mless.
‘mod ig sein, aulen’“ [IEW I 305]) gib . Eine He lei ung wes ge m./u ge m. *
ulm-an
- ←
This e ymology can be easily linked o a amily o Ge man place and wa e names, as
will be shown below.
2. Onomas ic and Teu onic
The place name Ulm and ela ed names ha e so a ound h ee di e en meaning ul
explana ions […] and a ou h, which has long been ecognized as un ue. The same e ymology
o he oo wo d is used in some o he places.
Wa e names (Lowe -Olm, Uppe -Olm, Ulmbach, ano he
Ulm, e c.) on which all medie al o ms o he o m Ulma (in
he case o Ulm on he Danube) and Ulm on he Danube,
espec i ely. Ulmena, Ulmene, Olmena ha e you go i .
These h ee explana ions a e o be examined in he
ollowing a icle o hei alidi y and easibili y. The noun
o en became he e b u ge m. * […]allea -/* […]ulea -
[…]walls[…] placed, second o an E ymon u ge m. * ulma -
[…]Mo he , Fäulnis[…] and inally an ancien Eu opean wa e
name was used as a s a ing poin o he […]Wa e oo
[…]el -/* ol -[…].
The ou solu ions jus men ioned and o he p oposals no o be discussed he e we e
deal wi h in he mos de ail by Lu z Reicha d (1986: 302 […] 310, bes. 307 […] 310). All
subsequen wo ks o e nei he p og ess no do hey always men ion all he p oposals.
16
See also Ma in, Lienha 1899: 33; Ch is mann 1994: 874; Niebaum e al. 2021: 1075; DW XXIII 758. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he wo ld ha he e m has been used in his way.
8
2.1. The names and hei adi ional explana ions
In cu en li e a u e, he ollowing explana ions a e o e ed o he collec ed
ma e ial:
In he DONB (= Niemeye 2012: 632) Jö n Riecke lis s all ou solu ions p esen ed so
a and explains he place name Ulm as ollows: 813 Ulmam ... illam (F. 2. hi d 12.
cen u y), 854 Hulmam [O ], 856 Ulma [O ]; Ulm (1334) [<...> The ON is based on a
epea edly a es ed GwN, which ei he […] wi h an inne Ge manic e ymology […] o
he s ong e b ge m. * walla - […]wallen[…] belongs, o […] in conside a ion o
simila -sounding Eas e n Eu opean GwN […] as a p e-Ge manic wa e wo d ( o * el
-* ol -) is o be in e p e ed. A connec ion o mhd. ulmic ‘ea en by co up ion is
linguis ically possible, because a de elopmen o meaning o ‘swampy is
concei able. Howe e , he connec ion does no explain he o igin o he es o he
Ulm-GwN. The connec ion wi h Ulme is excluded, as he ee in he MA is called
elm(boum).
J. Riecke he e ollows L. Reicha d 1986, who men ions he same h ee iable
possibili ies. No ci ed he e as he e is Adol Bach (1953: 157, 235), who de i ed mhd. Ulmic
[…] amed by co up ion[…] nex o he one o * […]al(l)[…] and in u n e e s o
somewha olde li e a u e.
Rega ding he exclusion o he name o he ee nhd. As a as Ulme o i s p e o ms a e
conce ned in he explana ion o he place name, one can only ag ee wi h J. Riecke (and be o e
him al eady Reicha d 1986: 307 . and Bach 1953: 235): his wo d is only la e (es ) Old High
Ge man o Middle High Ge man in Gl. 3,459 (12 h cen u y, bai .) and is possibly a loanwo d om
La in, al hough a desc ip ion as a Ge manic he i age wo d canno be uled ou (see EWAhd IX
s. . ulm).
17
Wha Riecke does no men ion is he ac ha in he place name Ulm he diminu i e * u > o did
no occu , al hough in he ollowing syllable he e is a da k owel (wes ge m. * Ulmō -). L.
Reicha d (1986: 309 .) explains his by s a ing ha he ea ly documen s a e consis en ly
a es ed in La in documen s and ha he name o m was in luenced by la . ulmus […]Ulme[…]
a an ea ly s age.
Fu he mo e, he name
Ulmen (in he Ei el) belongs
he e, which Alb ech G eule in DONB
632 deals wi h:
17
EWAhd IX: E ymological Dic iona y o Old High Ge man [E ymological Dic iona y o Old High Ge man] 9: - u -,
edi ed by R. Lüh , e a b. by D. S. Wod ko (di ec o o he wo kplace), H. Bichlmeie , M. Kozianka, R. Schuhmann,
Gö ingen: Vandenhoeck and Rup ech . The olume is expec ed o be published in 2026.
9
1074 Ulmena, a ound 1120
[…]62 Ulmene, 1253 Ulmen,
1434 Ulmen. This is he
i s ime ha he ci y
has been named Ulmen. I
would like o ask he
Commissione whe he
he is p epa ed o
accep he
amendmen s abled by
he Commi ee on he
En i onmen , Public
Heal h and Consume
P o ec ion. The name
belongs o a se ies wi h
he ON Niede -/Obe -Olm
(nea Mainz), Ulm (K .
We zla ), Ulm (Lk .
Ras a ) and Ulm
(O enauk eis), all o
which lie on wa e s and
ha e Ulmena / Olmena as
he basic o m. Ulmen
(Ei el) is loca ed on he
Ulmene Maa . Ulmena,
olde * Ulmana, is by
means o n -su ix o
ge m. Adj. Wha is i ?
*(w)ulma-( o
*wula-‘walls) is de i ed
om i .
A. G eule w i es simila ly in DGNB 554 on he wa e name Ulmbach: 2Ulmbach, .z.
Lahn (Rhine), o igina es in he Wes e wald sou h o Mademühlen (Gem. D iedo ,
Lahn-Dill-K eis, Hessen, D), is dammed by he Ulmbach alspe e o a lake, which
lows in o Biski chen (Ci y o Leun, Lahn-Dill-K eis). […] 1000 (copy o he 12 h
cen u y) lows O mena (lies Olmena), 1313 in he middle o he Ulmen, 1325 u o
he Ulmene, 1341 zuschin ... o he Olmene, 1486 (copy o he 18 h cen u y) u o
he Vlme; I 's on. Ulm (Gem. G ei ens ein, Lahn-Dill-K eis), 1286 de Olmene (and o he
e idence), 1308, 1328 de Ulmene, 1314 de Olmena (and o he e idence), 1321 de Ulmina,
1495 Olmen. This is he i s ime ha he ci y has been called Ulm.
[…] Basic
o m FlN.
Ah, he e
you go. *
Ulmana >
mhd.
Wha a e
you
doing? UlmeneOlmene, wi h n -su ix de i ed om
(no h) o
he gm. Adj.
Wha is i ?
*
wulma-‘ o-
bend (awn.
olm ‘wu hend) o he e b gm. I'm no going o lie o you.
FlN. Wha is i ?
The gm. *
wulmanō wi h
loss o he
sounding w-/
o -u > *
ulmana. A
numbe o
place names
ha oday
ead OlmUlm a e iden ical o he Flussund place name.
O he
place
names,
such as
Niede
-OlmObe
-Olm (see
al eady
G eule 1983: 280 […] /
282) also belong o his amily; In o al, G eule al eady compiles 1983: 281 ou place
names in Ge many, which ha e as he oldes e idence in he Middle Ages Ulmena,
Ulmene, Olmene, all on ahd. * Ulmana < wes Ge man. * Ulmanō - going back, Ulm
(We zla dis ic ), Ulmen (Cochem-Zell dis ic ), Ulm (Ci y o Lich enau, Ras a
dis ic ), Ulm (O enau dis ic ), and u he e e s o Olmen in Belgium. In Ge many,
he names wi h he componen Ulm a e ound in Hesse, Rhineland-Pala ina e and
Baden-Wü embe g. -Ulm as he name o a new ci y in Ba a ia (go e nmen dis ic
o Swabia) coun s as a kind o
No las
name a e
Ulm he e.
While A. G eule in he DONB and DGNB only mo e he Ge manic solu ion wi h he
connec ion o u ge m. In his olde con ibu ion (G eule 1983: 281) he also men ions he
possibili y o de i ing he names belonging o his genus om he […]wa e name oo […]
el -* ol -[…] and hus akes an analysis o H. K ahes.
(1957: 7 .) on he
16
DGNB: Ge man wa e name book. E ymology o wa e names and he associa ed a ea,
se lemen , and ield names [Ge man Wa e Name Book. E ymology o Wa e Names and
he Associa ed A ea, Se lemen , and Field Names], A. G eule, wi h assis ance om S.
Hackl-Rößle , Be lin, Bos on: De G uy e , 2014. DONB: Ge man place name book, edi ed by
M. Niemeye , Be lin, Bos on: De G uy e , 2012.
DTB 2013 [1999]: A Dic iona y o Tocha ian B. Re ised
and G ea ly Enla ged, 2 Bd.e., by D. Q. Adams,
Ams e dam, New Yo k: Rodopi. DW XXIII: Ge man
dic iona y 23, by J. G imm, W. G imm, Munich: d
publishing company mbH & Co. KG, 1999. EDLIL:
E ymological Dic iona y o La in and he o he I alic
Languages, by M. de Vaan, Leiden, Bos on: B ill, 2008.
EWAhd VI: E ymological dic iona y o Old High Ge man [E ymological Dic iona y o Old High
Ge man] 6: mâda […]pûzza, edi ed by R. Lüh , e a b. by H. Bichlmeie , M. Kozianka, R. Schuhmann,
L. S u m, Gö ingen, B is ol: Vandenhoeck & Rup ech , EWAia I: E ymological Dic iona y o Old
Indo-A yan [E ymological Dic iona y o Old Indo-A yan] 1, by M. May ho e , Heidelbe g: Win e ,
1992. This is he i s ime ha his dic iona y has been published. G eule Alb ech 1983: The
place names o he municipali y o Niede -Olm. Lowe Olm. The oom o he associa ion
communi y, edi ed by K. H. Spiess, Alzey: publishing house o he Rheinhessische
D uckwe ks ä e, 280 […] 287. G eule Alb ech 1998: Wa e name laye s in he Lahn Ri e Basin.
The wo ld o names. Six nomina i e con ibu ions, edi ed by N. Nail, Ma bu g: Uni e si y
2017.
Lib a y o Ma bu g, 117. G eule Alb ech 2007: E ymological s udies o geog aphical names in
Eu ope. Selec ed con ibu ions 1998[…]2006 [E ymological S udies on Geog aphical Names in
Eu ope: Selec ed Con ibu ions 1998[…]2006], edi ed by W. Janka, M. P inz, Regensbu g: Edi ion
Vulpes.
G eule Alb ech 2004: Wi h m - su ixed
Ge manic wa e names [Ge manic
Wa e Names Su ixed wi h m -]. Wo lds
o names. Places and pe sonal names
om a his o ical poin o iew, edi ed
by A. an Nahl, L. Elme ik, S. B ink, Be lin,
New Yo k: De G uy e , 93
102.
I.E.W. I: Indoge manisches e ymologisches Wö e buch [Indo-Eu opean
E ymological Dic iona y] 1, by J. Poko ny, Munich, Be n: F ancke, 1959. This is he
i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way. Hans K ahe 1957: Ri e (and
place) names on -mana-mina [Ri e (and place) names
Ending in -mana o
-mina. Con ibu ions
o he s udy o names 8, 127.
17
Lehmann Win ed P. 1986: A Go hic E ymological Dic iona y: Based on he Thi d Edi ion
o Compa a i e Dic iona y o he Go hic Language by Sigmund Feis , wi h
Bibliog aphy P epa ed Unde he Di ec ion o H.-J. J. Hewi , Leiden: B ill. I'm going o
ake a look a his. Li EW I: Li huanian E ymological Dic iona y [Li huanian
E ymological Dic iona y] 1, by E. F aenkel, Heidelbe g: Ca l Win e Uni e si ä s e lag,
1962. This is he i s edi ion o he book. Li hED I: Li huanian E ymological Dic iona y
1, by W. Smoczy[…]ski, edi ed by A. Hol oe , S. Young wi h he assis . o W. B owne,
Be lin, Be n, B ussels, New Yo k, Ox o d, Wa saw, Vienna: Pe e Lang GmbH
In e na ional publishing house o sciences, 2018. This is he i s ime ha he
publica ion has been published in he Uni ed Kingdom. LIV 2001 [1998]: Lexicon o he
Indo-Eu opean Ve bs: Roo s and hei P ima y S em Fo ma ions, edi ed by H. Rix,
bea b. by M. Kümmel, T. Zehnde , R. Lipp, B. Schi me , 2., imp o ed by Au l., Wiesbaden:
published by D . Ludwig Reiche . E ns Ma in, Lienha Hans 1899: Dic iona y o he
Alsa ian dialec s [Dic iona y o he Alsa ian Dialec s] 1, S asbou g: published by Ka l
J. T übne . MH II: Middle High Ge man handw i en dic iona y A he same ime as a
supplemen and alphabe ical High Ge man Concise Dic iona y. Also a supplemen and
alphabe ical index o he Middle High Ge man Dic iona y by Benecke-Mülle -Za ncke] 2,
by M. Lexe , Leipzig: S. Hi zel, 1876.
Index zum Mi elhochdeu schen Wö e buche on Benecke-Mülle -Za ncke
[Middle
Se gio Ne i, Ziegle Sabine 2012: […]Ho de Nöss[…]: E ymological s udies on he
Thu ingian dialec s […]Ho de Nöss[…]: E ymological s udies on he Thu ingian dialec s,
Hambu g: Hempen publishing house. Ne i Se gio, S u m Lau a, Ziegle Sabine 2016: F om
Hammeln, co pses and uncles: e ymological s udies on he Thu ingian dialec s [O
Rams, Co pses, and Toads: e ymological s udies on he Thu ingian dialec s] 2, Hambu g:
Hempen publishing house.
Robe Damme, edi ed by: 2021: Wes phalian Dic iona y [Wes phalian Dic iona y] 5:
Sl […]Z, edi ed by he Commission o Munda and Naming Resea ch o he
Landscape Associa ion o Wes phalia-Lippe, Neumüns e , Kiel, Hambu g:
Wachhol z. No een Adol 1970: Old No se G amma 1: Old No se and Old No wegian
G amma (Phone ics and In lexion Theo y) wi h Conside a ion o P o o-No se, 5.,
unchanged, published by Max Niemeye .
Reicha d Lu z 1986: Place Name Book o he Alb-Donau Dis ic and he U ban Dis ic
o Ulm, S u ga :
This is W. Kohlhamme .
18
Rei zens ein Wol -A min F. om 2013: Lexicon o Swabian place names: o igin and meaning.
Ba a ian Swabian [Dic iona y o Swabian Place Names: O igin and Meaning. Ba a ian
Swabia], Munich: C. H. Beck. Rozwadowski Jan 19141915: P zyczynki do his o ycznej
one yki językow słowiaskich [Con ibu ions o he His o ical Phone ics o Sla ic
Languages]. He is also he au ho o a numbe o books. […]Rocznik Sla ic is he name o a
illage in he Czech Republic.
7, 9–23.
Schü zeichel Rudol 2012: Old High Ge man Dic iona y, 7 h edi ion, e iewed and
imp o ed by Au l., Be lin, Bos on: De G uy e . SEJL 2024: Słownik e ymologiczny
języka li ewskiego [E ymological Dic iona y o he Li huanian Language], by W.
Smoczyski, e sion o 30.1.2024; LII, 2308 S. Access:
www. omanes.o g/pubalii/Smoczyski W. Słownik e ymologiczny języka
li ewskiego.pd This is he i s ime ha his dic iona y has been published.
Sou he n
Ma k R. V.
1999:
Sub-G amma-
ical Su i al:
Indo-Eu opean smobile and i s e ec s
Regene a ion in Ge manic, Washing on: Ins i u e o he S udy o Man. Udolph Jü gen
2004: Su ix o ma ions in old place names o No he n and Cen al Ge many. […]
Su ix o ms in old place names. Ac s o an in e na ional symposium in Uppsala 14. –16.
May 2004, edi ed by T. Ande sson and E. Nyman, Uppsala: Kungl. Gus a Adol s Academy
o Swedish Folklo e, 137 […] 175. Vanagas Aleksand as 1981: Li huanian hyd onyms
e ymologinis žodynas [E ymological dic iona y o Li huanian hyd onyms], Vilnius:
Mokslas.
I 's because o you.
al, almuõ,
álmė,
emės and
o he
e ymolo-
gies in
hei
ela ionship wi h okiečių
ie o a džiu
Ulm
i jo giminaičiais
The SANTRAUKA
I would like o ask you, M P esiden , whe he you a e awa e o he ac ha he
Eu opean Pa liamen has adop ed a numbe o amendmen s o he T ea y on he
Func ioning o he Eu opean Union, and whe he you a e awa e o he ac ha he
Eu opean Pa liamen has adop ed a numbe o amendmen s o he T ea y on he
Func ioning o he Eu opean Union. * h1elh2 - ‘s um i, neš i a ba senoji ide. This is he
i s ime I' e seen his. * h2elh2 - […] aikš inė i[…] ( ai d iejų senųjų bal iškų susiliejusių
šaknų * alH -/* elH da inys) and senoji ide. This is he i s ime I' e seen his wo d in
English. I'm no going o do i . I'm no going o do i .
E imologically, he iew would be di e en om Li huanian, Bal ic
Vanden a džius on he pama iniu * alm - i g eičiausiai o he pa ies pama o. ♪
I'm he one you' e looking o ♪
19
I 's called "mai in i, aug i, augin i".
2. he i s -bo n o he mined šaknimis sie ini and he okiečių ie o a džiai a he
anden a džiai (Ulm i ki i), he ea ly okiečių aukš aičių, he aka ų ge manų, he senosios
ge manų šaknies * ulm - pag indu. I 's a common wo d in ocabula y, o example, sen. ok.
High. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no
su e wha you' e alking abou . I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . Because o he
peculia i ies o he coconu wa e , i was p ima ily in he i e alleys. I'm going o ask you a
ques ion. I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou . * h1(H) m(n)ó - based on sen. ge m. I don'
know wha you' e alking abou .
I'm no su e wha you' e alking abou .
3. The old Ge manic shakes * […]elH - […]suk is, e s is[…] ediniai okiečių he language o he
name is unknown. Tokyo Va dos G oup's case o he Ge man Va dos ( oices) should ha e
s a ed in he mo ning. You' e a senio Ge man, you' e a senio Ge man, you' e a senio
Ge man, you' e a senio Ge man.
I is a e y impo an heo e ical pe spec i e, i is a e y impo an heo e ical
pe spec i e, i is a e y impo an heo e ical pe spec i e, i is a e y impo an
heo e ical pe spec i e, i is a e y impo an heo e ical pe spec i e. Tai galimai a spindi o hese six shakes:
- el - o - o
- o - o -
o - o - o
- o - o -
o - o - o
- o - o -
o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o - o -
[šiuolaikinė:
* h1el -], - *
el -* ol -
‘supu ęs,
-usi,
su ešęs,
-usi (IEW I
305)
[šiuolaikinė:
* h1el(H) -], -
* el -* ol -
skambėji-
mą, ga są
eiškian i
šaknis (IEW
I 306)
[šiuolaikinė:
* Hel(H) -], -
* el - elə* -
*: * lā - - i,
judin i,
jude i, ei i
(IEW I 306 .)
[šiuolaikinė:
* h1elhė2 -
(LIV)]
2001 [1998]: 235)],
- al -
‘bal as, -a
(IEW I 29)
[šiuolaikin-
2
ė: * h al-/* h
el-], - * l -
‘ aikš inė-
2
i, bėginė i
(IEW I 26 .)
[šiuolaikin-
ė: * h elh
-(LIV 2001
[1998] 26:4)].
2
This is he
2
i s ime
ha his has happened.
In his case, he e is no eason o doub he alidi y o hese clauses.
5. conside ing he me hodological p inciple, when he applican has a di e en language, he main
hing is o p esen an ea ly e sion o he language, e en i he da a is di e en , in his case i
would be a di e en language, when hese oices a e di e en g oups o applican s, he
Ge man language is old, he Ge man language is old. You a en ion is d awn o he sen. ok. High.
I 's called "supu usi", "su ęšusi mediena", " ocal". high. Ulmic, iges […]supu ęs, -usi, su ešęs,
-usi[…] i k ., i į lie u iškus […]pūlinys[…] lizdo wo ds. This is he i s ime I' e hea d o his.
