Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

NAMES OF REMEDIES IN THE MEDICAL BOOKLETS OF DOCTOR ANTANAS VILEIŠIS

Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) buvo žymus XIX a. pabaigos – XX a. pradžios lietuvių visuomenės veikėjas, atkaklus lietuvybės gaivintojas ir stiprintojas, visą nuo tiesioginio darbo likusį laiką skyręs „ne savo malonumams, ne pramogoms, bet savo tautai: jos kultūrai, sveikatingumui, kalbos gynimui, mokslui, labdarybei ir laisvei“ (Kučys 1993: 233). Jis aktyviai reiškėsi kaip puikus liaudies švietėjas, populiarinęs spaudoje medicinos ir higienos žinias. A. Vileišis pasirinko „geriausią kelią padėti žmonėms apsisaugoti nuo ligų ir, joms ištikus, patarimais palengvinti jų padėtį“ – tai „paskleisti lengva ir suprantama kalba knygučių ir straipsnių laikraščiuose“ (ten pat, 232).

A. Vileišis left numerous articles¹ and popular booklets about infectious and other diseases, their treatment and prevention, hygiene, and sanitation. He wrote some booklets himself and translated or compiled others, drawing on the work of other authors. This article discusses somewhat more than 400 names of remedies³ collected from medical booklets² according to their meanings, and also touches on issues of expression, origin, and other important aspects of language. The booklets were published between 1895 and 1915. The shortest booklet is 7 pages long, and the longest 164 pages. Their total length is 745 pages. Several booklets include illustrations.

¹ Many articles published in newspapers of the period ran in installments and were issued as separate booklets.

² Names were excluded from the material under examination if they came from the largest booklet, The Home Doctor (1st ed. 1908, 2nd ed. 1924), since they were discussed alongside other medical terms in the article Medical Terms in The Home Doctor (see Problems in the History and Present State of Terminology, Vilnius, 2004, 330–362). In some booklets only one or two names of remedies were found, while others contained none at all; accordingly, the examples presented here come from just sixteen booklets.

³ The material collection also yielded a dozen or so names of treatment methods, which are therefore discussed in the article together with the names of remedies.

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I. Semantic groups of names of remedies

The largest semantic group consists of names of medicines. According to how the medicines are used, they can be divided into two subgroups:

1. Names of internal medicines, e.g.: tea Pp 52, chamomile tea Kru 6, chilled champagne Ch 10, oat gruel Pp 114, Bulgarian sour milk Rp 8, Hoffmann’s drops Ch 11, black coffee Pm II 12, hot tea D 7, coffee Pp 52, cocaine Ch 10, coldest water Ll 116, lactobacillin Rp 8, tiny pieces of ice Ll 116, apple wine Ku 41, lactic acid Ch 9, peppermint tea Ll 116–117, castor oil Pm I 28, Tš 19, Pm II 25, Ll 62, sour milk Rp 3 (cf. sour milk Rp 3, further cf. fermented milk Rp 5), flaxseed Pm II 27, soda water Ll 68, cold tea Pp 72, cold water with lemon Pm I 14, Pm II 13, cold water with wine Pm I 22, Pm II 20, cold wine Pp 72, cold seltzer water Ch 10, mint tea Ll 116–117, cold fruit soups Ku 41, champagne Ch 11, hot tea with lemon Ach 10 (cf. hot tea with lemon Tš 11), hot tea with a little wine Ach 10 (cf. hot tea with a little wine Tš 11), tannin Ch 10, tannin solution Ch 10, fruit Ku 41, water with lemon Pm II 12, summer water Tš 19, wine Pm I 21, Ku 32, Pp 79, Pm II 19, D 7, grapes Ku 42, herbs for cough Tš 13, and so on.

2. Names of external medicines, e.g.: eye ointment (salve) Kru 8, tanning oil Pp 53, oil Pp 55, ammonia Ku 38, Aristolis Pp 54, Berthelot’s salt D 4, bismuth Pp 54, boric acid mixture Ll 85, boric acid solution Ll 149 (cf. solution of boric acid D 4), boric water Ll 93, boric vaseline Kru 11, vodka with salt Tš 12, didelės Kru 11, clear water Pp 27, pure oil Pm I 32, Pm II 20, pure oil Pm I 28, Pm II 26, pure warm water Pm I 22, Pm II 21, pure water Pm I 20, Pp 25, Dž 19, Pm II 18, Ll 157, ichthyol Pp 38, limewater Pp 53, camphor Ach 11, camphor oil Pm I 27, Pm II 25, camphorated spirit Ll 85, hot poultice made from potato flour Pm I 28, Pm II 26, egg yolk Pm I 31, Pm II 28, starch Ll 94 (cf. krachmolas Rč 15) / skrobylas (starch) [xskrobylas see skarbylas (Russian скорбило) “starch” LKŽ XII 1981], levativa Tš 13, almond oil Ll 104, plain oil Kru 11, Ll 98, plain cold oil Ll 158, plain salt solution Pp 29, anti-diphtheritic liquid Ll 131, rūgypvė Pp 75 (rūgypvė (hybrid) 1 “vinegar”

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LKŽ XI 1978), skystimas virintų ąžuolo žievių Pm I 6, Pm II 5, spiritas Pm I 29, Pm II 27, L1 157 / spirtas L1 91 / spyrtas Dž 20, spiritas su kamparu L1 117, stipri degtinė Pm I 29, Pp 39, Pm II 27, sviestas Kru 9, šalta žemė Ku 38, šiltas miluotas vanduo L1 117, štinkspiratis Pp 39 (xštinkspiratas žr. štinkspiratis „amoniakas“ LKŽ XVI 1995), tyras vanduo su arielka Pm I 30, Pm II 27, tirpalas iš amonijako Ku 38, tirpalas iš salicinės rūgšties D 4, vazelinas Kru 9, zinko mostelė L1 94 ir kt.

This group would also include several designations of dosage forms, e.g.: drops Pp 110, Kru 3, powder Pp 110, ointment Kru 3, pills Pp 110.

The word vaistai in the booklets Kd I 32, Tš 23, Pp 26, Ab 26, Kd II 42, L1 27 is used in several senses. In its terminological sense—“medicinal substances specially prepared and suitable for use, which help prevent and treat diseases” (ME II 1993)—vaistai is used relatively rarely, since little is written about, in A. Vileišis’s own words, “medicines from pharmacies” Ng 63 or “real medicines” Pp 54. Much more often vaistas is used in its second, practical sense—“any means or method”: Nu blusu vaistai – ajerai Skaudvilė. Jis žino vaistą nuo pelių, nuo žiurkių Veiveriai. Ka pailsęs gauni pasilsėt, tai nėra geresnių vaistų Pilviškiai. Linksmumas – vaistas nuo ligų ir bėdų Daukšiai (LKŽ XVII 1996). Thus, in the booklets under discussion, vaistais refers both to certain treatments and to remedies used in everyday life, as well as food products and drinks, among other things. The author calls such vaistus “home remedies” or “people’s medicines” naminiais arba žmonių vaistais Pp 54, e.g.: Todėl nėra abejojimo, kad vaisiai yra geras natūrališkas vaistas Ku 43, <...> silpniems po vonios arba per vonią duodami sustiprinamieji vaistai (vynas, arbata ir t. t.) Pp 113, Prie mažų užgavimų (mėlynos dėmės), geriausiai vartoti sekančiejie vaistai: dėti šlapios šaltos palos (kompresai) ir spausti šaltais daiktais, nes šaltis ir spaudimas sumažina kraujo plūdimą Pp 21.

It is interesting to note that in one booklet vaistai are contextually also called resources, e.g.: Užtai-gi geriausių v a i s t ų nuo kojų šalimo ir prokai-tavimo yra energiškas krutėjimas, plovimas šaltu vandeniu ir didžiausis švarumas; šitie i š t e k l i a i (v a i s t a i) privalo būti būtinai prilaikomi, <...> Ku 91.

A separate mention should be made of the abundance of compound names in which one component is the word vaistas, most often used in the plural. Several groups can be distinguished, e.g.:

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a) medicines by form: liquid medicines Kru 4 (cf. liquid medicines Pp 109), medicines in solid form Pp 109, medicines in drops Pp 110, medicines in liquid form Pp 109,

b) medicines by purpose: medicines for vomiting Tš 13, medicines to promote milk flow Pm I 27, Pm II 25, medicines to induce vomiting Pm II 12, medicine to destroy bacteria Ll 43,

c) medicines by effect: strengthening medicines Pp 113, blood-coagulating medicines Pp 37,

d) medicines by affiliation: medicines of dark sorcerers Kru 15,

e) medicines by olfactory properties: medicines with a pungent smell Pp 110.

The second-largest group consists of names of dressing materials, e.g.: English plaster Pp 25, bandage (tvarskas) Kru 10 [cf. bandage (tvarslas) Pp 49 (bandage 1. “bandage, girdle” LKŽ I₂ 1968, tvarslas see tvarstis 1. “wrapping bandage” LKŽ XVII 1996], bandage Pp 29, cerata Ll 61 [cf. cirata Pp 112 (cerata “waterproof, rubber-coated fabric, waxed cloth” LKŽ II₂ 1969)], a piece of canvas Pp 112, a little piece of canvas Kru 10, a small canvas cloth D 5, a little canvas cloth Pm I 31 (cf. a small canvas cloth Pm II 26, a little canvas cloth Pm II 28), canvas bandage Pp 36, a piece of good-quality cotton wool Ll 104, good-quality (pharmacy) cotton wool Kru 4 (cf. good-quality cotton wool from the pharmacy Kru 9), a piece of good-quality absorbent cotton wool Kru 4, plaster Pp 43, pure pharmacy cotton wool Pm I 32, Pm II 29, rubberized bandage Pp 36, rubberized belt Pp 36, kitaika Kru 11 [xkitaika (Russian китайка) “nankinas (a type of cotton fabric)” LKŽ V 1959], oilcloth D 5, adhesive plaster Kru 12, soft pieces of clothing Pp 45, multinas D 5, muslin Kru 4, Ll 92, Pp 26, a piece of muslin Kru 10, a handkerchief Pp 36, a small handkerchief Pp 38, ordinary cotton wool D 5, thin oilcloth Kru 11, towel Ach 10, Tš 11, sterilized dressing material Pp 54, thick woolen shawl Tš 11, Ach 10, a clean piece of canvas Pp 53, a clean linen thread Pm II 19, taffeta Kru 11 (taffeta “stiff, shiny silk or synthetic-fiber fabric for dresses and blouses” LKŽ XV 1991), triangular kerchief Pp 29, cotton wool Pm I 27, Pp 26, Pm II 25, Kru 10, Ll 62, etc.

Closely related to this group are names of therapeutic dressings, e.g.: moist dressing Kru 10, moist compress Kru 11, moist warming compress Kru 11, hot compresses Ch 9, Kru 3, Ll 149, hot wet cloths Pm I 23, Pm II 21, boric acid compresses Ll 92, ice compresses Kru 5,

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a light warning bandage Kru 11, hot ashes in small bags Tš 11, Ach 10, a simple moist bandage Kru 11, a bag of steamed oats L1 116, a dry bandage Kru 10, cold compresses Pm I 8, Pp 48, Pm II 8, Ku 32, Kru 5, L1 149, warm wet compresses L1 61, warming compresses Kru 11, cold compresses Tš 11, Ach 10, Kru 6, L1 116, a bag of warm ashes L1 116, wet muslin Kru 11, wet cold rags (compresses) Pp 21, warming compresses D 5, herb bags Kru 6, etc.

The third substantial group consists of names of first-aid items, for example: coal tongs Pp 44, splints Pp 44, saddle stretcher Pp 44, tin objects Pp 44 (x blėtinis “made of sheet metal” LKŽ I₂ 1968), onion Pp 72, straps Pp 44, wire Pp 44 [xdratva žr. dratas (German dialect drôt) 1. “wire” LKŽ II₂ 1969], salt Pp 67, awl Pp 44, rubber braces Pp 35, long stick Pp 61, hot basins Pp 113, hot sand pillows Pp 113, hot herb pillows Pp 113, hot bricks Pp 113, carrying straps Pp 46, keščios Pp 80 [keščios 1. see kestės 1. “two (sometimes joined) poles for carrying hay, straw, etc.; a stretcher” LKŽ V 1959], keščios on wheels Pp 81, keščios made from a uniform Pp 86 [xmandiera (Russian мундир) 1. “a soldier’s uniform” LKŽ VII 1966], keščios made from homespun coats Pp 86, looped belts Pp 44, sticks Pp 44, ladder (steps) Pp 61 (cf. ladders (steps) Pp 73), sheaths (cases) Pp 44 (xmakšna 2. “sheath, case” LKŽ VII 1996; 1 makštis 1. “a sleeve, cover, case” LKŽ VII 1966), wood fibres Pp 26, tree bark Pp 44, tow Pp 45, braces Pp 46, thin splints Pp 42, moss Pp 45, dry twigs Pp 44, sieves Pp 44, small kerchief Pp 67, snow Pp 72, tablecloths Pp 46, coarse brush Pp 75 [xberštas (German Bürste) “brush; shoe brush” LKŽ I₂ 1968], thick paper Pp 44, warmed blankets Pp 113, a cold ice bath Pp 72, cold soup Pp 72, cold objects Pp 21, cold blankets Pp 72, warm rags Pp 72 (lupata 1. “rag, cloth” LKŽ VII 1966), shuttles Pp 44, spoon Pp 44, straw keščios Pp 87, hay Pp 45, jacket keščios Pp 86, snuff Pp 67, heated knife Pp 38, heated knitting needle Pp 38, wool Pp 46, and others. These name items that can be used to provide emergency aid when an accident occurs. All the names in this group were collected from the translated booklet First Aid in Accidents, which discusses at length how to provide first aid and which items to use in the event of an injury, broken bone, burn, frostbite, suffocation, and so on.

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The fourth group comprises names of disinfectants, or bacteria-killing substances, for example: birch tar L1 44, boric acid Pp 26 (cf. boric acid L1 61), mixing of bleaching powder L1 107, tar alkali L1 128, peat L1 84, formalin L1 76, iodoform Pp 26, lime (vapna) L1 43 [2 x vapna (Polish wapno) 1. “lime” LKŽ XVIII 1997], milk of lime Pp 74, L1 29, carbolic solution Dž 17 (cf. carbolic solution Pp 116), carbolic water Pm II 19, L1 42 (cf. carbolic acid water L1 107), mixing of carbolic acid L1 107, carbolic acid solution L1 49 (cf. solution of carbolic acid Ach 13), carbolic acid Pp 26, Dž 13, hot alkali Ach 16, L1 45, hot soapy water L1 29, creolin Pp 26, creolin solution Pp 27, lysol Pp 26, sea water Dž 4, wood tar L1 43, wood ash L1 44, quicklime L1 107, ashes L1 107, pine tar L1 44, pine alkali L1 44, salicylic acid Pp 26 (cf. salicylic acid L1 94), soda Pp 55, Dž 13, L1 42, strong alkali L1 30, strong hot alkali L1 122, sublimate Tš 37, Dž 13, Pp 26, L1 42, mixing of sublimate L1 42, sublimate solution Pp 29, Ach 16, D 6, mixing of tar alkali L1 29, warm soapy water L1 49, thymol Pp 26, solution of cresol soap L1 76, water vapour Pp 26, green soap L1 48, green soap solution L1 49, earth L1 84, etc.

The names belonging to the fifth group denote medical equipment. These are various instruments, tools, devices, and other supplies used for medical purposes, for example: rubber eye bags Kru 6, hot-water bottles L1 117, medical syringe L1 143, match Kru 9, Dettweiler’s spittoon Dž 13, head pin with blunt ends Kru 9, small rubber bag (bladder) Kru 4, small rubber syringe (squirt) L1 98, small rubber tube Kru 5, rubber bags Pp 111, irrigators Pp 113, Esmarch’s irrigator with rubber tubing Ch 10, pocket spittoon Dž 12, enema pump Pp 115, vascular clamps (tourniquets) Pp 33, Liebe’s spittoon Dž 13 (spiaudalinė, see spjaudyklė 1. “a vessel into which one spits” LKŽ XIII 1984), maximum thermometers Pp 107, nonporous pig’s bladder Pp 111, ordinary pig’s bladder L1 84, small knife for inoculation Rč 14 (įčiepyti 2. “to inoculate” LKŽ II 1969), brush Kru 9 [xpenzelis see pendzelis (Polish pędzel) “brush” LKŽ IX 1973], Prodohl’s spittoon Dž 13, bedpans for excrement Pp 105, bedpans for urine Pp 105, spittoon Dž 11, aluminium spittoon Dž 14, spittoons made of sheet iron Dž 12, spittoon with a high stand Dž

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12, spitting cups Dž 13, glass rod Kru 8 (cf. glass stirrer Rp 19), glass bottle Kru 5, warm bricks Ll 117, rubber syringe D 5, syringe (čirkšmyžaitė, šmirkšmyžutė) with a bone tip Pp 15 (čirkšmyža 1. “syringe, sprayer” LKŽ II₂ 1969; šmirkšmyža see šmiršklys 1. see šmiršktynė 1. “device for injecting or spraying liquid, syringe, injector, sprayer” LKŽ XV 1991), small syringe D 3 (cf. švirkštėlas Tš 11), Celsius thermometer Pp 107, goose feather Ku 36, etc.

The smallest group consists of names of therapeutic procedures, e.g.: eye irrigation Kru 14, eye bath Kru 5, throat insufflation D 5, inhalation of tar Ch 11, instillation of drops Kru 14, washing with cold water Ku 91, application of leeches Kru 12, half-baths Pm I 6 (cf. pusvanos Pm II 5), cold bath Pp 113, warm bath Ku 89 (cf. šil ta vania Pm I 23, šilta vana Pm II 21), instillation of liquid Kru 14, rubbing Pm II 28, small bath Pm I 31, Pm II 28, intestinal irrigation Ch 10, eyelid massage (exercise) Kru 9, bath (tynė) in warm water Ach 11 [²tynė (German dialect tīn, tīne) 1. “an elongated vessel for bathing, washing, or another purpose, bath, tub,” 2. “bathing in that vessel, bath” LKŽ XVI 1995], baths Pp 113, Ach 14, Ku 45, Ch 11, Kru 5, Ll 98, etc.

Methods of treatment are also associated with therapeutic measures. However, only a small handful of names of this type have been collected. A distinct group comprises names of first-aid methods, e.g.: wrapping in cotton wool Pp 54, dusting with flour Pp 54, dusting with soda (Bulirich salt) Pp 54, slight compression of a wound Pp 31, firm compression Pp 31, application of oils Pp 54, application of egg white Pp 54, application of lard Pp 54, application of liquid glue Pp 54, application of fat Pp 54, wound compression Pp 30, etc. Disinfection methods are designated by several names, e.g.: heat Ll 41, fumigation Dž 4, dry heat Ll 41, boiling in water Ll 42, etc.

A separate group would be formed by names with the recurring element “treatment,” e.g.: treatment with milk D 7, treatment with warm baths D 7, treatment with grapes Ku 42, simple water treatment Ku 45, systematic treatment with fruit Ku 42, etc., and vaccination, e.g.: vaccination against diphtheria Ll 61, Jenner’s vaccination Tš 39, etc.

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II. Expression and origin of the names of therapeutic measures

1. Slightly more than 100 one-word names of therapeutic measures were found. More than half are Lithuanian words, e.g., bedspreads Pp 46, twigs Pp 44. A considerable proportion of the names are of non-Lithuanian origin. Older (genuine) borrowings are not included in this category; these “have become fully adapted to our language system and are used without any restrictions <…>. In terminology they are no longer borrowings, but words of human language that have been terminologized” (Gaivenis 2002: 58). Thus, only international words, e.g., compresses Pp 110, Kru 3, Ll 104, and foreignisms, or barbarisms, e.g., uksusas Pp 73, are considered words of non-Lithuanian origin.

Occasionally, the same thing is named by two Lithuanian words, e.g., dressings or bandages Kru 10. In this case, dressings does not have a purely action-related meaning (DLKG 1996: 94), but denotes a concrete thing. Incidentally, generic names are also formed with the word dressings, rather than bandages, e.g., compression dressing Kru 11. One noteworthy case is where two foreignisms are used to name the same thing, e.g., patelnė (skaurada) Pp 44 [xpatelnia (Pol. patelnia, Belar. патэльня) “frying pan” LKŽ IX 1973; xskaurada (Pol. skowroda, Russ. сковорода) 1. “frying pan” LKŽ XII 1981]. This suggests that both words were widely used in the language of that period, since no Lithuanian neologism had yet emerged. According to the data of the Academic Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, the word keptuvė, in its first sense—“a flat metal vessel for frying pancakes, meat, etc.”—is recorded only in 1934 in the standard-language newspaper Gimtoji kalba (LKŽ V 1959). The opposite phenomenon can also be observed, when a native Lithuanian word displaces a foreignism from use. For example, arielka Pm I 21, Pm II 11 was found in only one booklet, whereas its Lithuanian equivalent degtinė Pm I 22, Pp 79, Pm II 20, Ku 32, D 7 is used much more often. Incidentally, K. Sirvydas rendered arielka as degtine. This is a neologism he coined (Balčikonis 1978: 163). Some Lithuanian names have synonyms of non-Lithuanian origin, e.g., umbrella (parasolis) Pp 74 [cf. x parasonas (Belar. парасон) “umbrella” LKŽ IX 1973], or names of non-Lithuanian origin are accompanied by Lithuanian equivalents, e.g., detritus (vaccine) Ll 91 (detritus 2. “scab from a smallpox lesion used for immunization” MTŽ). One or another variant name occurs, e.g., kalkės Ll 107 / kalkiai Pp 73. Hybrid, or mixed, names are rather uncommon in the texts under discussion.

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Only a few were found, which can be said to be uncharacteristic of the texts under discussion, e.g., čiepijimas Rč 10 / čiepijimas Tš 15 (cf. skiepijimas L1 90).

Latin equivalents are customary and important in medical literature. They are very rare in A. Vileišys’s booklets, which is understandable, since most names are ordinary-language words or phrases that acquire terminological meaning only in context; moreover, the booklets sought to present medical knowledge in an accessible way. Accordingly, the Latin equivalent that does occur is given only alongside the one-word name of one semantic group—medicines—“kalomelis” (Lat. Calomelanos) Ch 9. The Latin name kollodium Pp 25 is written in the text in its original form, apparently because no Lithuanian form had been found for it.

2. Compound names of therapeutic measures make up the largest share of all the names discussed (slightly more than 300).

In terms of frequency, two-word names stand out (over 200). In terms of the expression of the specifying element, phrases with agreeing and non-agreeing modifiers are distributed almost equally.

Agreeing modifiers are most often expressed by adjectives: qualitative adjectives (which make up more than half), e.g., genuine medicines Pp 54, and adjectives with the suffix -inis, e.g., straw cots Pp 87. A few agreeing modifiers are expressed by active or passive participles, e.g.: boiling lye Ach 16, warmed shawls Pp 71. Pronominal forms (of adjectives or participles) are uncommon, e.g.: wet compresses Pp 112, cooling sheet Pp 112. Some names occur in both the simple and pronominal forms, e.g., artificial respiration Pp 31 and the artificial respiration Pp 67.

Non-agreeing modifiers are most often expressed by the singular or plural genitive, e.g.: stove spoon Pp 44, telegraph wires Pp 45. In some names, non-agreeing modifiers are personal names—either fully Lithuanianized, e.g., Bardeleben’s bandage Pp 54, or retained in their authentic form with a Lithuanian ending added after an apostrophe, e.g., Pasteur’s vaccination Tš 29. Non-agreeing modifiers expressed in other cases (mostly the instrumental) also occur, e.g., rubbing with butter Pp 54. In a dozen or so names, non-agreeing modifiers are expressed by case forms with prepositions (the most frequent combinations are with the prepositions iš and su), e.g.: cot made from a sheet Pp 86, bags with ice L1 75.

Synonymous use of head elements occurs. The synonyms are most often Lithuanian words, e.g., dry bedspreads (sheets) Pp

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71, but cases were found in which a pair of synonyms consists of a Lithuanian word and a word of non-Lithuanian origin, e.g., eye operations (incisions) Kru 18. Occasionally, secondary constituents also have synonyms. In such cases, an adjective with the suffix -inis competes with the genitive of a noun, e.g., gum-elastic belt Pp 37 / belt of gum elastic Pp 35. Some names have variant forms of their head constituents, e.g., carbolic acid L1 42 / carbolic acid Pp 39 (cf. also carbolic acid D 6, Tš 37). Sometimes both constituents—the head and the secondary—vary, e.g., waxen paper D 5 / wax paper L1 92, waxed poper Kru 11 / waxed paper L1 62 (cf. also waxed paper Pp 112).

Chronologically, less successful terms also occur in later editions of the booklets, e.g., in 1906 – ryžiai (rice flour) Pm I 31, Pm II 29), and in 1908 – risai (rice powder Rč 15).

Several names are given with Latin equivalents, e.g.: boric acid (acidum boricum) Tš 19, opium drops (Tinctura opii) Ch 9. Incidentally, the latter is also used in a Lithuanized form, opium tincture Ch 10.

Examining the origins of the constituents of two-word names, we see that the largest group consists of names whose two constituents are Lithuanian words, e.g.: hot stones Pp 105, piece of ice Pm I 22, Kru 6. Fewer names consist of a Lithuanian and an international constituent, or a Lithuanian and a hybrid constituent, e.g.: citric acid Dž 4, rubber nipple Pm I 29, Pm II 26.

Nearly 80 three-word names were found. In terms of the expression of secondary constituents, names predominate in which the head constituent has an uninflected modifier with its own inflected modifier, e.g., rubbing with cold water Ku 45, as well as names whose secondary constituents are expressed by case forms with prepositions, e.g.: bottles with hot water Pp 71, solution of carbolic acid D 4. Somewhat fewer are names with an inflected and an uninflected modifier, e.g., protective vaccination against smallpox Rč 3, and names with two inflected modifiers, e.g., pocket spitting jar Dž 12.

Some head constituents have synonyms, e.g., bottles (flasks) with hot water Pp 105, or variants, e.g., hot-water bath Pm I 8 / hot-water tub Pm II 7.

In terms of origin, most names have entirely Lithuanian constituents, e.g., hot ashes in little bags Tš 11, Ach 10. Other names most often consist of two Lithuanian constituents and a hybrid, e.g., sterilized

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dressing material Pp 54, or two Lithuanian constituents and an international one, e.g., a piece of good-quality cotton Ll 104.

In just one booklet, a Latin medicine name consisting of three constituents was found, Liquor alumini acetici Pm I 29, without a Lithuanian equivalent.

Four- and five-word names are very rare in the texts under discussion; only a few were found, e.g.: introduction of a salt solution into the body Ch 11, injection under the skin of a warm salt solution Pp 54. A pair of names containing a number and a symbol are classified as five-word names; these are considered separate constituents, e.g.: 2% mixture of boric acid Ll 103, uncleansed 5% carbolic acid Pp 116. Among the four-word names, there are instances of varying constituents, e.g., baths of clean lukewarm water Pm I 5 / baths of clean lukewarm water Pm II 5.

III. Conclusions

1. A. Vileišis’s popular medical booklets (1895–1915) are an important source for understanding the history of Lithuanian medical terminology.

2. The names of therapeutic measures used in the booklets are divided into six semantic groups: names of internal and external medicines, dressing materials and therapeutic dressings, first-aid measures, disinfectants, or bacteria-killing substances, medical equipment, and therapeutic procedures.

3. More than half of the names of therapeutic measures are compound, most often two-word, with quite a few three-word names; their specific components are characterized by considerable diversity of expression.

4. Lithuanian vocabulary predominates among the collected names of therapeutic measures. There are also quite a few words of non-Lithuanian origin, which make up a substantial share of one-word names, while compound names are often formed from Lithuanian, international, and hybrid components. Foreignisms are conspicuous. There are isolated cases in which they are replaced by Lithuanian equivalents; sometimes, however, the author writes a foreignism in parentheses alongside a Lithuanian word—apparently in an effort to accommodate the vocabulary used by the intended readers. The abundance of borrowed vocabulary may also have been influenced by the language, style, and terminology of works by non-Lithuanian authors, since only six of the sixteen booklets discussed were written by A. Vileišis himself; the others were translated or prepared on the basis of works by Polish, Russian, and German authors.

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5. A prominent feature of the names discussed is synonymy and variation, phenomena inevitable during the formative period of terminology in any field. Most often, either two Lithuanian words or a Lithuanian word and one of non-Lithuanian origin are used synonymously. Phonetic or spelling, morphological, and syntactic variants of names were identified (one or another variant may also be a printing error).

SOURCES EXAMINED

Ab – On the Evil Disease, or Syphilis (French), Tilsit, 1904.

Ach – On Cholera and How to Protect Oneself from It, Vilnius, 1905.

Ch – Cholera and the Fight Against It, Vilnius, 1907.

D – Diphtheria, Vilnius, 1907.

Dž – Knopf S. A. Džiova ir kova su ja, Tilžė, 1903.

Kd I – What to Do to Stay Healthy and Live Long, Tilsit, 1895.

Kd II – What to Do to Stay Healthy and Live Long, Vilnius, 1905.

Kru – How to Take Care of Healthy and Diseased Eyes, Seinai, 1910.

Ku – How to Keep Well in Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter, Vilnius, 1906.

Ll – Contagious Diseases and How to Protect Oneself from Them? Kaunas, 1915.

Pm I – Advice for women who wish to be healthy, Tilsit, 1899.

Pm II – Advice for women who wish to be healthy, Vilnius, 1906.

Pp – Esmarch F. Pirmoji pagalba nelaiminguose atsitikimuose, Tilžė, 1903.

Rč – Oks B. Raupų čiepijimas: (Šneka su jauna motina), Vilnius, 1908.

Rp – Tarchanov I. Professor Mechnikov’s sour milk: A means of maintaining public health, Vilnius, 1907.

Tš – A brief discussion of contagious diseases and how to protect oneself from them? Tilsit, 1901.

SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES

LKŽ I, 1968 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 1, Vilnius.

LKŽ II 1969 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 2, Vilnius.

LKŽ IV 1957 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 4, Vilnius.

LKŽ V 1959 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 5, Vilnius.

LKŽ VII 1966 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 7, Vilnius.

LKŽ IX 1973 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 9, Vilnius.

LKŽ X 1976 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 10, Vilnius.

LKŽ XI 1978 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 11, Vilnius.

LKŽ XII 1981 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 12, Vilnius.

LKŽ XIII 1984 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 13, Vilnius.

LKŽ XV 1991 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 15, Vilnius.

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LKŽ XVI 1995 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 16, Vilnius.

LKŽ XVII 1996 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 17, Vilnius.

LKŽ XVIII 1997 – Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language 18, Vilnius.

ME II 1993 – Medical Encyclopedia 2, Vilnius.

MTŽ – Dictionary of Medical Terms, Vilnius, 1980.

Ng – Vileišis A. The Home Doctor: A Brief Description of the Most Common Diseases and the Most Common Remedies for Combating Them: / Part 1. On Human Diseases and Their Treatment. Seinai, 1908.

LITERATŪRA

Balčikonis J. 1978: Rinktiniai raštai, Vilnius.

DLKG 1996: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos gramatika, Vilnius.

Gaivenis K. 2002: Lietuvių terminologija: teorijos ir tvarkybos metmenys, Vilnius.

Kučys A. 1993: Vileišiai: Trijų brolių darbai tėvui, Chicago.

THE NAMES OF TREATMENT MEANS IN MEDICAL BOOKS OF THE DOCTOR ANTANAS VILEIŠIS

Summary

This article analyses the names of treatment means (over 400) collected from sixteen books of popular medicine by doctor Antanas Vileišis (1856–1919) according to their meaning, expression and origin.

In respect of meaning these names differ. Six notional groups were identified – names of medications for internal and external use, bandaging means and medical dressings, first aid means, disinfecting or anti-bacterial means, medical implements and manipulation treatment.

In respect of expression the majority of names of treatment means are complex terms, mainly two-word terms (200), also there are quite few three-word terms (nearly 80). A variety of means of expression is characteristic to specific elements of those terms.

In respect of origin Lithuanian words prevail, though there are quite a lot of words of foreign origin – international words and barbarisms. In some cases barbarisms were substituted with Lithuanian equivalents, though sometimes the author gives a barbarism next to Lithuanian word – presumably trying to adjust his language to the lexicon used by target readers. The abundance of borrowed words possibly has been influenced by the language, style and terminology of foreign authors, because most of doctor Vileišis books were translations of works of Russian, Polish or German authors or were prepared using such works.

The names of treatment means have synonyms and variants. Most frequently two Lithuanian words or a Lithuanian word and non-Lithuanian word are used synonymously.

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Popular medical books by doctor Antanas Vileišis are the important source for the history of Lithuanian medical terminology.

Palmira ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

E. paštas [email protected]

Gauta 2005-11-18

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