Gydymo priemonių pavadinimai daktaro Antano Vileišio medicinos knygelėse

Antanas Vileišis (1856—1919) was a prominent Lithuanian social figure of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, a tenacious reviver and strengthener of Lithuanianness, who devoted all the time remaining from his direct work “not to his pleasures, not to entertainment, but to his nation: its culture, health, defence of the language, science, charity and freedom” (Kučys 1993: 233). He was a prominent member of the Society for the Advancement of Medicine and Hygiene. A. Vileišis chose “the best way to help people protect themselves from diseases and, if they encounter them, to ease their situation with advice” —it is “to spread in easy and understandable language booklets and articles in newspapers” (ibid., 232). A. Vileišis left a number of articles and popularization booklets on infectious and other diseases, their treatment and prevention, hygiene and sanitation. Some of the books he wrote himself, some he translated or prepared based on the works of other authors. This article discusses more than 400 names of remedies "collected from medical books" according to their meaning, as well as touching on expression, origin and other more important issues of language. The booklets were published from 1895 to 1915. The smallest booklet consists of 7 pages and the largest of 164 pages. The book has 745 pages. Several books are with pictures. Many of the articles printed in the newspapers of the time were continuing and were published in separate books. * Names from the largest booklet Naminis gydytojas (I edition — 1908, II edition — 1924) are not included in the material under consideration, as they are discussed together with other medical terms in the article Naminio gydytojo medicinos terminai (see Terminologijos istorijos ir dabarties problemos, Vilnius, 2004, 330-362). In some booklets the names of the remedies were found only one by one, in others they were not found at all, so here are given examples only from sixteen booklets. * During the collection of material, several names of treatments were found, so they are discussed in the article together with the names of treatments. 67 I. Significant groups of the names of medical devices The most abundant significant group consists of the names of medicines. By the nature of the use of drugs, they can be divided into two subgroups: 1. Names of internal medicines, e.g.: tea Pp 52, tea from chamomile Kru 6, chilled champagne Ch 10, oatmeal liquid Pp 114, Bulgarian sour milk Rp 8, Hofmann drops Ch 11, black coffee Pm II 12, hot tea D 7, coffee Pp 52, cocaine Ch 10, the coldest water Ll 116, lactobacillus Rp 8, tiny ice cubes Lt 116, apple wine Ku 41, lactic acid Ch 9, peppermint tea L1 116-117, castor oil Pm 128, Ts 19, Ts II 25, LI 62, sour milk Rp 3 (see sour milk Rp 3, also see sour milk Rp 5), seeds Pm II 27, soda water Ll 68, cold tea Pp 72, cold water with lemon Pm 1 14, Pm II 13, cold water with wine Pm I 22, Pm II 20, cold wine Pp 72, cold zeller water Ch 10, mint tea L1 116—117, cold soups for banquets Ku 41, champagne Ch 11, warm tea with lemon Ach 10 (see warm tea with lemon Ts 11), warm tea with a little wine Ach 10 (see warm tea with a little wine Ts 11), tannin Ch 10, solution of tannin Ch 10, fruit Ku 41, water with lemon Pm II 12, summer water Ts 19, wine Pm I 21, Ku 32, Pp 79, Pm II 19, D 7, grapes Ku 42, herbs against cough Ts 13, etc. 2. Names of topical medicines, e.g. eye ointment Kru 8, tanning oil Pp 53, oil Pp 55, ammonia Ku 38, aristol Pp 54, Bertolet- 's salt D 4, bismuth Pp 54, boric acid mixture L) 85, boric acid solution 11149 (see solution of boric acid D 4), boric water L193, boric vaseline Kru 11, vodka with salt Tš 12, dill Kru 11, clear water Pp 27, pure oil Pm I 32, Pm II 20, pure oil Pm 128, Pm II 26, pure warm water Pm 122, Pm II 21, pure water Pm 120, Pp 25, Dz 19, Pm II 18, LI 157, ichthyol Pp 38, lime water Pp 53, camphor Ach 11, camphor oil Pm 127, Pm II 25, camphor spirit Ll 85, hot potato flour paste Pm I 28, Pm II 26, egg yolk Pm T 31, Pm II 28, starch LA 94 (see starch RE 15)/skrobyl (starch) Pm 1 31), levativa Tš 13, knotweed oil Ll 104, simple oil Kru 11, L198, simple cold oil L1 158, simple salt solution Pp 29, antidiphtheria liquid L1 131, sour cream Pp 75 (see sour cream (hybrid) 1 ‘acetaminophen’) 68 LKŽ XI 1978), dilution of welded oak bark Pm 16, Pm II 5, spirit Pm 129, Pm II 27, L1 157 /alcohol L191 /spirit Dž 20, spirit with camphor L1 117, strong vodka Pm I 29, Pp 39, Pm II 27, butter Kru 9, cold earth Ku 38, warm soapy water L) 117, stinkspirit Pp 39 (xstinkspirit see stinkspirit "ammoniac" LKŽ XVI 1995), pure water with ariel Pm 1 30, Pm II 27, solution of ammonia Ku 38, solution of salicylic acid D 4, petrolatum Kru 9, zinc paste LI 94 and others. This group would also include several drug form names, e.g.: /ašai Pp 110, Kru 3, pulveris Pp 110, tepalas Kru 3, pelės Pp 110. The word vaistai is used in several meanings in the booklets Kd I 32, Tš 23, Pp 26, Ab 26, Kd II 42, LI 27. In their thermal meaning — “specially produced and suitable for use medicinal substances that help prevent and treat diseases” (ME II 1993) — medicines are used relatively rarely, because there is not much written about, in the words of A. Vileišis himself, “drugs from pharmacies” Ng 63 or “real medicines” Pp 54. The second, practical, meaning is used much more often — "any means, way": Nu flea medicines — aeries Skaudvilė. He knows the cure from mice, from rats Squirrels. What you get to rest, it's not better medicine Pilviškiai. "The 100 Greatest Diseases of the 20th Century" (PDF) (1996). Thus, in the spoken books, medicines are called both certain treatment methods, and everyday household products, and food products and drinks, etc. The author has called such medicines home or human medicines Pp 54, e.g. : Therefore there is no doubt that the fruit is a good natural medicine Ku 43, — to the weak after the bath or during the bath strengthening drugs (wine, tea, etc.) are given Pp 113, For small attacks (bruises), the following drugs are best used: apply wet cold pads (compresses) and press with cold objects, because cold and pressure reduce blood flow Pp 21. It is interesting to note that in one booklet drugs are also called situational resources, e.g. : The best remedy against sweating and swelling of the feet is energetic scrubbing, washing with cold water and maximum cleanliness; these resources (medicines) must necessarily be retained, — Ku9l, Specifically mentioned fiber of compound names, one of which is the word medicine, usually used in the plural form, They can be divided into several groups, e.g. : a) medicines by form: diluted medicines Kru 4 (see liquid medicines Pp 109), medicines in solid form Pp 109, medicines in drops Pp 110, medicines in liquid form Pp 109, b) medicines by purpose: medicines for vomiting Tš 13, medicines for expelling milk Pm I 27, Pm II 25, medicines for vomiting Pm 11 12, medicines for killing bacteria L1 43, c) medicines by action: strengthening medicines Pp 113, blood-coaguling medicines Pp 37, d) medicines by affiliation: medicines of dark sorcerers Kru 15, e) medicines by odour properties: medicines with a sharp odor 69 Pp 110. The second most abundant group includes the names of dressings, e.g.: angliškas pleistras Pp 25, bandažas (ivarskas) Kru 10 [cf. bandažas (tvarslas) Pp 49 (bandažas |. „tvarstis, vyturas“ LKZ I, 1968, tvarslas see bandažas 1. „tvarstomasis raištis“ LKZ XVII 1996], bintas Pp 29, cerata L161 [cf. cirata Pp 112 (cerata „waterproof, rubber-coated fabric, waxy“ LKZ II, 1969)], gabalėlis audinio Pp 112, audinio skarmalėlis Kru 10, linonė skarelelė D 5, linonė skepetutė Pm I 31 (cf. linonė skuotelė Pm 11 26, linonė skutetukė Pm II 28), linonis bintas Pp 36, gabalėlis geros vatos Ll 104, geraji (is aptikos) vata Kru 4 (cf. vata gera iš aptikos Kru 9), geros hydroscopinės vatos gabalėlis Kru 4, pleistras Pp 43, gryna aptiekinė vata Pm I 32, Pm II 29, gumilastikinis bintas Pp 36, gumilastikinis diržas Pp 36, kitaika Kru 11 [xkitaika (Russian: KuTraiika) „nankinas (tokia medvilnė medžiaga)“ LKZ V 1959], klejonka D 5, lipnus plėtras Kru 12, soft pieces of clothing Pp 45, multin D 5, muslin Kru 4, L) 92, Pp 26, piece of muslin Kru 10, nose scarf Pp 36, nose scoop Pp 38, plain wool D 5, thin blanket Kru 11, towel Ach 10, Tš 11, sterilized cloth for binding Pp 54, thick wool scarf Tš 11, Ach 10, clean piece of canvas Pp 53, clean linen siul Pm 1.19, taffeta Kru 11 (taffeta "stiff shiny silk or chemical fiber fabric for dresses, blouses" LKŽ XV 1991), triangular scarf Pp 29, wool Pm I 27, Pp 26, Pm II 25, Kru 10, LI 62 and others. It is accompanied by the names of therapeutic bandages, e.g.: wet bandage Kru 10, wet compress Kru 11, wet warming compress Kru 11, hot compresses Ch 9, Kru 3, L1 149, hot wet pads Pm I 23, Pm 11 21, compresses of boric acid 1.192, ice compresses Kru 5, light warning bandage Kru 11, hot ashes in bags Tš 11, Ach 10, simple wet bandage Kru 11, bag of poached oats 11 116, dry bandage Kru 10, cold compresses Pm 18, Pp 48, Pm II 8, Ku 32, Kru 5, L1 149, warming wet compresses LA 61, warming compresses Kru 11, warm compresses TS 11, Ach 10, Kru 6, LI 116, bag of warm ashes LI 116, wet muslin Kru 11, wet cold pads (compresses) Pp 21, warming compresses D 5, herb bags Kru 6, etc. The third large group are the names of first aid tools, e.g.: coal pliers Pp 44, balenas Pp 44, saddle vilokas Pp 44, bletinis daiktai Pp 44 (x blėtinis „skardinis“ LKŽ I, 1968), onion Pp 72, straps Pp 44, dratvos Pp 44 [xdratva 70 see wire (German dial. drot) 1. „wire“ LKZ 11,1969], salt Pp 67, durykiés Pp 44, rubber straps Pp 35, long stick Pp 61, hot blitidai Pp 113, hot smélies padvéliai Pp 113, hot grass padvéliai Pp 113, hot bricks Pp 113, keliaraiksciai Pp 46, kescios Pp 80 [kesCios 1. see kestes 1. „two (sometimes joined) sticks for carrying hay, straw, etc.; stretchers“ LKZ VII 1966], kestos from sermėgos Pp 86, loop belts Pp 44, sticks Pp 44, lipynė (kopietės) Pp 61 (see lipynės (kopietės) Pp 73), makšnos (makštys) Pp 44 (xmakšna 2. "vagina, pouch" 1996; 1st ed. „įmovas, dėklas, dėkliaras“ LKŽ VII 1966), wood fibers Pp 26, tree bark Pp 44, piles Pp 45, shoulder straps Pp 46, thin bales Pp 42, moss Pp 45, dry sables Pp 44, sieves Pp 44, scoop Pp 67, snow Pp 72, tablecloths Pp 46, coarsely brushed Pp 75 [xberštas (German Biirste) „Broths; shoe brushes“ LKŽ I, 1968], thick paper Pp 44, softened uzklotés Pp 113, cold ice bath Pp 72, salty soup Pp 72, cold things Pp 21, cold blankets Pp 72, warm lupatéles Pp 72 (lupata |., scarf, rag“ LKZ VII 1966), shooters Pp 44, spoon Pp 44, straw scoops Pp 87, hay Pp 45, scale scoops Pp 86, uostoma taboka Pp 67, hot knife Pp 38, hot yarn Pp 38, wool Pp 46 and others. They list the means that can be used to provide immediate assistance in the event of a disaster. All the names of this group are collected from the translated booklet First Aid in Accidents, which contains a lot of information about how to give first aid and what to use in case of injury, bone fracture, burn, frostbite, thirst, etc. 71 The fourth group includes the names of disinfecting or bactericidal substances, e.g. birch tar L144, boric acid Pp 26 (cf. boric ash L1 61), chlorine lime mixture 11 107, tar alkali L1 128, peat LI 84, formalin Ll 76, iodide Pp 26, lime (wapna) L143 [2 x vapna (1. wapno) 1. „kalkės” LKŽ XVIII 1997], lime milk Pp 74, Ll 29, carbolic solution Dz 17 (cf. carbolic solution Pp 116), carbolic water Pm II 19, Ll 42 (cf. carbolic water Ll 107), carbolic ash mixture L1 107, carbolic rye solution L1 149 (cf. solution of carbolic ash Ach 13), carbolic Pp 26, Ll 13, hot alkali Ach 16, L1 45, hot soap water L1 29, creolin Pp 26, creolin solution Pp 27, lysol Pp 26, marsh water Dz 4, wood tar L143, wood ash LI 44, unquenched lime L 1 107, ash LI 107, pine tar Ll 44, pine alkali Ll 44, salicylic acid Pp 26 (see salicylic acid Ll 94), soda Pp 55, Dz 13, LI 42, strong alkali L1 30, strong hot alkali Ll 122, sublimate Ts 37, Dz 13, Pp 26, L142, mixing of sublimate L1 42, mixing of sublimate solution Pp 29, Ach 16, D 6, mixing of alkaline tar L129, warm water with soap 1149, thymol Pp 26, solution of cresol soap L1 76, water vapor Pp 26, green soap L148, green soap liquid L1 49, earth L] 84, etc. The fifth group of names refers to medical technology. These are various instruments, tools, appliances and other accessories used for medical purposes, e.g.: eye bags Kru 6, hot water bottles LA 117, medical syringe 11 143, match Kru 9, Dettveiler''s spiaudaliné Dz 13, head spit with slender ends Kru 9, rubber machine Kru 4, rubber syringe Ll 98, rubber hose Kru 5, rubber bags Pp 111, irrigators Pp 113, irrigator (Esmarch''o) with rubber hose Ch 10, pocket irrigation bank Dl 12, clizopump Pp 115, blood vessel clamps (turnstiles) Pp 33, Liebe's spiaudaliné Dz 13 (spit see spit 1. "container into which the vaccine is spit" LKZ XIII 1984), maximum thermometers Pp 107, non-absorbing pig side Pp 111, simple pig side Ll 84, knife for injecting Rč 14 (xinject 2. "inject" LKZ II, 1969), brush Kru 9 [xpenzelis see pendzelis (1. pedzel) "brush" LKZ IX 1973], Prodohl''s spiaudaliné Dz 13, pots for thrown Pp 105, pots for secret Pp 105, spiaudaliné Dz 11, spiaudaliné of aluminum Dz 14, spiaudalinés of iron sheet metal Dz 12, spiaudaliné with high leg DZ 72 12, squeezed banks Dz 13, glass stick Kru 8 (see glass stick Rp 19), glass bottle Kru 5, warm bricks Ll 117, resin syringe D 5, syringe with bone tip Pp 15 (syringe 1. “syringe, sprayer” LKŽ II, 1969; syringe see sprayer 1. see sprayer 1. “device for injecting, spraying, syringe, syringe, sprayer” LKŽ XV 1991), syringe D 3 (see syringe TS 11), thermometer Celsius Pp 107, goose feather Ku 36 et seq. Maziausig grupę sudaro gydomųjų procedūrų pavadinimai, pvz.: akių praplovimai Kru 14, akių vonia Kru 5, gerklės praputimas D 5, įkvėpavimas degio Ch 11, lašų įleidimai Kru 14, plovimas šaltu vandeniu Ku 91, prileidimas dielių Kru 12, pusvonios Pm I 6 (plg. pusvanos Pm II 5), šalta vonia Pp 113, šilta vonia Ku 89 (plg. šilta vania Pm I 23, šilta vana Pm II 21), tepalo įleidimai Kru 14, trinimas Pm II 28, vanelė Pm I 31, Pm II 28, vidurių perplovimai Ch 10, vokų masažas (mankštinimas) Kru 9, vonia (tynė) šilto vandens Ach 11 [*tyné (vok. dial. tin, tine) 1. „pailgas indas maudytis, praustis ar kam kitam, vonia, vonelė“, 2.,, maudymasis tame inde, vonia“ LKŽ XVI 1995], vonios Pp 113, Ach 14, Ku 45, Ch 11, Kru 5, L198 and others. The treatments are also related to the treatments. However, only a small fraction of the names of this species are collected. The names of first aid methods are distinguished, e.g.: cotton wrapping Pp 54, spreading with flour Pp 54, spreading soda (Bulirich salt) Pp 54, weak wound compression Pp 31, strong compression Pp 31, lubrication with oils Pp 54, lubrication with protein Pp 54, lubrication with butter Pp 54, lubrication with liquid glue Pp 54, lubrication with grease Pp 54, wound compression Pp 30, etc. The disinfection methods are named by several names, e.g.: heat L141, smoking Dz 4, dry heat L1 41, boiling in water LI 42, etc. Separate groups are formed by names with a recurring spot treatment, e.g.: treatment with milk D 7, treatment with warm baths D 7, treatment with grapes Ku 42, simple treatment with water Ku 45, systematic treatment with fruits Ku 42, etc., and vaccination, e.g.: vaccination against diphtheria L161, Jenner vaccination Ts 39, etc. 73 11. Expression and origin of the names of medical devices 1. Single-word treatment names found a little over 100. More than half of them are Lithuanian words, e.g.: lovatiesės Pp 46, šakelės Pp 44. Many of the names are of non-Lithuanian origin. They do not include the old (true) borrowed words, which "are fully adapted to our language system and are used without any restrictions —. In terminology, they are no longer borrowed, but terminologized words of human language” (Gaivenis 2002: 58). Thus, only international words, e.g. kompresai Pp 110, Kru 3, LI 104, and foreign words or barbarisms, e.g. uksusas Pp 73, are considered words of non-Lithuanian origin. Occasionally it happens that the same thing is named with two Lithuanian words, e.g., aprišimai or raiščiai Kru 10. In this case, the limitations do not have a pure action meaning (DLKG 1996: 94), but they name a specific thing. By the way, with the word aprismai, and not ligamenti, are formed and species names, for example, pressing ligament Kru 11. One case is mentioned, when two foreign words are used to name the same thing, e.g. patelnė (skaurada) Pp 44 [xpatelnia (|. patelnia, br. naranpHs) „keptuvė“ LKŽ IX 1973; xskaurada (1. skowroda, rus. ckoBopoj1a) 1. „keptuvė“ LKŽ XII 1981]. It can be concluded from this that both these words were widely used in the language of that time, because there was no Lithuanian novelist yet. According to the Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian Language, the word keptuvé in its first meaning —“flat metal dish for baking bread, meat, etc.” —is recorded only in 1934 in the common language newspaper Gimroji kalba (LKŽ V 1959). However, the opposite phenomenon can also be observed, when foreignness is pushed out of usage by its own, Lithuanian, word. For example, arielka Pm I 21, Pm II 11 is found only in one booklet, while its Lithuanian equivalent vodka Pm I 22, Pp 79, Pm II 20, Ku 32, D 7 is used much more frequently. By the way, K. Sirvydas has called ariel vodka. This is his novelty (Balčikonis 1978: 163). Some Lithuanian names have synonyms of non-Lithuanian origin, e.g., skėtis (parasolis) Pp 74 [cf. x parasonas (brus. mapacon) „skėtis“ LKZ IX 1973], or names of non-Lithuanian origin have Lithuanian equivalents presented as adjacents, e.g., detritas (vakcinos) L191 (detritas 2. „ruupų židinio nuogranda imunizacijai“ MTZ). There is one other varying name, for example, lime L1107 / lime Pp 73. Hybrid, or mixed, names for spoken texts are not typical, and only a few have been found, e.g. inoculation Rč 10 / inoculation Tš 15 (cf. inoculation L1 90). Latin equivalents are a common and important thing in medical literature. They are very 74 rare in A. Vileišis’s books, and this is self-evident, because most of the names are common language words or combinations of words, which have acquired their terminological meaning only in context, and in addition, the books tried to present medical science knowledge in a simplified way. Therefore, the Latin equivalent is given only next to the mononymous name "calomelus" (Latin: Calomelanos) of one significant group — medicines — Ch 9. The Latin name kollodium Pp 25 is written in the original form in the text, apparently there is no Lithuanian form for it. 2. Compound names of medical devices make up the largest proportion of all the names in question (there are just over 300). The number of names is estimated to be over 200. In terms of the expression of the species mark, almost equally distributed combinations of the harmonizable and non-harmonizable mark. Combinatory signs are usually expressed by adjectives: qualitative adjectives (the majority of them), e.g., tikri vaistai Pp 54, and adjectives with the suffix -inis, e.g., straudinės kestos Pp 87. Several of the matching certificates are represented by active or inactive species participants, e.g.: boiling alkali Ach 16, heated scarves Pp 71. Noun forms (of adjectives or participants) are not common, e.g.: wet compresses Pp 112, cold blanket Pp 112. Some names are used in both the simple and noun forms, for example, fake breathing Pp 31 and fake breathing Pp 67. Incompatible signs are usually represented by a singular or plural genitive, e.g.: viryklos šaukštas Pp 44, telegrafy dratvos Pp 45. Some names have personal nouns as incompatible pronouns —either completely lit.ized, e.g. Bardéleben’s discovery Pp 54, or left authentic with the Lithuanian ending added after the apostrophe, e.g. Pasteur’s cipping TS 29. There are also other incompatible pazyminiy expressed in phrases (mostly by jnagininku), e.g., lubrication with butter Pp 54. Incompatible subjunctives of several names are represented by vowels with prepositions (most common combinations with prepositions iz and su), e.g.: kescios is paklodės Pp 86, saišeliai su ledu 1.1 75. There are many synonyms used. Synonyms are usually Lithuanian words, e.g. sausos lovatiesės (paklodės) Pp 75