Generic and specific folk terms for the dwelling house and its main parts

ROBERTAS STUNŽINAS

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

KEYWORDS: specific folk construction terms, dwelling house, Lithuanian terms, borrowings, hybrids

One of the main requirements for scientific terms—systematicity—is related to the requirements of logic. When creating terms, it is very important to understand the logical relations between concepts; concepts and the terms that name them must form a coherent system based on hierarchical (hyperonymic–hyponymic [genus–species], partonymic, co-hyponymic) and non-hierarchical relations. The foundation for constructing systems of scientific terms is classifications that reflect the development of concepts and their relations (Jakaitienė 2010: 186). The distribution of concepts according to certain relations is characteristic not only of scientific terminology. In folk terminology, which is a source of scientific terminology, specialized concepts are divided and classified¹ according to various relations². This article examines how genus–species relations between concepts are manifested in the terminology denoting the dwelling house and its main parts. It continues the author’s series of articles examining folk construction terminology. The aim of this article is to examine specific terms for the dwelling house and its main parts in terms of the concepts they denote, their origins, and their interrelations. In all, the article analyzes 248 distinct generic and specific folk construction terms³ from the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language (electro-

¹It should be noted that the classification of concepts in folk terminology is conditional. Ordinary language (and, to some extent, folk terminology) reflects the categorization of the world: as people come to know the world and act within it, they organize it according to their understanding, grouping objects and phenomena and establishing certain relations among them. The scientific grouping of phenomena in the world is based on classification, which organizes phenomena into groups according to certain defined characteristics (for more, see Gudavičius 2009: 49). Since folk terminology is considered a source of scientific terminology, the organization of specialized concepts may be regarded as a kind of classification.

²The distribution of folk terms according to genus–species relations between concepts is discussed in the author’s dissertation, Folk Construction Terms (Vilnius, 2011).

³The sources examined contain a considerable number of term variants, which are not treated as separate terms in this article (for more on the concept of a variant, see Stunžinas 2008: 111–112).

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edition), Atlas of the Lithuanian Language (vol. I), Dictionary of the Druskininkai Dialect, Dictionary of the Kaltanėnai Speech Variety, Dictionary of the Kazlų Rūda Speech Variety (vol. I), Dictionary of the Kupiškėnai Dialect (vol. I), Dictionary of the Lazūnai Dialect, Dictionary of the Northeastern Dūnininkai Speech Varieties, and Dictionary of the Zanavykai Speech Variety (vols. I–III).

The basis for distinguishing specific and generic terms is their position in the conceptual hierarchy (Гринев 1993: 66). Specific terms form privative oppositions with generic terms⁴ and are hyponyms in relation to them. Hyponymic and hyperonymic relations obtain between generic and specific terms. This article analyzes specific terms in light of the conceptual hierarchy of folk construction terminology. Terms expressing the most important generic features are considered generic, while terms indicating the most important and secondary generic features are considered specific (Татаринов 2006: 81). In distinguishing generic and specific terms, greatest consideration is given to the definitions of the terms in the sources⁵, while also taking into account the logical relations between the concepts named. The article analyzes only those specific terms whose hyperonyms, i.e., generic terms, were found in the sources examined.

The central concept of the microsystem under study—dwelling house—is designated in folk construction terminology by twenty-seven synonymous terms of various origins⁶: fifteen Lithuanian, five Slavic, five Germanic, and two hybrid terms, for example: butas “dwelling house, farmhouse, cottage” LKŽe, LKA I 34, gyvenamoji “dwelling house” LKA I 34, namas “dwelling building” LKŽe, LKA I 34, pirkia “dwelling (usually a peasant’s) house, farmhouse, cottage” LKŽe, DrskŽ 265, LKA I 34, troba “dwelling house, cottage” LKŽe, DrskŽ 419, LKA I 34, gryčia (Belarusian грыдня) “cottage, farmhouse” LKA I 34, LKŽe, KpŽ I 733, rūmas (Germanic; Sabaliauskas 1990: 265) “dwelling house” LKŽe, ^x7bakūžė (German dialect backhus) “cottage” LKŽe, ZanavŽ1 100, ^xstuba (German dialect stuba) “dwelling (usually a peasant’s) house, cottage, farmhouse” LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 198, ^xšeimynstubė (hybrid, German dialect stuba LKŽe) “dwelling

⁴ A privative opposition is a binary relation in which one member is characterized by the presence of a certain feature and the other by the absence of that feature (Jakaitienė 1988: 77).

⁵ In some cases, it is difficult to determine precisely all the distinguishing features of the concepts named. Therefore, the definitions of meanings given in dictionaries, and the general and distinguishing features of things described in them, are taken into account above all.

⁶ All generic terms denoting a dwelling house and its annex are mentioned in the article Synonymy in the Folk Terminology of the Dwelling House and Its Main Parts (Stunžinas 2010: 130–142).

⁷ The article relies on entries in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language—foreign borrowings are marked with a cross.

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house” LKA I 34. The diversity of terms for a house can be explained by the development of the concept and regional differences⁸.

Specific terms recording various features of the dwelling house are linked by hyponymic relations. Most specific terms denote distinguishing features of value and quality. A poor, old house is denoted by twenty-one terms of varied origin—eight Lithuanian, six Slavic, one Latvian, one Germanic, and five hybrid terms, for example: numpalaikiai “inferior house” DūnŽ 224, pirtis “poor, inferior dwelling house, hut” LKŽe, trobapalaikė “poor, inferior farmhouse” DūnŽ 406, LKŽe, trobesikė “poor, inferior little farmhouse” ZanavŽ3 481, trobukas “inferior house, cottage, farmhouse” LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 481, balaganas (Russian балаган Frenkelis 1962: 31) “poor house, farmhouse” KpŽ 138, gryčia (Belarusian грыдніца) “poor dwelling house” LKA I 34, ^kamurka (Polish komórka, Russian каморка) “poor hut” LKŽe, ^kaniūklė (Belarusian канюшная) “poor farmhouse” LKŽe, ^makūza (cf. German dialect backhus) “poor little hut” LKŽe, gryčpalaikė (hybrid, Belarusian грыдніца LKA I 34) “dilapidated, poor gryčia” KpŽ 735, ^kiaurinyčia (hybrid) “poor little hut” ZanavŽ1 673, pašiūrė (hybrid; Sabaliauskas 1990: 265) “inferior little hut” LKŽe, DrskŽ 250, ^stubelka (hybrid, German dialect stuba) “poor stuba, cottage, hovel” LKŽe. Some specific terms, in addition to value and quality, also indicate additional features—temporal and structural ones: laužas “old, crooked farmhouse, hovel” LKŽe, laužynas “crooked, old, or neglected farmhouses” LzŽ 141, lūšna “inferior, dilapidated little hut” KzRŽ I 468, ^kalupka (Polish chalupa) “little hut, hovel” LKŽe, ^kutė (German Kote Sabaliauskas 1970: 38) “old, poor little hut; little cottage” LKŽe, ^bakūžė (German dialect backhus) “old, poor cottage, hovel” LKŽe, gry telė (hybrid, Belarusian грыдніца LKA I 34) “small, inferior gryčia, little gryčia, little cottage” KpŽ 745. All terms denoting a poor house have similar meanings and should be considered synonyms.

Four synonymous non-Lithuanian terms—two Slavisms and two Germanisms—serve as names for a beautiful, high-quality house (some of these terms also record additional features, namely structural and size features): ^kamenyčia (Polish kamienica) “masonry, beautiful houses” LKŽe, KltŽ 98, ^pakajai (Polish pokój LKŽe) “large, beautiful houses” ZanavŽ2 311, rūmas (Germanic; Sabaliauskas 1990: 265) “beautiful houses” LKA I 34, ^stubos (German dialect stuba LKŽe) “large, beautiful dwelling house” ZanavŽ3 199.

⁸ This article does not analyze terms according to their regions of use. Folk terminology can be studied as the entire set of terms in folk language, characterized by polysemy and synonymy. Folk terms can also be examined by dialect, as a particular terminology system (for more, see Кленикова 1974: 31). Analysis of the distribution of terms is a goal for future research.

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There are somewhat fewer subtype terms denoting features of the residential house’s construction. According to the building material, two groups of subtype terms can be distinguished. A clay house is called by five synonymous terms—four Lithuanian and one Slavic: krėstinė “a little hut made of tamped clay” LKŽe, lipinė “a little house made by pasting something together” LKŽe, molinalė “a poor little hut roughly made of clay, a little clay house” LKŽe, plūktinis “a building rammed from clay” LKŽe, ^xlepenka (Pol. lepianka) “a little house made of tamped clay” LKŽe. A brick house is called by two Slavicisms and two hybrids: mūras (Pol. mur, German dialect mūr) “a brick building” LKŽe, DrskŽ 217, KzRŽ I 523, LzŽ 169, ZanavŽ2 221, ^xkaminyčia (Pol. kamienica) “brick houses, generally beautiful houses” LKŽe, DrskŽ 135, mūrinė (hybrid, Pol. mur, German dialect mūr) “a brick building” LKŽe, DrskŽ 218, ^xakmenyčia (hybrid, suffix -včia from Slavic -(b)nica, Ambrazas 2000: 66) “stone and brick houses” LKŽe.

A house is also named according to other structural features. A smoke house is called by four synonymous Lithuanian terms: dūminė “a dwelling house without a chimney” LKŽe, pakurtrobė “a smoke hut” LKŽe, pirti-kė “a smoke hut” LKŽe, rūkynė “a smoke hut” LKŽe. According to the rooms it contains, a house is named by three terms—one Lithuanian, one Germanic, and one hybrid: ilgnamis “a house with two ends” ZanavŽ1 541, ^xstuba (German dialect stuba LKŽe) “a dwelling house consisting of one room and a kitchen” LKA I 34, ^xilgastubė (hybrid, German dialect stuba LKŽe) “a two-ended house” ZanavŽ1 541. A house with two walls is called by the Lithuanian term dvisienis “a building with two walls” LKŽe.

Several subtype terms record features of size. A small house is designated by three synonyms—one Lithuanian, one Slavic, and one hybrid: trobelė “a small residential house” LKA I 34, gryčia (Belarusian грыдніца) “a small, modest residential house” LKA I 34, grintelė (hybrid, Belarusian грыдніца) “a small grinčia (gryčia), little dwelling, hut, little gryčia” LKŽe. A large house is called by two synonyms—one Lithuanian and one Slavic: šlajus “a large residential house” LKA I 34, ^xstadala (Belarusian стадола, Polish stodola, German dialect < Stadoll, Stodoll) “a large farmhouse” LKŽe. A medium-sized house is designated by the hybrid gryčiotė (hybrid, Belarusian грыдніца) “a medium-sized gryčia” KpŽ I 735.

Two specific terms denote features of time—an old house and a newly built house are named by Lithuanian terms: sentrobė “an old house” LKŽe, naujatrobė “a newly built house” ZanavŽ2 249.

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Terms denoting the rooms of a dwelling house are related to the terms naming the house by part-whole relations. Three synonymous terms denoting some rooms in a house are hyperonyms—two Lithuanian and one Slavic: patalpa “the interior of any building” LKŽe, troba “a room in a building” LKŽe, stuba (German dialect stuba) “a room fitted out inside a house” LKŽe. Terms associated with these by hyponymic relations record various features of the concept, including purpose, structure, size, quality, location, and others.

Dauguma šių rūšinių terminų nurodo paskirties skiriamuosius požymius. Vienuolika rūšinių sinoniminių terminų žymi gyvenamąją patalpą, pagal kilmę tai šeši lietuviški, du slaviški, du germaniški ir vienas hibridinis terminas: buta „kambarys“ LKŽe, kampas „kambarys“ LKŽe, KzRŽ I 315, LzŽ 105, patalpa „kambarys“ LKŽe, pirkia „atitverta, įrengta patalpa name žmonėms gyventi“ LKŽe, LKA I 34, troba „kambarys“ LKŽe, LKA I 34, DūnŽ 406, ^kamara (l. komora < vok. Kammer) „kambarys“ LKŽe, LzŽ 104, ^stancija (l. stancja) „kambarys“ LKŽe, kambarys (germ. Sabaliauskas 1990: 264) LKŽe, ruimas (vok. dial. ruim) „kambarys“ LKŽe, ^stuba (vok. dial. stuba) „kambarys“ LKŽe, ^{šeimynstubė} (hibr., vok. dial. stuba LKŽe) „kambarys“ ZanavŽ 3 258.

Svečių kambarys vadinamas devyniais sinoniminiais terminais – keturiais lietuviškais, keturiais slaviškais ir vienu hibridiniu: didžinė „didysis kambarys“ LKŽe, menė „svetainė, seklyčia“ LKŽe, pirkaitė „kambarys svečiams, seklyčia“ LKŽe, priešinė „viename pirkios gale įrengtas geresnis kambarys, seklyčia“ LKŽe, DrskŽ 283, alkierius (l. alkierz) „kaimo gyvenamosios trobos kambarys, ppr. skirtas vienam kuriam šeimos nariui arba svečiui“ LKŽe, ^kamara (l. komora < vok. Kammer) „kaimo trobos svečių kambarys“ LKŽe, ^pakajus (l. pokój) „gerai įrengtas kambarys“ LKŽe, KltŽ 197, LzŽ 181, ^seklyčia (brus. святліца, l. świetlica) „svečių kambarys, svetainė“ LKŽe, DrskŽ 361, ^stubelė (hibr., vok. dial. stuba) „gerasis kambarys, svetainė“ LKŽe, ZanavŽ 3 199.

Miegamąjį kambarį įvardija slavizmas ^kamara (l. komora < vok. Kammer) „miegamasis kambarys“ LKŽe. Šiai grupei dar galima priskirti tris terminus – vieną lietuvišką ir du slaviškus: pirkia „atitverta, įrengta patalpa name žmonėms gyventi“ LKŽe, alkierius (l. alkierz) „kaimo gyvenamosios trobos kambarys, ppr. skirtas vienam kuriam šeimos nariui arba svečiui“ LKŽe, gryčia (brus. гръדזнiца LKA I 34) „kaimo trobos prastesnysis galas“ LKŽe. Šių terminų miegamąjį požymį galima pagrįsti etnografų duome-

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nimis: alkierius is the Samogitian, pirkia and gryčia are the Aukštaitian bedroom (Butkevičius 1958: 159–161).

The dining room is referred to by two synonymous terms—a Lithuanian one and a hybrid one: valgykla “dining room” LKŽe, ^xstalavinė (hybrid, Polish stołowy) “dining room” LKŽe. A separate room for preparing food is denoted by one Lithuanian and one Slavic term: virtuvė “a room with special equipment (an oven, stove, etc.) for cooking food” LKŽe, ^xkuknė (Belarusian кухня, Polish kuchnia) “kitchen” LKŽe.

Two hybrid terms referring to unheated rooms were found: ^xlaukinyčia (hybrid, suffix -yčia from Slavic –(б)ница, Ambrazas 2000: 66) “cold room” LKŽe, ^xšaltinyčia (hybrid) “cold room” LKŽe. Here one can discern distinctive features of the construction.

Features of room size are captured by two synonymous hyponymic terms—one Slavic and one hybrid: ^xkatukas (Belarusian комух, Polish kotuch) “small room” LKŽe, ^xstubelė (hybrid, German dialect stuba) “smaller room” LKŽe, ZanavŽ3 199. The hyponyms of these terms are terms that have additional features. Size and location are indicated by four synonymous terms—one Slavicism and three hybrids: ^xpeč kamarė (Slavic, Belarusian печ, Polish komora, German < Kammer) “a small room at the end of the simple farmhouse” LKŽe, ^xužkakalė (hybrid, German Kachel) “a little room behind the tiled stove” LKŽe, ^xužpečinė (hybrid, Belarusian печ) “a small room behind an old-fashioned stove” LKŽe, ^xužpečkis (hybrid, Belarusian печ) “a small room at the end of the simple farmhouse” LKŽe. The Slavicism ^xkamurka indicates features of size and construction (Polish komórka, Russian каморка) “a small dark room” LKŽe. Features of size and quality are indicated by the Slavicism ^xšpirka (Polish szpyrka, szperka) “a small, poor-quality room” LKŽe.

The size of rooms is related to their function—small rooms are generally designated for storage or sleeping. Folk terminology contains many terms for such rooms. These hyponymic terms capture features of function and size. First, seven synonymous names for storage rooms should be mentioned—four Lithuanian, two Slavic, and one hybrid: langinė “a small room at the other end of the farmhouse, opposite the living room” LKŽe, pirtikė “a room for storing various foodstuffs and objects, pantry, small storage room, malt room” LKŽe, priešakinė “the opposite room, a small room in a peasant’s house” LKŽe, priešinė “a room for putting things away, pantry” LKŽe, ^xkamara (Polish komora, German < Kammer) “a room in a peasant’s farmhouse for storing various products and objects, pantry, storeroom” LKŽe, DrskŽ 134, KzRŽ I, ZanavŽ1 604,

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^xšpižarnia (Polish spiżarnia) “storeroom” LKŽe, ^xbutkamare (hybrid, Polish komora, German < Kammer) “a pantry in a dwelling house” LKŽe. The term langinė also indicates the feature of location.

The sources examined also yielded further terms for similar storage rooms, capturing additional features of quality or location. Seven synonymous terms should be mentioned—five Lithuanian, one Slavic, and one hybrid: dūminė “a poor room, storeroom for keeping food” LKŽe, menė “pantry, storeroom in the opposite room” LKŽe, pirkaitė “a room at the other end of a peasant house for storing food and potatoes” LKŽe, LzŽ 195, šalinė “a small room, pantry beside the peasant house, side room” LKŽe, šoninė “a small room, pantry alongside another room” LKŽe, ^xbakšė (shortened from bakūžė, Frenkelis 1962: 30) “a poorer room for sleeping or storing things” LKŽe, ^xužkuknė (hybrid, Belarusian кухня, Polish kuchnia) “a small room behind the cookhouse, behind the kitchen” LKŽe. One Slavic term captures features of quality and function: ^xbakawa (Polish bokówka Frenkelis 1962: 30) “a poorer room in the house for cooking, sleeping, or storing things” LKŽe.

The hyponyms of the terms listed are three hybrids that also indicate features of function:^xfuterka (hybrid) “a small room for hired workers to sleep in” KzRŽ I 200, ^xmeškamarė (hybrid, Polish komora, German < Kammer) “a room for storing meat” ZanavŽ2 163, ^xpienstubė (hybrid, German dialect stuba) “a room for storing milk and dairy products” ZanavŽ2 385.

A substantial group of hyponymic terms denotes the entry vestibule—the transitional room at the entrance to the living rooms. This group of hyponymic terms comprises twenty-seven synonyms—eighteen Lithuanian, three Slavic, and six hybrid: butas “vestibule” LKA I 39, butukas⁹ LKŽe, LKA I 39, namas LKŽe, nameliokas LKA I 39, namelis LKŽe, LKA I 39, pirtikė LKŽe, prieangis LKŽe, LKA I 38, prieangiukas LKA I 38, priebutis LKŽe, LKA I 39, prieduris LKŽe, priekinė LKŽe, priemenė LKŽe, KltŽ 228, ZanavŽ2 471, priemenyna LKŽe, priemnelė LKA I 38, priešinė LKŽe, priešininkis LKŽe, prieškambaris LKA I 39, prynumis LKA I 39, ^xbūda (Belarusian бу́да, Polish buda) LKŽe, koridorius¹⁰ LKA I 39, ^xsienis (Polish sień) LKŽe, LKA I 39, LzŽ 233, ^xprieseklyčė (hybrid, Belarusian святлиця, Polish świetlica LKŽe) LKA I 39, ^xpriesienis (hybrid, Polish sień) LKŽe, LKA I 38, ^xpriesieniukė (hybrid, Polish sień)

⁹In the Atlas of the Lithuanian Language, all these terms are presented as synonyms for the vestibule, so their definitions are not repeated below.

¹⁰The French-origin term koridorius (French corridor Interleksis 2003) most likely entered Lithuanian via the Slavic languages.

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LKŽ X 675, ^xpriestubis (hybrid, German dialect stuba) LKA I 39, prygonkis (hybrid, Polish ganek, German Gang) LKA I 39, ^xsienelis (hybrid, Polish sien) LKŽe, LKA I 39. Here one should discern features of location and purpose.

A hybrid term related to the listed terms by a hyponymic relation records features of construction and purpose: kuolėsinė (hybrid, cf. Polish kalosz LKŽe), ‘an unheated small room for guests to undress in near the vestibule’ ZanavŽ1 807.

A Lithuanian term denoting a corridor merits separate mention: tarpsienis, ‘a passage between two walls, a corridor’ LKŽe.

A substantial group consists of specific terms naming rooms by location. The rooms of a dwelling house beneath the roof are collectively designated by twenty-one synonymous terms of varying origins—fourteen Lithuanian, three Slavic, and four hybrid: antlubė ‘a place above the ceiling’ LKŽe, aukštas ‘a place above the ceiling, an attic’ LKŽe, KpŽ 99, aukštis ‘upper floor, top’ LKŽe, DūnŽ 37, kampas ‘attic’ DrskŽ 135, krautė ‘rooms above the ceiling, upper floor’ LKŽe, lubos ‘a place above the ceiling, upper floor’ LKŽe, pakereklys ‘upper floor, attic’ LKŽe, papalėpė ‘a place beneath the house roof, an attic’ LKŽe, pariestinis ‘the part of a house between the roof and ceiling, attic, space beneath the roof’ LKŽe, pastogė ‘a place beneath a roof, the interior of a roofed building’ LKŽe, pastoginė ‘a place beneath a roof, the interior of a roofed building’ LKŽe, pašelmenė ‘a place beneath the ridge, roof ridge, eaves’ LKŽe, užlos ‘the upper floor of a farmhouse’ LKŽe, viršus ‘a place above the ceiling, attic, upper floor’ LKŽe, DūnŽ 443, ^xetažas (Russian этаж RLKŽ 2003: 909) ‘upper floor’ LzŽ 73, ^xsalka (Polish salka) ‘a room beneath the roof’ LKŽe, DrskŽ 315, ^xviškos (Belarusian вшuki) ‘a room above the ceiling of a farmhouse, upper floor’ LKŽe, antgrytis (hybrid, Belarusian грydniцa) ‘a place above the farmhouse, upper floor’ LKŽe, priegrytis (hybrid, Belarusian грydniцa) ‘a small room of that kind on the farmhouse upper floor’ LKŽe, ^xstogstubė (hybrid, German dialect stuba) ‘a room in the attic’ LKŽe, viršugrytis (hybrid, Belarusian грydniцa) ‘the farmhouse upper floor, attic, upper part’ LKŽe.

The room beneath a house is designated by three synonymous terms—two Lithuanian and one Slavic: pogrindis ‘cellar’ LKŽe, rūsys ‘a room beneath a house’ LKŽe, ^xsklepas (Polish sklep) ‘cellar’ LKŽe, DrskŽ 331, KltŽ 277, LzŽ237, ZanavŽ3 85.

Terms denoting parts of a house—annexes and structures—are also related to terms denoting a dwelling house through part–whole relations. The largest group is that of terms denoting annexes of a dwelling house, comprising twenty-six synonymous terms: twelve Lithuanian, four Slavic, one Latvian, one English, and eight hybrid, for example:

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butas ‘porch’ LKA I 39, priebūtis LKA I 39, prieangis LKŽe, LKA I 39, priemenukė LKA I 40, gonkas (Polish ganek, German Gang) LKŽe, KpŽ I 703, LžŽ 83, LKA I 39, ^xsienius (Polish sień) LKŽe, LKA I 40, porūžis (Latvian puōrūzis) LKA I 40, veranda (English hind Interleksis 2003) LKŽe, LKA I 40, ZanavŽ3 627, gonkelė (hybrid, Polish ganek, German Gang) LKA I 39, ^xpriesienis (hybrid, Polish sień) LKA I 40, ^xprysieniukas (hybrid, Polish sień) LKA I 40. All these terms are generic; specific terms indicating the feature of the annex’s construction or location comprise five Slavicisms and three hybrids: gonkos (Polish ganek, German Gang LKŽe) ‘a porch with glazed walls’ LKA I 39, gonkos (Slavic) ‘an enclosed porch with windows’ LKA I 39, gonkos (Slavic) ‘an open porch without windows’ LKA I 40, gonkai (Slavic) ‘a more ornate, glazed porch’ LKA I 39, ^xsienius (Polish sień) ‘a porch on the back side of a house’ LKŽe, LKA I 40, gonkelės (hybrid) ‘an open porch without windows’ LKA I 39, gonkelis (hybrid) ‘an open porch without windows’ LKA I 39, ^xprysiednis (hybrid) ‘a handsome porch with large windows’ LKA I 40.

In the group of terms naming the structures of a dwelling house, three generic synonymous terms denoting the lower part of the building should be mentioned first; by origin, one is Lithuanian, one Slavic, and one hybrid: pamatas ‘the lower part of a building’ LKŽe, LKA I 35, fundamentas (cf. kundamentas from Belarusian хундамент, Frenkelis 1962: 305) ‘foundation’ LKA I 35, KzRŽ I 200, pamūra (hybrid, Polish mur) ‘foundation’ LKŽe, LKA I 35. All these terms are also used to denote the specific concept of a masonry foundation (LKA I 1977: 35–36).

Wooden floors¹¹ are denoted by six synonymous terms—three Lithuanian, two Slavic, and one Latvian: asla ‘floor’ LKA I 36, KpŽ 73, grindys ‘a plank flooring’ LKA I 37, KzRŽ 1 255, KpŽ 742, ZanavŽ1 507, paklotė ‘floor’ LKA I 38, ^xpadlaga (Polish podloga, Belarusian падлога) ‘floor’ LKŽe, LKA I 37, ZanavŽ2 302, ^xpamastas (Polish pomost) ‘floor’ LKŽe, LKA I 38, ^xparlagas (Latvian pārlegs, cf. Russian перелог) ‘floor’ LKŽe, LKA I 38. Two synonymous Lithuanian terms are specific, recording features of quality and location: juodgrindės ‘the inferior, lower floor’ ZanavŽ1 576, pagrindas ‘the inferior, lower floor, earthen floor’ LKŽe.

An opening in a wall that admits light is designated by the Lithuanian term langas LKŽe, DrskŽ 184, KltŽ 136, KzRŽ I 426, LžŽ 139. It is related by hyponymic relations to

¹¹ Terms denoting wooden floors or a tamped-earth floor may be regarded as hyponyms of the term denoting flooring. The sources examined did not yield a general term for flooring; therefore, no discussion is offered of the specific categories of these terms.

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three Lithuanian hyponyms are related, recording purpose, quality and size features: antralangis ‘a second window fitted for winter’ LKŽe, KzRŽ I 21, ZanavŽ1 45, langalis ‘a small, poor, inferior window’ LKŽe, langelynas ‘a poor window’ LKŽe.

The closing fixture, the door, is called by two Lithuanian synonyms: durys ‘an entrance in a wall’ LKŽe, KltŽ 56, KzRŽ I 171, KpŽ 492, ZanavŽ1 341, vartai ‘door’ LKŽe. Two hyponyms indicate place, quality, and construction features: durelės ‘the back, inferior doors of dwelling houses’ LKŽe, pusdurės ‘a half-door (usually, in a smoky cottage, the lower half is closed while the upper part is left open to let the smoke out)’ LKŽe.

The upper part of a dwelling house—the roof—is denoted by five synonymous terms, three Lithuanian and two Slavic: dangtis ‘roof’ LKŽe, LKA I 35, palėpė ‘roof’ LKŽe, stogas ‘upper part of a building’ LKŽe, LKA I 34, ZanavŽ3 182, ^xdokas (Pol. dach) ‘roof’ LKŽe, DrskŽ 70, LzŽ 61, ^xstriekas (Pol. strzecha) ‘roof’ LKŽe, LKA I 35, DrskŽ 352. Hyponyms include terms recording roof construction features, one Lithuanian and two Slavic terms by origin: striegtas ‘a thatched roof, thatched with the ears of grain pointing downwards’ LKŽe, ^xdokas (Pol. dach) ‘a roof covered with wooden shingles’ LKA I 35, ^xstriekas (Pol. strzecha) ‘a thatched roof’ LKA I 35.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The microsystem of names for the dwelling house and its main parts consists of 248 terms connected by generic-specific relations. Sixty-nine terms, which have no hyperonyms and function as generic terms, denote a dwelling house, a room, an annex, or structural elements—roof, foundation, floor, window, and door. A further 175 terms, recording various conceptual features, are linked to these generic terms by hyponymic relations. Thirty-four hyponyms are also generic terms, and four terms are linked to them by hyponymic relations.

2. From the perspective of hierarchy, the terminology denoting a dwelling house and its main parts is relatively simple: 34 terms denoting two concepts have both hyperonyms and hyponyms, that is, they function as both generic and specific terms.

3. Hyponyms most often record features of purpose; in some cases, such terms also denote additional features—quality, size, and location. The numbers of hyponyms recording construction, value and quality, and size and location features are nearly equal. Hyponyms very rarely denote temporal features.

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4. The features emphasized by hyponyms depend on the categories of the concepts being named. Hyponyms naming a dwelling house most often denote features of value and quality, while those naming rooms and annexes denote features of purpose and location. Terms naming the structural parts of a dwelling house—foundation, floor, roof, ceiling, windows, and doors—most often record construction features.

5. By origin, the majority of hyponyms are Lithuanian (47.5%); loanwords (Slavicisms and Germanisms) and hybrid terms are considerably less numerous (30.3% and 22.2%, respectively). In terms of origin, hyponyms differ little from generic terms. Generic terms, too, are expressed predominantly by native-language means: more than half (55%) are Lithuanian, while loanwords and hybrids are much less numerous (30% and 15%, respectively).

6. Most hyponyms denoting a dwelling house and its main parts are linked by synonymic relations.

ŠALTINIAI

DrskŽ – Druskininkų tarmės žodynas. Sud. G. Naktinienė, A. Paulauskienė, V. Vitkauskas, Vilnius, 1988.

DūnŽ – V. Vitkauskas. Šiaurės rytų dūnininkų šnektų žodynas, Vilnius, 1976.

KltŽ – Kaltanėnų šnektos žodynas. Sud. A. Viluitytė, Vilnius, 2008.

KzRŽ I – Kazlų Rūdos šnektos žodynas I. Red. A. Pupkis, Vilnius, 2008.

KpŽ I – K. Vosyl y tė. Kupiškėnų žodynas I, Vilnius, 2007.

LzŽ – J. Petrauskas, A. Vidugiris. Lazūnų tarmės žodynas, Vilnius, 1985.

LKA I – Lietuvių kalbos atlasas I. Red. K. Morkūnas, Vilnius, 1977.

LKŽe – Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (elektroninis leidimas). Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius, 2005.

ZanavŽ1–3 – Zanavykų šnektos žodynas I–III, Vilnius, 2003–2006.

LITERATŪRA

Ambrazas S. 2000: Daiktavardžių darybos raida. Lietuvių kalbos vardažodiniai vediniai. T. 2. Vilnius.

Butkevičius I. 1958: Tradiciniai lietuvių valstiečių gyvenamieji namai. – Iš lietuvių kultūros istorijos. T. 1., 157–173.

DVLKŽ II 2006: Didysis vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Kaunas.

Fraenkel E. 1955–1962: Litauisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch von Ernst Fraenkel, I–II, E. Carl Winter, Universitätsverlag, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Heidelberg, Göttingen.

Gudavičius A. 2009: Etnolingvistika, Šiauliai.

Interleksis 2003: Interleksis: kompiuterinis tarptautinių žodžių žodynas, Vilnius.

Jakaitienė E. 1988: Leksinė semantika, Vilnius.

Jakaitienė E. 2010: Leksikologija, Vilnius.

RLKŽ 2003 – Lemchenas Ch. Rusų–lietuvių kalbų žodynas, Vilnius.

Sabaliauskas A. 1990: Lietuvių kalbos leksika, Vilnius.

Stunžinas R. 2008: Variantiniai statybos liaudies terminai Lietuvių kalbos žodyne. – Terminologija 15, 111–130.

Stunžinas R. 2010: Daugiareikšmiai ir homoniminiai statybos liaudies terminai. – Terminologija 16, 68–92.

Stunžinas R. 2011: Statybos liaudies terminai, Vilnius.

Гринев С. 1993: Введение в терминоведение, Москва.

Татаринов В. 2006: Общее терминоведение: энциклопедический словарь, Москва.

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SPECIFIC FOLK TERMS NAMING THE DWELLING HOUSE AND ITS MAIN PARTS

This article deals with the microsystem of terms naming the dwelling house and its main parts. Specific terms are analyzed according to named concepts, relations and origin.

In the researched material there were 248 generic and specific terms. 69 terms are generic and name the dwelling house, its rooms and constructions: foundation, floor, roof, window and door. These terms have hyponymical relation to 175 specific terms naming concepts according to various features, for instance, namas ‘dwelling house’, molin alė ‘clay house’, rūmas ‘good-looking house’, grindys ‘floor’, juodgrindės ‘plain base floor’; dangtis ‘roof’, ^xstriekas ‘straw roof’. 34 terms are specific and generic at the same time and have 4 of their own hyponyms: ^xkamara ‘pantry’, patalpa ‘room’, ^xmėskamarė ‘food pantry’.

Most often specific terms indicate purpose, for instance patalpa ‘inside of a house’, kampas ‘living room’, ^xkamara ‘guest room’, valgykla ‘dining room’. Specific terms that name concepts according to characteristics of construction, value and quality or size and place, comprise similar sized groups, for instance namas ‘dwelling house’, krėstinė ‘clay house’, gryčia ‘poor house’, ^xstadala ‘large house’, pamatas ‘bottom part of a building’, pamatas ‘stone foundation’; durys ‘door’, durelės ‘back door’. Specific terms indicating age are very rare: sentrobė ‘old house’.

The hierarchy of genus-species related terms is simple; only 34 terms have hyperonyms and hyponyms.

According to origin the majority of specific terms are Lithuanian words, for instance asla, pirtikė, prieangis, priešienė, trobesikė, trobukas. Slavic and German loans are rather rare, for instance ^xkalupka (Pol. chałupa), ^xkaminyčia (Pol. kamienica), ^xkuknė (Bel. кухня, l. kuchnia); bakužė (Germ. dial. backhus), ^xstubos (Germ. dial. stuba); grytelė (hybr., Bel. гръдинца), ^xstubelė (hybr., Germ. dial. stuba), ^xužkakalė (hybr., Germ. Kachel). The origin of generic and specific terms is quite similar. The majority of specific terms are related by synonymic relations.

Gauta 2012-01-09

Robertas Stunžinas Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected]

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