Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica
2026, ol. 94, pp. 1–15
Con en s link / Tu inio nuo oda
ISSN 2669-218X (online / elek oninis)
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Recei ed: / Gau a: 2026-03-16. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2026-06-12. 1
LINGUISTIC BASIS OF THE KAZAKH-ENGLISH TOPONYMICS
AND EASTERN THEMES AND ETHNOCULTURAL TRAITS IN THE
WORKS OF NURALY NYSANBAYULY
Kazachų-anglų oponimikos ling is inis pag indas i y ie iškos emos bei
e nokul ū iniai b uožai Nu aly’io Nysanbayuly’io da buose
BALNUR KARAYEVA
Depa men o Kazakh Language and Li e a u e, Sou h Kazakhs an Uni e si y named a e
M. Auezo
E-mail: [email p o ec ed]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0009-3405-5345
Fields o esea ch: philology, linguis ics.
BAURZHAN NASIRDINOV
Depa men o Abay anu, Sou h Kazakhs an Uni e si y named a e M. Auezo
E-mail: bnasi dino @alibagl.com
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0004-3248-422Х
Fields o esea ch: philology, linguis ics, li e a u e.
AKYLBEK MEIRBEKOV
Language School, Khoja Akhme Yassawi In e na ional Kazakh-Tu kish Uni e si y
Language School, NPC “Uni e si y o In e na ional Tou ism and Hospi ali y”
E-mail: a.meii beko @iu h.edu.kz
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-9439-0614
Fields o esea ch: philology, linguis ics, educa ion.
NURLIBEK OMAROV
Depa men o Kazakh Language and Li e a u e, Sou h Kazakhs an Uni e si y named a e
M. Auezo
E-mail: Nu libek.oma o .73@mail. u
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8885-817Х
Fields o esea ch: philology, linguis ics.
BAKYT TASPOLATOV
Depa men o Kazakh Language and Li e a u e, Sou h Kazakhs an Uni e si y named a e
M. Auezo
E-mail: Taspola o 7[email p o ec ed]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6480-2155
Fields o esea ch: philology, linguis ics.
2
BOLATBEK TLEUBERDIEV
Facul y o Philology, Sou h Kazakhs an Uni e si y named a e M. Auezo
E-mail: leube die _bola [email p o ec ed]
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6285-5579
Fields o esea ch: philology, linguis ics.
h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/all94-06
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
Nu aly Nysanbayuly (1858–1931) was a p ominen Kazakh aqyn whose wo ks e lec he ansi ional
cul u al and li e a y p ocesses o he la e nine een h and ea ly wen ie h cen u ies. His das ans ep esen
a aluable sou ce o in es iga ing he e hnocul u al ounda ions o he Kazakh wo ld iew and he linguis ic
ea u es o Tu kic li e a y adi ions. This s udy aims o examine N. Nysanbayuly’s wo ks om e hnocul u al
and linguis ic pe spec i es and o iden i y he ela ionship be ween cul u al meaning and language
ep esen a ion in his ex s. The esea ch is based on he das ans “Qa aqül”, “Khanym Sy y”, “Zhe im Qubyl”,
and “Sauda Ishan”. The me hodology combines e hnocul u al in e p e a ion, compa a i e analysis, and
mo phological analysis o linguis ic uni s. The i s pa o he s udy in es iga es he e hnocul u al con en o
he selec ed das ans, ocusing on adi ional cul u al codes and alue sys ems, and hei connec ions o he
Eas e n li e a y adi ion. The analysis demons a es ha N. Nysanbayuly’s wo ks in eg a e elemen s o he
Tu kic epic he i age wi h dis inc i e Kazakh e hnocul u al meanings, he eby shaping an indi idual poe ic
s yle. The second pa examines he mo phological s uc u e o oponyms ound in he au ho ’s ex s h ough
a compa a i e analysis o Kazakh and English oponymic sys ems. The esul s e eal se e al s uc u al
co espondences in he o ma ion o oponyms despi e he ypological and gene ic di e ences be ween he wo
languages. The indings con ibu e o a be e unde s anding o he in e ac ion be ween language and cul u e
in Tu kic li e a u e and p o ide a basis o imp o ing he ansla ion and in e p e a ion o Kazakh oponyms in
English-language con ex s.
KEYWORDS: aqyn, cul u al codes, das an, e hnocul u al analysis, Kazakh li e a u e, N. Nysanbayuly,
oponymic mo phology, oponymy, ansla ion s udies, Tu kic li e a u e.
ANOTACIJA
Nu aly’is Nysanbayuly’is (1858–1931) – žymus kazachų das anas, ku io kū yba a spindi XIX a.
pabaigos i XX a. p adžios pe einamuosius kul ū inius i li e a ū inius p ocesus. Jo das anai y a e ingas
šal inis i ian kazachų pasaulėžiū os e nokul ū inius pag indus i iu kų li e a ū os adicijos kalbinius b uožus.
Šio y imo ikslas – ap a i N. Nysanbayuly’io kū ybą e nokul ū iniu i ling is iniu požiū iu bei nus a y i
kul ū inės eikšmės i kalbos ep ezen acijos yšį jo eks uose. Ty imas pag įs as das anais „Qa aqül“, „Chanym
Sy y“, „Zhe im Qubyl“ i „Sauda Ishan“. Me odologija apima e nokul ū inę in e p e aciją, lyginamąją analizę
i kalbinių iene ų mo ologinę analizę. Pi mojoje y imo dalyje ap a iamas pasi ink ų das anų e nokul ū inis
u inys, daugiausia dėmesio ski ian adiciniams kul ū os kodams, e ybių sis emoms i jų sąsajoms su Ry ų
li e a ū os adicija. Analizė odo, kad N. Nysanbayuly’io kū yba in eg uoja iu kų epinio pa eldo elemen us su
sa i omis kazachų e nokul ū inėmis eikšmėmis, aip o muodama indi idualų poe inį s ilių. An oje s aipsnio
dalyje ap a iama au o iaus eks uose andamų oponimų mo ologinė s uk ū a, a liekan lyginamąją kazachų i
anglų kalbų oponiminių sis emų analizę. Nepaisan ipologinių i gene inių šių d iejų kalbų ski umų, y imo
ezul a ai a skleidžia nemažai s uk ū inių a i ikimų oponimų da yboje. Šie ezul a ai padeda ge iau sup as i
kalbos i kul ū os są eiką iu kų li e a ū oje i su eikia pag indą obulinan kazachų oponimų e imą i
in e p e a imą anglų kalbos kon eks e.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: akynas, kul ū os kodai, das anas, e nokul ū inė analizė, kazachų li e a ū a,
N. Nysanbayul’is, oponiminė mo ologija, oponimija, e imo s udijos, iu kų li e a ū a.
1. INTRODUCTION
Kazakh li e a u e cons i u es a complex and mul ilaye ed sys em o o al and w i en
adi ions ha de eloped o e many cen u ies in close connec ion wi h he his o y, cul u e,
and wo ld iew o he Tu kic peoples. In examining he his o y o Kazakh e bal a , ea ly
monumen s o Tu kic epic and olklo e, such as The Book o Ko ky and Oghuz-nama,
acqui e pa icula signi icance, as hey o m pa o he b oade Tu kic cul u al he i age,
including he Kazakh adi ion (Mammado a 2022: 18; Ga a li 2024: 3). The dep h and
di e si y o Kazakh li e a y cul u e a e shaped bo h by endu ing ies among he Tu kic
peoples and by he long- e m his o ical and poli ical ans o ma ions o he egion
3
(Boescho en 2021). Acco dingly, he s udy o Kazakh akyns’ c ea i e wo k equi es
conside a ion o he e hnocul u al, his o ical, and li e a y con ex s wi hin which hei wo ks
we e o med.
One o he p ominen ep esen a i es o he Kazakh poe ic adi ion is
N. Nysanbayuly (1858–1931), an akyn whose wo k e lec s he ansi ional pe iod be ween
he nine een h and wen ie h cen u ies. N. Nysanbayuly belonged o he adi ion o akyns,
i ine an poe -imp o ise s who di e ed om o he pe o me s o o al epic, such as zhy au
and zhy shy, by hei high deg ee o imp o isa ional skill and indi idual poe ic s yle. Bo n
in he Sy Da ya egion, he a elled h oughou he Kazakh s eppe o e he cou se o his
li e, c ea ing wo ks de o ed o he spi i ual, social, and cul u al li e o he Kazakh people.
His oeu e combines elemen s o he Eas e n classical adi ion and Kazakh na ional poe ics,
making him one o he signi ican ep esen a i es o Kazakh li e a u e o his pe iod.
The eme gence o he akyn and zhy au adi ions da es app oxima ely o he
i een h cen u y (Noda 2021; McGui e 2024: 498). This e lec s one o he cha ac e is ic
ea u es o Tu kic li e a y cul u e, in which he o al epic adi ion long p edomina ed o e
w i en o ms o li e a u e (Subakozhoe a 2022: 634). An impo an componen o his
adi ion was he poe ic con es known as ai ys, based on imp o isa ion and he a is ic
mas e y o pe o me s (Mu salimo a e al. 2022: 469). N. Nysanbayuly’s c ea i e wo k
de eloped p ecisely wi hin his cul u al milieu, which b ough oge he olklo e adi ion,
o al epic, and an indi idual au ho ial oice.
The main body o N. Nysanbayuly’s li e a y he i age consis s o das ans, a gen e o
na a i e poe y ha occupies an impo an place in he Tu kic li e a y adi ion. Ce ain
o ms o he das an can be aced back o ea ly monumen s o Tu kic olklo e o he en h
cen u y, which a es s o he an iqui y and con inui y o his gen e (Huseyno 2023: 59).
Like many ep esen a i es o he classical das an adi ion, N. Nysanbayuly u ned o
his o ical, my hological, and he oic plo s ha e lec ed popula no ions o jus ice, mo ali y,
and spi i ual alues. The use o well-known plo s and mo i s is a cha ac e is ic ea u e o he
classical das an (McGui e 2022: 281).
The e hnocul u al con en o he das ans is closely connec ed wi h he spa ial and
geog aphical wo ld iew e lec ed in he oponymic ocabula y o he wo ks. The oponyms
used in N. Nysanbayuly’s das ans no only deno e speci ic geog aphical objec s bu also
se e an impo an cul u al and symbolic unc ion, associa ed wi h his o ical memo y, local
iden i y, and he dis inc i e ea u es o he popula wo ld iew. The s udy o oponymic
ocabula y enables a deepe unde s anding o he speci ici y o local olklo ic discou se and
he ep esen a ion o e hnocul u al concep s in li e a y ex s (Shu ie a e al. 2024: 194).
Despi e g owing in e es in Tu kic o al li e a u e and e hnolinguis ics, he wo k o
N. Nysanbayuly has so a emained insu icien ly s udied om bo h li e a y and linguis ic
pe spec i es. Exis ing s udies a e p ima ily de o ed o gene al issues in Kazakh olklo e, o al
poe y, o he his o ical and cul u al signi icance o das ans, whe eas he in e ac ion be ween
e hnocul u al ea u es and he oponymic sys em in N. Nysanbayuly’s wo ks has ecei ed
insu icien schola ly a en ion. In he con ex o globalisa ion and he expansion o
in e cul u al communica ion, he s udy o Kazakh li e a y he i age wi hin he in e na ional
schola ly space has become pa icula ly ele an . An analysis o he e hnocul u al ea u es o
N. Nysanbayuly’s das ans and hei ela ionship o he Eas e n li e a y adi ion helps o
cla i y he speci ici y o he Kazakh a is ic wo ld iew. A he same ime, a compa a i e
s udy o Kazakh and English oponyms is o p ac ical in e es o ansla ion s udies and o
he in e lingual ansmission o na ional and cul u al speci ici y.
The p esen s udy aims o p o ide a comp ehensi e analysis o he e hnocul u al
ea u es o N. Nysanbayuly’s das ans and o conduc a compa a i e examina ion o he
s uc u al cha ac e is ics o Kazakh and English oponyms ep esen ed in his wo ks. To
achie e his aim, he s udy seeks o iden i y he e hnocul u al codes and alue sys ems
e lec ed in N. Nysanbayuly’s das ans, de e mine he in luence o Tu kic and Eas e n
4
li e a y adi ions on he au ho ’s poe ic wo ld iew, analyze he unc ions o oponyms and
hei ole in ep esen ing cul u al iden i y, compa e he mo phological s uc u e o Kazakh
and English oponyms ound in he co pus o he au ho ’s wo ks, and e alua e he
implica ions o he iden i ied linguis ic ea u es o he ansla ion and in e p e a ion o
Kazakh oponyms in English-language con ex s. To accomplish hese objec i es, he
esea ch employs li e a y, e hnocul u al, and compa a i e linguis ic me hods o analysis.
1.1. Li e a u e Re iew
Despi e N. Nysanbayuly’s signi icance o he Kazakh li e a y adi ion, he numbe o
schola ly s udies de o ed o his wo k emains ela i ely limi ed, pa icula ly in ecen
decades. Insu icien a en ion o he he i age o he akyn-zhy au o he la e nine een h and
ea ly wen ie h cen u ies is la gely associa ed wi h a p olonged pe iod o weakened in e es
in local his o y, olklo e, and na ional li e a u e (Uyama and Ma suza o 2000: 70;
Kudaibe gen 2024). As a esul , N. Nysanbayuly’s c ea i e legacy has no ye ecei ed
a comp ehensi e li e a y and linguis ic in e p e a ion. A he same ime, s udies o he o al
epic adi ion, he das an gen e, and he cul u e o he akyn-zhy au p o ide he necessa y
heo e ical basis o analysing his wo ks.
One o he mos de eloped a eas o con empo a y esea ch is he s udy o Kazakh
o al li e a u e and he dis inc i e ea u es o akyn-zhy au c ea i i y. The impo ance o he
akyn-zhy au in he o ma ion o he Kazakh li e a y adi ion is di icul o o e es ima e,
e en hough a subs an ial pa o he o al he i age has been los due o he speci ic na u e o
imp o isa ional pe o mance and he o al ansmission o ex s (Rancie 2024: 159). The
su i ing wo ks allow esea che s o analyse he alue o ien a ions and a is ic ea u es o
akyn-zhy au c ea i i y, including hemes o na ional consciousness, mo al ideals, and
cul u al iden i y (Malga ae a, Tai o a 2021: 52; Oshakbaye a 2021: 39).
The das an gen e occupies a special place in bo h he Kazakh and he b oade Tu kic
li e a y adi ions. Resea che s no e ha he das an, as a o m o na a i e poe y, eme ged
conside ably ea lie han he concep s o akyn and zhy au hemsel es became es ablished
(Pa dae a 2022: 152). Das ans cons i u e an impo an pa no only o Kazakh li e a u e bu
also o he b oade Eas e n li e a y adi ion, which connec s he Tu kic peoples wi h he
cul u es o he Middle Eas (Al-Ma ashi, Goldschmid 2024). The o ma ion o he akyn-
zhy au adi ion and he dissemina ion o das ans a e ega ded as mani es a ions o a sha ed
ba dic cul u e ha exis ed ac oss e i o ies whe e Tu kic and A abic languages we e used
(Naghiye a e al. 2019: 116; Yang 2019: 15). Mo eo e , schola s emphasise ha das ans
e lec he majo his o ical and cul u al p ocesses o hei ime (Ross 2019).
The schola ly li e a u e also examines speci ic my hological and olklo ic elemen s
cha ac e is ic o akyn-zhy au c ea i i y. One such image is he igu e o Kydy (Hid , Hiz ),
widely ep esen ed in Tu kic and p e-Islamic adi ions. In Kazakh cul u e, his igu e is
associa ed wi h ideas o wisdom, spi i ual knowledge, and mo al pe ec ion, which
co esponds o he hema ic o ien a ion o many das ans and wo ks o akyn-zhy au poe s
(Uali 2022). Conside able schola ly a en ion has also been paid o he phenomenon o
nazi agoylik, a adi ion o c ea i e ewo king and ein e p e a ion o well-known plo s ha
is cha ac e is ic o Tu kic li e a y cul u e (Kaskabaso 2018: 423). Elemen s o his adi ion
can also be aced in he wo ks o N. Nysanbayuly, indica ing his connec ion wi h he
classical Eas e n li e a y he i age.
N. Nysanbayuly c ea ed his wo ks du ing a pe iod o p o ound social and cul u al
change in he Kazakh s eppe in he la e nine een h and ea ly wen ie h cen u ies. His
c ea i e ou pu combines elemen s o classical Eas e n poe ics, olklo ic adi ion, and he
na ional Kazakh wo ld iew. Howe e , despi e he au ho ’s li e a y signi icance,
con empo a y Kazakh-, Russian-, and English-language schola ship s ill lacks
comp ehensi e s udies ha add ess bo h he e hnocul u al ea u es o his das ans and hei
linguis ic cha ac e is ics.
5
In con as o he limi ed numbe o s udies de o ed speci ically o N. Nysanbayuly,
oponymy is widely ep esen ed in con empo a y linguis ics. In psycholinguis ic, cogni i e-
linguis ic, and sociolinguis ic s udies, oponyms a e ega ded as an impo an elemen in he
ep esen a ion o a communi y’s collec i e wo ld iew and cul u al memo y (Gin, Caccia oco
2021: 1). Resea che s also associa e oponymic ocabula y wi h issues o linguis ic and
cul u al iden i y (Alasli 2019: 1; Sko upa 2021). In his ega d, he analysis o oponyms in
li e a y ex s has become one o he p omising di ec ions o li e a y and linguis ic esea ch.
This app oach is applied bo h in s udies o Wes e n li e a u e (Diaman i 2019: 97) and in
analyses o wo ks by Tu kic au ho s (Düzgün 2020).
The compa a i e s udy o Kazakh and English oponyms is o pa icula in e es .
Resea che s no e subs an ial di e ences be ween he wo sys ems, de e mined by he
s uc u al and gene ic ea u es o he languages (Ku ban, Duysembeko a 2023: 201).
Compa a i e analysis o English and Kazakh oponymy has al eady gained some
de elopmen in con empo a y linguis ics (Mei beko 2022; Akhme o a 2024: 9). Howe e ,
he oponymic sys em o das ans as an objec o comp ehensi e li e a y and ansla ion-
o ien ed analysis emains insu icien ly s udied. The e is an almos comple e absence o
s udies de o ed o oponyms in he wo ks o N. Nysanbayuly, as well as o he p oblem o
ende ing his ocabula y in English ansla ion.
Thus, he analysis o schola ly li e a u e in Kazakh, Russian, English, and Tu kish
shows ha N. Nysanbayuly’s wo k emains insu icien ly explo ed om bo h li e a y and
linguis ic pe spec i es. Exis ing s udies add ess indi idual elemen s o he o al epic adi ion,
he das an gen e, and oponymy; howe e , a comp ehensi e analysis o he e hnocul u al
ea u es o N. Nysanbayuly’s wo ks and he unc ioning o oponyms in his ex s has no ye
been unde aken.
1.2. P oblem S a emen
The ele ance o he p esen s udy is de e mined by he insu icien ex en o which
N. Nysanbayuly’s wo k has been examined, despi e his signi icance o he Kazakh li e a y
and cul u al adi ion o he la e nine een h and ea ly wen ie h cen u ies. Con empo a y
s udies a e p ima ily de o ed o gene al issues o Kazakh o al poe y, he das an gen e, and
he akyn-zhy au adi ion, whe eas he e hnocul u al ea u es o N. Nysanbayuly’s wo ks and
he unc ioning o oponymic ocabula y in his ex s emain insu icien ly explo ed.
The aim o he p esen s udy is o analyse he e hnocul u al ea u es o
N. Nysanbayuly’s das ans and o examine he s uc u al cha ac e is ics o oponyms in he
Kazakh and English languages, based on his wo ks.
To achie e his aim, he ollowing objec i es mus be add essed:
1) o iden i y he ea u es o he Eas e n li e a y adi ion ep esen ed in
N. Nysanbayuly’s das ans;
2) o e eal and cha ac e ise he e hnocul u al ea u es o he au ho ’s wo ks;
3) o analyse he s uc u al and wo d- o ma ion ea u es o Kazakh and English
oponyms ep esen ed in N. Nysanbayuly’s ex s;
4) o examine he speci ic ea u es o ende ing Kazakh oponyms in English
ansla ion.
2. METHODS AND MATERIALS
2.1. Sou ces and Ma e ials
The p ima y ma e ial o he p esen s udy consis ed o he ex s o N. Nysanbayuly,
abo e all his das ans “Qa aqül”, “Khanym Sy y”, “Zhe im Qubyl”, and “Sauda Ishan”. The
ex s o hese das ans a e included in Yako Lu sh’s Ch es oma hy (Lu sh 1883) and in he
sepa a e edi ion “Sauda Ishan” (Nysanbayuly 1974). Al hough hese edi ions belong o an
ea lie pe iod, hey con ain he mos comple e a ailable collec ion o N. Nysanbayuly’s
wo ks. The absence o a mode n c i ical edi ion o his ex s can be explained by wo ac o s:

6
i s , he insu icien a en ion paid o his legacy by li e a y and academic schola ship, as
discussed in de ail in he Li e a u e Re iew sec ion; and second, he ac ha
N. Nysanbayuly was an akyn whose c ea i e wo k was o al and o en imp o isa ional in
na u e, which signi ican ly complica es he eco ding and sys ema iza ion o his he i age.
Indi idual poems by N. Nysanbayuly we e no included in he di ec linguis ic o
e hnocul u al analysis in o de o p ese e a clea esea ch ocus and a oid b oadening he
main objec o s udy. The selec ion o das ans as he cen al ma e ial o he s udy was also
mo i a ed by he aim o emphasising he connec ion be ween N. Nysanbayuly’s wo k and
he Eas e n li e a y adi ion wi hin which his gen e de eloped and which shaped he
cha ac e o he epic adi ion associa ed wi h i .
The heo e ical basis o analysing N. Nysanbayuly’s wo ks in he b oade cul u al
and e hnic con ex o Tu kic languages and li e a u es was o med on he basis o Johanson’s
undamen al academic s udy (Johanson 2021). Addi ional heo e ical concep s applied in he
p esen s udy a e p esen ed in he ele an sec ion below.
2.2. Theo e ical F amewo k
The key concep de e mining he esul s o he p esen s udy is Eas e n li e a u e,
which may be in e p e ed in di e en ways depending on he con ex . In a b oad sense,
Eas e n li e a u e encompasses he w i en and o al wo ks o peoples om Eas e n egions,
anging om Japan and China (Tho nbe 2009) o he Middle Eas (Ma a 2020) and he
Ancien Nea Eas (Kuh 2020). To de ine mo e p ecisely he li e a y phenomena ha
in luenced he wo k o N. Nysanbayuly, i is necessa y o na ow he scope o he s udy.
Thus, he p esen s udy d aws on wo key li e a y adi ions in Eas e n li e a u e: he Tu kic
and he Pe sian-A abic adi ions.
Tu kic li e a u e includes Kazakh, Ky gyz, Tu kish, Aze baijani, Bashki , Uzbek, and
o he cul u al clus e s o his b oade Eas e n egion, which is de e mined by he common
Tu kic o igin o hese cul u es and by he a ilia ion o hei li e a u es wi h he Tu kic
language g oup (Johanson 2021: 83). Pe sian and A abic li e a u e is also cen al o he
p esen s udy because o he close connec ions be ween he li e a y adi ion o he Kazakh
akyn-zhy au, o which N. Nysanbayuly belongs, and Pe sian-A abic au ho s (DeWeese
2019: 131). The linking elemen be ween hese adi ions is he das an gen e, whose key
cha ac e is ics include: (1) he epic na u e o he gen e; (2) a hype bolic and idealis ic
na a i e one; (3) olklo ic and my hological sou ces o plo s; and (4) hemes o exploi s,
i ues, he oic deeds, and mo al sel -consciousness (Kayumo , Khozhie 2025: 518). In
addi ion o hese gene al cha ac e is ics, das ans a e ma ked by conside able gene ic
di e si y and display unique ea u es de e mined by he egion o his o ical pe iod o hei
c ea ion (Shaheen e al. 2020: 1045; Khusayno a 2022: 104; Tayyab, Jamshaid 2022: 109;
Nabie a 2023: 194). The das ans o N. Nysanbayuly also possess speci ic ea u es, which a e
examined in g ea e de ail in he Resul s sec ion.
Ano he aspec o he p esen s udy ha equi es app op ia e heo e ical jus i ica ion
is i s e hnocul u al dimension. The u n o e hnocul u alism in li e a y and linguis ic
esea ch is na u al wi hin he con empo a y cogni i e app oach (Abdelhameed e al. 2023:
189). Acco ding o heo ies de eloped by cogni i e linguis s, he p ima y uni is no
language i sel bu he pe son who speaks i , a iew ha undamen ally di e s om he
adi ional app oach in which human hough is ega ded as seconda y o language (E ans,
G een 2018). The applica ion o cogni i e-linguis ic me hods in li e a y s udies, in u n,
enables he iden i ica ion o he in luence o iden i y and e hnocul u alism on a gi en
au ho ’s ex s (Te na skaya, Bogdano a 2023: 160). Thus, each linguis ic uni used in a
li e a y ex is conside ed a e lec ion o he au ho ’s concep ual wo ld iew as a
ep esen a i e o a pa icula e hnocul u al g oup (Isako a e al. 2018: 298).
The p ac ical linguis ic aspec o he p esen s udy is implemen ed h ough he
analysis o oponyms, p ima ily Kazakh ones, which is de e mined by N. Nysanbayuly’s
7
cul u al and e hnic iden i y. Toponyms hemsel es a e ega ded as elemen s in cons uc ing
he linguis ic ep esen a ion o he wo ld iew (Usmono a 2024: 716). A he same ime, his
s udy ocuses on he linguis ic cha ac e is ics o oponyms, pa icula ly hei mo phological
ea u es. I should be emphasised ha in Kazakh, elemen s such as -köl, -a al, - au, -a a,
and -qo ğan a e adi ionally classi ied in Kazakh onomas ics as geog aphical e ms a he
han su ixes, in acco dance wi h he posi ion o Kazakh onomas ic schola s E kebay
Koichubaye and Gali Konkoshpaye . This dis inc ion is o undamen al impo ance o he
co ec in e p e a ion o mo phological pa allels be ween Kazakh and English oponyms.
Gi en he conside able e i o ial and cul u al dis ance be ween he Kazakh and English
languages, i is a he mo phological le el ha he mos signi ican simila i ies and
di e ences can be iden i ied o u he linguis ic analysis.
2.3. Me hods
The s udy has a comp ehensi e li e a y and linguis ic cha ac e , which de e mined
he use o se e al in e ela ed me hods o analysis.
The main me hod o li e a y analysis used was he desc ip i e me hod, which was
employed o examine he gene ic, hema ic, and e hnocul u al ea u es o N. Nysanbayuly’s
das ans. To iden i y he connec ions be ween he au ho ’s wo ks and he Eas e n li e a y
adi ion, he compa a i e me hod was applied. This me hod makes i possible o compa e
indi idual mo i s, gene ic ea u es, and a is ic cha ac e is ics o he das ans wi h hose o
wo ks in he Tu kic, Pe sian, and A abic li e a y adi ions.
The linguis ic analysis o oponyms was conduc ed using desc ip i e, compa a i e,
and mo phological me hods. The s udy ook in o accoun he ollowing aspec s:
1) he s uc u al ea u es o oponyms;
2) he p esence o geog aphical e ms;
3) wo d- o ma ion pa e ns;
4) he unc ioning o oponyms in li e a y ex s;
5) he speci ic ea u es o ende ing oponymic ocabula y in English ansla ion.
The desc ip i e me hod was used o cha ac e ise he s uc u e and seman ics o
oponyms, whe eas he compa a i e me hod made i possible o iden i y s uc u al and
wo d- o ma ion co espondences be ween Kazakh and English oponymic models.
Mo phological analysis was applied o de e mine he ole o geog aphical e ms in he
o ma ion o he oponymic sys em o he ex s unde s udy.
3. RESULTS
3.1. N. Nysanbayuly in he Con ex o Eas e n Li e a u e
N. Nysanbayuly belonged o he educa ed Kazakh akyns o he la e nine een h and
ea ly wen ie h cen u ies, whose wo k de eloped unde he in luence o bo h he Kazakh
o al poe ic adi ion and classical Eas e n li e a u e. Alongside such au ho s as Nu zhan
Naushabaye , Makysh Kal aye , and Shädi Jängi o , he sough o combine he adi ions o
Tu kic olklo e wi h he a is ic models o Pe sian and A abic li e a u e. His wo ks
demons a e a syn hesis o o al epic, eligious and mo al p oblema ics, and elemen s o
Eas e n poe ics.
One o he mos cha ac e is ic ea u es o N. Nysanbayuly’s wo k is his appeal o he
adi ion o nazi agoylyk, ha is, he c ea i e ein e p e a ion o well-known plo s and
mo i s o Eas e n li e a u e. This adi ion was widesp ead in he Tu kic li e a y milieu and
p esupposed no he mechanical ep oduc ion o a plo bu i s adap a ion o he au ho ’s
na ional and cul u al con ex . In he das an “Sauda Ishan”, one can ace a didac ic con lic
cha ac e is ic o Eas e n li e a u e be ween jus ice and mo al decline. The main cha ac e s,
Zhana and Bola , a e con as ed wi h “Sauda Ishan” as bea e s o mo al quali ies associa ed
wi h hones y, loyal y, and human digni y. Simila mo i s a e also p esen in he das an
8
“Zhe im Qubyl”, whe e he a e o an o phan is used by he au ho o e eal he hemes o
social injus ice and mo al esilience.
An impo an ea u e o N. Nysanbayuly’s das ans is he p esence o images
cha ac e is ic o he Eas e n li e a y adi ion. One such igu e is Kydy , a cha ac e widely
ep esen ed in Tu kic, A abic, and Pe sian li e a u e. In N. Nysanbayuly’s wo ks, Kydy
appea s no only as a eligious igu e associa ed wi h he Islamic adi ion bu also as
a bea e o wisdom and mo al au ho i y. His unc ion is o uphold jus ice and mo al o de ,
which co esponds o he o e all mo al and didac ic o ien a ion o he das ans.
The connec ion be ween N. Nysanbayuly’s wo k and he Eas e n li e a y adi ion is
also mani es ed a he o mal le el. The au ho ’s das ans a e composed in a hy hmic,
hyming o m sui able o o al pe o mance and musical accompanimen , which aligns wi h
he ea u es o he akyn-zhy au adi ion. Fo example, in he das an “Sauda Ishan”, lines
wi h a se en- and eigh -syllable s uc u e p edomina e, a ea u e cha ac e is ic o he Tu kic
o al epic. This o ganisa ion o he ex acili a ed he memo isa ion o he wo ks and hei
pe o mance be o e an audience.
3.2. E hnocul u al Cha ac e is ics o N. Nysanbayuly’s Tex s
As a blend o a s ong oo hold in adi ional Eas e n li e a u e and mode n Qazakh
elemen s, he das ans o N. Nysanbayuly a e ich in e hnocul u al elemen s. Such
e hnocul u al aspec s as eligious doc ines, socie al no ms, linguis ic de ails, and his o ical
con ex a e he mos p ominen .
Fi s ly, he Qazakh socie y o N. Nysanbayuly’s ime was Muslim, which means ha
his eligion, which has domina ed he egion o cen u ies, is also dominan in he
wo ld iew o Qazakh w i e s and, hus, in hei ex s. Fo example, in N. Nysanbayuly’s
Zhe ym Kubyl, as well as in “Sauda Ishan”, he alues o Islam a e p esen and
communica ed h ough he p o agonis s’ wo ds and ac ions. The insince i y and he
in en ion o become ich o powe ul by le ing ano he pe son down a e among he bigges
sins i ep esen s. This aspec is simila o o he wo ks o Islamic li e a u e, whe e
igh eousness is consis en ly linked o since i y and de o ion. Ins ead, hose who disobey,
who ha e a hea ull o con emp o iolen in en ions, a e no jus lec u ed on he opic o
mo als bu also punished acco dingly. The opic o sin and punishmen , p esen in
N. Nysanbayuly’s das ans, is also connec ed o he co e idea o jus ice a he undamen al
doc ines o Islam.
A he same ime, despi e elying on he essen ials o his eligion, N. Nysanbayuly
dis anced his das ans om eligious discou se, b inging some adi ionally spi i ual elemen s
close o he egula , mundane wo ld. Fo example, Kydy , men ioned p e iously, is
a na u al cha ac e o A abic, Pe sian, and Tu kic li e a u e; his image is o e e uni ed wi h
he p ophecy o Allah. Howe e , in he s o y by N. Nysanbayuly, Kydy is no so much an
en oy om Allah as a pe son independen in hei wisdom and capabili ies.
Thus, he socie al no ms desc ibed in N. Nysanbayuly’s das ans a e no less impo an
han he eligious componen . Fo example, in he a o emen ioned “Sauda Ishan”, “Zhana ”,
he emale p o agonis , s ands no only agains he un ai h ul and co up Sauda himsel bu
also agains he disc imina ion she aces in socie y. He b o he Bola , e en hough
expe iencing a di e en kind o ha dship, is also wi hs anding signi ican socie al p essu e.
Such a combina ion o eligious mo i s and alues, and socie al impac s, e lec s
espec o adi ion and an in e es in mode ni y, bo h o which a e displayed in he ex s o
N. Nysanbayuly. The socie al aspec o N. Nysanbayuly’s s o ies o e s a unique window
in o he e hnic and cul u al dimensions o his communi y and Qazakh li e.
3.3. Linguis ic Cha ac e is ics o Qazakh-English Toponyms
Toponymic ocabula y plays an impo an ole in he wo ks o N. Nysanbayuly and
se es no only a nomina i e unc ion bu also cul u al and symbolic ones. The analysis o
9
oponyms enables he iden i ica ion o he speci ic ea u es o he linguis ic ep esen a ion o
space and he acing o he connec ion be ween he li e a y ex and he na ional-cul u al
wo ld iew.
In he cou se o he s udy, 47 oponyms we e iden i ied in he das ans’ ex s h ough
con inuous sampling. The analysis showed ha he mos common s uc u al componen s o
Kazakh oponyms a e geog aphical e ms deno ing na u al objec s, se lemen s, and
a i icially c ea ed landscape ea u es.
A compa ison o Kazakh and English oponyms e eals ce ain s uc u al and
seman ic co espondences, which a e p esen ed in Table.
Table. Compa a i e Analysis o Toponymic Bases (compiled by he au ho on he basis o Kazakh
and English oponymic ocabula y)
Seman ic
g oup
Kazakh
language
Meaning
English
Meaning
Wa e bodies
köl (Kökköl)
lake
loch (Loch Ness)
lake
Wa e bodies
a al (A al
Teñizi)
island/body o
wa e
pool (Li e pool)
body o wa e
Moun ainous
ea u es
au (Aq au)
moun ain
ock (Cas le
Rock)
ock
Moun ainous
ea u es
au (Qa a au)
moun ain ange
cli (Cli on)
cli /ele a ion
Se lemen s
a a (Alma-A a)
se lemen /sac ed
place
ham
(Bi mingham)
se lemen
A i icial
objec s
qo ğan
(Aqqo ğan)
o i ica ion/ o ess
bu y
(Glas onbu y)
o i ied
se lemen
The esul s p esen ed in Table 1 show ha , in bo h languages, oponyms a e o en
o med using geog aphical e ms associa ed wi h na u al objec s, e ain ea u es, and ypes
o se lemen s. Howe e , he o igins and unc ions o hese elemen s di e ac oss he
his o ical and cul u al de elopmen o he languages.
In he English oponymic sys em, a signi ican p opo ion o s uc u al componen s
can be aced back o Old English and Cel ic o igins. Fo example, he elemen loch is
cha ac e is ic p ima ily o Sco ish oponymy. In Kazakh, oponymic elemen s a e closely
connec ed wi h he Tu kic linguis ic adi ion and also pa ially e lec he in luence o
A abic and Pe sian.
I should be no ed ha elemen s such as -köl, -a al, - au, and -qo ğan a e ega ded in
he Kazakh onomas ic adi ion p ima ily as geog aphical e ms a he han su ixes. This
dis inc ion is o undamen al impo ance o compa a i e analysis, as i allows hese
elemen s o be conside ed independen ca ie s o spa ial and cul u al meaning.
The analysis also showed ha oponyms in N. Nysanbayuly’s wo ks se e an
impo an a is ic unc ion. In a numbe o cases, he au ho uses con en ional o
gene alised oponymic models ha c ea e a olklo ic and epic space. In o he wo ds, eal
geog aphical names associa ed wi h he e i o y o Sou he n Kazakhs an occu , including
Sa ya ka and Zhe isu Ala au. The use o such oponyms s eng hens he ex ’s na ional and
cul u al ancho ing and con ibu es o he o ma ion o he spa ial image o he Kazakh
s eppe. F om a ansla ion pe spec i e, oponyms p esen pa icula di icul y, as hey con ain
no only geog aphical bu also e hnocul u al in o ma ion. In some cases, seman ic
ansla ion may help p ese e he a is ic image y o he o iginal. Fo example, he oponym
Sa ya ka may be ende ed as “Yellow S eppe”, while Zhe isu Ala au may be ende ed as
“Moun ain Range o Se en Ri e s”. Howe e , he choice be ween ansli e a ion and