5 5Te minologija | 2018 | 25
Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d
Te ms in Legal Ac s o a Cons i u ional
Na u e in English and Li huanian
LIUDMILA MOCKIENĖ
Mykolas Rome is Uni e si y, Li huania
SIGITA RACKEVIČIENĖ
Mykolas Rome is Uni e si y, Li huania
KEYWORDS: e m- o ma ion, mul i-wo d e ms, con as i e analysis, p e-nominal modi ica-
ion, pos -nominal modi ica ion
INTRODUCTION
The a icle p esen s a con as i e analysis o o ma ion o mul i-wo d
e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English and Li huanian
ocusing on modi ica ion pa e ns (p e-nominal, pos -nominal o bo h)
and syn ac ic models (indica ing wo d classes o cons i uen s and hei
in e ela ions).
Legal e ms deno e abs ac legal concep s which a e c ea ed by gene -
alizing he main ea u es o simila phenomena. Legal concep s a e ex-
p essed h ough one-wo d o mul i-wo d e ms. Acco ding o he esea ch
conduc ed by Liudmila Mockienė (2016: 43–45), in Li huanian one-wo d
e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e cons i u e 38.5%, meanwhile
61.5% o e ms a e mul i-wo d. In English, he a io o one-wo d and
mul i-wo d e ms is almos he opposi e o Li huanian, i.e. 57% o e ms
a e one-wo d, whe eas 43% a e mul i-wo d. Thus, mul i-wo d e ms con-
s i u e he la ges pa o e ms in cons i u ional ac s in Li huanian and a
subs an ial pa o e ms in English, which makes he analysis o he way
hey a e o med ele an o bo h languages.
The analysis o models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms helps o es ablish
he exis ing ends in e m- o ma ion and main ain sys ema ici y o newly
o med mul i-wo d e ms, which can be o pa icula use o ansla o s and
de elope s o new e ms. Howe e , ho ough esea ch on o ma ion o mul-
i-wo d e ms in he a ea o he legal language is no nume ous. Schola s
usually add ess he undamen al issues o e minology science, such as p in-
5 6 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s
Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian
ciples and c i e ia o e m o ma ion in gene al, ypology o e ms, spe-
ci ic ea u es and sou ces o e ms, de elopmen o e minologies as sys-
ems, e.g. M. Te esa Cab é e al. (Cab é 1999; Cab é, Condamines & Ibek-
we-SanJuan 2007), Kyo Kageu a (Kageu a 2002; Kageu a 2012), Juan C.
Sage (Sage 1990; Sage 1997; Sage 2004), Alain Rey (Rey 1995), Ri a
Temme man (Temme man 2000), e c. in English; Kazimie as Gai enis
(Gai enis 2002), S asys Keinys (Keinys 1980; Keinys 2005; Keinys 2012),
E alda Jakai ienė (Jakai ienė 2010), e c. in Li huanian. A numbe o Li hua-
nian esea che s ocus on o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in Li huanian, e.g.
Gin au as Akelai is conduc ed a quali a i e analysis o s uc u al models o
mul i-wo d e ms o he adminis a i e language wi h he ocus on p e-
posi ion and pos -posi ion o he dependen s (Akelai is 2008), Al ydas Um-
b asas analysed models o mul i-wo d e ms in legal Li huanian o 1918-1940
wi h he ocus on he way he dependen cons i uen is a ached o he head
(Umb asas 2010), K. Gai enis discussed and analysed e ms o di e en
a eas o science a la ge (2002). Judi a Džežulskienė (2010) analysed p e- and
pos -nominal modi ica ion o English and Li huanian h ee-wo d e ms in
he a ea o elecommunica ion. In English models o mul i-wo d e ms a e
usually analysed o he pu pose o e m ex ac ion and ecogni ion. How-
e e , con as i e analysis o Li huanian and English mul i-wo d e ms, in
pa icula o he legal a ea, is sca ce. Viole a Janule ičienė and Sigi a
Racke ičienė conduc ed a con as i e analysis o o ma ion o c iminal law
e ms in English, Li huanian and No wegian (Janule ičienė & Racke ičie-
nė 2010, 2014). Olga Ušinskienė and S. Racke ičienė analysed syn ac ic
s uc u e and modi ica ion pa e ns o a sample o 55 English compound
e ms on mig a ion policy and hei Li huanian equi alen s. The p esen
esea ch a emp s o ill he gap in he a ea o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms
in he a ea o he legal language in English and Li huanian.
Rela ions be ween he cons i uen wo ds o a mul i-wo d e m can be
exp essed by di e en means depending on he pa icula language and
i s sys em: a pa icula wo d o de , he use o a pa icula wo d class, he
use o a wo d in a pa icula case, and e en a unc ion wo d (p eposi ion
o conjunc ion). Modi ie s in a mul i-wo d e m can be a ached o he
head noun ei he p eposi ionally, pos posi ionally, o bo h. Thus, he aim
o he esea ch is o analyse he models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms
in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English and Li huanian. The
objec i es o he esea ch a e 1) o es ablish he dis ibu ion o modi i-
ca ion pa e ns (p e-nominal, pos -nominal o bo h) and syn ac ic models
5 7Te minologija | 2018 | 25
(indica ing wo d classes o cons i uen s and hei in e ela ions) o mul i-
wo d e ms in English and Li huanian, and 2) o conduc con as i e
analysis o models o English and Li huanian e ms o e eal he majo
ends in o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in he a ea o he legal language.
The objec o he esea ch is mul i-wo d e ms used in legal ac s o a
cons i u ional na u e in English and Li huanian. The esea ch sample com-
p ises 595 e ms: 347 e ms we e selec ed om he Li huanian sou ce and
248 e ms we e selec ed om he sou ces o he UK cons i u ional law. The
da a o he analysis was collec ed om he p ima y sou ces o cons i u-
ional law in he Republic o Li huania and in he UK. In Li huania, he
p ima y sou ce o cons i u ional law is he Cons i u ion o he Republic o
Li huania (1992), which is codi ied. The na u e o he UK cons i u ion is
di e en , as i is unw i en (uncodi ied) and does no exis as a single
documen . The UK cons i u ion consis s o a numbe o di e en sou ces,
such as legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e ( he ac s o Pa liamen ), judicial
decisions, pa liamen a y cons i u ional con en ions, he Royal P e oga i e
and o he cons i u ional sou ces (Blick 2012). Fo he pu poses o he e-
sea ch se e al majo legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e we e chosen, name-
ly, ansla ions in o Mode n English o Magna Ca a (1297), Habeas Co -
pus Ac (1679), he Bill o Righ s (1689) and he Ac o Se lemen (1700),
including he amendmen s as in o ce oday, and he o iginal ex s o he
Pa liamen Ac (1949), he Human Righ s Ac (1998), he House o Lo ds
Ac (1999), and he Fixed- e m Pa liamen s Ac (2011).
The esea ch uses desc ip i e, quan i a i e, and con as i e me hods.
Mul i-wo d e ms we e collec ed om sou ces o cons i u ional law in
English and Li huanian and we e analysed acco ding o models o hei
o ma ion. Nex , he ob ained da a om he wo languages we e con-
as ed o e eal he main ends and di e ences in he p inciples o
e m- o ma ion. The main c i e ion aken o classi ica ion o e ms was
he ype o modi ica ion – p e-nominal, pos -nominal, and a combina ion
o bo h. The ollowing abb e ia ions a e used in he schemes below:
Adj – adjec i e
gen – he geni i e case
ins – he ins umen al case
loc – he loca i e case
N – noun
Num – nume al
P – pa iciple
P ep – p eposi ion/p eposi ional
V – e b
X (capi al) – an a ibu i e wo d
x (small, subsc ip ) – any case o a
noun and an adjec i e/pa iciple
which modi ies ha noun and ag ees
wi h i in gende , numbe and case
5 8 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s
Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian
MODELS OF FORMATION OF MULTI-WORD TERMS IN LEGAL
ACTS OF A CONSTITUTIONAL NATURE IN ENGLISH
Mul i-wo d e ms ound in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English
a e o med on he basis o h ee pa e ns o modi ica ion o he head noun:
modi ie s a e ei he in he p e-head posi ion, pos -head posi ion, o bo h.
Mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he p e-head posi ion in
English
The modi ie s o majo i y o he analysed mul i-wo d e ms in English
a e a ached o he head noun p eposi ionally. This pa e n may include
a g ea a ie y o syn ac ic models:
1) Adj ← N
The majo i y o he analysed mul i-wo d e ms (132 e ms) consis o
an adjec i e a ached o he head noun p eposi ionally. This syn ac ic
model has 3 a ian s:
1a) Adj ← N
127 e ms a e composed o he head noun modi ied by an adjec i e
in he p e-head posi ion: ad iso y opinion, a bi a y powe , capi al
o ence, ci ic obliga ion, ci il p oceeding, condi ional elease, conscien-
ious objec o , consequen ial p o ision, c iminal case, c iminal o ence,
ecclesias ical au ho i y, execu i e unc ion, ee elec ions, undamen al
eedoms, gene al elec ion, he edi a y pee , high eason, human igh s,
judicial o ice, judicial e iew, law ul a es , legal assis ance, legal au-
ho i y, legal o de , legal pe son, na ional law, na ional mino i y, na-
ional secu i y, na u al pe son, pa liamen a y p ocedu e, poli ical ac i -
i y, poli ical opinion, p ima y legisla ion, public au ho i y, public in e -
es , public sa e y, egal au ho i y, egal go e nmen , egal powe , oyal
p e oga i e, sec e ballo , spi i ual au ho i y, s a u o y ins umen , sub-
o dina e legisla ion, e i o ial in eg i y, unlaw ul ac , acan sea .
1b) Adj ← N × 2
In his a ian , he modi ying adjec i e e e s o wo nouns, which
a e connec ed by a conjunc ion. Bo h nouns in his case a e head
nouns: Royal (Ca e and Conce n).
1c) Adj × 2 ← N
In his a ian , a conjunc ion is used o connec wo adjec i es in he
p e-head posi ion which modi y he head noun. Fou e ms o his
5 9Te minologija | 2018 | 25
ype we e ound: c uel and unusual punishmen s, o ced o compulso y
labou , independen and impa ial ibunal, illegal and c uel punishmen s.
2) N ← N
In his syn ac ic model, he head nouns a e modi ied by o he nouns
in he p e-head posi ion. F om he syn ac ic poin o iew his pa e n
is ypical o English. The nouns placed in he p e-head posi ion exp ess
he same meaning which could ha e been exp essed by a modi ying
ph ase o clause in he pos posi ion o he head noun, e.g. ci cui
judge = a judge o a ci cui , Con en ion igh = a igh en enched in
he Con en ion, eplacemen o de = o de o eplacemen . The pa e n
o using a noun ins ead o a ph ase o clause o modi y he head noun
helps o comp ess he e m and make i sho e . Te ms composed o
he head noun modi ied by a noun in he p e-head posi ion a e bank
holiday, Chu ch Assembly, ci cui judge, Con en ion igh , co ona ion oa h,
coun y cou , dea h penal y, Family Di ision, p e oga i e unc ion, p i acy
code, eplacemen o de , aca ion ime.
3) X ← [Adj/Num ← N]
Mul i-wo d e ms o his ype a e composed o a complex head (nom-
inal ph ase consis ing o a head noun and an adjec i al wo d) which is
modi ied by one mo e cons i uen . In he in es iga ed ma e ial, 3 a i-
an s o his syn ac ic model we e ound:
3a) Adj ← [Adj ← N]
In his a ian , a complex head is modi ied by an adjec i e: o dina y
gene al elec ion, pa liamen a y gene al elec ion, public gene al ac , un-
easonable public expendi u e.
3b) P ← [Adj ← N]
In some cases, a complex head is modi ied by a pas pa iciple: sup-
posed c iminal ma e s.
3c) N ← [Num ← N]
Mo eo e , in some cases a complex head is modi ied by a noun:
depu y i s minis e .
4) P ← [N ← N]
Mul i-wo d e ms o his ype a e composed o a complex head (a nom-
inal ph ase consis ing o a head noun and ano he noun) modi ied by a
pas pa iciple in he p e-head posi ion: au ho ised go e nmen depa men .

6 0 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s
Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian
5) [Adj ← N] ← N
In mul i-wo d e ms o his ype, he head noun is modi ied by a
complex modi ie (nominal ph ase Adj + a noun) in he p e-head
posi ion: (judicial o ice) holde . In his syn ac ic model, he adjec i e
‘judicial’ e e s no o he head noun ‘holde ’, bu o he modi ying
noun ‘o ice’, he e m has he meaning ‘holde o he judicial o ice’.
6) Adj ← [Adj ← [Adj ← N]]
One e m o his ype was ound. I is composed o ou independen
wo ds: h ee adjec i es and he head noun: ea ly pa liamen a y gene al
elec ion. The complex head ( he nominal ph ase gene al elec ion) is
modi ied by he adjec i e pa liamen a y and he esul ing nominal ph ase
pa liamen a y gene al elec ion is modi ied by one mo e adjec i e ea ly.
Mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he pos -head posi ion in
English
1) N → P ep ph ase
The majo i y o he analysed mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in
he pos -head posi ion consis o he head noun ollowed by a p epos-
i ional ph ase, which consis s o a p eposi ion and a noun ph ase.
The e a e 73 e ms o his ype.
The mos equen p eposi ion used in a p eposi ional ph ase is o .
I was used o o m 57 e ms: e.g. Ac o Pa liamen , ce i ica e o a-
cancy, consen o pa liamen , con ic ion o a c ime, dep i a ion o li e,
dissolu ion o pa liamen , o ce o a law, eedom o assembly and asso-
cia ion, eedom o elec ion, eedom o exp ession, eedom o speech,
eedom o hough , conscience and eligion, unc ions o a public na u e,
house o pa liamen , jus ice o he peace, membe o pa liamen , minis e
o he c own, oa h o allegiance, o ice o us , pe son o unsound mind,
p ohibi ion o disc imina ion, p ohibi ion o o u e, igh o appeal, sec e-
a y o s a e se ice o a mili a y cha ac e , session o pa liamen , ime o
peace, iola ion o a igh , w i o summons.
Modi ie s o 11 mul i-wo d e ms a e connec ed by he p eposi ion
o: amendmen o he legisla ion, pa y o he p oceedings, p o ocol o he
con en ion, igh o educa ion, igh o li e, igh o pe i ion, succession o
he c own, igh o a ai ial, igh o ee elec ions, igh o libe y and
secu i y, igh o espec o p i a e and amily li e.
6 1Te minologija | 2018 | 25
Modi ie s o 3 mul i-wo d e ms a e connec ed by he p eposi ion
o : pe iod o conside a ion, p oposal o legisla ion, wa an o emo al.
O he p eposi ions ha e been used only once o connec he modi-
ie s: in - o de in council; in o - coming in o o ce.
2) N → Vin (+ N/N ph ase)
The mul i-wo d e ms o his syn ac ic model may be o wo ypes –
ei he wi h a ba e in ini i e o wi h an in ini e and a noun/nominal
ph ase a ached o i :
2a) N → Vin
2 mul i-wo d e ms a e composed o he head noun and a ba e e b
in ini i e: ailu e o ac , igh o ma y.
2b) N → Vin +N/N ph ase
7 mul i-wo d e ms a e o med by combining a head noun and a
e b ph ase consis ing o an in ini i e which is ollowed by a noun
o a nominal ph ase: powe o p o ogue pa liamen , powe o awa d
damages, powe o make he ules, eedom o mani es one’s eligion o
belie s, powe o amend o e oke subo dina e legisla ion, powe o amend
p ima y legisla ion, igh o ound a amily.
3) N → N
Se e al cases o he modi ying noun in he pos -head we e ound. This
syn ac ic model is no ypical o English as modi ying nouns a e usu-
ally in he p e-head posi ion. Te ms composed o he head noun mod-
i ied by a noun in he pos -head posi ion a e: le ying money, Lo d
Chancello , Lo d Keepe .
4) N → Adj
A ew cases o modi ying adjec i es in he pos -head posi ion we e
ound. This syn ac ic model, as he p e ious one, is no usual in Eng-
lish. I is ypically used in ce ain pa icula g amma ical cons uc ions
o modi y compound inde ini e p onouns such as some hing, someone,
and o a chaic and poe ic uses. The s uc u e o he e ms ound
esembles he s uc u e which is cha ac e is ic o he Romance lan-
guages. Te ms composed o he head noun modi ied by an adjec i e
in he pos -head posi ion a e: Lo d Spi i ual, Lo d Tempo al, she i
p incipal.
6 2 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s
Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian
5) N → P ph ase
2 e ms o med on he basis o his syn ac ic model we e ound. In
one case, he pa icipial ph ase is in he pos -head posi ion and is a
complex s uc u e which con ains a pas pa iciple and a p eposi ional
ph ase: obliga ion p esc ibed by law. In he o he , he pa icipial ph ase
is in he pos -head posi ion and is a complex s uc u e which con ains
a p esen pa iciple and a nominal ph ase: p oclama ion summoning a
new pa liamen .
Mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he p e-head and pos -head
posi ion in English
In his pa e n, he head noun is p eceded by a modi ie and is ollowed
by a modi ie . The p e-head modi ie is an adjec i al wo d whe eas he
pos -head modi ie is a p eposi ional ph ase. The adjec i al wo d in he
p e-head posi ion may be an adjec i e o a pas pa iciple:
1) Adj ← N → P ep ph ase: en o ceable igh o compensa ion, ee as-
sis ance o an in e p e e , g ea seal o England, peace ul enjoymen o
possessions;
2) P ← N → P ep ph ase: unau ho ised en y in o he coun y.
Gene alised esul s o he analysis o models o o ma ion o mul-
i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English
To sum up, he majo i y o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i-
u ional na u e in English (see Table 1) ollow he pa e n o p e-nominal
modi ica ion (153 e ms ou o 248, which is 62%). This pa e n o mod-
i ica ion comp ises a numbe o di e en syn ac ic syn ac ic models. In
gene al, he head is modi ied p eposi ionally by an adjec i al wo d (an
adjec i e, a pa iciple (pas o p esen )), a noun o a combina ion o hem,
howe e , he p e ailing syn ac ic model o o ma ion is an adjec i e in
he p e-head posi ion.
One hi d o mul i-wo d e ms (90 e ms ou o 248, which is 36%)
a e o med on he basis o he pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n. The
mos p oduc i e syn ac ic model o e m- o ma ion unde his pa e n is
a head noun modi ied by a p eposi ional ph ase, wi h he p eposi ion o
used mos equen ly. O he ypes o modi ie s in pos -head posi ion a e
e b in ini i es, e b in ini i e ph ases, nouns, adjec i es and pa icipial
ph ases.
6 3Te minologija | 2018 | 25
Table 1. Modi ica ion pa e ns and syn ac ic models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a con-
s i u ional na u e in English
Modi ica ion
pa e ns Syn ac ic models Numbe
o e ms Examples
P e-nominal
modi ica ion
(153 e ms,
62%)
Adj ← N 132 oyal p e oga i e
N ← N 12 co ona ion oa h
X ← [Adj/Num ← N]:
Adj ← [Adj ← N]
P ← [Adj ← N]
N ← [Num ← N]
6
o dina y gene al elec ion
supposed c iminal ma e s
depu y i s minis e
P ← [N ← N] 1au ho ised go e nmen depa men
[Adj ← N] ← N 1judicial o ice holde
Adj ← [Adj ← [Adj ← N]] 1ea ly pa liamen a y gene al elec ion
Pos -nominal
modi ica ion
(90 e ms, 36%)
N → P ep ph ase 73 Ac o Pa liamen
N → Vin (+ N/N ph ase) 9 ailu e o ac ;
powe o p o ogue pa liamen
N → N 3Lo d Chancello
N → Adj 3Lo d Spi i ual
N → P ph ase 2obliga ion p esc ibed by law
P e-nominal
and pos -
nominal
modi ica ion
(5 e ms, 2%)
Adj/P ← N → P ep ph ase 5unau ho ised en y in o he coun y;
en o ceable igh o compensa ion
Finally, mul i-wo d e ms o med on he basis o he p e-nominal and
pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n a e a e and cons i u e only 2%. In his
case he head noun i modi ied by a pa iciple o an adjec i e in he p e-
head posi ion and a p eposi ional ph ase in he pos -head posi ion.
MODELS OF FORMATION OF MULTI-WORD TERMS IN LEGAL
ACTS OF A CONSTITUTIONAL NATURE IN LITHUANIAN
Mul i-wo d e ms ound in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in Li hua-
nian a e o med on he basis o h ee pa e ns o modi ica ion o he head
noun: modi ie s a e ei he in he p e-head posi ion, pos -head posi ion,
o bo h.
7 0 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s
Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian
in a pa icula case, o ins ance he p eposi ions iš’ and nuo equi e
he subsequen noun o be in he geni i e case, he p eposi ions į and
už’ equi e he noun o be in he accusa i e case, whe eas he p eposi-
ion su equi es he noun o be in he ins umen al case.
2) Nx → Nloc
Ano he syn ac ic model o pos -head modi ie s consis s o he head
noun ollowed by ano he noun in he loca i e case. Only one e m o
his ype was ound: a nyba ka iuomenėje ‘mili a y se ice’. The mod-
i ying noun in his syn ac ic model o wo-wo d e ms can also occu
in o he cases, such as da i e o ins umen al (Akelai is 2008: 7).
3) Nx → Vin (+P ep ph ase/N/P)
The mul i-wo d e ms o his syn ac ic model may be o wo ypes –
ei he wi h a ba e in ini i e o wi h an in ini i e ph ase:
3a) Nx → Vin
Only one e m o his ype was ound: eisė s eikuo i ‘ igh o s ike’.
3b) Nx → Vin + P ep ph ase/N/P
3 e ms we e o med by combining a head noun and a e b ph ase
consis ing o e b in ini i e ollowed by a p eposi ional ph ase, a
noun o a pa iciple: eisė k eip is į eismą ‘ igh o apply o cou ’,
eisė u ė i ad oka ą ‘ igh o an ad oca e’, eisė bū i iš ink am ‘ igh
o s and o elec ion’.
4) Nx → Nx
Finally, 2 cases o he modi ying noun in he same case as he head
noun we e ound: Minis as Pi mininkas ‘P ime Minis e ’, als ybė na ė
‘Membe S a e’. This pa e n is no ypical o Li huanian as modi ying
nouns a e usually ei he in he p e-head posi ion in he geni i e case,
o in he pos -head posi ion in some o he cases (loca i e, da i e, in-
s umen al).
Mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he p e-head and pos -head
posi ions in Li huanian
In his pa e n o modi ica ion, he head noun is p eceded by a modi-
ie and is ollowed by a modi ie . Two ypes o mul i-wo d e ms wi h
modi ie s in he p e-head and pos -head posi ion we e ound:

7 1Te minologija | 2018 | 25
1) Ngen ← Nx → P ep ph ase
In his syn ac ic model, he head noun is modi ied by a noun in he
geni i e case and a p eposi ional ph ase, which consis s o a p eposi ion
į and a noun in he accusa i e case: žmogaus eisė į gy ybę ‘ igh o li e
o a human being’.
2) Ngen ← Nx → Nloc
In his syn ac ic model, he head noun is modi ied by a noun in he
geni i e case and a noun in he loca i e case: su uok inių eisės šeimoje
‘ igh s o spouses in he amily’.
Gene alised esul s o he analysis o models o o ma ion
o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e
in Li huanian
To sum up, he majo i y o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i-
u ional na u e in Li huanian (see Table 2) ollow he pa e n o p e-
nominal modi ica ion (329 e ms ou o 347, which is 95%). This pa e n
o modi ica ion in Li huanian comp ises a g ea a ie y o di e en syn ac-
ic models o e m- o ma ion. The wo mos p oduc i e syn ac ic models
in he p e-nominal modi ica ion pa e n consis o he head noun modi-
ied ei he by a noun in he geni i e case, o an adjec i e which ag ees
wi h he head noun in gende , numbe and case. O he p oduc i e syn-
ac ic models include a modi ie and a complex head (consis ing o wo
cons i uen s) o a complex modi ie (consis ing o wo cons i uen s) and
he head noun. In he in es iga ed ma e ial, some e ms o e en mo e
complex syn ac ic models we e ound, bu hei numbe is low.
Only 4.5% o mul i-wo d e ms (16 e ms) in Li huanian a e o med
on he basis o he pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n. The mos p oduc -
i e syn ac ic model o e m- o ma ion unde his pa e n is a head noun
modi ied by a p eposi ional ph ase, wi h a a ie y o p eposi ions. O he
ypes o modi ie s in pos -head posi ion a e e b in ini i es, e b in ini i e
ph ases and nouns.
The leas p oduc i e pa e n o e m- o ma ion in Li huanian is p e-
nominal and pos -nominal modi ica ion, which cons i u es only 0.5% o
he analysed mul i-wo d e ms. In his case he head noun is modi ied by
a noun in he geni i e case in he p e-head posi ion and a p eposi ional
ph ase o a noun in he loca i e case in he pos -head posi ion.
7 2 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s
Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian
Table 2. Modi ica ion pa e ns and syn ac ic models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a con-
s i u ional na u e in Li huanian
Modi ica-
ion pa -
e ns
Syn ac ic models
Num-
be o
e ms
Examples
P e-nomi-
nal modi-
ica ion
(329 e ms,
95%)
Ngen ← Nx145 au os su e eni e as ‘so e eign y o he
Na ion’
Adjx/Px/Numx ← Nx135 an ikons i ucinis eiksmas ‘an i-cons i u-
ional ac ion’
enkamos pa eigos ‘elec i e o ice’
pi moji kadencija ‘ i s e m o o ice’
X ← [Ngen ← Nx]:
Adjx ← [Ngen ← Nx]
Px ← [Ngen ← Nx]
Numx ← [Ngen ← Nx]
Adjx × 2 ← [Ngen ← Nx]
16 ak y ioji inkimų eisė ‘ac i e elec o al igh ’
nemokama medicinos pagalba ‘medical
aid p o ided ee o cha ge’, pi masis
balsa imo a as ‘ i s o ing ound’,
d asiniai i ma e ialiniai au o iaus in e e-
sai ‘spi i ual and ma e ial in e es s o an
au ho ’
X ← [Adjx ← Nx]:
Adjx ← [Adjx ← Nx]
Px ← [Adjx ← Nx]
Ngen ← [Adjx ← Nx]
Ngen ← [Adjx ← Nx×2]
13 aukščiausia su e eni galia ‘sup eme so -
e eign powe ’;
nep iklausoma demok a inė espublika
‘independen democ a ic epublic’;
žmogaus p i a us gy enimas ‘p i a e li e
o a human being’
asmens pag indinės eisės i lais ės ‘hu-
man igh s and undamen al eedoms’
[X ← Ngen] ← Nx:
[Adjgen ← Ngen] ← Nx
[Pgen ← Ngen] ← Nx
[Ngen ← Ngen] ← Nx
16 p i ačios nuosa ybės eisė ‘ igh o p i-
a e owne ship’,
nep iklausomos als ybės a kū imas ‘ es-
o a ion o he independen s a e’,
Seimo na io manda as ‘manda e o a
membe o he Seimas’
[Nins ← Px] ← Nx1 e e endumu p iim as įs a ymas ‘ac
adop ed by e e endum’
Adjx ← [[X ← Ngen] ← Nx]:
Adjx ← [[Ngen ← Ngen] ← Nx]
Adjx ← [Adjgen ← Ngen] ← Nx]
1al e na y ioji k aš o apsaugos a nyba
‘al e na i e na ional de ence se ice’,
nuola inis adminis acinio iene o gy en-
ojas ‘pe manen esiden s o he admin-
is a i e uni ’
[[Ngen ← Ngen] ← Ngen] ← Nx11 įs a ymų leidybos inicia y os eisė ‘ igh
o legisla i e ini ia i e’
Adjx ← [[Ngen ← [Pgen ←
← Ngen]] ← Nx]
1 y iausiasis als ybės ginkluo ųjų pajėgų
adas ‘Commande -in-Chie o he
A med Fo ces’
7 3Te minologija | 2018 | 25
Modi ica-
ion pa -
e ns
Syn ac ic models
Num-
be o
e ms
Examples
Pos -nom-
inal mod-
i ica ion
(16 e ms,
4.5%)
Nx → P ep ph ase 9pajamos iš als ybinio u o ‘income om
S a e p ope y’
Nx → Nloc 1 a nyba ka iuomenėje ‘mili a y se ice’
Nx → Vin (+P ep ph ase/
N/P):
Nx → Vin
Nx → Vin + P ep ph aseN/P
4 eisė s eikuo i ‘ igh o s ike’;
eisė u ė i ad oka ą ‘ igh o an ad o-
ca e’
Nx → Nx 2Minis as Pi mininkas ‘P ime Minis e ’
P e-nomi-
nal and
pos -mod-
i ica ion
2 e ms
(0.5%)
Ngen ← Nx → P ep ph ase 1žmogaus eisė į gy ybę ‘ igh o li e o a
human being’
Ngen ← Nx → Nloc 1su uok inių eisės šeimoje ‘ igh s o
spouses in he amily’
CONCLUSIONS
The analysis o models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s
o a cons i u ional na u e in English and Li huanian e eals ha in bo h
English and Li huanian modi ie s in mul i-wo d e ms a e p edominan -
ly a ached p eposi ionally. This p o es he endency o place he mos
impo an in o ma ion, in his case he head noun, a he end o he
mul i-wo d uni .
In English, wo- hi ds o modi ie s in mul i-wo d e ms a e a ached o
he head noun p eposi ionally (62%). The p edominan ype o he mod-
i ie is an adjec i e. O he syn ac ic models a e a e and cons i u e a
combina ion o an adjec i al wo d and a noun.
Simila o English, in Li huanian he absolu e majo i y o modi ie s in
mul i-wo d e ms a e a ached p eposi ionally (95%). The p edominan ypes
o he modi ie s in he p e-nominal modi ica ion pa e n a e a noun in he
geni i e case and an adjec i e which ag ees wi h he head noun in gende ,
numbe and case, o a combina ion o wo adjec i es o wo nouns in he
geni i e case. This pa e n o modi ica ion in Li huanian comp ises a a
g ea e a ie y o di e en syn ac ic models in compa ison wi h English.
Unlike in Li huanian, he pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n is qui e
p oduc i e in English. One hi d o mul i-wo d e ms (36%) a e o med
7 4 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s
Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian
on i s basis. The p edominan ype o he modi ie in his pa e n is a
p eposi ional ph ase. The pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n is qui e p o-
duc i e in o ma ion o longe mul i-wo d e ms.
Las , mul i-wo d e ms o med on he basis o he p e-nominal and
pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n a e a e in bo h languages.
In conclusion, he esea ch esul s e eal ha al hough he dis ibu ion
o p eposi ionally and pos posi ionally a ached modi ie s in English and
Li huanian di e s, he p edominan pa e n o modi ica ion in bo h lan-
guage is p e-nominal. In bo h languages, he same endency o language
economy is obse ed – he mo e cons i uen s he syn ac ic model includes,
he less p oduc i e i is.
Fu he analysis o models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in o he
a eas o law and classi ica ion he eo can be use ul o ansla o s and
de elope s o new legal e ms. Mo eo e , u he esea ch on he use o
he e ms and equency o pa icula models in legal discou se (based on
co pus analysis) would be o g ea in e es and impo ance.
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ucinės eisės e minų da yba anglų, lie u ių i usų kalbose. Doc o al hesis: humani ies, philology (04 H).
Vilnius: Vi ae Li e a.
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KONSTiTuCiNėS TEiSėS aKTų DaugiažODžių TERMiNų DaRYbOS MODELiai aNgLų iR LiETu ių KaLbOSE
S aipsnyje analizuojami daugiažodžiai kons i ucinės eisės e minai anglų i lie u ių
kalbomis, siekiama nus a y i i sug e in i jų da ybos modelius bei ap a i e minų da-
ybos endencijas i iamose kalbose. Iš i i 595 daugiažodžiai e minai (daik a a diniai
junginiai, a liekan ys e minų unkcijas): 347 e minai iš Lie u os Respublikos (LR)
eisės šal inio i 248 e minai iš Jung inės Ka alys ės (JK) eisės šal inių. Visi lie u iški
e minai iš ink i iš ieno dokumen o – Lie u os Respublikos Kons i ucijos (1992). JK
kons i ucinė eisės nė a kodi ikuo a, odėl angliški e minai bu o enkami iš s a biau-
sių kons i ucinės eisės ak ų – į šiuolaikinę anglų kalbą iš e s ų senųjų, be ebegalio-
jančių eisės ak ų Magna Ca a (1297), Habeas Co pus Ac (1679), Bill o Righ s
(1689) i Ac o Se lemen (1700) bei XX–XXI amžių eisės ak ų Pa liamen Ac
(1949), Human Righ s Ac (1998), House o Lo ds Ac (1999) i Fixed- e m Pa lia-
men s Ac (2011).
A lik a analizė leidžia da y i okias iš adas:
•I anglų, i lie u ių kalboje dominuoja p epozicinė daugiažodžių e minų modi i-
kacija, .y. a ibu iniai dėmenys eina p ieš pag indinį e minų dėmenį. Tai odo
aiškią endenciją s a biausią in o maciją (pag indinį e mino dėmenį) nukel i į
junginio pabaigą.
•Iš i uose JK kons i ucinės eisės ak uose 62 p oc. daugiažodžių e minų y a suda-
y i pag indiniam dėmeniui p isijungian a ibu inius dėmenis p epoziciškai. Vy-
auja d ižodžiai e minai, ku ių a ibu inis dėmuo y a būd a dis (Adj ← N: oyal
p e oga i e).
•LR Kons i ucijoje ne 95 p oc. daugiažodžių e minų y a suda y i pag indiniam
dėmeniui p isijungian a ibu inius dėmenis p epoziciškai. Dominuoja d ižodžiai
e minai, ku ių a ibu inis dėmuo y a kilmininko linksnio daik a a dis a ba bū-
d a dis, sude in as su pag indiniu dėmeniu (Ngen ← Nx, Adjx ← Nx: au os su e-
eni e as, an ikons i ucinis eiksmas).
•Lie u ių kalbos daugiažodžių e minų p epozicinių da ybos modelių į ai o ė di-
desnė nei anglų kalbos: lie u ių kalbos medžiagoje nus a y i 9 p epoziciniai da y-

7 6 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s
Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian
bos modeliai, iš ku ių 4 u i į ai ių a ian ų, o anglų kalbos medžiagoje – 6, iš
ku ių 1 u i kele ą a ian ų.
•36 p oc. anglų kalbos daugiažodžių e minų y a suda y i pag indiniam dėmeniui
p isijungian a ibu inius dėmenis pos poziciškai. Ta p šių e minų y auja jungi-
niai, ku iuose a ibu inis dėmuo y a p ielinksninė kons ukcija (N → p ielinksni-
nė kons ukcija: Ac o Pa liamen ).
•Lie u ių kalbos medžiagoje pos pozicinė modi ikacija nus a y a ik 4,5 p oc.
e minų, a ibu iniai dėmenys aip pa dažniausiai p isijungiami pe p ielinksnį
(Nx → p ielinksninė kons ukcija: pajamos iš als ybinio u o).
•Daugiažodžiai e minai, suda y i naudojan iek p epozicinę, iek pos pozcinę
modi ikaciją, e i iek anglų, iek lie u ių kalboje, jų as a os po kele ą.
•Abiejų kalbų medžiagoje pas ebė a a pa i endencija – kuo sudė ingesni mode-
liai, uo jų p oduk y umas mažesnis. Tai odo, kad abiejų kalbų e minų kū ėjai
s engiasi laiky is kalbos ekonomijos p incipo.
Da ybos modelių analizė a skleidžia pag indines kons i ucinės eisės e minų da y-
bos endencijas anglų i lie u ių kalbose. Analizės ezul a ai gali bū i naudingi e mi-
nų kū ėjams i e ėjams, su eik i idėjų, kaip ku i naujus bei obulin i jau a ojamus
e minus. Nus a y i e minų da ybos modeliai gali bū i naudojami, ku ian kompiu e-
ines p og amas au oma iniam e minų a pažinimui.
Gau a 2018-06-18
Liudmila Mockienė
Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as
A ei ies g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius
E. paš as liudmila@m uni.eu
Sigi a Racke ičienė
Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as
A ei ies g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius
E. paš as sig[email p o ec ed]