Page 1The Development of Some Physics Terms
ANGELĖ KAULAKIENĖ
Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas
Many contemporary Lithuanian physics terms underwent considerable variation and change before becoming accepted, established terms used uniformly by all specialists. Most often, a standard term takes hold and becomes established in terminology from among several synonyms or variants. This is particularly evident when examining the stages in the development of Lithuanian physics terminology, beginning with the first popular science articles on physics, published in Keleivis (1849–1880) and Aušra (1883–1886), and ending with the most recent prescriptive terminographic publications on physics.
This article presents the development over a period of a century and a half of several important contemporary physics terms—wave, state, electricity, energy, discharge, force, motion, charge, body, magnetism, current, resistance.
For clarity, each term, its synonym, or its (phonetic, morphological, orthographic, etc.) variant that varied or changed over the course of its development is illustrated with an authentic source sentence or excerpt, whose spelling and punctuation have not been altered. Each terminological entry begins with a single-word term. Multiword terms (two-word, three-word, etc.) that form part of the entry for a single-word term and varied during their development are presented in alphabetical order by the first word, with sources listed chronologically. All physics terms currently in use that appear in the article are marked for stress. The development of these and other physics terms is discussed in greater detail in the book The Development of Lithuanian Physics Terminology (Kaulakienė 2009).
Here is how the development of the aforementioned physics terms looks.
wave
wave: The Earth rocked and swayed beneath our feet, as if it were some sort of vessel or a boat rocked by the waves on the water. K 1869 5 18: <...> [air waves] met the second mirror, placed opposite the first, reflected from the second and, on its side, converged near it at one point <...> V 1890 12 189
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Page 2wavy refraction: <...> propagate, reflect, refract and interfere wavy refractions of air <...>
V 1890 12 188
wave, -ies TFR139
wave: <...> covered by waves tossed by the storm are <...> K 1870 11 44; A layer of condensed and rarefied air forms one wave ŠF III 69; The distance between two wave points <...> is called the wave length FP I 54; FTŽ₁ 10; Let us describe the wave by an equation BF I 173; FTŽ I 44
bang||à, -os FTŽ₂ 28
wave, waves FTŽ₃ 60
circular, or spherical waves: <...> then it will produce around itself circular, or spherical waves, made up of condensed and rarefied air <...> ŠF III 70
circular wave FTŽ I 44
circular wave FTŽ₂ 28; FTŽ₃ 60
reflected wave: If the wall from which sound waves are reflected is near us, then the reflected wave immediately returns, merging with the main wave <...> ŠF III 74
reflected wave: If the laws of reflection of sound waves agree with the laws of light, then the reflected waves must travel back in a parallel beam <...> ŠF III 73
reflected wave FTŽ₁ 10
reflected wave FTŽ I 45
reflected wave FTŽ₂ 28
reflected wave FTŽ₃ 60
elastic wave: <...> a plate cut from a quartz crystal vibrates in a high-frequency alternating electric field, producing short elastic waves in air or liquid <...> BF II 63
elastic wave FTŽ₁ 10
elastic wave, wave of elasticity FTŽ I 46
elastic wave FTŽ₂ 31
elastic wave, see wave of elasticity FTŽ₃ 61
wave of elasticity FTŽ₃ 66
electric wave: Indeed, electric wave, it is not a wave of light, heat, or sound: we see a light wave, feel heat, and hear sound V 1891 2 24; The famous inventor of the wireless telegraph, the Italian Marconi, applied electric waves, for whose transmission wherever needed wires are not required <...> T 1898 9 299
electromagnetic wave: <...> we must conclude that the same medium, called the ether, which
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Page 3carries light and heat waves is also the medium carrying electromagnetic waves
V 1891 2 26
electricity: Electricity, as a wave-like oscillation of the ether V 1891 1 6
electromagnetic wave: To give a clearer picture of the electromagnetic wave <...>, we shall use the following examples FP VII 362; BF II 331
electromagnetic, or electric, wave: Thus, when a periodic electromagnetic disturbance, e.g. electrical oscillations, is generated at any point in space, electromagnetic or electric waves propagate through the medium BF II 333
electromagnetic wave FTŽ₁ 10; FTŽ₁ 46
electromagnetic wave FTŽ₂ 29; FTŽ₃ 61
sound waves: First, let us familiarize ourselves with the character of sound waves V 1890 12 188
sound wave: Sound waves are reflected by trees, mountains, clouds, etc. ŠF III 74
acoustic (= sound) wave FTŽ₁ 10
sound (= acoustic) wave FTŽ₁ 11
acoustic wave, sound wave FTŽ₁ 44
sound wave, acoustic wave FTŽ₁ 46
acoustic wave FTŽ₂ 28; FTŽ₃ 60
sound wave FTŽ₂ 29; FTŽ₃ 61
longitudinal wave: We speak of a longitudinal wave when the line of particle oscillation coincides with the line of the wave <...> FP I 56; FTŽ₁ 11; In solid elastic bodies and liquids, both transverse and longitudinal waves <...> BF I 176; FTŽ₁ 47
longitudinal (longitudinal) wave: Let us also note here that there are two kinds of waves: longitudinal (longitudinal) and transverse waves (transversal) FP I 56
elongated wave: By moving the piston back and forth through the tube, we obtain elongated waves ŠF III 70
lengthwise waves TFR 139
longitudinal wave FTŽ₂ 29; FTŽ₃ 62
spherical wave: If not just one point but a body made up of many points, for example a tuning fork, vibrates in the air, then each of its points produces spherical waves ŠF III 70
spherical waves TFR 139
spherical (= ball-shaped) wave FTŽ₁ 11
spherical (= ball-shaped) wave FTŽ₁ 11
ball-shaped, or spherical, wave: If a wave propagates from any wave center in all directions at the same speed, then the wave surface is spherical; in this case we have a ball-shaped, or spherical, wave BF III 130
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Page 4spherical wave: If a wave propagates from any center in all directions at the same speed, then the wave surface is spherical; in this case we have a spherical wave BF I 183
spherical wave, spherical wave FTŽ₁ 50
spherical wave, spherical wave FTŽ₁ 50
spherical wave, spherical wave FTŽ₂ 30
spherical wave, see spherical wave FTŽ₂ 30
spherical wave FTŽ₃ 64
transverse, or transversal, wave: We have a transverse, or transversal, wave when the particles’ oscillation line is perpendicular to the wave line FP I 56
transverse wave (transversal): We shall also note here that there are two kinds of waves: longitudinal and transverse waves (transversal) FP I 56
transverse waves (cross-waves) TFRI139
transverse wave: They consist of a longitudinal and a transverse wave <...> FP I 56
transverse wave: Both transverse and longitudinal waves <...> can form in solid elastic bodies and liquids BF I 176
transverse wave FTŽ₁ 11; FTŽ₁ 50
transverse wave FTŽ₂ 30; FTŽ₃ 65
propagating wave: A propagating wave, when it encounters any obstacle, is reflected by it and propagates in the opposite direction BF I 180
propagating wave FTŽ₁ 11
propagating wave FTŽ₁ 50
propagating wave FTŽ₂ 30; FTŽ₃ 65
standing wave: <...> in this way, the maximum amplitude of the standing wave is twice as great as the maximum amplitude of a propagating wave BF I 181
standing wave: A wave whose nodes remain in the same places at all times is called a standing wave BF I 181
standing wave FTŽ₁ 11
standing wave FTŽ₁ 50
standing wave FTŽ₂ 31; FTŽ₃ 65
heat wave: <...> we must conclude that the same medium, called ether, which carries waves of light and heat is likewise the medium carrying electromagnetic waves V 1891 2 26
heat wave FTŽ₁ 11
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Page 5thermal wave FTŽ₁ 51
thermal wave FTŽ₂ 31; FTŽ₃ 66
light wave: <...> we must infer that the same medium, called ether, which carries light waves and heat waves, is also the medium that carries electromagnetic waves V 1891 2 26
light wave FTŽ₁ 11; Light waves are very short <...> BF III 128; FTŽ I 51
light wave FTŽ₂ 31; FTŽ₃ 66
water wave: The earth rocked and swayed beneath our feet like a small boat or vessel being carried on water waves K 1869 5 18
water wave: We see this too with water waves when we throw in not one, but a whole handful of pebbles ŠF III 70; FTŽ₁ 11; FTŽ I 52
water wave FTŽ₃ 67
state
state: material state state A 1886 5 154
condition: Thus, the strength of the magnetic field at the equator condition is 2 times less than at the axis condition FP VII 15
state A 1885 9 277; a change in the state of a solid into a liquid changes the body's volume and softness KF 181; Thus, mass is nothing other than the quantity of matter, regardless of what that matter may be, what it is composed of, and which state it is in ŠF III 83; Changes in the state of physical bodies belong among such processes FP I 4
position, or state. All changes in the position or state of physical bodies <...> we call natural phenomena <...> FP I 3
existence, state, being, state TFR 1174
state: FTŽ₁ 13; A little later, Franklin (1706 – 1790) developed a unitary hypothesis of the electrification of bodies, according to which all bodies in their normal state have an imperceptible (“natural”) quantity of electricity BF II 6
state -s FTŽ I 59
state see state FTŽ₂ 37
state, -s FTŽ₂ 35; FTŽ₃ 75
gaseous state: Matter occurs in three states: solid, liquid, and gaseous KF 3
gaseous state, gas phase TFR 181
gaseous condition: Thus, potassium alkali will form in the cathode region, and hydrogen will appear at the cathode in the gaseous state <...> FP VII 206
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Page 6gaseous state FTŽ I 59
gaseous state FTŽ₂ 35; FTŽ₃ 76
solid state: Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gaseous KF 3
solid state FTŽ I 60
solid state FTŽ₂ 35; FTŽ₃ 77
magnetic condition: Thus, this loop signifies a tendency of the magnetic condition to persist FP VII 263
magnetic state FTŽ I 61
magnetic state FTŽ₂ 36; FTŽ₃ 77
neutral state FTŽ I 61
neutral state FTŽ₂ 36; FTŽ₃ 78
normal position: A pendulum, displaced from its normal position, has a certain excess of potential energy <...> FP I 59
normal position: By tilting, say, an egg from its normal position, we raise its center of mass and thereby increase its potential energy FP I 69
normal state: Every superconductor has a characteristic temperature at which it passes from the normal state into the superconducting state BF II 98
normal state FTŽ I 61
normal state FTŽ₂ 36; FTŽ₃ 78
basic condition: The first basic condition is represented in Figure 12 FP VII 14
principal state FTŽ₁ 13; FTŽ I 62
principal condition FTŽ₂ 36; FTŽ₃ 79
equilibrium state: If we support a triangle at the intersection of its medians, then such a triangle will be in equilibrium state FP I 66
equilibrium, state of equilibrium FTŽ I 62
equilibrium condition FTŽ₂ 36; FTŽ₃ 79
rest position: <...> one must find a point in a body at which, when supported, the body returns to its rest position if it is set in motion FP I 66
state of rest: When a body is at the same place at different times, we say that it is at rest (state of rest) FP I 12
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Page 7state of rest, state of repose FTŽ I 62
condition of rest FTŽ₂ 36; FTŽ₃ 79
liquid state: Matter occurs in three states: solid, liquid, and gaseous KF 3
liquid state: During the electrolysis of KCl in the liquid state at high temperatures, potassium ions reach the cathode <...> FP VII 206
liquid state FTŽ I 63
liquid condition FTŽ₂ 37; FTŽ₃ 80
superconducting state: Every superconductor <...> transitions from the normal state to the superconducting state BF II 98; FTŽ I 63
superconducting state: In this case a certain intermediate state forms between the normal and superconducting states BF II 211
superconducting condition FTŽ₂ 37; FTŽ₃ 80
intermediate state: In this case, a certain intermediate state forms between the normal and superconducting states BF II 211; FTŽ I 63
intermediate state FTŽ₂ 37; FTŽ₃ 80
electricity
electricity: Several things, such as glass, amber, resin, cat skin, silk, resin and so on, have electricity K 1851 11 42
amber-working: According to the true Lithuanian language, we might therefore call it amber-working, but for now we shall keep to the name that learned people gave this thing and call it Elektricitāt (= Elektrizität – A. K.), or, better, according to our pronunciation, electricity K 1851 11 42
electric: <...> the effect of electricity on the system of wires <...> A 1886 6 170
electricity: <...> electricity is a wavy movement of some interior V 1891 2 26
electrics: Electrics has only recently remained captured and harnessed in machines instead of steam <...> T 1898 10 330
[gintra] electricity: Thunderstorm [gintra] electricity ĮTK 85
electricity [gintra]: Electricity of opposite, reverse value electricity [gintra] ĮTK 73
electricity A 1883 8–10 281; A 1885 10–11 324; With electricity, aluminum is now obtained much purer than before V 1893 1 12; And so, electricity is a certain force of nature, just like heat, light, or gravity PF 94; TFR 1102; Electricity makes its way through those points in the air that offer the least resistance <...> ŠF II 26; Two kinds of electricity FP VII 34; FTŽ₂ 21; The state produced by rubbing bodies is called the electrical state, and its cause is called electricity BF II 5; FTŽ I 141
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Page 8electricity FTŽ2 70; FTŽ3 154
subtractive (negative) electricity: Natural electricity can be divided into additive (positive) and subtractive (negative) A 1885 10-11 321
subtractive electricity: Theories that electricity is twofold: additive and subtractive <...> is nowadays prevailing without any restrictions V 1891 1 7
negative electricity: The electricity of other objects <...>, if it is like that of a resin rod, is called negative electricity PF 95
resin, or rubber electricity: Thus, there are two kinds of electricity: one we usually call glass electricity, the other resin, or rubber electricity ŠF II 14
negative electricity, resin or rubber electricity TFR 842
negative electricity: Atoms of negative electricity FP VII 385; This hypothesis asserted that bodies contain separate positive (“glass”) and negative (“resin”) electricity BF II 6
negative electricity: If these rays encounter a conductor on their way, even the same cross, they charge it with negative electricity ŠF II 52; FTŽ1 21
negative electricity FTŽ I 142
negative electricity FTŽ2 70; FTŽ3 154
atmospheric electricity: <...> has an important role to play in the phenomena of atmospheric electricity and the Earth's magnetism V 1891 2 26
atmospheric electricity: It should be said that the science of atmospheric electricity is relatively young <...> FP VII 125; FTŽ1 21; FTŽ I 141
atmospheric electricity FTŽ2 70; FTŽ3 154
contact electricity: Contact electricity and its laws FP VII 133
contact electricity FTŽ1 22
contact electricity, contact electricity FTŽ I 142
contact electricity, electricity of contact FTŽ2 70
electricity of contact FTŽ3 155
additive (positive) electricity: Natural electricity is divided into additive (positive) and subtractive (negative) A 1885 10–11 321
additive electricity: Theories that electricity is twofold: additive and subtractive <...> still prevail today without any restrictions V 1891 1 7
positive electricity: The electricity of other objects, if it is like that of a glass rod, is likewise called positive electricity <...> PF 95
glass electricity: Thus, there are two kinds of electricity: one we simply call glass electricity, the other resin, or rubber, electricity ŠF II 14
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Page 9positive electricity: By this example, in physics we shall call one kind of electricity, namely that which we obtain by rubbing a glass rod with silk or amalgamated leather, positive electricity <...> ŠF II 16; FTŽ₁ 22
positive glass electricity: Meanwhile, positive glass electricity electrifies the teeth of a comb by induction <...> ŠF II 20
electricity of the same kind, or positive electricity: Then, by induction, b opposite, namely negative, electricity would appear at the top of the disk, and electricity of the same kind, or positive electricity at the bottom ŠF II 25
electricity of the same kind: This happens because electricity of the same kind will pass through our bodies into the ground, while the opposite kind will remain <...> ŠF II 19
electricity of the same sign: <...> bodies charged with electricity of the same sign repel one another, while those charged with electricity of different signs attract one another BF II 9
positive electricity: Since the two kinds of electricity act oppositely, glass electricity later came to be called positive electricity <...> FP VII 36; Glass electricity is considered positive, and ebonite negative BF II 9
positive electricity FTŽ₁ 22
positive electricity FTŽ I 142
positive electricity FTŽ₂ 70; FTŽ₃ 155
energy
V 1891 1 7; ŠF III 94; FP I 69; FTŽ₁ 25; BF II 106; FTŽ I 156; FTŽ₂ 76; FTŽ₃ 170
acoustic energy FTŽ₁ 25
sound energy: In addition, part of the work is converted into sound energy BF I 273
acoustic energy, sound energy FTŽ I 156
acoustic energy FTŽ₂ 76; FTŽ₃ 171
sound energy FTŽ₂ 77; FTŽ₃ 172
chemical energy: Here we see an example showing us the change of chemical energy into thermal energy ŠF III 93; Today we no longer speak of forces, but speak of magnetic, electrical, chemical and other energies FP I 60
chemical energy (the energy of exploding gunpowder): In addition to the types of mechanical energy shown above, there is also <...> chemical energy (the energy of exploding gunpowder) ŠF III 92
chemical energy: <...> the chemical energy previously stored in the bomb chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy ŠF III 93; FTŽ₁ 25; <...> we have mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, electromagnetic, atomic, radiant, chemical, and so on, energy BF I 48; FTŽ I 156
chemical energy FTŽ₂ 76; FTŽ₃ 171
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Page 10electrical energy: <...> continuously devouring electrical energy and transforming it into heat energy, it brings about a new activity in the hydrodynamic battery <...> V 1891 2 26
electrical energy: <...> electrical energy is converted into heat energy (a conductor carrying an electric current heats up) ŠF III 93; The great convenience of electrical energy is that <...> it is easy to produce it in any network of conductors <...> FP VII 187; FTŽ I 158
electric current energy FP VII 187; This work is called electric current energy BF II 85
electrical energy FTŽ₁ 25; <...> we call a quantity <...> the thermal equivalent of electrical energy BF II 86
electrical energy FTŽ I 157
electrical energy FTŽ₂ 76; FTŽ₃ 172
electrical energy FTŽ₃ 172
potential, or potential energy: Besides kinetic energy, there can also be potential, or potential energy ŠF III 92
potential energy: Thus, this example shows us that kinetic energy changes into potential energy ŠF III 92–93
potential, or positional, energy: In such cases we speak of potential, or positional energy FP I 58
potential energy: A pendulum deflected from its normal position has a certain excess of potential energy <...> FP I 59; FTŽ I 158
positional, or potential, energy: This energy depends on the body's location in space, that is, on the body's position; hence it is called the body's positional, or potential, energy BF I 47
potential energy: The body's potential energy is determined not only by its final position but also by its initial position <...> BF I 47; FTŽ₁ 25
potential energy FTŽ₂ 77; FTŽ₃ 175
kinetic, or kinetic energy: The body we are now discussing is itself moving, rushing along, and the energy of such a moving body is called kinetic, or kinetic energy ŠF III 91
energy of motion, or kinetic energy: Therefore, we say that every moving mass has a certain store of energy, and we call that energy energy of motion, or kinetic energy FP I 57; The energy possessed by a moving body is called energy of motion, or kinetic energy BF I 46
kinetic energy: Thus this example shows us that kinetic energy changes into potential energy ŠF III 92–93
kinetic, kinetic energy TFR 426
kinetic energy TFR 77; Thus now we can calculate the kinetic energy of a body that at the same time translates and rotates <...> FP I 87; FTŽ₁ 25; Let us differentiate the expression for kinetic energy with respect to velocity v <...> BF I 46; FTŽ I 158
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Page 11kinetic energy FTŽ2 77; FTŽ3 173
mechanical energy: Generally speaking, mechanical energy is much more easily converted into heat than vice versa ŠF III 94
mechanics, mechanical energy TFR 586
mechanical energy: Speaking of the mechanical energy of water, it goes without saying that the amount of energy in the water is proportional to the mass of the water and its height <...> FP I 60; FTŽ₁ 25; The ratio of mechanical energy to heat, called the mechanical equivalent of heat, was first determined experimentally by Joule BF I 272; FTŽ I 158
mechanical energy FTŽ₂ 77; FTŽ₃ 174
radiant energy TFR 528
radiation energy: FTŽ₁ 25; Quanta of radiation energy BF III 306: FTŽ I 160
radiation energy FTŽ₂ 78
radiant energy FTŽ₃ 176
energy of elasticity, elastic energy, energy of stiffness, rigidity energy TFR 1351
elastic energy. energy of elasticity FTŽ₂ 78
elastic energy FTŽ₃ 177
stored energy: When the electric charge of a conductor is changed, the strength of the electric field formed in its surroundings changes, and consequently the stored energy also changes BF II 34
accumulated energy FTŽ₂ 78; FTŽ₃ 176
excitation, or activation, energy: From the coefficient B we can determine the excitation, or activation, energy of semiconductors <...> BF II 106
activation energy FTŽ₁ 25; FTŽ I 156
excitation energy FTŽ₁ 25; FTŽ I 160
activation energy FTŽ₂ 76; FTŽ₃ 170
excitation energy FTŽ₂ 78; FTŽ₃ 177
heat energy: Thus, here electrical energy is converted into heat energy ŠF III 94; <...> kinetic energy disappears, and heat energy takes its place <...> FP I 60; TFR 1271
thermal energy (of heated steam): TFR 1481
thermal energy (energy of heated steam): In addition to the types of mechanical energy shown above, there is also thermal energy (energy of heated steam) <...> ŠF III 92
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Page 12thermal energy: These examples show us the conversion of mechanical energy into thermal energy ŠF III 93; FTŽ₁ 25: <...> in thermodynamic equilibrium, thermal (molecular kinetic) energy is equally distributed among all degrees of freedom <...> BF I 242; FTŽ₁ I 160 thermal energy FTŽ₂ 78; FTŽ₃ 177
electrical discharge
electrical discharge: Then we have an electrical discharge between two clouds FP VII 126; TFR 1458
electrical discharge, - ĮTK 77
electrification FTŽ₁ 37; the nature of the electrification depends on the gas pressure in the tube and on the voltage between the electrodes BF II 149; FTŽ₁ 254
discharge. electrical discharge FTŽ₁ 251
electrification (discharge) FTŽ₂ 117
electrification FTŽ₃ 276
electrical discharge FTŽ₂ 116; FTŽ₃ 273
anomalous electrification: And only in the case of anomalous electrification does the voltage drop suddenly jump BF II 285
anomalous glow discharge FTŽ₃ 273
electrical plume: Wandering little candles (German Elmsfeuer) are luminous electrical plumes A 1883 8–10 281
electrical discharge KF 292
electrical discharge ĮTK 74
electrical discharge ĮTK 77; TFR 1458; Then we have an electrical discharge between two clouds FP VII 126
electrical discharge FTŽ₂ 116; FTŽ₃ 274
spark discharge: When enough ions form between two electrically charged conductors <...>, only then does spark discharge begin FP VII 386
spark discharge FTŽ₁ 37: <...> the voltage reaches such a level that an electric spark jumps, breaking through the layer of gas or another dielectric between the conductors. We obtain a spark discharge BF II 143
spark discharge FTŽ₁ 251
spark discharge FTŽ₂ 116; FTŽ₃ 274
arc discharge FTŽ₁ 37. In arc discharge, the electric current density is high <...> BF II 148
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Page 13arc discharge, arc-type discharge FTŽ₁ 251
arc discharge FTŽ₂ 116; FTŽ₃ 274
glow discharge FTŽ₁ 37; <...> we can obtain several forms of self-sustained gas discharge: spark, silent, and glow discharges <...> BF II 143
glow discharge FTŽ₁ 251
glow discharge FTŽ₂ 116
glow discharge FTŽ₃ 274
self-sustained discharge FTŽ₁ 37
self-sustained discharge: And this process then continues without interruption; the discharge becomes self-sustained BF II 135
self-sustained discharge FTŽ₁ 251
self-sustained discharge, spontaneous discharge FTŽ₂ 116
self-sustained discharge FTŽ₃ 274
silent discharge FTŽ₁ 38
[silent discharge: In a high-voltage network, silent discharge is undesirable <...> BF II 147
silent discharge FTŽ₁ 252
silent electric discharge FTŽ₂ 116; FTŽ₃ 274
corona discharge FTŽ₁ 38; In engineering, corona discharge is used in electric filters to remove impurities from air and gases BF II 147
corona discharge FTŽ₁ 252
corona discharge FTŽ₂ 117; FTŽ₃ 274
force
force: <...> the earth has within itself such a force, by which it attracts to itself everything that is upon it A 1884 5–6 210
force:<...> that the electric current acts as if it were at rest, and <...> having lost its magnetic force K 1851 13 50; A 1885 9 277; Electrical and magnetic forces themselves were, in his view, real, tangible things <...> V 1891 I 7
force K 1879 31 125
power (force): <...> as the river flows in its own way through it, it puts all its flowing power (force) to work A 1885 12 408
powers: <...> will have a moderate power, equal to the power of 4 horses <...> A 1886 I 31
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Page 14lightning: <...> lightning lightning A 1886 1 25
force or lightning: <...> lightning force or lightning A 1886 1 25
force: The motor, it seems, emits a cheap mechanical force <...> V 1889 5 73
force A 1885 9 263; Composition of forces KF 47
force, strength (sila) A 1884 7–8 217
power: Engineers want, wherever the opportunity arises, to combine the forces of nature forces and harness them to work <...> V 1889 5 73; <...> from this perspective, as a power that drives machines, it [liquid air] may replace steam, and perhaps electricity <...> T 1898 12 392; <...> we observe an effect on an object and say: that event has a cause, and we call that cause power PF 7
power (syla): I take a book; holding it requires greater or lesser power (syla) <...> PF 5
force: Force can act on all the particles of a body, or on some of them KF 45; Thus in mechanics force F can be expressed as the product of mass m and acceleration a SF III 85; the action of forces, or the motions of bodies in relation to the acting forces, is studied by dynamics <...> FP I 13; force impulse TFR 386; FTŽ₁ 39; <...> agents that change the state of bodies are called forces BF I 28; FTŽ I 268
force, ~s FTŽ₂ 123
force, forces FTŽ₃ 290
reaction force: Since the positive electricity of the ball is closer to the rod's negative electricity than the ball's negative electricity, the attractive force in this case is greater than the reaction force and the ball is attracted to the rod FP VII 40
repulsive force: We regard the repulsive force acting between like magnetic poles as positive, and the attractive force acting between unlike poles as negative BF II 158
pushing force: When the pushing (attractive) force acts between the latter [balls], the rod turns and twists the suspension thread BF II 11
propulsive force FTŽ₁ 40
repulsive force FTŽ I 272
repulsive force FTŽ₂ 124; FTŽ₃ 294
deforming force: We took two perfectly elastic spheres, that is, ones whose elastic forces during the short time of collision were equal to the deforming forces FP I 31
deformation force FTŽ₂ 123; FTŽ₃ 291
elastic force: <...> that point is bound by elastic forces to the subsequent point <...> FP I 54
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Page 15elastic force: <...> elastic forces were equal to the deforming forces during the short time of flattening FP I 31
elastic force FTŽ₁ 39
elastic force: Such a force is called an elastic force BF I 155
elastic force, restoring force FTŽ I 269
restoring force, elasticity force FTŽ₂ 124
restoring force FTŽ₃ 294
electric force A 1885 10–11 324
electric force: The electric and magnetic forces themselves were, in his view, existing, tangible things <...> V 1891 1 7
electric force: <...> for, electric force thickens the oxygen in the air and produces ozone ŠF II 27; Electric forces acting inside insulators are of dual origin <...> FP VII 102
electric force FTŽ₁ 39; According to it [the theory], a special state arises in the vicinity of an electric charge, which is the cause of the action of electric forces BF II 13; FTŽ I 269
electric force FTŽ₂ 123; FTŽ₃ 291
electromotive force: <...> an induced electromotive force of opposite direction is generated in the motor armature <...> FP VII 328
electromotive force (or potential difference) TFR 1477
electromotive force FTŽ₁ 39; A change in the voltage in the circuit E₁ + E₂ <...> is called the electromotive force of a galvanic cell BF II 79
electromotive force (v vi) FTŽ I 269
electromotive force (evi) FTŽ₂ 123
electromotive force FTŽ₃ 163
coercive force: Thus, this force is called coercive force. It is always considerably greater for steel than for iron FP VII 262
coercive force FTŽ₁ 40
coercive force FTŽ I 271
coercive force, see coercive field strength FTŽ₂ 124
coercive field strength FTŽ₂ 326
coercive force, see coercive field intensity FTŽ₂ 292
coercive field intensity FTŽ₃ 769
steering force FTŽ₁ 40: The steering force is stronger the stronger the external field BF II 43
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Page 16force of attraction FTŽ I 271
force of attraction FTŽ₂ 124; FTŽ₃ 292
Coulomb force FTŽ₁ 40; <...> the Coulomb force is equal to zero <...> BF II 13
Coulomb force FTŽ I 271
Coulomb force FTŽ₂ 124; FTŽ₃ 292
magnetic force: <...> that the electric current thus stood still, and <...> having lost its magnetic force K 1851 13 50
magnetic force: It appears that the ether, which carries light waves through itself, also has the capacity to undergo changes which we call by the names of electric and magnetic forces V 1891 1 7
magnetic force: Such iron is called a magnet, and the special attractive force of such iron is called magnetic force ŠF II 3
magnetic force: The Earth's magnetic force acts in different directions in different places FP VII 8; FTŽ₁ 40; FTŽ I 271
magnetic force FTŽ₂ 124; FTŽ₃ 292
magnetomotive force: Considering the aforementioned similarity between magnetic flux and electric current, one speaks of magnetomotive force and magnetic resistance <...> FP VII 259
magnetomotive force FTŽ₁ 40; The magnetizing field’s magnetomotive force Uₘ is expressed as follows <...> BF II 215; FTŽ I 271
magnetomotive force FTŽ₂ 124
magnetomotive force FTŽ₃ 416
molecular forces: In solid dielectrics, elementary charge carriers (ions, atoms, and molecules) are held in certain equilibrium positions by atomic or molecular forces BF II 42
molecular force FTŽ₁ 40
molecular forces FTŽ I 271
molecular forces FTŽ₂ 124; FTŽ₃ 292
cohesive force: <...> gases have only a very weak cohesive force and constantly churn KF 110
stickiness, adhesiveness, and (adhesive force) TFR 1247
cohesive force FTŽ₁ 40; <...> a strong cohesive force acts between atoms and molecules <...> BF I 216
cohesive force FTŽ I 271
adhesive force, cohesive force FTŽ I 272
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Page 17cohesive force, adhesive force FTŽ2 124
cohesive force see adhesive force FTŽ3 292
adhesive force FTŽ3 293
compressive force: <...> that quantity <...> depends entirely on the material of those surfaces, their roughness, and the compressive force <...> FP I 28–29
compressive force: Compressive force is proportional to the sizes of the wall areas ŠF I 38
pressure force FTŽ1 40; FTŽ I 272
pressure force FTŽ2 124; FTŽ3 293
force of gravity: But what is this force of gravity, which belongs to no one and, being invisible, pulls all things toward the center of the earth? PF 7
force of weight: Direction of the force of weight KF 26
force of gravity: If so, then the Moon, moving around the Earth, remains in its elliptical orbit under the influence of the same force as the force of gravity on Earth FP I 43
force of weight: At every new position of the circle, the same force of weight acts <...> FP I 94; From this we see that, as a body moves in a horizontal direction, the forces of weight do no work <...> ŠF III 86–87; FTŽ1 40
weight-force: <...> we resolve the weight-force P along the diagonal of the parallelogram into 2 forces <...> FP I 28
force of weight see weight FTŽ2 124
weight FTŽ2 335; FTŽ3 789
tangential force: Thus, to counterbalance the load, a tangential force must be applied at the periphery of the screw head <...> PF I 82
tangential (=tangent) force FTŽ1 40
tangential force FTŽ I 273
tangential force, tangent force FTŽ2 124
tangential force see tangent force FTŽ3 294
tangent force FTŽ3 292
pulling force: Nowadays <...> we see small two- or three-wheeled carts on which a person sits and, turning the wheel with a foot as it were, can ride surprisingly fast on a level road without any pulling force K 1869 26 103
pulling force: We see that the weight F suspended from the axle is twice as close to the point of support as the end of the rope to which the pulling force is applied PF 14
pulling force: The familiar uniformly accelerated motion is the fall, or descent, of bodies due to the Earth's pulling force <...> FP I 20
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Page 18attractive force: Such iron is called a magnet, and the special attractive force of such iron is called magnetic force ŠF II 3; In the latter case, the time is too short for our attractive force to overcome the inertia of the ball <...> FP I 22; FTŽ₁ 40
force of attraction: For example, the potential energy of a stone on a hill arises from the force of attraction <...> FP I 58; We consider the repulsive force acting between like magnetic poles to be positive, and the force of attraction acting between unlike poles to be negative BF II 158; FTŽ I 273
force of attraction FTŽ₂ 125; FTŽ₃ 294
frictional force: But today we know well that in all these cases a frictional force acts FP I 59
frictional force: Thus frictional force always destroys the momentum of motion FP I 27
friction force: Friction forces are directed opposite to force P <...> ŠF III 89; The friction forces of rolling bodies are smaller than those of sliding bodies <...> BF I 103; FTŽ₁ 40; FTŽ I 273
friction force FTŽ₂ 125; FTŽ₃ 294
valence force: This is explained by the fact that in those electrolytes the electrostatic forces acting on the ions are large compared with the valence forces <...> BF II 117
valence force FTŽ I 273
valence force FTŽ₂ 125; FTŽ₃ 294
driving force:As a result, the weight n released from it will travel across this floor in the first second, leaving an additional small weight on it, which in this case is the driving force FP I 24
driving force FTŽ₂ 125; FTŽ₃ 294
acting force:Based on those experiments, we say that every acting force is proportional to mass and acceleration <...> FP I 24–25
acting force: Denoting the acting force by the letter f <...>, we can write the following equation <...> FP I 27
acting force FTŽ I 274
acting force FTŽ₂ 125; FTŽ₃ 294
motion
quivering: Just as every quivering, so too can the voice perform a responsive function T 1898 7 33
motion or displacement: Generally speaking, we call force everything that causes motion or displacement of some object from one place to another PF 7
shaking: In this way, we call a body's shaking a change in its position relative to the position of some other bodies that are not shaking KF 34
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Page 19motion (movement): The phenomena of motion (movement) are by far the most widespread in nature
<...> FP I 12
motion, -tion TFR 252
motion: We see the motion of such objects as a train, a bird, or a bullet because the distance between us and those objects changes <...> ŠF I 18; We know that under specific conditions every motion ceases if it is not sustained by a certain force <...> FP I 25; FTŽ₁ 41; This kind of rotation we call the gyroscope's motion BF I 173
motion: The more heated that object is, the greater the molecules' motion must be ŠF I 109; TFR 879; FTŽ₁ 42
motion, movement FTŽ₁ I 277
motion, movement FTŽ₂ 126
motion FTŽ₃ 297
movement FTŽ₃ 301
circular motion FTŽ₁ 41; Circular motion is accelerated motion BF I 66
circular motion, motion in a circle FTŽ I 277
circular motion FTŽ₂ 126; FTŽ₃ 298
motion normal FTŽ₁ 42
normal motion, motion normal FTŽ I 280
normal motion FTŽ₂ 127; FTŽ₃ 299
absolute motion: <...> we know neither absolute rest nor absolute motions FP I 16
absolutistic motion: Ether and absolutistic motion FP VII 432
absolute motion FTŽ₁ 41
absolute motion, absolute motion FTŽ I 277
absolute motion FTŽ₂ 126
absolute motion FTŽ₃ 297
perpetual motion, or perpetuum mobile: Thus perpetual motion, or perpetuum mobile, is an impossibility ŠF II 91
perpetuum mobile (perpetual motion): Thus, since ancient times, efforts have been made to build such machines or to realize the idea of perpetuum mobile (perpetual motion) FP I 84
perpetual motion FTŽ₁ 68
perpetual motion, perpetuum mobile FTŽ I 277
perpetuum mobile FTŽ II 536; FTŽ₂ 219
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Page 20perpetual motion FTŽ₂ 126; FTŽ₃ 297
disordered motion: <...> here v̄ denotes the mean speed of the electrons’ thermal (disordered) motion BF II 94
chaotic motion, irregular motion FTŽ I 277
disordered motion, chaotic motion FTŽ₂ 126
chaotic motion, see disordered motion FTŽ₃ 298
disordered motion FTŽ₃ 298
Brownian motion FTŽ₁ 42
Brownian motion: The elementary electric charge can be determined by tracking the Brownian motion of a charged particle in a gas BF II 41
Brownian (Brown) motion FTŽ I 277
Brownian motion FTŽ₂ 126; FTŽ₃ 298
accelerated motion: If, in the same time intervals, they cover increasingly longer distances each time, then the motion is accelerated <...> ŠF I 19
accelerating motion: The latter equation expresses the distance traveled by a body moving with uniform acceleration over time t <...> BF I 23
accelerating motion FTŽ I 278
accelerating motion FTŽ₂ 126
accelerating motion FTŽ₃ 298
harmonic motion: Of these, the simplest is harmonic periodic motion FP I 2
harmonic motion FTŽ₁ 42
harmonic motion FTŽ I 278
harmónic motion FTŽ₂ 126; FTŽ₃ 298
variable motion TFR 126
variable motion TFR 879
variable motion: Generally speaking, the instantaneous velocity of variable motion would be the velocity of the point that it would have if from that moment the motion ceased to change (change) with respect to speed and direction FP I 17
variable motion FTŽ I 279
variable motion FTŽ₂ 126; FTŽ₃ 299
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Page 21curvilinear motion TFR 126
curvilinear (curved-path) motion TFR 488
curvilinear motion FTŽ1 42; Acceleration of curvilinear motion unambiguously describe the nature of changes in a body's velocity BF I 25; FTŽ I 279
curvilinear motion FTŽ2 126; FTŽ3 299
decelerating motion: If the opposing force acts from the side, the motion need not necessarily be accelerating or decelerating ŠF I 26
retarded motion, decelerating, decreasing, uniformly decelerating motion TFR 345
decelerating motion FTŽ I 279
decelerating motion FTŽ2 126
decelerating motion FTŽ3 299
molecular motion KF 24
molecular motion FTŽ1 42; FTŽ I 279
molecular motion FTŽ2 126; FTŽ3 299
non-uniform motion: In addition, motion may be uniform or even, if an object travels a path of equal length in equal intervals of time, and non-uniform motion ŠF I 19
non-uniform motion FTŽ1 42; FTŽ I 280
non-uniform motion FTŽ2 127
non-uniform motion FTŽ3 299
relative motion: <...> we can speak only of relative rest and of relative motions FP I 16
real motion: Real motion here is the oscillation of material points, their vibration, or oscillation <...> FP I 55
comparative, visible, relative motion TFR 835
relative motion FTŽ1 42
relative motion, motion relative to something FTŽ I 281
relative motion, relative motion FTŽ2 127
relative motion FTŽ3 300
translational motion: The translational motion of the piston can be converted into rotary motion by means of certain devices <...> ŠF I 137
translational (= rectilinear) motion FTŽ1 42
rectilinear (= translational) motion FTŽ1 42; In addition, motions are classified into rectilinear (translational) and rotational motions BF I 19
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Page 22sliding motion, translational motion, translation FTŽ₁ 281
sliding motion, translational motion FTŽ₂ 127
sliding motion FTŽ₃ 300
translational motion see sliding motion FTŽ₃ 301
static (vertical) motion: <...> that is, its entire static (vertical) motion will last <...> second FP I 35
upright motion, vertical motion FTŽ₁ 281
upright motion, vertical motion FTŽ₂ 127
upright motion FTŽ₃ 300
vertical motion see upright motion FTŽ₃ 301
rotational motion TFR 152
rotational motion FTŽ₁ 42
rotational (rotation) motion: <...> then we have the body's rotational (rotation) motion BF I 19
rotational (rotation) motion: In addition, we divide motions into translational motions and rotational motions BF I 19
rotating motion, rotation FTŽ₁ 282
rotational motion FTŽ₂ 127; FTŽ₃ 300
thermal motion FTŽ₁ 42: At higher temperatures, the speed of motion increases, and thus the energy of thermal motion increases BF I 273; FTŽ₁ 282
thermal, or thermic, motion: Therefore, we call the motion of the constituent particles of bodies thermal, or thermic, motion BF I 273
thermal motion FTŽ₂ 127; FTŽ₃ 301
translational motion: When speaking about translational motions, we can replace the motion of the whole body with the motion of a single point <...> FP I 14
motion in a straight line: First and foremost, we mean here motion in a straight line <...> FP I 13
rectilinear motion FTŽ₁ 42; According to the shape of the path travelled by a body, or its trajectory, we divide motions into rectilinear and curvilinear ones BF I 19; FTŽ₁ 282
rectilinear motion FTŽ₂ 127; FTŽ₃ 301
uniform motion: If we push weight n upwards from the right-hand side, we would have here uniform motion <...> FP I 22; FTŽ₁ 42; FTŽ₁ 282
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Page 23uniform motion: If the kinetic energy imparted to a body is the cause of uniform motion <...>, then that kinetic energy is ultimately spent only in overcoming friction <...> FP I 69
uniform or steady motion: Moreover, motion may also be uniform or steady, if an object travels a distance of equal length in equal times <...> ŠF I 19
uniform (constant-speed) motion: We call such motion uniform (constant-speed) motion BF I 19
uniform motion FTŽ₁ 127
uniform motion FTŽ₃ 301
uniformly accelerated motion: Of all the various kinds of changing motion, the simplest are uniform acceleration or uniformly decelerated motions <...> FP I 17
uniformly accelerated motion: If the length of the distance travelled by an object increases uniformly over equal intervals of time, the motion is one of uniform acceleration <...> ŠF I 19
uniformly accelerated motion: <...> then the motion of a falling object is uniformly accelerated motion ŠF I 20
uniformly accelerated motion FTŽ₁ 42; When acceleration remains constant throughout, we call the motion of a body uniformly accelerated motion BF I 21
uniformly accelerating motion FTŽ I 278
uniformly accelerated motion FTŽ₂ 126; FTŽ₃ 301
uniformly decreasing motion: Of the many different kinds of variable motion, the simplest are uniformly accelerating or uniformly decreasing motions <...> FP I 17
uniformly decreasing motion: If the length of the distance traveled by an object increases uniformly over the same time interval, the motion is uniformly (uniformly) accelerating; if it decreases uniformly, it is uniformly decreasing motion ŠF I 19
decelerated motion, decreasing motion, diminishing motion, uniformly decreasing motion TFR 345
uniformly decelerating motion FTŽ₁ 42
uniformly decelerating motion FTŽ I 279
uniformly decelerating motion FTŽ₂ 126; FTŽ₃ 301
oscillatory motion KF 218
oscillatory motion, oscillation FTŽ I 283
oscillatory motion, see oscillation FTŽ₁ 127
oscillation FTŽ₃ 925
charge
cargo, -o, load, -os TFR 625
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Page 24blood: To investigate the magnitude of electrical charge at various points on a conductor, we use a small metal disk with a glass handle ŠF II 17
electricity: <...> the test ball is charged with the same electricity as the outer surface of the vessel FP VII 41
charge FTŽ₁ 50; the positive ions brought by air conductivity and convection currents should quickly neutralize the negative electric charge possessed by the Earth BF II 68; FTŽ I 358
charge, ~s FTŽ₂ 154; FTŽ₃ 368
electric blood: Electricity will pass from the rod to the ball, and the more times we touch it with the charged rod, the greater the electric blood in that ball will be ŠF II 13
electric charge FTŽ₁ 50; We call the amount of electricity possessed by a body the body's electric charge BF II 9
electric charge FTŽ₂ 154; FTŽ₃ 369
elementary charge FTŽ₁ 50
elementary electric charge: The above method for measuring elementary electric charge e is based on Stokes' law BF II 41
elementary electric charge FTŽ I 359
elementary electric charge FTŽ₂ 154; FTŽ₃ 369
induced charge FTŽ₁ 50
induced electric charge: Now let us try to investigate what the magnitude of the conductor's induced electric charge q1 depends on BF II 27; FTŽ I 359
induced electric charge FTŽ₂ 154; FTŽ₃ 369
negative charge FTŽ₁ 50
negative charge: In the electrostatic field created by electric charges, the lines of force begin at a positive charge (+ source) and end at a negative charge (− source) <...> BF II 14
negative charge FTŽ I 360
negative charge FTŽ₂ 155; FTŽ₃ 369
specific charge FTŽ₁ 50; FTŽ I 360
specific electric charge: The ratio of the amount of electric charge q possessed by a particle to its mass m is called its specific electric charge BF II 89
charge-to-mass ratio, specific charge FTŽ₂ 155
charge-to-mass ratio FTŽ₃ 370
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Page 25point charge FTŽ₁ 50; FTŽ I 361
point electric charge: We can imagine that the electric charge is concentrated at a point.
Then we speak of a point electric charge BF II 9
point charge FTŽ₂ 155; FTŽ₃ 370
positive charge FTŽ₁ 50
positive charge: In the electrostatic field created by electric charges, the lines of force begin at a positive charge (a positive source) and end at a negative charge (a negative source) <...> BF II 14
positive charge FTŽ I 361
positive charge FTŽ₂ 155; FTŽ₃ 370
volume electric charge: <...> due to inhomogeneity, unequal electric charges are induced, so volume electric charges form inside it [the dielectric] BF II 45
volume charge FTŽ I 361
volume charge FTŽ₂ 155; FTŽ₃ 370
body
object: Things which apparently do not possess electricity of their own, but so readily accept electricity from another object, we call receptive K 1851 11 42; Every object has weight; when unsupported, it falls downward ŠF I 13
object: We will review separately how heat is conducted by objects—solids, liquids, and gases PF 65
body: A body produces sound by imparting, through its vibrations, impacts to the surrounding space (such as the air) KF 220
body: Let a body NM (Fig. 22) be given to us, standing in front of a mirror farther away than the center ŠF III 17; TFR 1377; <...> each body occupies a greater or smaller portion of space <...> FP I 3; FTŽ₁ 50; By hardness we mean the body’s resistance to another body penetrating it BF I 108; FTŽ I 362
body FTŽ₂ 155; FTŽ₃ 371
absolutely elastic body: Let us now take two elastic bodies (by this we mean absolutely elastic bodies, of which none exist in reality <...>) <...> FP I 30
absolutely elastic body: Absolutely elastic bodies would be those which, at every moment of the action of external forces, exert a resistance equal to those forces <...> FP I 30
rigid, or elastic, body: <...> rigid, or elastic, bodies collide, such as balls made of ivory FP I 30
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Page 26stiffening, hardening, rigidifying, elastic bodies TFR 1352
elastic body: Elastic bodies are those which also deform under the influence of external forces <...> FP I 30
elastic body FTŽ₁ 51
elastic body FTŽ₁ 364
elastic body FTŽ₂ 156
elastic body FTŽ₃ 372
physical body KF 1
physical body: Some other properties of physical bodies KF 7
physics, physical body TFR 1377
physical body: Thus, all such objects that directly affect our sense organs are called physical bodies FP I 3; FTŽ₁ 51; FTŽ₁ 362
physical body FTŽ₁ 362
physical body FTŽ₂ 155; FTŽ₃ 371
physical body FTŽ₂ 155; FTŽ₃ 371
homogeneous body: For bodies of regular shape, the moment of inertia can be calculated <...> FP I 86
homogeneous body, uniform body FTŽ₁ 362
uniform body, homogeneous body, FTŽ₂ 156
homogeneous body FTŽ₃ 372
electrifiable body: Electrifiable and non-electrifiable bodies FP VII 34
electrified body: Thus every electrified body electrifies a second, nearby conductor by induction <...> ŠF II 19; Separate parts of a conductor brought near an electrified body are in regions of different potential BF II 27
electrified body FTŽ₂ 155; FTŽ₃ 372
solid object:Solid objects also allow the voice to spread better than liquids PF 78
solid object:The relative weight of a solid object can be determined as follows ŠF I 16
absolutely rigid body: A static force, for example, pressing against an absolutely rigid body also imparts a definite moment to that body <...> FP I 56
solid body:The molecules of a solid body are so strongly bound to one another that a certain force is needed to separate them <...> ŠF I 4; <...> the friction between sliding layers of a liquid body must be overcome, which is much smaller than the friction between particles of solid bodies FP I 29
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Page 27solid body: <...> the solid body itself maintains its shape and volume without any assistance
ŠF I 4
solid body: <...> solid bodies are bodies whose separate parts are so firmly connected to one another that, in order to change the position of any part of a solid body (to change the body's shape) <...>, considerable force must be applied KF 1
solid body: Such waves are produced in bodies <...> that exhibit what is called elasticity of shape, such as solid bodies FP I 56; The binding energy of solids BF I 358
solid body FTŽ₁ 51; FTŽ₁ 363
solid body FTŽ₂ 155; FTŽ₃ 372
plastic body: When they collide, they too become flattened, just like plastic bodies <...> FP I 31
plastic body FTŽ₁ 51; FTŽ₁ 363
plastic body FTŽ₂ 156; FTŽ₃ 372
transparent body: Rays pass through some bodies, but do not pass through others. The former are called transparent bodies, the latter opaque ŠF III 3
wax, transparent body TFR 666
transparent body FTŽ I 363
transparent body FTŽ₂ 156; FTŽ₃ 372
rotating object: <...> the heavier it is, the greater the centrifugal force will be on the rotating object ŠF I 29
rotating body: To become familiar with the properties of rotating bodies and discover the laws governing those properties, <...> one can use a toy known for several thousand years: a disc (or spinning top) FP I 91
rotating body FTŽ I 363
rotating body FTŽ₂ 156; FTŽ₃ 372
magnetism
magnetism: <...> it will be necessary to speak a few words about magnetism K 1851 12 46
magnasizskumas: Magnasizskumas alone cannot explain hypnotic phenomena A 1885 10–11 324
magnetism A 1886 6 170
magnetic property: Earth's magnetic property ŠF II 9
magnetism, and TFR 534
magnetism: Earth's magnetism elements FP VII 21; FTŽ₁ 56; Such bodies were called natural magnets, and their extraordinary properties magnetism BF II 157; FTŽ II 419
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Page 28magnetism FTŽ2 173; FTŽ3 415
residual magnetism FTŽ1 56; And now let us try to eliminate residual magnetism <...> BF II 200
residual magnetism, or remanence: After the external magnetic field is removed, the remaining magnetization Ir is called residual magnetism, or remanence BF II 200
residual magnetism FTŽ II 419
residual magnetism FTŽ2 173
residual magnetism FTŽ3 415
permanent magnetism: In addition, this loop helps <...> determine the magnetic residues that make up what we call permanent magnetism in iron or steel magnetism FP VII 263
permanent magnetism, permanent magnetism FTŽ II 419
permanent magnetism see permanent magnetism FTŽ2 174
permanent magnetism FTŽ2 174; FTŽ3 415
terrestrial magnetism: <...> you will find, in time, that the still unexplained influence of terrestrial magnetism on the human organism and on its mental states V 1891 2 27
Earth's magnetism: <...> the magnet will assume a position along the horizontal component of Earth's magnetism FP VII 9
Earth's magnetism FTŽ1 56; Gilbertas <...> established that the force deflecting the magnetic needle is Earth's magnetism and that magnetic poles are inseparable BF II 5
Earth's magnetism, geomagnetism FTŽ II 419
geomagnetism, Earth's magnetism FTŽ I 202
Earth's magnetism, geomagnetism FTŽ2 174
geomagnetism see Earth’s magnetism FTŽ2 99; FTŽ3 231
Earth’s magnetism FTŽ3 416
current
K 1853 35 140; A 1886 6 177; ŠF II 50; TFR 544; JTK 89; FP VII 283; FTŽ1 86; BF II 229; FTŽ II 766; FTŽ2 318; FTŽ3 751
capacitive electric current: Such a capacitive electric current will be obtained by connecting a coil with greater inductance into the circuit <...> BF II 302
capacitive current FTŽ1 86; BF II 301; FTŽ II 766
capacitive current see reactive current FTŽ2 318; FTŽ3 751
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Page 29reactive current FTŽ₂ 320; FTŽ₃ 755
polyphase or multiphase current: <...> then we will have a generator of polyphase or multiphase current FP VII 334
polyphase current FTŽ₁ 86; FTŽ II 766
polyphase current FTŽ₂ 318; FTŽ₃ 752
two-phase current: Then we will have two currents that differ in phase; therefore, we will have a generator of two-phase current FP VII 334
two-phase electric current: In the electric-current circuit, they will produce a two-phase electric current BF II 304
two-phase current FTŽ II 766
two-phase current FTŽ₂ 318; FTŽ₃ 752
effective current: This quantity is equal to the square root of the arithmetic mean of the sum of the squares of the currents and is called effective current FP VII 331
effective current FTŽ II 766
effective current FTŽ₂ 318; FTŽ₃ 752
electrical current: <...> if anywhere in this circuit or path of the electricity a gap of an inch appears, then the electrical current ceases immediately K 1851 13 50
electric current: If we connect the anode to the cathode with a wire, we will obtain an electric current ŠF II 31; The movement of electrons from wire F to cylinder C is equivalent to a positive electric current from cylinder C to wire F through the vacuum FP VII 377; FTŽ₁ 86; The movement of electric charges in conductors is called electric current BF II 70; FTŽ II 767
electric current FTŽ₂ 318; FTŽ₃ 752
Foucault currents, or eddy currents: Electric currents induced in a mass of metal are called Foucault currents, or eddy currents FP VII 293
Foucault currents: <...> Foucault currents will form across the wires in planes perpendicular to the solenoid axis FP VII 294
extra currents (= Foucault currents) FTŽ₁ 21
Foucault currents: Thus, disregarding other factors causing energy losses, such as Joule heating, Foucault currents, etc., we could consider the magnetization process to be reversible BF II 202
Foucault, or extra, currents: Electric currents of this kind are usually called Foucault, or extra, currents BF II 233
Foucault (Foucault) (eddy) current FTŽ II 767
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Page 30Foucault current FTŽ₂ 319; FTŽ₃ 752
charging electric current: The strength of charging and discharging electric currents depends on the capacity of the batteries <...> BF II 131
charging current FTŽ₁ II 768
charging current FTŽ₂ 319
charging current FTŽ₃ 752
induced current: This formula summarizes all the methods indicated by Faraday for producing induced currents FP VII 314
inductive current FTŽ₁ 86
induced current FTŽ II 768
induced current, generated current FTŽ₂ 319
induced current FTŽ₃ 753
generated current FTŽ₃ 756
discharging electric current: The strength of charging and discharging electric currents depends on the capacity of the batteries <...> BF II 131
discharging current FTŽ II 768
discharge current FTŽ₂ 319
discharging current FTŽ₃ 753
influence or secondary current:We shall call such a current an influence or secondary current ŠF II 65
induced current: Induced current can also be obtained in another way ŠF II 65
secondary current FTŽ₁ 86; FTŽ II 766
secondary current FTŽ₂ 318; FTŽ₃ 751
convection current: Maxwell proves that when one takes the so-called true current or total current, which is equal to the sum of conduction currents, displacement currents, and convection currents, the divergence equation holds in full for such a true current FP VII 356; the negative electric charge carried by the Earth should be quickly neutralized by the positive ions brought by air conduction and convection currents BF II 68
convective electric current: <...> the electric current produced in this way will be called convective electric current BF II 171
convective current FTŽ₁ 86; FTŽ II 769
convective current FTŽ₂ 319; FTŽ₃ 753
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Page 31quasi-stationary electric current: Such electric currents are called quasi-stationary electric currents BF II 287
quasi-stationary current FTŽ₁ 86; FTŽ II 769
quasi-stationary current, quasi-steady current FTŽ₂ 319
quasi-steady current FTŽ₃ 753
non-stationary electric current: Quasi-stationary and non-stationary electric currents BF II 286
non-stationary current FTŽ II 769
non-stationary current, unsteady current FTŽ₂ 320
unsteady current FTŽ₃ 754
steady, continuous, persistent current ĮTK 85
direct current: The amount of electricity that flows through a conductor from the machine in a given time cannot be large, and therefore direct current cannot be strong ŠF II 29; FTŽ₁ 86; FTŽ II 769
direct electric current: If positive or negative electric charges move in the same direction all the time, such an electric current is called direct electric current BF II 70
direct current FTŽ₂ 320; FTŽ₃ 754
displacement current: Thus, under these conditions, only an instantaneous current occurs in the dielectric. Maxwell calls this current displacement current <...> FP VII 344
displacement current FTŽ II 771
displacement current FTŽ₂ 320; FTŽ₃ 756
saturation current: When gases are ionized between two oppositely charged electrodes, the current initially increases in proportion to the voltage, but then remains unchanged as the voltage is increased. We then have what is called saturation current FP VII 386
saturation current FTŽ II 771
saturation current FTŽ₂ 320; FTŽ₃ 756
steady current FTŽ₁ 86; We call such electric currents steady currents BF II 286; FTŽ II 771
steady current, stationary current FTŽ₂ 320
stationary current FTŽ₃ 754
three-phase current: In each group we will then have a current of a certain phase, and such a generator will be a three-phase current generator FP VII 334
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Page 32three-phase current FTŽ₁ 87; FTŽ II 772
three-phase electric current: In the electrical network, they [the electromotive forces ε₁ ε₂ ε₃] produce a three-phase electric current BF II 305
three-phase current FTŽ₂ 321; FTŽ₃ 756
single-phase current: This current is called single-phase current, and a generator of such current, or an alternator, is called single-phase FP VII 333
single-phase current FTŽ II 772
single-phase current FTŽ₂ 321; FTŽ₃ 757
earth current: Thomson explained this phenomenon as well and devised means of eliminating the harmful effects of earth currents FP VII 282
earth (electric) current FTŽ II 772
Earth electric current FTŽ₂ 321; FTŽ₃ 757
resistance
ŠF II 37; FP VII 293; ĮTK 94; FTŽ₁ 99; BF II 72; FTŽ II 922; FTŽ₂ 380; FTŽ₃ 897
inductive resistance FTŽ₁ 99
inductive reactance, or inductance: As frequency increases, the inductive reactance, or inductance, Lω increases <...> BF II 293
inductance: The inductance of the coils, Lω, is large <...> BF II 293
inductive reactance FTŽ II 924
inductive resistance FTŽ₂ 380; FTŽ₃ 898
external resistance: Now, without touching those conductors—that is, without changing the external resistance—let us switch off that cell <...> ŠF II 37
circuit (external) resistance: The resistances we have just discussed are called circuit (external) resistances ŠF II 37
circuit resistance: Denoting the circuit resistance by r, we shall see that such a battery will produce an electric current <...> ŠF II 41
external resistance FTŽ₁ 99; FTŽ II 924
external resistance FTŽ₂ 381; FTŽ₃ 898
comparative resistance: Here r denotes the so-called comparative resistance FP VII 169
specific resistance FTŽ₁ 100; The quantity <...> is called the conductor’s specific resistance BF II 73; FTŽ II 927
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Page 33resistivity, specific resistance FTŽ₂ 381
resistivity FTŽ₃ 900
reactive resistance FTŽ₁ 99; <...> impedance Z consists of two parts: the active resistance R, also called ohmic resistance, and a part <...>, called reactive resistance BF II 291; FTŽ II 927
reactive resistance, reactance FTŽ₂ 381
reactive resistance FTŽ₃ 900
thermal resistor, or thermistor: The considerable dependence of the electrical conductivity and resistance of semiconductors on temperature is put to practical use in thermal resistors, or thermistors BF II 107
thermistor (= thermal resistor) FTŽ₁ 95
thermal resistor (= thermistor) FTŽ₁ 91
thermal resistance FTŽ II 928
thermistor FTŽ II 868
thermal resistance FTŽ₂ 382
thermistor, thermal resistor FTŽ₂ 356
thermal resistance FTŽ₃ 901
thermistor FTŽ₃ 842
capacitive resistance FTŽ₁ 100
capacitive resistance, or conductance: As frequency increases, inductive resistance, or inductance, Lω increases, while capacitive resistance, or conductance, 1/Cω decreases BF II 293
capacitive resistance: If the circuit contains only ohmic <...> and capacitive <...> resistances, then the voltage drop across the capacitive resistance is <...> BF II 294
capacitive resistance FTŽ II 928
capacitive resistance FTŽ₂ 382; FTŽ₃ 901
internal resistance: The resistance of a cell is called internal resistance ŠF II 37
internal resistance, resistance, opposition TFR 122
internal resistance: But then the internal resistance of such a battery will be n times greater <...> FP VII 185
internal resistance FTŽ₁ 100, FTŽ II 928
internal resistance FTŽ₂ 382; FTŽ₃ 901
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Page 34ŠALTINIAI
A – Ausra, Laikraštis, išleidžiamas per Dra. Bassanavičių (1883–1886).
BF – Brazdžiūnas P. Bendroji fizika. 1–4 d., Vilnius, 1960–1965.
FP – Čepinskis V. Fizikos paskaitos. I–VII sk., Kaunas, 1923–1926.
FTŽ I – Fizikos terminų žodynas. Projektas: I d., Vilnius, 1971.
FTŽ II – Fizikos terminų žodynas. Projektas: II d., Vilnius, 1973.
FTŽ₁ – Fizikos terminų žodynas. Red. P. Brazdžiūnas, Vilnius, 1958.
FTŽ₂ – Fizikos terminų žodynas. Vyr. red. P. Brazdžiūnas, Vilnius, 1979.
FTŽ₃ – Palenskis V., Valiukėnas V., Žalkauskas V., Žilinskas P. J. Fizikos terminų žodynas. Vilnius, 2007.
ĮTK – Įvardai, arba terminai, priimti terminologijos komisijos, 1924.
K – Keleivis iš Karaliaučiaus broliams lietuvininkams žinias parnešąs (1849–1880).
KF – Končius Ig. Fizika: Fizikos vadovėlis gimnazijoms [Rankraštis] (VUBR. F1. F1039), 1919.
PF – Neris P. Populiariškas rankvedis fyzikos, Šenandoras, 1899.
ŠF – Šakėnis K. Fizika, 1–3 d., 1920.
T – Tėvynė. Mėnesinis laikraštis. Organas susivienijimo lietuvių Amerikoje. Plymonth. Pa (1896–1899).
TFR – Terminai fizikos reikalams. – Lietuva, 1923–1924.
V – Varpas. Literatūros, politikos ir mokslo mėnesinis laikraštis, Tilžė–Ragainė (1889–1905).
LITERATŪRA
Kaulakienė A. 2009: Lietuvių fizikos terminijos raida, Vilnius.
Gauta 2009-12-09
Angelė Kaulakienė Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius E. paštas: [email protected]
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