Acta Linguistica Lithuanica 2025, vol. 93, pp. 1–32 Contents link / Turinio nuoroda ISSN 2669-218X (online / elektroninis)

THE RECEPTION OF PHILIPP RUHIG’S HYMNS: FROM THE EIGHTEENTH TO THE MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY

The Reception of Hymns by Philipp Ruhig: From the 18^th to the mid-20^th Century

Dedicated to the 350th anniversary of Philipp Ruhig’s birth

BIRUTĖ TRIŠKAITĖ Institute of the Lithuanian Language E-mail: [email protected] ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2286-4080 Research interests: Prussian Lithuania’s writings of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, the history of bilingual Lithuanian lexicography and the written Lithuanian language.

https://doi.org/10.35321/all93-09

ABSTRACT This article examines the hymnodic legacy of the Prussian Lithuanian pastor Philipp Ruhig (1675–1749), one of the most prolific creators of Lithuanian writings in the eighteenth century, more specifically, the reception of his hymns in the official church hymnals of Prussian Lithuania’s Evangelical Lutheran Church from the 1730s to the mid-twentieth century. Drawing on primary sources that have survived to the present day, the hymns translated and created by Ruhig, first published in Johann Behrendt’s hymnal Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagérintos Giesmũ-Knygos (Königsberg, 1732) and subsequently included in later hymnals, are analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. A comparative analysis of the Evangelical Lutheran hymnals of Prussian Lithuania revealed that the number of Ruhig’s hymns in the official church hymnal increased gradually: from 9 texts published in the first editions of the so-called Quandt–Behrendt hymnal to 12 texts established in later editions. The durability of these hymns is evidenced by the fact that all of them became a stable part of the repertoire of the official Lithuanian hymnal until the eve of the Second World War, that is, until the last edition of Pagerintos giesmių knygos (Klaipėda, 1936); moreover, some of them were taken over into the present-day Evangelical Lutheran hymnal Krikščioniškos giesmės (Vilnius, 2007). The analysis also showed that, beginning with the first edition, these hymns underwent more or less extensive editing. KEYWORDS: eighteenth-century Lithuanian writings, hymns, Philipp Ruhig, official Prussian Lithuanian Evangelical Lutheran hymnal, Johann Behrendt’s hymnal Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagérintos Giesmũ-Knygos (1732).

Copyright © 2025 Birutė Triškaitė. Published by the Institute of the Lithuanian Language. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. // Išleido Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Šis straipsnis yra atviros prieigos, platinamas pagal „Creative Commons“ priskyrimo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias neribotai naudoti, platinti ir atkurti turinį bet kokioje laikmenoje, nurodant autorių ir šaltinį.

Received: / Received: 2025–10–20. Accepted: / Accepted: 2025–12–17.

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ABSTRACT

This article is dedicated to the hymnodic legacy of Philipp Ruhig (1675–1749), a priest from Prussian Lithuania and one of the most prolific figures of Lithuanian literature of the 18^th century, or more precisely, it is devoted to the reception of his hymns in the official church hymnals of Prussian Lithuania from the fourth decade of the 18^th century. Based on primary sources that have survived to this day, the hymns translated and created by Ruhig, which were first published in Johann Behrendt’s hymnal Iß naujo pèrweizdetos ir pagérintos Giesmû-Knygos [Newly Revised and Improved Hymn Books] (Königsberg, 1732), and included in later editions, are analysed in terms of quantity and quality. A comparative analysis of Prussian Lithuanian Evangelical Lutheran hymnals has revealed that the number of Ruhig’s hymns in the official church hymnal grew gradually: from 9 in the first editions of the so-called Quandt-Behrendt hymnal to 12 in later editions. The durability of these hymns is evidenced by the fact that they all became a stable part of the official Lithuanian hymnal until the eve of World War II, i. e., the last edition of Pagerintos giesmių knygos [Improved Hymnal] (Klaipėda, 1936), and some of them were included in the current Evangelical Lutheran hymnal Krikščioniškos giesmės [Christian Hymns] (Vilnius, 2007). The analysis also showed that, starting with the first edition, these hymns were edited to a greater or lesser extent.

KEYWORDS: Lithuanian writings of the 18^th century, hymns, Philipp Ruhig, Official Hymn Book for Prussian Lithuania’s Evangelical Lutherans, Johann Behrendt’s hymn book Iß naujo pèrweizdetos ir pagérintos Giesmû-Knygos (1732) [Newly Revised and Improved Hymn Books, 1732].

INTRODUCTION

The Prussian Lithuanian pastor Philipp Ruhig (1675–1749) was one of the most prolific creators of Lithuanian writings in the eighteenth century: not only the author of original and highly influential works of linguistics, but also a translator of major religious texts. Three centuries later, Ruhig is remembered today not only as a participant in the philological controversy that arose in Prussian Lithuania at the beginning of the eighteenth century, as the author of the Latin treatise on the Lithuanian language Meletema (1735) and its German version Betrachtung der Littauischen Sprache in ihrem Ursprunge, Wesen und Eigenschaften (1745), as the compiler of the bilingual and bidirectional dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (1747), and as the initiator of the Lithuanian grammar Anfangsgründe einer Littauischen Grammatik (1747), but also as one of the translators into Lithuanian of hymns (1732), the Bible (1735), and Christiano Langhansen’s (1660–1727) postil (1750).

Having completed theological studies at the University of Königsberg and been ordained a pastor in 1708, Ruhig served in Walterkehmen for more than forty years¹. As a third-generation member of the clergy, understanding his pastoral duty as the religious education of Lithuanians, encouraged moreover by the reforms and cultural changes initiated by the King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm I (1688–1740, ruled 1713–1740), then under way, and undoubtedly appreciating the merits of his grandfather, the pastor of Kattenau, Theophil Schultz (1629–1673) (see Fig. 1 and below), Ruhig actively joined the Lithuanian project of Johann Jacob Quandt (1686–1772), professor of theology at the University of Königsberg, chief court preacher, and future Prussian general superintendent,

^¹ QPP IV 34r; Arnoldt 1777: 108; ZM V 1528.

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thus contributing to the surge of Lithuanian religious literature that arose in Prussian Lithuania in the eighteenth century.

It is no coincidence that Ruhig is one of those creators of Lithuanian writings whose Lithuanianist legacy has received considerable scholarly attention from various perspectives. His hymnodic legacy has also been studied as an integral part of the official Lithuanian church hymnal of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (1732)^². Nevertheless, no special studies have so far been devoted to the reception of his hymns in later hymnals; therefore, this article revisits Ruhig’s work as a translator and creator of hymns and focuses on the functioning of his hymns in the hymnals of Prussian Lithuania until approximately the mid-twentieth century, more precisely, until 1936, when the last Evangelical Lutheran hymnal before the Second World War, Pagerintos giesmių knygos, appeared.

Speaking of the reception of Ruhig’s hymns, one should begin by noting that the exact number of his hymns published in Lithuanian Evangelical Lutheran hymnals is not entirely clear. Historiographers of Prussian culture and Lithuanian writings indicate differing figures. Thus, at the end of the eighteenth century, the pastor of Trempai, Gottfried Ostermeyer (1716–1800), stated in the first history of Lithuanian hymnals, Erste Littauische Liedergeschichte (Königsberg, 1793), that Ruhig “gave 12 hymns to the hymnal, one of them original” (“Zum Gefangbuch hat er 12 Lieder geliefert, von denen eins ein Originaltuck ist”^³). Almost a century and a half later, Ansas Bruožis gave the same number of hymns translated and created by Ruhig: in his study Mažosios Lietuvos buvusieji rašytojai ir žymesnieji lietuvių kalbos mylėtojai (1920), he mentioned that Ruhig “translated 11 hymns, and, in addition, composed one himself”^⁴. Probably following Ostermeyer, the commentaries to Vytautas Jurgutis and Valerija Vilnonytė’s published version of Ruhig’s treatise Lietuvių kalbos kilmės, būdo ir savybių tyrinėjimas (1986) likewise mention 12 hymns, 11 of which are translations and one original^⁵. Vaclovas Biržiška, however, in Aleksandryne (¹1963, ²1990), not only identified the number of Ruhig’s hymns, but even mentioned the specific hymnal edition in which, in his view, all of them appeared: “For the new Quandt–Behrendt hymnal of 1732 he submitted 12 hymns, one of which he wrote as an original, while he translated all the others”^⁶. On the other hand, in Guido Michelini’s monograph on the history of Prussian Lithuanian hymnals, Jono Berento Įpna u jo pėrweizdėtos ir pagerintos Giesmũ Knygos. Mörlino traktato pritaikymas poezijoje (2010), 9 of Ruhig’s hymns are compared with their German originals^⁷, thus seemingly implying an entirely different number. Data from works devoted to the historiography of Lithuanian writings should have made its way into reference publications. Nevertheless, the number of Ruhig’s hymns mentioned there differs somewhat: Mažosios Lietuvos

^² For more on the hymnals of Prussian Lithuania, see Michelini 2009, especially 97–131; 2010. For the relationship between Philipp Ruhig’s hymns published in the first edition of the so-called Quandt–Behrendt hymnal and their German originals, see Michelini 2010: 162–175.

^³ Osterme yer 1793: 259–260; Ostermejeris 1996: 421.

^⁴ [Bruožis] 1920: 27.

^⁵ Ruigys 1986: 414.

^⁶ BrŽA II 21.

^⁷ See Michelini 2010: 162–175.

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encyclopedia (2009)⁸, Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedijos žinyne (2015)⁹, and Visuotinėje lietuvių enciklopedijoje (2011)¹⁰ state that Ruhig wrote 11 hymns.

The aim of this article is, on the basis of primary sources, to assess Ruhig’s contribution to the repertoire of the hymnal compiled by the Bishop of Insterburg, Johann Behrendt (1667–1737), Iß naujo pérweizdetos ir pagérintos Giesmû-Knygos (Königsberg, ¹1732), or the so-called Quandt–Behrendt hymnal, and to discuss the reception of Ruhig’s hymns in later editorial versions and editions of the official church Evangelical Lutheran hymnal until the mid-twentieth century, focusing on two aspects: 1) how many were published; 2) the nature of their editing¹¹. The analysis employs historical comparative and analytical descriptive methods.

1. TESTIMONIES BY RUHIG AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES ABOUT HIS LITHUANIANIST ACTIVITY (HYMNS)

Quandt, who worked alongside Ruhig in the team of Prussian Lithuanian pastors he had assembled to prepare Lithuanian religious writings, in his manuscript presbyterology Preußische Presbyterologie (until 1772), in the entry on the Walterkehmen pastor Ruhig, besides essential biographical information, merely mentioned his theological treatise on ancient idols, which appeared in 1705, and only one Lithuanianist activity—a treatise on the Lithuanian language—but devoted not a word to hymns or other religious texts, not even to the translation of the Bible (cf. Fig. 1):

1708. Philipp Ruhig. «Reg. Pr uffus. →» 'Cattenau–Prufus. ‖ was ordained in 1708 ♀ poſt 20. Trin. 3u Schloß ‖ by D[.] Deutſchen. He was born ‖ in Cattenau in 1675, 31 March. He was ‖ introduced here in 1708, D[omi]n[ic a[m] 24. p. Trin. ‖ He disputed under the presidency of P[rae]ſide D[.] Wegner de Scr[iptur]ae S. ‖ 1703, and also edited a tract de idolo omni u[m] ‖ primo 4° 1705, likewise de Lingua Lituanica. ‖ His ancestors came from Meissen; there, his ‖ grandfather George Ruhig was mayor ‖ in Liebenwerda, and whose son Paul Ruhig ‖ was an engineer and captain over the Wibranzen in Memel. ‖ ‘A son Philipp Ruhig Paft. and grandson ‖ on his mother’s side of Theophili Schulzen, ‖ both pastors in Kattenau † 1749. ‖ 5 April. ‖ ſepult[us] ‖ [?]7 April.¹².

⁸ Cf.: “He contributed greatly to the preparation of the 1735 Bible and the 1732 Quandt–Behrendt hymnal (11 hymns created and translated by R[u hig] were printed in it)” (MLE IV 143).

⁹ MLEŽ 496. The English (2014) and German (2018) versions of this reference work likewise mention 11 hymns by Ruhig (MLEŽa 561; MLEŽv 612).

¹⁰ Cf.: “he contributed greatly to the preparation of the Bible (1735) and the hymnal of J. J. Quandt and J. Behrendt (1732; 11 [Ruhig’s] hymns created and translated by him were printed in it)” (VLE XX 412).

¹¹ The contribution of Petras Gotlybas Mielcke (Peter Gottlieb Mielcke, 1695–1753), pastor of Jurbarkas (German Georgenburg), and later of Mielkiemis (German Mehlkeh­men), and Ruhig’s collaborator in preparing Lithuanian writings, hymns, and their reception in hymnals of the eighteenth to the first half of the twentieth century has already been analysed quantitatively (see Triškaitė 2021: 98–116).

¹² QPP IV 34r. In the quotation from Quandt’s manuscript, the arrow → indicates what was corrected. The signs ¬ ¬ distinguish words or sentences entered later (above the line, in the margin, or in the second blank column of the page). Fragments of Latin text (words or parts thereof) occurring in the manuscript written in Gothic script are rendered in italics in the quotation. For more detail

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Figure 1. QPP IV 34r: Quandt on the Walterkehmen pastor Ruhig in the manuscript work Preußische Presbyterologie; GStA PK: XX. HA Hist. StA Königsberg, Hs, Nr. 2, Bd. 4

1708. Philipp Ruhig, a Prussian from Kattenau. Ordained by Dr. Deutsch in 1708 on the Friday after the 20th Sunday after Trinity at the Castle [church]. He was born in Kattenau on 31 March 1675. Introduced here in 1708 on the 24th Sunday after Trinity. Under the direction of Dr. Wegner, he disputed on Holy Scripture in 1703; moreover, in 1705 he published a treatise on ancient idols, in quarto format, and also one on the Lithuanian language¹³. His ancestors came from Meissen; there his grandfather George Ruhig was mayor of Liebenwerda, while the latter’s son Paul Ruhig was an engineer and captain of the Schwenkels in Memel. The son of Pastor Philipp Ruhig and, on his mother’s side, the grandson of Theophil Schultz, both served as pastors in Kattenau¹⁴. He died on 5 April 1749¹⁵ and was buried on [?] 7 April.

The author of another Prussian presbyterology, Kurzgefaßte Historische Nachrichten von allen im Königreiche Preußen befindlichen Kirchen und Predigern bei denselben (1757), Friedrich Pastenaci (1718–1770), merely mentioned that Ruhig, alongside other religious and linguistic works, had translated several hymns, but did not specify their number:

He was a thoroughly accomplished Lithuanian, and worked diligently on the translation of the Old and New Testaments, which was published in 1733. The first eleven sermons from M. Langhansen’s [Children=Sermon¹⁶] on the Gospels were translated by him, as were also some hymns. <…>

For more on this work by Quandt, considered lost by Lithuanian researchers after the Second World War and recently returned to scholarly circulation, a manuscript work important as a source for the biographies of creators of Lithuanian writings, see Triškaitė 2018: 125–176.

13 When mentioning the treatise “de Lingva Lituanica” (QPP IV 34r), Quandt most likely had in mind Ruhig’s linguistic work, which was initially written in Latin, still before 1708, later revised and in 1735 sent under the title Meletema to his fellow countryman David Wilke (David Wilke, Wilkins, 1685–1745), living in London, for publication there, but nevertheless printed in Königsberg in 1745 in German under the title Betrachtung der Littauischen Sprache in ihrem Ursprunge, Wesen und Eigenschaften (see Zinkevičius 2008: 164–165).

14 For a translation of the quoted fragment, cf. Blažienė 2020: 27.

15 Other sources state that Ruhig died on 6 April 1749 (see Pastenaci 1757: 109; Arnoldt 1777: 108; BrŽA II 20; ZM V 1528).

16 The part of the compound word given in square brackets [] was entered by hand in the margin of the publication.

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In 1745 he published a critical study of the Lithuanian language, and in 1747 brought out a Lithuanian=-German and German=-Lithuanian lexicon, which was the first to be printed in Prussia. His son Paul Friedrich Ruhig, who at that time was a teacher at the Lithuanian Seminary in Königsberg, also published a Lithuanian grammar in that same year, which his father reviewed and improved^¹⁷

He was a true Lithuanian and diligently translated the O[ld] and N[ew] Testament, which appeared in 1733.¹⁸ He translated the first eleven sermons on the Gospel from M[aster] Langhansen’s Vaikų postilės, as well as several hymns. <...> In 1745 he published a critical study of the Lithuanian language, and in 1747 a Lithuanian–German and German–Lithuanian dictionary, which was the first dictionary printed in Prussia. His son Paul Friedrich Ruhig, then a teacher at the Lithuanian Language Seminary in Königsberg, also published a Lithuanian grammar in that same year, which his father reviewed and improved.

Ruhig himself mentioned his hymns, as well as his translation of other religious texts—the Bible and Langhansen’s postil Kinder-Postille—in the prefaces to two linguistic works: the treatise Betrachtung der Littauischen Sprache in ihrem Ursprunge, Wesen und Eigenschaften (Königsberg, 1745) and the bilingual and bidirectional dictionary Littauisch–Deutsches und Deutsch–Littauisches Lexicon (Königsberg, 1747). In the preface to the dictionary, Ruhig stated:

Anno 1723. wurde nebft andern Confratribus zur Ueberſetzung des neuen, und hernach des alten Teſtaments, gezogen. Als solche Arbeit A. 1733. geendiget war, auch einige Lieder, und die erſten eilf Predigten Herrn M. Langhanſens eingeſchickt hatte, fing ich an dieſes Wörterbuch zu fertigen^¹⁹.

In 1723, together with other confratres, I was enlisted to translate the New and subsequently the Old Testament. When this work was completed in 1733 and I had already sent several hymns and the first eleven sermons of Master Langhansen, I began to compile this dictionary^²⁰.

In the preface to the treatise, Ruhig wrote:

<...> through GOD’s grace the new translation of the Bible and hymns came forth, and I too was commissioned^²¹.

¹⁷ Pastenaci 1757: 108–109. ¹⁸ It should be noted that the Old Testament was in fact finished being translated in 1733, whereas the New Testament had already been published in 1727, and the complete Lithuanian Bible was printed in 1735. ¹⁹ Ruhig 1744–05–11: [4r]. ²⁰ Ruigys 1986: 384. ²¹ Ruhig 1745: 4.

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<...> through [G]od’s grace the time came to translate anew the Bible and hymns, and this was also entrusted to me^²².

As can be seen, in the prefaces to his works Ruhig mentions having contributed to translations of religious texts of three genres: the Bible (both the New and Old Testaments), sermons, and hymns. Ruhig’s formulations imply that he undertook this work at the behest of the church authorities (most likely invited by Quandt or Behrendt). In neither the preface to the dictionary nor that to the treatise did Ruhig disclose the number of his hymns. As already mentioned, the historiography of Lithuanian writings gives somewhat varying figures for their number (see the Introduction). It is therefore important to establish below what the primary sources—the editions and editorial versions of the surviving official church Evangelical Lutheran hymnals of Prussian Lithuania—testify.

2. HOW MANY OF RUHIG’S HYMNS WERE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL CHURCH EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN HYMNAL OF PRUSSIAN LITHUANIA?

2.1. Ruhig’s hymns were first published in 1732—in the first edition of the revised official church Evangelical Lutheran hymnal prepared by the Bishop of Insterburg, Behrendt, Jß naujo pèrweizdetos ir pagérintos Giesmū–Knygos, which appeared in Königsberg at the printing house of Johann Friedrich Reusnner (see Fig. 2)^²³. This and subsequent editions appeared under the supervision of the aforementioned professor of theology at the University of Königsberg and chief court preacher, Quandt. This is the so-called Quandt–Behrendt hymnal. The basis for this new collection of hymns was the third edition of Daniel Klein’s (1609–1666) hymnal Naujos Giesmių Knygos (Königsberg, 1666), published under the title Naujos pagérintos Giesmiū–Knygos (Königsberg, 1705) and prepared by Friedrich Sigismund Schuster (1671–1750)^²⁴. The so-called Quandt–Behrendt hymnal appeared five more times: ^{²1735, ³1738, ⁴1740, ⁵1745, ⁶1748} m.

This hymnal essentially continued the tradition, present in earlier hymnals, of naming the creators of hymns; in it, however, the translators or authors of the new texts, unlike their predecessors who had lived in earlier centuries, were identified not by surnames but by cryptonyms—the reason for this distinction was explained by Quandt himself in the German preface to the hymnal: so that the names of deceased hymn creators and translators would not be forgotten, while the living would not be tempted by pride^²⁵.

^²² Ruigys 1986: 108.

^²³ At present, only one copy of the first (1732) edition of this hymnal is known; it is held at the Berlin State Library—Prussian Cultural Heritage (German Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz; SBB PK: En 9820) (see Kaunas 1986: 269; LBP 18, No. 135).

^²⁴ LB I 45, No. 135. For more on this hymnal, see Michelini 2009: 97–131; 2010.

^²⁵ The only copy of the first edition known today (see footnote 23) has no preface. The earliest preface by Quandt is known from the second edition; see Quandt 1735–12–01: [VII–VIII].

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Figure 2. G1732: title page; SBB PK: En 9820

In both the first and later editions, Ruhig’s hymns were marked with the cryptonym “P. R. P. W.”, that is, Lat. P[hilippus] R[uhigius], P[astor] W[alterkemensis] (Eng. Philipp Ruhig, pastor of Walterkehmen) (see Figs. 3, 4), making them easy to identify. These cryptonyms show that a total of 9 hymns by Ruhig were published in the 1732 edition. It should be recalled that the first edition of the so-called Quandt–Behrendt hymnal consisted of a main section (G1732 1–358, Nos. 1–301) and an appendix, “APPENDIX arba Kittos naujos Giesmės ßwėžey pridėtos” (G1732 359–408, Nos. 302–335). Ruhig’s hymns occur in both sections of the hymnal. Six of his hymns are found in the main section^²⁶:

1) “Dabar su angelu pulkų”^²⁷ (G1732 8–9, No. 10),

2) “Jėzus miels atėjo” (G1732 13–14, No. 14),

^²⁶ Here and below, they are listed in the order in which they appear in this hymnal edition.

^²⁷ In different hymnals, the spelling of the titles of Ruhig’s hymns (which coincided with the first line of the hymn) varied somewhat; therefore, here and below they are given in modern spelling. When a specific hymnal edition is quoted, the authentic spelling is retained.

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Figure 3. G1732 199: fragment of Johann Franck’s hymn “Jesu, meine Freude” (“Jėzau, džiaugsmas mano”) translated by Ruhig; SBB PK: En 9820

3) “Jėzau, mano džiaugsmas”²⁸ (G1732 199–200, No. 182) (see Fig. 3), 4) “Nesitūžyk taip, širde­le” (G1732 204–206, No. 186), 5) “Ak, kaip galim svietą šį mylėti” (G1732 343–344, No. 292), 6) “Ak, gražus dangau” (G1732 356–357, No. 300). The appendix contains three more hymns by Ruhig: 7) “Jėzus, mano mielasis” (G1732 375–376, No. 314), 8) “Ką galiu aš, griešnas, veikti” (G1732 381–382, No. 318), 9) “Dangaus saulelė mieliausi[a]” (G1732 401–403, No. 330).

With these texts by Ruhig, the repertoire of the official hymnal was enriched by expanding several thematic groups of hymns. The first two hymns in the main section were placed in the section “Christmas

²⁸ In later editions (no later than the fifth edition, which appeared in 1745), the beginning of this hymn was changed to “Jėzau, džiaugsmas mano” (for more on this, see section 4).

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hymns about Christ’s birth,” two others in the section “Hymns of consolation,” and the remaining two, respectively, in the sections “Hymns about the day of judgment and resurrection” and “Hymns about eternal heavenly joy.” The hymns published in the appendix belong to three thematic groups: “For Easter,” “Hymns about confession of sins,” and “At evening time.”

Thus, the primary-source data require correction both of Biržiška’s statement quoted in the Introduction that Ruhig “submitted 12 hymns to the new Quandt–Behrendt hymnal of 1732”²⁹ and of the information provided in encyclopedias.

It should be recalled that, besides Ruhig, the expansion of this official hymnal’s repertoire was contributed to by its compiler, Behrendt himself, and several other Prussian Lithuanian clergymen: the then pastor of Jurbarkas, Petras Gotlybas Mielcke, a particularly active assistant to Quandt and Behrendt, and his brother-in-law, the pastor of Papeliai, Adomas Frydrichas Schimmelpfennig (1699–1763), as well as the pastor of Želva, Kristijonas Štimeris (Christian Stimer, Stimehr, 1676–1750), the pastor of Klaipėda, Abraomas Dovydas Liuneburgas (Abraham David Lüneburg, 1670–1743), and the pastor of Rusnė, Jonas Jokūbas Šperberis (Johann Jacob Sperber, 1679–1741). The cryptonyms given in G1732 show that in the first edition Mielcke published 19 hymns, Behrendt 18, Schimmelpfennig 15, Stimer 4, and Lüneburg and Sperber one each. In addition, G1732 included 8 hymns by pastors who had already died: 3 each by the pastor of Katyčiai, Johannes Andreas Caesar (~1650–1710), and the pastor of Pilupėnai, Christoph Poll (?–1693), and 2 by the pastor of Narkyčiai, Friedrich Christoph Rabe (1669–1720). A total of 335 hymns were published in the first edition (see G1732), of which, according to Michelini, approximately eighty are new texts³⁰. Quantitatively, Ruhig’s contribution (9 hymns) in the 1732 edition was neither the largest nor the smallest: among the new hymns, his texts account for approximately 12 percent, and of the entire hymnal, 2.7 percent.

By the end of Ruhig’s life (he died on 6 April 1749, aged 74), several more of his hymns had been published in editions of the official hymnal (see below).

2.2. Only three years after the appearance of the first edition, the second edition was printed in Königsberg in 1735³¹. This edition was supplemented with 26 new hymns, submitted by two pastors of Prussian Lithuania: Fabijonas Ulrichas Glazeris (Fabian Ulrich Glaser, 1688–1747), who published 18 hymns in the official hymnal for the first time, and the aforementioned Šimelpenigis, who contributed 8 further new translations. Meanwhile, the number of Ruigys’s hymns remained unchanged: the same 9 hymns published as early as 1732 were included (see Table 1 and Fig. 4). The only difference was that the three hymns which had been placed in the appendix in the first edition, “APPENDIX arba Kittos naujos Giesmės βwžėzey pridėtos,” were already integrated into the main part of the hymnal in the second edition,

²⁹ BržA II 21.

³⁰ Michelini 2009: 104; see also the latest texts of the 1732 edition, published with German originals and commentary: Michelini 2010: 67–209.

³¹ The only known copy of the second (1735) edition is currently held at the National Library of the Czech Republic (Czech Národní knihovna České republiky; NK ČR: 33 K 139) in Prague. For more on this edition, previously considered lost, and its recently discovered copy, see Triškaitė 2020: 33–82.

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Figure 4. G1735 394: fragment of Ruigys’s translation of Simon Dach’s hymn “Schöner Himmelssaal” (“Oh, beautiful heaven”); NK ČR: 33 K 139

in the hymns of the corresponding thematic group (as, moreover, were all the other hymns published in this appendix): the hymn “Jesus, my beloved” (G1732 375–376, No. 314 [App.]) was placed in the section “Hymns for Easter” (G1735 66–67, No. 66), “What can I, a sinner, do” (G1732 381–382, No. 318 [App.]) in the section “On confession, or the confession of sins” (G1735 141, No. 133), and “The little sun of heaven, most beloved” (G1732 401–403, No. 330 [App.]) in the section “Hymns sung in the evenings” (G1735 321–322, No. 273).

2.3. At present, no data are available on Ruigys’s hymns in the third (1738) and fourth (1740) editions of the so-called Quandt-Behrendt hymnal, since not a single surviving copy of either is currently known³². Until copies of these editions are found, it is impossible to say precisely,

³² These two editions of the hymnal are recorded in the Lithuanian bibliography on the basis of Quandt’s prefaces in later editions and the earlier bibliographies of Karol Estreicher, Silvestras Baltramaitis, and Vaclovas Biržiška (LB I 46, Nos. 137–138; Quandt 1745–05–01: [IV]; Quandt 1748–03–01: [V]; Quandt 1757–09–04: 3r; Estreicher 1903: 97; see also Estreicher 1899: 139; Baltramaitis 1904: 14, Nos. 87, 89; Biržiška 1924: col. 55, Nos. 158, 161).

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when and how many new hymns by Ruigys were incorporated into the official hymnal. The surviving primary sources (i.e., hymnals) and the testimonies of some contemporaries (e.g., Quandt and Ostermejeris) make it possible to reconstruct the following quantitative changes in the official hymnal: G1732 published 335 hymns, G1735 – 360, G1738 – [360], G1740 – [400], G1745 – 409, 1748 – 417^³³. Given that the total number of hymns in the second (1735) and third (1738) editions is identical, it may be assumed that new hymns by Ruigys could have entered the hymnal only from the fourth edition (1740) onward.

2.4. For now, it can be stated with certainty only that in the fifth edition that has survived to the present day^³⁴, published in Königsberg in 1745, three new hymns by Ruigys (i.e., not published in the 1732 and 1735 editions) had already been added:

10) “Spirit of God, you holy one” (G1745 86–88, No. 96), 11) “Awake now, little soul” (G1745 110, No. 120), 12) “A little drop of grapes” (G1745 411–412, No. 398) (cf. Table 1).

In other words, between 1735 (and most likely 1740) and 1745, that is, between the second (and probably the fourth) and fifth editions, the so-called Quandt-Behrendt hymnal was supplemented by three more hymns by Ruigys. These texts added, respectively, to three thematic hymn groups in the official hymnal: “On the Holy Spirit,” “On the holy day,” and “On the eternal joy of heaven.” These three hymns are also present in the sixth edition (see G1748 86–88, No. 96; G1748 110, No. 120; G1748 411–412, No. 398 and Table 1)^³⁵. Thus, by the middle of the eighteenth century, more precisely in the 1740s, the number of Ruigys’s hymns in the official hymnal had risen to 12.

2.5. As new editions of the official hymnal were issued and compilers and editors changed, Ruigys’s hymns continued to be included in new revisions and editions of this collection of hymns. Biržiška stated: “Šimelpenigis also repeated all of them in his hymnal”^³⁶.

An analysis of the repertoire of the official hymnal shows that 12 hymns by Ruigys were consistently published in the editions of Adomas Frydrichas Šimelpenigis, Karolis Gotardas Keberis (Karl Gotthard Keber, 1756–1835), and Frydrichas Kuršaitis (Friedrich Kurschat, 1806–1884)^³⁷ (see,

³³ See Triškaitė 2020: 61. ³⁴ Only one copy of the fifth (1745) edition is known; it is held at the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg (ЛБ 1044) (LB I 46–47, No. 139) and is inaccessible. Nevertheless, it was possible to include this edition in the analysis by using its microfilm, held at the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania (LNB: MF 67–69). ³⁵ Two copies of the sixth (1748) edition are currently known: one is held at the State Library of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation in Berlin (SBB PK: En 9822) (LBP 18, No. 140), and the other, defective, at the Vilnius University Library (VUB: Lᵣ 810/1) (LB I 47, No. 140). ³⁶ BržA II 21. ³⁷ For more on the so-called Šimelpenigis, Keberis, and Kuršaitis hymnals, see respectively Michelini 2009: 132–153, 181–184, 185–194. On the genesis and language of Keberis’s hymnals, see also Kabašinskaitė 2001: 13–54.

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for example, G[1752]³⁸, G1757³⁹ and Table 1). All these hymns by Ruigys were also taken over into the hymnal Pagerintos giesmių knygos published in 1936 by the Evangelical Consistory of the Klaipėda Region—the last edition of the official Evangelical Lutheran hymnal of Prussian Lithuania before the Second World War (see G1936 and cf. Table 1).

Table 1. Ruigys’s hymns and their reception in editions of the official church Evangelical Lutheran hymnal from the eighteenth to the twentieth century

No. | Titles of hymns published by Ruigys (number of stanzas) | G1732 hymn no., page | G1735 hymn no., page | G1745, G1748 hymn no., page | G[1752], G1757 hymn no., page | G1832 hymn no., page | G1877, G1936 hymn no., page 1. | “Now with the host of angels” (4 stanzas) | No. 10, pp. 8–9 | No. 13, pp. 11–12 | No. 15, pp. 12–13 | No. 15, pp. 12–13 | No. 15, pp. 14–15 | No. 15, pp. 12–13 2. | “Jesus has come, beloved” (4 stanzas) | No. 14, pp. 13–14 | No. 17, p. 16 | No. 19, pp. 16–17 | No. 19, pp. 16–17 | No. 19, p. 16ᶜ | No. 19, pp. 16–17 3. | “Spirit of God, you holy one” (13 stanzas) | – | – | No. 96, pp. 86–88 | No. 96, pp. 86–88 | No. 96, pp. 91–93 | No. 96, pp. 86–88⁴⁰ 4. | “Awake now, little soul” (7 stanzas) | – | – | No. 120, p. 110 | No. 120, p. 110 | No. 120, pp. 119–120 | No. 120, p. 110⁴¹ 5. | “Jesus, my joy”⁴² (6 stanzas) | No. 182, pp. 199–200 | No. 206, pp. 229–230 | No. 248, pp. 252–253 | No. 248, pp. 252–253 | No. 248, pp. 288–289 | No. 248, pp. 252–253⁴³ 6. | “Do not grieve so, little heart” (12 stanzas) | No. 186, pp. 204–206 | No. 212, pp. 237–239 | No. 256, pp. 260–262 | No. 256, pp. 260–262⁴⁴ | No. 256, pp. 298–300 | No. 256, pp. 260–262 7. | “Oh, how can we love this world” (8 stanzas) | No. 292, pp. 343–344 | No. 324, pp. 381–382 | No. 387, p. 398 | No. 387, p. 398 | No. 387, pp. 364–465 | No. 387, p. 398 8. | “Oh, beautiful heaven” (9 stanzas) | No. 300, pp. 356–357 | No. 332, pp. 394–395 | No. 395, pp. 408–409 | No. 394, pp. 406–407 | No. 394, pp. 475–476 | No. 394, pp. 406–407⁴⁵

³⁸ The article draws on a copy of the hymnal held at the Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore, which has survived without a title page (LLTIB: B 1956). Quandt’s preface is dated September 4, 1752, while the title page of the prayer book bound together with the hymnal indicates 1753. The preface by Quandt in the ninth, i.e. 1757, edition of the hymnal states that the preceding, i.e. eighth, edition appeared in 1752 (Quandt 1757–09–04: 3r). ³⁹ Only one copy of the 1757 edition is known; it is held at the National Library of Russia in Saint Petersburg (LB I 386–387, No. 1099). It was possible to consult this edition using its microfilm held at the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB: Mf 391). ⁴⁰ The hymn was also taken over into G2007 (176–177, No. 119, 6 stanzas). ⁴¹ Under the revised title “Awake, my soul,” the hymn was taken over into G2007 (237–238, No. 165, 5 stanzas). ⁴² G1732, G1735: “Jesus, my joy.” ⁴³ Under the revised title “Jesus, source of joy,” the hymn was taken over into G2007 (415–416, No. 310, 4 stanzas). ⁴⁴ G1757 has “162” instead of “262.” ⁴⁵ Under the slightly revised title “Oh, beautiful heaven,” the hymn was taken over into G2007 (752–753, No. 566, 9 stanzas).

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9. “A little drop of grapes” (10 stanzas) – – No. 398, pp. 411–412 No. 387⁴⁶, pp. 409–410 No. 397, pp. 479–480 No. 397, pp. 409–410⁴⁷ 10. “Jesus, my beloved” (10 stanzas) No. 314, pp. 375–376 [App.] No. 66, pp. 66–67 No. 77, pp. 70–71 No. 77⁴⁸, pp. 70–71 No. 77, pp. 71–73 No. 77, pp. 70–71⁴⁹ 11. “What can I, a sinner, do” (7 stanzas) No. 318, pp. 381–382 [App.] No. 133, p. 141 No. 156, pp. 148–149 No. 156, pp. 148–149 No. 156, pp. 165–166 No. 156, pp. 148–149⁵⁰ 12. “The little sun of heaven, most beloved” (9 stanzas) No. 330, pp. 401–403 [App.] No. 273, pp. 321–322 No. 321, pp. 333–334 No. 321, pp. 333–334 No. 321, pp. 386–387 No. 321, pp. 333–334⁵¹

2.6. It should also be mentioned that Ruigys’s hymns were published not only in the official hymnal. For example, the aforementioned pastor of Trempai, Ostermejeris, although he assessed Ruigys’s creative talent critically⁵², had included some of his hymns in the hymnal he compiled, Giesmės Šventos Bažnyčioje ir Namėję giedojamos (Königsberg, 1781)⁵³. It is impossible to state their exact number, since no copy of Ostermejeris’s hymnal has yet been found, but the wording in his work Erste Littauische Liedergeschichte makes it clear that there were at least two⁵⁴, but probably more.

All 12 hymns by Ruigys were published in his hymnal Senos ir naujos krikščioniškos Giesmės (Königsberg, 1806)⁵⁵ by the cantor of Pillkallen, Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus (Christian Gottlieb Mielcke, 1733–1807), son of Ruigys’s associate Petras Gotlybas Milkus, who prepared a new collection of hymns on his own initiative and thus opposed Ostermejeris over the principles of hymn editing (see MG1806 12–13, No. 14; 16–17, No. 18; 72–73, No. 75; 87–89, No. 90; 109–110, No. 110; 146–147, No. 144; 254–255, No. 226; 264–266, No. 234; 334–336, No. 288; 395–396, No. 344; 400–401, No. 348; 403–405, No. 351).

It is interesting that one of Ruigys’s hymns also appealed to the Pietists: Inga Strungytė-Liugienė, who studies the writings of this religious community, has established that the hymn translated by Ruigys, “Jesus, my joy” (← Johann Franck, “Jesu meine Freude”), was published without identifying the translator in the hymnal compiled by Kristijonas Endrikis Mertikaitis

46 G[1752] has “No. 387” instead of “No. 397.” 47 The hymn was taken over into G2007 (720–722, No. 542, 8 stanzas). 48 G1757 has “No. 57” instead of “No. 77.” 49 The hymn was taken over into G2007 (144–145, No. 95, 9 stanzas). 50 Under the revised title “What can I, guilty, do,” it was taken over into G2007 (604, No. 458, 7 stanzas). 51 Under the revised title “The sun of heaven is most beloved,” it was taken over into G2007 (581–582, No. 440, 4 stanzas). 52 Oster meyer 1793: 124–128; Ostermejeris 1996: 361–363. 53 This title of the hymnal, which most likely did not survive, is given by its compiler Ostermejeris himself (Ostermeyer 1793: 153). For more on Ostermejeris’s hymnal, see Michelini 2009: 154–166. 54 Cf.: “Wer es indeffen wiſſen will, darf die beyden Lieder nur in meinem Gefangbuch nachfehen und mit dem alten Auffatʒ vergleichen” (Ostermeyer 1793: 128; “Whoever nevertheless wishes to know more may simply look at both hymns in my hymnal and compare them with the old version” (Ostermejeris 1996: 363)). 55 For more on Milkus’s hymnal, see Michelini 2009: 166–180.

Visokios naujos giesmės arba evangeliški psalmai (Tilsit, ¹1817; see MerG1825 252–254, No. 123), but it should be noted that this is a variant of Ruigys’s translation, supplemented with 7 stanzas⁵⁶.

Although the Evangelical Lutheran hymnals that functioned in Lithuania from the mid-twentieth century and continue to function to this day are not the direct object of this study, it is nevertheless important to mention that Ruigys’s hymns are also present in the current Evangelical Lutheran hymnal Krikščioniškos giesmės (2007), published by the consistory of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lithuania. Here, however, they are one-third fewer in number—8 (see G2007 and the comments to Table 1)—and, moreover, they have been heavily edited (for the nature of the editing, see Section 4).

3. AUTHORSHIP OF RUIGYS’S HYMNS

Of the 12 hymns by Ruigys published in the official church Evangelical Lutheran hymnal of Prussian Lithuania, 11 are translations, while one hymn—the Pentecost hymn “Spirit of God, you holy one”—is an original work written by Ruigys himself. This was already stated by Ostermejeris, who published the first history of Lithuanian hymnals, Erste Littauische Liedergeschichte (see the quotation in the Introduction)⁵⁷. Ruigys’s original hymn was first published no later than 1745, i.e. in the fifth edition of the hymnal (see Section 2).

The authors of the 11 German hymns translated by Ruigys were well-known creators of the Baroque period: Heinrich Albertis (1604–1651), Simon Dach (1605–1659), Johann Flittner (1618–1678), Erasmus Finx (Francisci, 1627–1694), Johann Franck (1618–1677), Paul Gerhardt (1607–1676), Peter (von) Hagen (Petrus Hagius, 1569–1620), Louise Henriette, Electress of Brandenburg (1627–1667), Michael Schernack (1622–1675), and Christian Scriver (1629–1693) (see Table 2). Among these sixteenth- and seventeenth-century creators are two authors regarded as classics of the Baroque period—Dach and Gerhardt. Three of the ten—Albertis, Dach, and Hagen—belong to the circle of Königsberg hymn writers⁵⁸. In Königsberg, most likely encouraged by Dach, Franck, a law student at the local university, also became interested in religious poetry and returned to his native land after his studies⁵⁹.

Ruigys translated two hymns by Albertis and one by each of the other authors. Among them was Dach’s particularly popular hymn “Schöner Himmelssaal”⁶⁰. Ruigys appears to have been the first to translate into Lithuanian

⁵⁶ Strungytė–Liugienė 2014: 38, 130.

⁵⁷ Ostermeyer 1793: 125; Ostermეjeris 1996: 362.

⁵⁸ Albertis, who came from Thuringia, studied at the universities of Leipzig and Königsberg, and from 1631 served for the rest of his life as organist at Königsberg Cathedral (see Koch 1973 [1867]b: 191–197 for more details); 6 of his hymns have been translated into Lithuanian (Michelini 2009: 276). Dach, who was born in Klaipėda, studied theology and philosophy at the University of Königsberg, then taught poetics there, was elected rector, composed numerous secular poems and hymns, is the author of the well-known work “Anke von Tharau,” and is regarded as one of the most significant representatives of German Baroque literature (see Koch 1973 [1867]b: 182–191 for more details); 27 of his hymns have been translated into Lithuanian (Michelini 2009: 279–280). Hagen was born in Prussia and served as rector of the Königsberg cathedral school for nearly two decades (see Koch 1973 [1867]a: 275–276 for more details); 9 of his hymns have been translated into Lithuanian (Michelini 2009: 287).

⁵⁹ For more on Franck, see Koch 1973 [1867]b: 378–385; see also Michelini 2009: 282.

⁶⁰ On the reception of Dach’s hymns in eighteenth-century Lithuanian hymnals, especially in the collection of hymns prepared by Kristijonas Gotlybas Milkus, see Sidabraitė 2008: 397–409.

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into Lithuanian, after Flittner’s and Scriver’s hymns⁶¹. In translating the hymns, he preserved the original structure, i.e. he did not shorten the translations (see Table 2)⁶².

Table 2. Hymns by Pilypas Ruigys published in Prussian Lithuanian Evangelical Lutheran hymnals from the eighteenth to the first half of the twentieth century

Titles of Ruigys’s hymns (number of stanzas)

Titles of the German originals of the hymns translated by Ruigys (number of stanzas)

Authors of the hymns

“Oh, beautiful heaven” (9 stanzas) ← “Schöner Himmelssaal” (9 stanzas)⁶³ Simon Dach (1605–1659)

“Oh, how can we love this world” (8 stanzas) ← “O wie mögen wir doch unser Leben” (8 stanzas)⁶⁴ Heinrich Alberti (1604–1651)

“Now with the host of angels” (4 stanzas) ← “Nun laßt uns mit den Engelein” (4 stanzas)⁶⁵ Peter (von) Hagen (1569–1620)

“The sun of heaven, most beloved” (9 stanzas) ← “Der lieben Sonnen Licht und Pracht” (9 stanzas)⁶⁶ Christian Scriver (1629–1693)

“Spirit of God, you holy one” (13 stanzas) – Pilypas Ruigys (1675–1749)

“Jesus, my joy” (G1732, G1735: “Jesus, my joy”) (6 stanzas) ← “Jesu, meine Freude” (6 stanzas)⁶⁷ Johann Franck (1618–1677)

“Jesus, my beloved” (10 stanzas) ← “Jesus, meine Zuversicht” (10 stanzas)⁶⁸ Louise Henriette von Brandenburg (1627–1667)

“Beloved Jesus has come” (4 stanzas) ← “Unser Heil ist kommen” (4 stanzas)⁶⁹ Heinrich Alberti

⁶¹ See Michelini 2009: 282, 301.

⁶² The authors of the German originals and the number of stanzas were established on the basis of Alberto Friedricho Wilhelmo Fischerio’s work Kirchenlieder-Lexicon (vols. I–II, 1878, 1879); in addition, the current Evangelical Lutheran hymnal Krikščioniškos giesmės (2007), which indicates the authors of the text and melody and the translators alongside the hymns, was consulted, as were the studies of Guido Michelini (2009; 2010). Three hymns translated by Ruigys—Albertis’s “Unser Heil ist kommen,” Dach’s “Schöner Himmelssaal,” and Hagen’s “Nun laßt uns mit den Engelein”—are not mentioned in Fischer’s work; regarding their authorship, see Koch 1973 [1867]a; 1973 [1867]b; see also Michelini 2010: 225–226.

⁶³ Koch 1973 [1867]b: 190.

⁶⁴ Fischer 1879: 216.

⁶⁵ Koch 1973 [1867]a: 276; 1973 [1867]b: 257; Wackernagel 1990 [1870]: 333.

⁶⁶ Fischer 1878: 111.

⁶⁷ Fischer 1878: 378–379.

⁶⁸ Fischer 1878: 390–396.

⁶⁹ Koch 1973 [1867]b: 196, 278.

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“What can I, a sinner, do” (7 stanzas)

← “Ach was soll ich Sünder machen” (7 stanzas)^⁷⁰

Johann Flittner (1618–1678)

“A little drop of grapes” (10 stanzas)

← “Ein Tröpflein von den Erasmus Finx Reben” (10 stanzas)^⁷¹

Erasmus Finx (Francisci, 1627–1694)

“Do not grieve so, little heart” (12 stanzas)

← “Weg, mein Herz, mit den Gedanken” (12 stanzas)^⁷²

Paul Gerhardt (1607–1676)

“Awake now, little soul” (7 stanzas)

← “Wohl auf, Herz und Gemüte” (7 stanzas)^⁷³

Michael Schernack (1622–1675)

4. EDITING TRENDS IN RUIGYS’S HYMNS

4.1. Ruigys’s hymns began to be edited even before 1732, when they were first published in the first edition of the Quandt-Behrendt hymnal. The only thing that remained unchanged until the eve of the Second World War was the structure of Ruigys’s hymns, i.e. the number of stanzas (cf. G1732 and G1936).

According to Ostermejeris, Ruigys was indignant that the beginning of his translated hymn “Jesus, my joy” had been corrupted: in the first editions of the Quandt-Behrendt hymnal, “Jesus, my joy and the nourishment of my heart” was printed, for which the translator blamed the hymnal’s compiler, Behrendt, and his assistant Milkus^⁷⁴. Indeed, both the first and the second editions contain the following translation: “IEzau mano Džiaugimas, ir Sȝirdies Penukšlas” (G1732 199, No. 182; G1735 229, No. 206). It may be assumed that, when editing the text of this hymn, the translation was brought closer to the German original: Franck’s hymn, first published in 1653 in Johann Crüger’s hymnal Praxis pietatis melica, begins with the words “IEßu meine freude / Meines hertẓens weyde.” This passage was later corrected, probably to the form in which Ruigys had originally translated it. The correction can be seen in the fifth edition of the Quandt-Behrendt hymnal: “Jėzau Džiaugsmas mano, kurs man Sȝirdį gano” (G1745 252, No. 248). This version of the translation also survived into the 1930s: “Jėzau, Džiaugsmаs mano, kurs man Sȝirdį gano” (G1936 252, No. 248).

It should be noted that, in writing his history of Lithuanian hymnals, Ostermejeris criticized nearly all of Ruigys’s hymns: “Jesus, my beloved,” “Spirit of God, you holy one,” “Awake now, little soul,” “Do not grieve so, little heart,” “The sun of heaven, most beloved,” “Oh, how can we love this world,” “Oh, beautiful heaven,” and “A little drop of grapes”^⁷⁵. Regarding the lexicographical work—a bilingual dictionary—as Ruigys’s most valuable achievement, Ostermejeris assessed his creative talent and translations critically and stated that his “poetry is not pure, but rather rigid and awkward; the same may be said of the original hymn”^⁷⁶. Given this critical assessment, it is likely that

^⁷⁰ Fischer 1878: 26–27.

^⁷¹ Fischer 1878: 162–163.

^⁷² Fischer 1879: 340.

^⁷³ Fischer 1879: 406.

^⁷⁴ For more details, see Ostermeyer 1793: 112–113; Ostermejeris 1999: 356–357.

^⁷⁵ For an assessment of Ruigys’s hymns, see Ostermeyer 1793: 124–128; Ostermejeris 1999: 361–363.

^⁷⁶ Ostermeyer 1793: 260; Ostermejeris 1996: 421.

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that, when incorporating Ruigys’s hymns into his own hymnal, Giesmes βwentos Bažnyczioje ir Namej’ giedojamos, he also edited them to a greater or lesser extent.

4.2. A comparative analysis of Ruigys’s hymns published in the 1732 and 1735 editions shows that their editing was essentially linguistic in nature. The corrections visible in these hymns correspond to the general tendencies in the editing of the G1735 texts^⁷⁷.

Most of the changes concern orthography. For example, the diacritic grapheme <č> established in Klein’s Lithuanian grammar Grammatica Litvanica (Königsberg, 1653) to denote the soft affricate [č’]^⁷⁸, used consistently in G1732, was persistently changed in G1735, which appeared three years later, to the digraph <cз>, while also abandoning the <i> marking palatalization, i.e. [č’] <č> → <cз>, e.g.: fėdinčiamui G1732 8 → fėdinčzamui G1735 11; krikβčioniβkay G1732 14 → krikβczoniβkay G1735 16; not kenčiu G1732 199 → not kenczu G1735 230; however G1732 204, 205 → taczau G1735 238; mylėčiau G1732 206 → myleczau G1735 239; βiós G1732 376 → G1735 βós 67.

For the consonants [ž] and [ž’], the grapheme with the diacritic <ž> is systematically used instead of <з>, i.e. [ž] and [ž’] <з> → <ž>, e.g.: Žmones G1732 8 → Žmones G1735 11; Žémės G1732 199 → Žémės G1735 230; Žodij’ G1732 204 → Žodij’ G1735 237. In truth, this grapheme had occasionally already appeared in G1732.

The spelling of the affricate [dž] was also changed, i.e. <dз> → <dž>, e.g.: fyndžufi G1732 401 → fyndžufi G1735 321; paffidžaugdama G1732 401 → paffidžaugdama G1735 321; faldžey G1732 357 → faldžey G1735 395.

The vowel [eː] is increasingly represented by the grapheme <ė> created by Klein, i.e. [eː] <e> → <ė>, e.g.: tewiβkay G1732 199 → tewiβkay G1735 230; tyleti G1732 199 → tylėti G1735 230; paƒleptas G1732 343 → paƒlēptas G1735 382.

The spelling of some morphological forms was corrected. For example, the spelling of the third-person ending of the subjunctive mood after the consonant <j> was corrected: te ƒmarkauje G1732 199 → te ƒmarkauja G1735 230; te ruƒtauje G1732 199 → te ruƒtūja G1735 230. The spelling of present participles formed with the suffix -ant after the same consonant was also changed: ƒaugojent G1732 199 → ƒaug ojant G1735 229; lojent G1732 199 → lojant G1735 229.

The acute accent, which marked not only a broader, longer manner of vowel pronunciation^⁷⁹ but also a stressed syllable, was used increasingly; when placed over diphthongs and mixed diphthongs, it also indicated a falling pitch accent, e.g.: gelbti G1732 8 → gélbti G1735 11; Meilės G1732 199 → Meílės G1735 230; gers G1732 204 → gę́rs G1735 237; galim G1732 343 → gálim G1735 381; Pakajaus ‘ramybės’ G1732 402 → Pakājaus G1735 321; ten G1732 357 → tén G1735 395.

There are only one or two corrections at the phonetic level. Usually, cases of the conflation of [eː] and [ie], [oː] and [uo] are corrected, arising from the characteristic feature of the Western Highland Lithuanian dialects of Prussian Lithuania

^⁷⁷ For more detail on the editing tendencies of the hymns published in the 1735 edition, see Triškaitė 2020: 62–67.

^⁷⁸ See Klein 1653: 4–5.

^⁷⁹ See Klein 1653: 2.

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the pronunciation of these sounds becoming similar, in other words, the diphthongization of [eː], [oː] and monophthongization of [ie], [uo], e.g.: apgiedints G1732 382 → apgiedints G1735 141; Liėpna G1732 205 → Liėpna G1735 239; nekaddõs G1732 205 → niekaddõs G1735 239; Waldūnui ‘to the ruler’ G1732 9 → Waldonui G1735 12.

Morphological-level corrections also occur. For example, the plural inessive ending of nominal forms is corrected, e.g.: iness. pl. m. Elgimūfa G1732 8 → Elgimūfe G1735 11; Wargūfa G1732 8 → Wargūfe G1735 11. This direction of correction was most likely inspired by the rule established in Klein’s grammar that the plural inessive forms of the feminine gender are written with –sa, and those of the masculine gender with –se⁸⁰. Also noteworthy is the replacement of the prefix pave- with suve-: paffigriebijom ‘we sinned’ G1732 205 → fu̇ffigriebijom G1735 239. It is true that this correction may also be associated with stylistic motives. This type of correction probably also includes the alteration of the adverbial form, in which the atypically added particle g(i) was omitted: Dėl’ to G1732 8, 9 → Dėl to G1735 11, 12.

The lexicon was altered several times: ô G1732 8, 381 → ir G1735 11, 141; Márȯfe G1732 205 → Iurȯfe G1735 239; Patėba G1732 356 → Pagalba G1735 394.

The remaining typographical errors in G1732 were corrected, e.g.: Skanũmmo G1732 206 → Skanũmmo G1735 239; Ėkiti G1732 199 → Ėkiti G1735 230. The following cases probably also belong among the typographical errors: acc. sg. f. Karaly̆te G1732 344 → Karaly̆te G1735 382; Ranką G1732 375 → Ranką G1735 66; Naktì G1732 403 → Naktì G1735 322; acc. sg. m. Iẽžų G1732 401 → Iẽžų G1735 321.

4.3. As mentioned, no surviving copy of the third (1738) or fourth (1740) editions of the Kvanto-Berento Hymnal is currently known, and therefore there is no data on how Ruigys’s hymns were edited in them or whether they were edited at all.

4.4. New editing tendencies are reflected in Ruigys’s hymns in the fifth (1745) edition of the Quandt-Behrendt hymnal. First of all, it should be noted that regular reverse corrections compared with the second edition have been observed. For instance, the digraph affricate <dž> → <dž>, e.g.: Džaugfmas G1732 199, G1735 229 → Džaugfmas G1745 252; Džaugfmui G1732 200, G1735 230 → Džaugfmui G1745 252; Džaugfma G1732 205, G1735 238 → Džaugfma G1745 261; ne geidžiu G1732 204, ne geidžiu G1735 238 → ne geidžiu G1745 261; Kerdžus ‘shepherd’ G1732 204, G1735 238 → Kerdžus G1745 261; atleidž G1732 205, atleidž G1735 238 → atleidž G1745 261; Sudžia ‘judge’ G1732 343, Sudža G1735 382 → Sudža G1745 398; glaudžey G1732 375, G1735 66 → glaudžey G1745 71; didžų G1732 403, G1735 322 → didžų G1745 334. The same tendency is maintained in other similar cases as well, e.g.: Sźlowės G1732 375, G1735 66 → Sźlowės G1745 71; Grožybe G1732 401, G1735 321 → Grozybe G1745 333.

There is variation in the use of the acute accent. On the one hand, G1745 continues the efforts visible in G1735 to place this diacritic, which usually marks a broader, longer pronunciation of these vowels or a stressed syllable, and also the falling intonation, e.g.: Skarbas ‘wealth’ G1732 199, G1735

⁸⁰ See Klein 1653: 29.

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230 → Skárbas G1745 252; Darbas G1732 199, G1735 230 → Dárbas G1745 252; Lutas ‘lion’ G1732 204, G1735 238 → Lút[as] G1745 251. On the other hand, contrary cases have been recorded: durnódams ‘while acting foolishly’ G1732 199, G1735 230 → durnodams G1745 252; begédodams G1732 199, G1735 230 → begiedod[ams] G1745 252; Mónai ‘deception’ G1732 199, G1735 230 → Monai G1745 252.

Unlike in the earlier editions, the fifth shows an evident tendency to abandon the acute in the verbal suffix -oti, as well as the circumflex in the word root and suffixes, e.g.: jėbḱoti G1732 204, G1735 238 → jėbkoti G1745 261; kilnóti G1732 13, G1735 16 → kilnoti G1745 17; paƒƒidabóti ‘to beware’ G1732 204, G1735 238 → paƒƒidaboti G1745 261; kôl G1732 375, G1735 66 → kol G1745 71; nôr G1732 199, G1735 230 → nor G1745 252; apƒaugôt G1732 8, G1735 11 → apƒa[u]got’ G1745 12; žaibôt G1732 199, G1735 230 → žaibot G1745 252.

New in this edition is also the fact that the spelling of the pronouns jis and tu, used in the sentence instead of the names Dievas and Jėzus, Kristus, changed systematically: previously they were generally written with a capital letter, whereas in G1745 the lowercase is used throughout, e.g.: Iis G1732 200, G1735 230 → jis G1745 253; Io G1732 204, G1735 238 → jo G1745 260; Iam G1732 401, G1735 321 → jam G1745 333; Į G1732 381, G1735 141 → jį G1745 148; Taw G1732 344, G1735 382 → taw G1745 398; Tawẽs G1732 199, Tawęs G1735 229 → taw[ęs] G1745 252; Tawe G1732 357, Tawę G1735 395 → tawę G1745 409; Tu G1732 356, G1735 395 → tu G1745 409; Tawęƒpi G1732 357, G1735 395 → tawępi G1745 409; Tawim’ G1732 357, G1735 395 → tawim’ G1745 409.

There is a tendency to write substantivized pronominal forms of adjectives and pronouns with a lowercase letter: Gerruiũ G1732 356, 357, G1735 394, 395 → ger[r]uiũ G1745 408, gerru[ũ] G1745 409; Pikteji G1732 344, G1735 382 → piktieji G1745 398 (this example also shows the replacement of <e> with <ie>); Sawujũ G1732 357, G1735 395 → ƒawu[jũ] G1745 409; Smutnujũ ‘the sorrowful, the dejected’ G1732 381, G1735 141 → ƒmutnujũ G1745 148 (cf. the adjective Sudnoj ‘of the Last Judgment’ G1732 382, G1735 141 → ƒudnoj’ G1745 149).

An attempt was made to reflect the reduced ending more consistently with an apostrophe, e.g.: Swiets G1732 199, G1735 230 → Swiet’s G1745 252; atƒtôkit G1732 199, G1735 230 → atƒtokit’ G1745 252; dũkit G1732 199, G1735 230 → dũkit’ G1745 252; iƒklút ‘to escape, to be saved’ G1732 205, G1735 238 → iƒklút’ G1745 261; priim G1732 205, G1735 239 → priim’ G1745 261; kreipkit G1732 376, G1735 67 → kreipkit’ G1745 71; gywen G1732 382, gywẽn G1735 141 → gywẽn’ G1745 149; užmiegt G1732 402, G1735 321 → užmiegt’ G1745 334. The apostrophe is also written in place of a vowel “elided” because of the number of syllables: Prieƒpinks G1732 199, G1735 230 → Prieƒp’nink’s G1745 252.

As before, there are corrections at the phonetic level: cases of the conflation of [ęː] and [ie], [oː] and [uo] were corrected, e.g.: dowanója G1732 8, G1735 11 → dowanoja G1745 13; Nėkai G1732 199, G1735 230 → Niekai G1745 252; paƒilėkt G1732 205, G1735 238 → paƒiliekt G1745 261; Piktieji G1732 344, G1735 382 → piktieji G1745 398; elgũs G1732 344, G1735 382 → elgùs G1745 398; dėƒos G1732 381, G1735 141 → deƒùs G1745 148.

G1745 shows that the beginning of Ruigys’s hymn “Jesus, my joy” was corrected in this edition (or perhaps already in the previous 1740 edition), about the editing of which he once complained

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(see section 4.1): Iɛӡau mano Dӡaugfmas, ir Sӡirdies Penukblas G1732 199, G1735 229 → Iɛӡau Dӡaugfmas mano, kurs man Sӡirdi gano G1745 252.

It is also worth noting that this edition contains changes at the graphic level: probably because of the printing house’s capabilities, the vowel [ɛ·] alongside the typeface <ė> begins to be marked alternately with <ė>, although its phonetic value remains the same, e.g.: atėjo G1732 13, G1735 16 → atėjo G1745 16.

4.5. The sixth (1748), i.e. the final edition of the so-called Kvanto–Berento Hymnal, differs little from the fifth (1745); the few corrections recorded in Ruigys’s hymns essentially reflect the same editing principles applied in G1745. One or another change appears, it seems, only at the level of punctuation or in the placement of individual diacritics.

4.6. No new, more pronounced editing tendencies are observed either in Ruigys’s hymns published in the so-called classical Šimelpenigis Hymnal (cf. G1748 and G[1752], G1757). Nevertheless, there are individual corrections of various kinds, e.g. the redundant reflexive particle is omitted: nef’ bijokis G1732 204, G1735 238, G1745 260, G1748 260 → nebijokis G[1752] 260, nebijokis’ G1757 260; the conjunction o is occasionally replaced by the conjunctions bet ar ir: ô wey G1732 204, o wey G1735 238, G1745 260, G1748 260, G[1752] 260 → bet wey G1757 260; ô G1732 204, o G1735 238, G1745 261, G1748 261, G[1752] 261 → ir G1757 261; syntactic constructions are also corrected: Tai dara Dwaſe βwencziama G1732 9, Tai dara Dwaſe βwenczama G1735 12, tai dara Dwaſe βwencзama G1745 13, G1748 13 → tai Darb’s Dwaſės βwentinnancзós G[1752] 13, G1757 13, etc.

It should be mentioned that the typography of some typefaces changes in the Šimelpenigis hymnals; more precisely, typefaces marking nasal vowels with a stroke are replaced by typefaces with a “nasal mark”: <ą> → <ą>, <ę> → <ę> (while the typefaces marking the other two nasal vowels, <į> and <ų>, retain the stroke), e.g.: Diewą G1732 8, G1735 11, G1745 12, G1748 12 → Diewą G[1752] 12, G1757 12; mielą G1732 8, G1735 11, G1745 12, G1748 12 → mielą G[1752] 12, G1757 12; Mergėlę G1732 13, G1735 16, G1748 16 → Mergėlę G[1752] 17, G1757 17.

4.7. In Ruigys’s hymns published in Keber’s hymnal, issued in 1832, important new editing features are already visible compared with the texts still edited by Šimelpenigis himself at the beginning of the second half of the eighteenth century⁸¹. First of all, a tendency to abandon the doubling of consonants marking the shortness of the preceding syllable’s vowel becomes apparent, e.g.: dangįʃkaffis G1732 205, G1735 239, G1745 261, G1748 261, G[1752] 261, G1757 261 → dangįʃkafis G1832 300; diddeli G1732 205, G1735 239, G1745 262, G1748 262, G[1752] 262, G1757 [2]62 → dideli G1832 300; labbay G1732 205, G1735 239, G1745 262, G1748 262, G[1752] 262, G1757 [2]62 → labay G1832 300; Meddus G1732 200, G1735 230, G1745 253, G1748 253, G[1752] 253, G1757 253 → Medus G1832 289; mielaffis G1732 8, G1735 11, G1745 12, G1748 12, G[1752] 12, G1757 12 → mielafis G1832 14; tikkrafis G1732 8, G1735 11, G1745 12, G1748 12, G[1752] 12, G1757 12 → tikrafis G1832 14, although variation is still

^⁸¹ For the linguistic features of Keber’s hymnal, see Kabašinskaitė 2001: 45–47.

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unavoidable. Double consonants are retained fairly systematically in the suffixes of abstract nouns –immas and –ummas⁸², e.g.: Suffimėgtumas G1732 8, G1735 11, G1745 12, G1748 12, G[1752] 12, G1757 12 → Sufimėgtumas G1832 15.

There is also a gradual return to marking consonant palatalization with the letter <i>⁸³, e.g.: mylėčiau G1732 206, mylėčiau G1735 239, G1745 262, G1748 262, G[1752] 262, G1757 [2]62 → mylėčiau G1832 300; Kerdžus G1732 204, G1735 238, Kerdžus G1745 261, G1748 261, G[1752] 261, G1757 261 → Kerdžius G1832 299; Klyftančiųjų G1732 204, Klyftanczjų G1735 238, G1745 261, G1748 261, G[1752] 261, G1757 261 → Klyftancziujų G1832 299; ne geidžiu G1732 204, ne geidžų G1735 238, ne geidzu G1745 261, G1748 261, G[1752] 261, G1757 261 → ne geidžiu G1832 299. It should be recalled that in the first edition of the Quandt-Behrendt hymnal, in certain cases, most often after the consonant <č>, the affricate <dž>, following Klein’s declared rules, this sign reflecting consonant softness was already used.

Among corrections of a different nature, the change of case is noteworthy: Garbe taw Diewui wiffaday G1732 8, G1735 11, Garbe taw, Diewui wiffaday G1745 12, G1748 12, G1757 12 → Garbe taw, Diewe, wiffaday G1832 14.

A graphic-level change should also be mentioned—the alteration of type used to denote the vowel [e:], namely <ė> → <ė>, e.g.: Tėwa G1732 8, G1735 11, G1748 12, Tėwą G[1752] 12, G1757 12 → Tėwą G1832 14; Iėzus G1732 13, G1735 16, G1748 16, G[1752] 16, G1757 16 → Iėzus G1832 16(c); norėjo G1732 13, G1735 16, G1748 16, G[1752] 16, G1757 16 → norėjo G1832 16(c); mylėti G1732 14, G1735 16, G1748 17, G[1752] 17, G1757 17 → mylėti G1832 16(c).

4.8. The most prominent feature of Kuršaitis’s editing, reflected in Ruigys’s hymns, is an even more consistent and radical abandonment of double consonants, e.g.: Gerrummo G1732 205, G1735 239, G1745 262, G1748 262, G[1752] 262, G1757 [2]62, Gerrummo G1832 300 → Gerumo G1877 262; prigimmęs G1732 204, G1735 238, G1745 260, G1748 260, prigimmęs G[1752] 260, G1757 260, G1832 299 → prigimęs G1877 260; wiffaday G1732 8, G1735 11, G1745 12, G1748 12, G[1752] 12, G1757 12, G1832 14 → wiffaday G1877 12, although cases of the previously customary spelling still occasionally slip through.

There is also an even more decisive return to the systematic marking of consonant palatalization with the character <i>, e.g.: Žmonių ‘of people’ G1732 9, G1735 12, G1745 13, Žmonių G1748 13, G[1752] 13, G1757 13, G1832 15 → Žmonių G1877 13; įsneboti G1732 13, G1735 16, G1745 17, G1748 17, G[1752] 17, G1757 17, G1832 16(c) → įsnebioti G1877 17; krikščioniškay G1732 14, krikščioniškay G1735 16, G1745 17, G1748 17, G[1752] 17, G1757 17, G1832 16(c) → krikščioniškay G1877 17; Awėlų G1732 204, G1735 238, G1745 261, G1748 261, G[1752] 261, G1757 261, G1832 299 → Awėlių G1877 261; Angelėlams G1732 205, G1735

⁸² That in Keber’s hymnal the abstract nouns with the suffixes –immas, –ummas are still written with double consonants, see Kabašinskaitė 2001: 45.

⁸³ In Keber’s hymnal, the softness mark was introduced after the soft consonants [č’], [dž’], [š’], [ž’] (Kabašinskaitė 2001: 45).

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238, G1745 261, G1748 261, G[1752] 261, G1757 261, Angėlams G1832 300 → Angėlėliams G1877 261.

Nasal letters or <u> with a circumflex begin to be used in the penultimate syllable of the corresponding pronominal forms, e.g.: acc. sg. f. Sz̄wentaje G1732 13, G1735 16, [βω]entaje G1745 17, βwentaje G1748 17, G[1752] 17, G1757 17, βwentaje G1832 16(c) → βwentaje G1877 17; acc. sg. m. mieląjį G1732 13, G1735 16, G1745 17, G1748 17, G[1752] 17, G1757 17, mieląjį G1832 16(c) → mieląjį G1877 17; gen. pl. Gundintujų G1732 205, G1735 238, G1745 261, G1748 261, G[1752] 261, G1757 261, Gundintujų G1832 299 → Gundintujų G1877 261; gen. pl. Bėdnujų ‘of the poor’ G1732 8, G1735 11, G1745 13, B[ẽ]dnujų G1748 13, Bėdnujų G[1752] 13, G1757 13, B[ẽ]dnujų G1832 14 → Bėdnujų G1877 13.

Cases of the conflation of [ė] and [ie] are corrected, e.g.: teber G1732 204, teb er G1735 237, tebėr G1745 260, teb[ė]r G1748 260, tebėr G[1752] 260, G1757 260, tebėr G1832 299 → tebier G1877 260; praes. 2 sg. wertės G1732 204, G1735 238, wert[ẽ]s G1745 260, wertės G1748 260, wertės G[1752] 260, G1757 260, wertės G1832 299 → werties G1877 260; Ne wienėms Gerrėm’s G1732 204, G1735 238, G1745 261, G1748 261, Ne wienėms Gerrėm’s G[1752] 261, G1757 261, Ne wienėms Gerėm’s G1832 299 → Ne wieni ems Gerėm’s G1877 261; nėkin G1732 205, G1735 238, G1745 261, G1748 261, G[1752] 261, G1757 261, nėkin G1832 299 → niekin G1877 261.

Among the morphological-level corrections, it should be mentioned that in Ruigys’s hymn “Jesus, the dear one has come,” a derivative with the suffix -ėlis was replaced by a derivative with the suffix -ulis: Pawargelis G1732 13, G1735 16, Pawargėlis G1745 17, G1748 17, G[1752] 17, G1757 17, Pawargelis G1832 16(c) → Pawargulis G1877 17.

4.9. No new editing directions can be seen in Ruigys’s hymns in the last Evangelical Lutheran hymnal published before the Second World War, Pagerintos giesmių knygos, printed in 1936 in Klaipėda, which by then belonged to the Republic of Lithuania, at the “Lituania” printing house. Only the principles of linguistic editing applied as early as the nineteenth century were followed even more consistently; for example, cases of consonant doubling (especially involving <<ff>>) that had slipped through in earlier editions were corrected, and the character marking consonant palatalization, <i>, was applied even more persistently. It is true that Kuršaitis’s proposed variant darbybinis paůargulis was not adopted; instead, the derivative formerly used, with the suffix –ėlis, was restored—pavargėlis. The word marios was changed to marės and inflected according to a different paradigm. Punctuation was also reviewed: sentence boundaries were re-established, while within the sentence its segmentation was refined or different punctuation marks were chosen (e.g., a colon instead of a semicolon).

According to Domas Kaunas, this hymnal was assessed unfavorably because of its particularly large size (696 hymns). In addition, the society of the time disagreed about the language of the hymns, which over several centuries had already grown considerably distant from actual usage: the older generation of believers wanted to preserve stability and opposed linguistic changes, whereas the intelligentsia demanded that the language of the hymnal be carefully edited according to contemporary norms; moreover, it was proposed that the Gothic typeface be replaced by

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the Latin^⁸⁴. As Darius Petkūnas’s research demonstrates, the Consistory of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lithuania, cooperating with the Consistory of the Evangelical Reformed Church of Lithuania, sought to prepare an ecumenical hymnal in the standard language; however, a new collection of hymns was printed in 1942 only by the Reformed Church^⁸⁵.

Without going into how the compilers of the ecumenical hymnal succeeded in realizing their aims, why the Lutherans did not embrace it, or analyzing the Evangelical Lutheran hymnals that functioned in Lithuania and the diaspora in the second half of the twentieth century, it can nevertheless be stated briefly that during the three centuries of Ruigys’s hymns’ existence they were edited most intensively in preparing the current Lutheran hymnal Krikščioniškos giesmės (2007): here, 8 texts published under Ruigys’s surname have most substantially changed their original form. The editing is not only linguistic (i.e. spelling, punctuation, lexicon, morphology, and syntax were corrected), but also encompasses artistic expression; in addition, there are structural changes (i.e. the number of stanzas was reduced). The hymns adopted include not only translations but also a hymn composed by Ruigys himself, “Dvasia Dievo tu šventoji,” though considerably shortened: only 6 of the original 13 stanzas remain. According to the compilers of the new hymnal, the aim of preserving the cultural heritage of Lithuanian hymnody and including old hymns in the collection’s repertoire, while also responding to the current needs of the Lutheran community, inevitably required more radical editing of the old texts: not only abandoning lexical and syntactic foreignisms, as well as archaic words and their forms, but also ensuring fluent versification in accordance with poetic rules, adapting the hymn text to the melody, i.e. aligning the melody’s rhythm with the natural stress of correct language, striving for the best possible articulation of the texts when sung, and, to avoid repetition of content, reducing the number of stanzas, etc.^⁸⁶

5. CONCLUSIONS

1. Analysis based on primary sources made it possible to reconstruct Ruigys’s contribution to the expansion of the repertoire of the official church Evangelical Lutheran hymnal. On the one hand, it revealed that the Lithuanian hymnal was supplemented gradually with hymns translated and composed by Ruigys. On the other hand, it confirmed the claim of Ostermejeris, the author of the first history of Lithuanian hymnals Erste Littauische Liedergeschichte (1793), that Ruigys had given the Lithuanian hymnal a total of 12 hymns.

2. Ruigys’s hymns, first published in Berento’s hymnal ĮB naujo pėrweizdėtos ir pagėrintos Giesmū-Knygos (Königsberg, ^¹1732), became a stable part of the repertoire of the official Lithuanian church Evangelical Lutheran hymnal and survived not only into the fourth decade of the twentieth century but some of them, admittedly in a substantially updated form, even into the present day.

^⁸⁴ For the contemporary assessment of the Improved Hymn Books published in Klaipėda in 1936 and earlier (1930), as well as the aspirations of the intelligentsia, see Kaunas 1996: 618–619.

^⁸⁵ For more on the prewar Evangelical Lutheran efforts to publish a hymnal in the standard Lithuanian language, see Petkūnas 2012: 7–26; on the ecumenical hymnal jointly prepared by Lutherans and Reformed and the collection of hymns approved and printed solely by the Reformed in 1942, see Petkūnas 2019: 41–68; on the hymnal prepared during the Soviet period according to the norms of the standard language and its three editions (Maldų ir giesmių knygelė ¹1956, Giesmių ir maldų knygelė ²1982, ³1988), see Petkūnas 2023: 54–77.

^⁸⁶ For more detail on the editing principles of the new Evangelical Lutheran hymnal Krikščioniškos giesmės, see Kiseliūnaitė 2012: 59–65.

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3. Contrary to Biržiška’s view, 9 hymns by Ruigys were published in the first (1732) edition of the so-called Kvanto-Berento Hymnal (this was already implied by Michelini’s research). They made up approximately 12 percent of the new hymns in this edition. Exactly the same number was published in the second (1735). At present there is no data on Ruigys’s hymns in the third (1738) and fourth (1740) editions, since no copy of either edition is currently known. Nevertheless, the analysis carried out revealed that by the middle of the eighteenth century the repertoire of the official hymnal had been supplemented with new hymns by Ruigys: a further 3 of his hymns were published in the fifth (1745) edition; in other words, their total number rose to 12. Thus, from approximately the fifth decade of the eighteenth century, all these hymns by Ruigys were reprinted until the eve of the Second World War: the last edition of Pagerintos giesmių knygos (Klaipėda, 1936) still contains 12 hymns by Ruigys. They are also found in the current Evangelical Lutheran hymnal Krikščioniškos giesmės (Vilnius, 2007), though one third fewer—8, including Ruigys’s original hymn “Dvasia Dievo tu šventoji,” albeit considerably shortened and edited. This nearly three-century continuity of Ruigys’s hymns attests to their durability and relevance for the Lutheran community today.

4. Ruigys’s hymns were published not only in the official Evangelical Lutheran hymnal: for example, some appeared in Ostermejeris’s collection of hymns Giesmės βwentos Bažnyčioje ir Namėję giedojamos (Königsberg, 1781), while all 12 were adopted into Milkus’s Senos ir naujos krikščioniškos Giesmės (Königsberg, 1806).

5. Beginning with the first (1732) edition of the Kvanto-Berento Hymnal, Ruigys’s hymns were edited to a greater or lesser extent. A review of the editing of these hymns in hymnals from the eighteenth to the first half of the twentieth century revealed that linguistic corrections essentially predominated. They affected several levels: orthography and punctuation were corrected most often, but phonetic, morphological, lexical, and syntactic corrections also occurred occasionally. Some corrections may have been motivated by stylistic considerations. It is likely that the more pronounced tendencies in correcting Ruigys’s hymns discussed here also reflected the general editing tendencies of particular hymnals and the linguistic attitudes of their editors, which changed over time.

ŠALTINIAI

G1732: Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagerintos Giefmû=Knygos [Newly Revised and Improved Hymn Books] / kurrûſe brangiaûſos fėnos ir naujos Giefmes ſuraßytos / Diewui ant Garbės / ir Prūſû Karalystėje eſantiems Lietuwininkams ant Dubû Ißgânimo / podraug ſu Maldû=Knygomis / kurrûſe ne tiktay fėnos, bet ir naujos Maldos randamos yra, Karalaucźuie, Anno 1732. Ißpaustos Jono Prideriko Reufnero; SBB PK: En 9820. (Internetinis leidinys: Jonas Berentas, Iš naujo perveizdėtos ir pagerintos giesmių knygos, 1732, dokumentinį perrašą ir žodžių formų konkordancijas par. B. Triškaitė, V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2025. Prieiga internete: https://senie jirastai.lki.lt.)

G1735: Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagerintos Giefmû=Knygos [Newly Revised and Improved Hymn Books] / kurrûſe brangiaûſos fėnos ir naujos Giefmes ſuraßytos / Diewui ant Garbės, ir Prūſû Karalystėje eſantiems Lietuwininkams ant Dubû Ißgânimo, podraug ſu

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Maldū=Knygomis, kurrūfe ne tiktay fėnos, bet ir naujos Maldos randamos yra. Antra Karta išspāu̇tos Karalāučzuje, Mėte 1735. <...>; NK ČR: 33 K 139.

G1745: Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagėrintos Giefmû=Knygos [Newly Revised and Improved Hymn Books] / kurrūfe brangiáufos fėnos ir naujos Giefmes furaßytos, Diewui ant Garbės ir Prufû Karalyftėje eßantiems Lietuwininkams ant Dubû Ißgánimo podraug fu Maldū=Knygomis, kurrūfe ne tiktay fėnos, bet ir naujos Maldos randamos yra. Penkta Karta išßpáuftos Karaláučzuje, Mėte 1745. Raßtais Reufneraus; Rusijos mokslų akademijos biblioteka Sankt Peterburge: Л6 1044; LNB: MF 67–69 (mikrofilmas).

G1748: Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagėrintos Giefmû=Knygos [Newly Revised and Improved Hymn Books], kurrūfe brangiáufos fėnos ir naujos Giefmes furaßytos, Diewui ant Garbės ir Prufû Karalyftėje eßantiems Lietuwininkams ant Dubû Ißgánimo podraug fu Maldū=Knygomis, kurrūfe ne tiktay fėnos, bet ir naujos Maldos randamos yra. Szeßta Karta išßpáuftos, Karaláučzuje, Mėte 1748. Raßtais Karalaus; SBB PK: En 9822.

G[1752]: [Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagėrintos Giefmû=Knygos [Newly Revised and Improved Hymn Books], kurrūfe brangiáufos fėnos ir naujos Giefmes furaßytos, Diewui ant Garbės ir Prufû Karalyftėje eßantiems Lietuwininkams ant Dubû Ißgánimo podraug fu Maldū=Knygomis, kurrūfe ne tiktay fėnos, bet ir naujos Maldos randamos yra. <...>, Karaláuczjuje, Mėte <...>]; LLTIB: B 1956 (def., pavadinimas pateiktas pagal 1748 m. leidimą).

G1757: Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagėrintos Giefmû=Knygos [Newly Revised and Improved Hymn Books], kurrūfe brangiáufos fėnos ir naujos Giefmes furaßytos, Diewui ant Garbės ir Prufû Karalyftėje eßantiems Lietuwininkams ant Dubû Ißgánimo podraug fu Maldū=Knygomis, kurrūfe ne tiktay fėnos, bet ir naujos Maldos randamos yra. Dewintą Karta išßpáuftos, Karaláuczjuje: Raßtais išßpáuftas pas Ioną Endr. Artungą, Mėte 1757; Rusijos nacionalinė biblioteka Sankt Peterburge; LMAVB: Mf 391 (mikrofilmas).

G1832: Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagėrintos Giefmû=Knygos [Newly Revised and Improved Hymn Books], kurrofa brangiáufos fėnos ir naujos Giefmes furaßytos Diewui ant Garbės ir Prufû Karalyftėje eßantiems Lietuwininkams ant Dubû Ißgánimo podraug fu Maldū=Knygomis, kurrofa ne tiktay fėnos, bet ir naujos Maldos randamus yra, Karaláuczjuje: Ißpáuftos karalißkoje Knyg=Drukkawonėjo Artungo. Prieiga internete: www.epaveldas.lt [žiūrėta 2025–10–20].

G1877: Pagėrintos Giefmîų=Knygos [Improved Hymnal], kuriofá brangiáufos fėnos ir naujos Giefmės furaßytos Diewui ant Garbės ir Prufû Karalyftėje eßantiemsiems Lietuwininkams ant Dubû Ißgánimo podraug fu Maldū=Knygomis, kuriofia ne tiktay fėnos, bet ir naujos Maldos randamos yra. Iß Naujo pérweizdėtos per F. Kurßatį, Lietuwininkų Kunigą Karaláuczjuje, Königsberg, 1877. Hartungfche Zeitungs= und Verlags=Druckerei. Prieiga internete: www.epaveldas.lt [žiūrėta 2025–10–20].

G1936: Pagerintos Giefmių Knygos [Improved Hymnal], kuriofe brangiáufos fėnos ir naujos Giefmės furaßytos Diewui ant Garbės ir Lietuwininkams ant Dubių Ißgánymo podraug fu Maldū Knygomis bei nauju trecziosios Dalies Papildymu. Naujai išleido Klaipėdos Krašto

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Evangelі̆koji Konfistorija 1936 Metais. Spausdinta Įpautuwėje „Lituania“, Klaipėda, Palangos gatvė 23/24. Prieiga internete: www.epaveldas.lt [žiūrėta 2025–10–20].

G2007: Kri̇kščioniškos giesmės [Christian Hymns], sud. L. Fetingis, redakcijos komisija: D. Petkūnas, L. Fetingis, D. Kiseliūnaitė, B. Skirsgilas, Vilnius: Lietuvos evangelikų liuteronų bažnyčios konsistorija, Lietuvos Biblijos draugija, 2007.

MG1806: Sėnos ir naujos kri̇ɛßcʒoniškos Giesmės [Old and New Christian Hymns], урасʒey Senn iemfiems ant Gėro ƒu didel eis Raßtais ißßpa uƒtos draug ƒu naujom’s Maldū Knygėlėmis, Karaláucz uje: Knygdrukawonej’ Lebrekto Eringo, Mette 1806. Prieiga internete: www.epaveldas.lt [žiūrėta 2025–10–20].

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Blažienė Grasil da 2020: Įmintos ir neįmenamos Povilo Frydricho Ruigio gyvenimo ir kūrybos mįslės. – Pouilas Frydrichas Ruigys, O. Aleknavičienė, G. Blažienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 17–121.

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Fischer Albert Friedrich Wilhelm 1878–1879: Kirchenlieder=Lexicon [Lexicon of Hymns]. Hymnologisch=literarische Nachweisungen über ca. 4500 der wichtigsten und verbreitetsten Kirchenlieder aller Zeiten in alphabetischer Folge nebst einer Uebersicht der Liederdichter. Zusammengeftellt von Albert Friedrich Wilhelm Fischer, Oberpfarrer zu Groß=Ottersleben, Superintendent a. D. <...>, Gotha: Friedrich Andreas Perthes.

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Kaunas Domas 1986: Knygotyrinė lituanika VDR bibliotekose. Tėminė literatūros apžvalga pagal 1985.XI.05–XII.20 komandiruotėje surinktą medžiagą [Lithuanian Books in East German Libraries. Thematic Literature Review Based on Material Collected during a Business Trip from 1985.XI.05 to XII.20], Vilnius (mašinraštis).

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Kiseliūnaitė Dalia 2012: Giesmyno „Krikščioniškos giesmės“ (2007) tekstų redakcija: ieškojimai ir rezultatai [The Editing of the Hymnal “Krikščioniškos giesmės” (2007) Texts: Research and Results]. – Res Humanitariae 11, 54–71.

Klein Daniel 1653: GRAMMATICA Litvanica [Lithuanian Grammar] Mandato & Autoritate SERENISSIMI ELECTORIS BRANDENBURGICI adornata, & præviâ Censurâ primum in lucem edita à M. DANIELE Klein / Pastore Tilf. Litu. Præmissa est ad Lectorem Præfatio non minus utilis, quàm necessaria. <...> REGIOMONTI: Typis & sumptibus JOHANNIS REUSNERI, ANNO χωρισ†γονίας cIo. Ioс. LIII. [1653]. (Faksimilinis leidimas: Pirmoji lietuvių kalbos gramatika. 1653 metai, 65–272; su indeksu. Internetinis leidinys: Danielius Kleinas, Grammatica Litvanica, 1653, dokumentinį perrašą ir žodžių formų konkordancijas par. M. Šinkūnas, V. Zinkevičius, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2011. Prieiga internete: https://seniejirastai.lki.lt.)

Koch Eduard Emil 1973 [1867]a: Geschichte des Kirchenlieds und Kirchengesangs der christlichen, insbesondere der deutschen evangelischen Kirche [The History of Hymns and Church Music in the Christian, particularly in the German Evangelical, Church] 2: Erster Haupttheil. Die Dichter und Sänger, Hildesheim, New York: Georg Olms Verlag.

Koch Eduard Emil 1973 [1867]b: Geschichte des Kirchenlieds und Kirchengesangs der christlichen, insbesondere der deutschen evangelischen Kirche [The History of Hymns and Church Music in the Christian, particularly in the German Evangelical, Church] 3: Erster Haupttheil. Die Dichter und Sänger, Hildesheim, New York: Georg Olms Verlag.

LB I: Lietuvos TSR bibliografija. Serija A. Knygos lietuvių kalba 1: 1547–1861 [The Bibliography of Lithuania. Series A. Books in Lithuanian 1: 1547–1861], Vilnius: Mintis, 1969.

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LBP: Lietuvos bibliografija. Serija A. Knygos lietuvių kalba 1: 1547–1861. Papildymai [The Bibliography of Lithuania. Series A. Books in Lithuanian 1: 1547–1861. Supplements], Vilnius: Mintis, 1990.

Michelini Guido 2009: Mažosios Lietuvos giesmynų istorija: nuo Martyno Mažvydo iki XIX a. pabaigos [The History of Hymnals in Lithuania Minor: From Martynas Mažvydas to the End of the 19th Century], Klaipėda: Klaipėdos universiteto leidykla.

Michelini Guido 2010: Jono Berento ĮBnaũjo pērweizdėtos ir pagērintos Giesmũ Knygos. Mörlino traktato pritaikymas poezijoje [Johann Behrendt’s ĮBnaũjo pērweizdėtos ir pagērintos Giesmũ Knygos. The Application of Mörlin’s Treatise in Poetry], Vilnius: Lietuvos mokslų akademijos leidykla.

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MLEŽa: Concise Encyclopaedia of Lithuania Minor, Vilnius: Foundation of Lithuania Minor (USA, Canada), Science & Encyclopaedia Publishing Centre (Lithuania), 2014.

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Petkūnas Darius 2012: Prieškario Liuteronų bažnyčios pastangos išleisti giesmyną bendrine lietuvių kalba [Pre-War Attempts of the Lutheran Church to Publish a Hymnal in Modern Lithuanian]. – Res Humanitariae 11, 7–26.

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Petkūnas Darius 2019: 1942 m. „ekumeninis“ giesmynas ir jo įdiegimo sunkumai [The ‘Ecumenical’ Evangelical Hymnal of 1942 and Challenges to Its Implementation]. – Mokslo ir tikėjimo dialogai. Tiltai. Priedas 49, 41–68.

Petkūnas Darius 2023: The Publication of a modern Lithuanian language Lutheran hymnal in the Soviet period. – Mokslo ir tikėjimo dialogai. Tiltai. Priedas 53, 54–77.

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Quandt Johann Jacob 1745–05–01: I. N. I. In Christo hertzlich geliebter Leser! [I. N. I. Dear Reader, Beloved in Christ!] – Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagérintos Gieſmũ=Knygos / kur-rūſe brangiáuſos fénoſ ir naujos Gieſmės ſuraßytos, Diewui ant Garbės ir Pruſũ Karalyſteje efantiems Lietuwninkams ant Dubû Ißgánimo podraug ſu Maldũ=Knygomis, kur-rūſe ne tiktay fénoſ, bet ir naujos Maldos randamos yra. Pénkta Karta ißßpáuſtos Karaláucżuje, Mėte 1745. Raßtais Reufneraus, [II–VII].

Quandt Johann Jacob 1748–03–01: I. N. I. In Christo hertzlich geliebter Leser! [I. N. I. Dear Reader, Beloved in Christ!] – Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagérintos Gieſmũ=Knygos, kur-rūſe brangiáuſos fénoſ ir naujos Gieſmės ſuraßytos, Diewui ant Garbės ir Pruſũ Karalyſteje efantiems Lietuwninkams ant Dubû Ißgánimo podraug ſu Maldũ=Knygomis, kur-rūſe ne tiktay fénoſ, bet ir naujos Maldos randamos yra. Szęßtą Karta ißßpáuſtos, Karaláucżuje, Mėte 1748. Raßtais Karalaus, [II–XIII].

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ZM V: Das „Zwischenmanuskript“ zum Altpreußischen evangelischen Pfarrerbuch 5: Obereigner bis Rzadtki [The ‘Interim Manuscript’ to the Old Prussian Evangelical Presbyterology 5: Obereigner to Rzadtki], auf der Grundlage der Sammlungen von F. Moeller bearb. von W. Müller-Dultz, R. Heling, W. Kranz, Hamburg: Selbstverlag des Vereins [für Familienforschung in Ostund Westpreußen e. V. Quellen, Materialien und Sammlungen zur altpreußischen Familienforschung (QMS)], 2014.

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