Models of Formation of Multi-Word Terms in Legal Acts of a Constitutional Nature in English and Lithuanian

5 5Te minologija | 2018 | 25 Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian LIUDMILA MOCKIENĖ Mykolas Rome is Uni e si y, Li huania SIGITA RACKEVIČIENĖ Mykolas Rome is Uni e si y, Li huania KEYWORDS: e m- o ma ion, mul i-wo d e ms, con as i e analysis, p e-nominal modi ica- ion, pos -nominal modi ica ion INTRODUCTION The a icle p esen s a con as i e analysis o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English and Li huanian ocusing on modi ica ion pa e ns (p e-nominal, pos -nominal o bo h) and syn ac ic models (indica ing wo d classes o cons i uen s and hei in e ela ions). Legal e ms deno e abs ac legal concep s which a e c ea ed by gene - alizing he main ea u es o simila phenomena. Legal concep s a e ex- p essed h ough one-wo d o mul i-wo d e ms. Acco ding o he esea ch conduc ed by Liudmila Mockienė (2016: 43–45), in Li huanian one-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e cons i u e 38.5%, meanwhile 61.5% o e ms a e mul i-wo d. In English, he a io o one-wo d and mul i-wo d e ms is almos he opposi e o Li huanian, i.e. 57% o e ms a e one-wo d, whe eas 43% a e mul i-wo d. Thus, mul i-wo d e ms con- s i u e he la ges pa o e ms in cons i u ional ac s in Li huanian and a subs an ial pa o e ms in English, which makes he analysis o he way hey a e o med ele an o bo h languages. The analysis o models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms helps o es ablish he exis ing ends in e m- o ma ion and main ain sys ema ici y o newly o med mul i-wo d e ms, which can be o pa icula use o ansla o s and de elope s o new e ms. Howe e , ho ough esea ch on o ma ion o mul- i-wo d e ms in he a ea o he legal language is no nume ous. Schola s usually add ess he undamen al issues o e minology science, such as p in- 5 6 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian ciples and c i e ia o e m o ma ion in gene al, ypology o e ms, spe- ci ic ea u es and sou ces o e ms, de elopmen o e minologies as sys- ems, e.g. M. Te esa Cab é e al. (Cab é 1999; Cab é, Condamines & Ibek- we-SanJuan 2007), Kyo Kageu a (Kageu a 2002; Kageu a 2012), Juan C. Sage (Sage 1990; Sage 1997; Sage 2004), Alain Rey (Rey 1995), Ri a Temme man (Temme man 2000), e c. in English; Kazimie as Gai enis (Gai enis 2002), S asys Keinys (Keinys 1980; Keinys 2005; Keinys 2012), E alda Jakai ienė (Jakai ienė 2010), e c. in Li huanian. A numbe o Li hua- nian esea che s ocus on o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in Li huanian, e.g. Gin au as Akelai is conduc ed a quali a i e analysis o s uc u al models o mul i-wo d e ms o he adminis a i e language wi h he ocus on p e- posi ion and pos -posi ion o he dependen s (Akelai is 2008), Al ydas Um- b asas analysed models o mul i-wo d e ms in legal Li huanian o 1918-1940 wi h he ocus on he way he dependen cons i uen is a ached o he head (Umb asas 2010), K. Gai enis discussed and analysed e ms o di e en a eas o science a la ge (2002). Judi a Džežulskienė (2010) analysed p e- and pos -nominal modi ica ion o English and Li huanian h ee-wo d e ms in he a ea o elecommunica ion. In English models o mul i-wo d e ms a e usually analysed o he pu pose o e m ex ac ion and ecogni ion. How- e e , con as i e analysis o Li huanian and English mul i-wo d e ms, in pa icula o he legal a ea, is sca ce. Viole a Janule ičienė and Sigi a Racke ičienė conduc ed a con as i e analysis o o ma ion o c iminal law e ms in English, Li huanian and No wegian (Janule ičienė & Racke ičie- nė 2010, 2014). Olga Ušinskienė and S. Racke ičienė analysed syn ac ic s uc u e and modi ica ion pa e ns o a sample o 55 English compound e ms on mig a ion policy and hei Li huanian equi alen s. The p esen esea ch a emp s o ill he gap in he a ea o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in he a ea o he legal language in English and Li huanian. Rela ions be ween he cons i uen wo ds o a mul i-wo d e m can be exp essed by di e en means depending on he pa icula language and i s sys em: a pa icula wo d o de , he use o a pa icula wo d class, he use o a wo d in a pa icula case, and e en a unc ion wo d (p eposi ion o conjunc ion). Modi ie s in a mul i-wo d e m can be a ached o he head noun ei he p eposi ionally, pos posi ionally, o bo h. Thus, he aim o he esea ch is o analyse he models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English and Li huanian. The objec i es o he esea ch a e 1) o es ablish he dis ibu ion o modi i- ca ion pa e ns (p e-nominal, pos -nominal o bo h) and syn ac ic models 5 7Te minologija | 2018 | 25 (indica ing wo d classes o cons i uen s and hei in e ela ions) o mul i- wo d e ms in English and Li huanian, and 2) o conduc con as i e analysis o models o English and Li huanian e ms o e eal he majo ends in o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in he a ea o he legal language. The objec o he esea ch is mul i-wo d e ms used in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English and Li huanian. The esea ch sample com- p ises 595 e ms: 347 e ms we e selec ed om he Li huanian sou ce and 248 e ms we e selec ed om he sou ces o he UK cons i u ional law. The da a o he analysis was collec ed om he p ima y sou ces o cons i u- ional law in he Republic o Li huania and in he UK. In Li huania, he p ima y sou ce o cons i u ional law is he Cons i u ion o he Republic o Li huania (1992), which is codi ied. The na u e o he UK cons i u ion is di e en , as i is unw i en (uncodi ied) and does no exis as a single documen . The UK cons i u ion consis s o a numbe o di e en sou ces, such as legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e ( he ac s o Pa liamen ), judicial decisions, pa liamen a y cons i u ional con en ions, he Royal P e oga i e and o he cons i u ional sou ces (Blick 2012). Fo he pu poses o he e- sea ch se e al majo legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e we e chosen, name- ly, ansla ions in o Mode n English o Magna Ca a (1297), Habeas Co - pus Ac (1679), he Bill o Righ s (1689) and he Ac o Se lemen (1700), including he amendmen s as in o ce oday, and he o iginal ex s o he Pa liamen Ac (1949), he Human Righ s Ac (1998), he House o Lo ds Ac (1999), and he Fixed- e m Pa liamen s Ac (2011). The esea ch uses desc ip i e, quan i a i e, and con as i e me hods. Mul i-wo d e ms we e collec ed om sou ces o cons i u ional law in English and Li huanian and we e analysed acco ding o models o hei o ma ion. Nex , he ob ained da a om he wo languages we e con- as ed o e eal he main ends and di e ences in he p inciples o e m- o ma ion. The main c i e ion aken o classi ica ion o e ms was he ype o modi ica ion – p e-nominal, pos -nominal, and a combina ion o bo h. The ollowing abb e ia ions a e used in he schemes below: Adj – adjec i e gen – he geni i e case ins – he ins umen al case loc – he loca i e case N – noun Num – nume al P – pa iciple P ep – p eposi ion/p eposi ional V – e b X (capi al) – an a ibu i e wo d x (small, subsc ip ) – any case o a noun and an adjec i e/pa iciple which modi ies ha noun and ag ees wi h i in gende , numbe and case 5 8 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian MODELS OF FORMATION OF MULTI-WORD TERMS IN LEGAL ACTS OF A CONSTITUTIONAL NATURE IN ENGLISH Mul i-wo d e ms ound in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English a e o med on he basis o h ee pa e ns o modi ica ion o he head noun: modi ie s a e ei he in he p e-head posi ion, pos -head posi ion, o bo h. Mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he p e-head posi ion in English The modi ie s o majo i y o he analysed mul i-wo d e ms in English a e a ached o he head noun p eposi ionally. This pa e n may include a g ea a ie y o syn ac ic models: 1) Adj ← N The majo i y o he analysed mul i-wo d e ms (132 e ms) consis o an adjec i e a ached o he head noun p eposi ionally. This syn ac ic model has 3 a ian s: 1a) Adj ← N 127 e ms a e composed o he head noun modi ied by an adjec i e in he p e-head posi ion: ad iso y opinion, a bi a y powe , capi al o ence, ci ic obliga ion, ci il p oceeding, condi ional elease, conscien- ious objec o , consequen ial p o ision, c iminal case, c iminal o ence, ecclesias ical au ho i y, execu i e unc ion, ee elec ions, undamen al eedoms, gene al elec ion, he edi a y pee , high eason, human igh s, judicial o ice, judicial e iew, law ul a es , legal assis ance, legal au- ho i y, legal o de , legal pe son, na ional law, na ional mino i y, na- ional secu i y, na u al pe son, pa liamen a y p ocedu e, poli ical ac i - i y, poli ical opinion, p ima y legisla ion, public au ho i y, public in e - es , public sa e y, egal au ho i y, egal go e nmen , egal powe , oyal p e oga i e, sec e ballo , spi i ual au ho i y, s a u o y ins umen , sub- o dina e legisla ion, e i o ial in eg i y, unlaw ul ac , acan sea . 1b) Adj ← N × 2 In his a ian , he modi ying adjec i e e e s o wo nouns, which a e connec ed by a conjunc ion. Bo h nouns in his case a e head nouns: Royal (Ca e and Conce n). 1c) Adj × 2 ← N In his a ian , a conjunc ion is used o connec wo adjec i es in he p e-head posi ion which modi y he head noun. Fou e ms o his 5 9Te minologija | 2018 | 25 ype we e ound: c uel and unusual punishmen s, o ced o compulso y labou , independen and impa ial ibunal, illegal and c uel punishmen s. 2) N ← N In his syn ac ic model, he head nouns a e modi ied by o he nouns in he p e-head posi ion. F om he syn ac ic poin o iew his pa e n is ypical o English. The nouns placed in he p e-head posi ion exp ess he same meaning which could ha e been exp essed by a modi ying ph ase o clause in he pos posi ion o he head noun, e.g. ci cui judge = a judge o a ci cui , Con en ion igh = a igh en enched in he Con en ion, eplacemen o de = o de o eplacemen . The pa e n o using a noun ins ead o a ph ase o clause o modi y he head noun helps o comp ess he e m and make i sho e . Te ms composed o he head noun modi ied by a noun in he p e-head posi ion a e bank holiday, Chu ch Assembly, ci cui judge, Con en ion igh , co ona ion oa h, coun y cou , dea h penal y, Family Di ision, p e oga i e unc ion, p i acy code, eplacemen o de , aca ion ime. 3) X ← [Adj/Num ← N] Mul i-wo d e ms o his ype a e composed o a complex head (nom- inal ph ase consis ing o a head noun and an adjec i al wo d) which is modi ied by one mo e cons i uen . In he in es iga ed ma e ial, 3 a i- an s o his syn ac ic model we e ound: 3a) Adj ← [Adj ← N] In his a ian , a complex head is modi ied by an adjec i e: o dina y gene al elec ion, pa liamen a y gene al elec ion, public gene al ac , un- easonable public expendi u e. 3b) P ← [Adj ← N] In some cases, a complex head is modi ied by a pas pa iciple: sup- posed c iminal ma e s. 3c) N ← [Num ← N] Mo eo e , in some cases a complex head is modi ied by a noun: depu y i s minis e . 4) P ← [N ← N] Mul i-wo d e ms o his ype a e composed o a complex head (a nom- inal ph ase consis ing o a head noun and ano he noun) modi ied by a pas pa iciple in he p e-head posi ion: au ho ised go e nmen depa men . 6 0 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian 5) [Adj ← N] ← N In mul i-wo d e ms o his ype, he head noun is modi ied by a complex modi ie (nominal ph ase Adj + a noun) in he p e-head posi ion: (judicial o ice) holde . In his syn ac ic model, he adjec i e ‘judicial’ e e s no o he head noun ‘holde ’, bu o he modi ying noun ‘o ice’, he e m has he meaning ‘holde o he judicial o ice’. 6) Adj ← [Adj ← [Adj ← N]] One e m o his ype was ound. I is composed o ou independen wo ds: h ee adjec i es and he head noun: ea ly pa liamen a y gene al elec ion. The complex head ( he nominal ph ase gene al elec ion) is modi ied by he adjec i e pa liamen a y and he esul ing nominal ph ase pa liamen a y gene al elec ion is modi ied by one mo e adjec i e ea ly. Mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he pos -head posi ion in English 1) N → P ep ph ase The majo i y o he analysed mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he pos -head posi ion consis o he head noun ollowed by a p epos- i ional ph ase, which consis s o a p eposi ion and a noun ph ase. The e a e 73 e ms o his ype. The mos equen p eposi ion used in a p eposi ional ph ase is o . I was used o o m 57 e ms: e.g. Ac o Pa liamen , ce i ica e o a- cancy, consen o pa liamen , con ic ion o a c ime, dep i a ion o li e, dissolu ion o pa liamen , o ce o a law, eedom o assembly and asso- cia ion, eedom o elec ion, eedom o exp ession, eedom o speech, eedom o hough , conscience and eligion, unc ions o a public na u e, house o pa liamen , jus ice o he peace, membe o pa liamen , minis e o he c own, oa h o allegiance, o ice o us , pe son o unsound mind, p ohibi ion o disc imina ion, p ohibi ion o o u e, igh o appeal, sec e- a y o s a e se ice o a mili a y cha ac e , session o pa liamen , ime o peace, iola ion o a igh , w i o summons. Modi ie s o 11 mul i-wo d e ms a e connec ed by he p eposi ion o: amendmen o he legisla ion, pa y o he p oceedings, p o ocol o he con en ion, igh o educa ion, igh o li e, igh o pe i ion, succession o he c own, igh o a ai ial, igh o ee elec ions, igh o libe y and secu i y, igh o espec o p i a e and amily li e. 6 1Te minologija | 2018 | 25 Modi ie s o 3 mul i-wo d e ms a e connec ed by he p eposi ion o : pe iod o conside a ion, p oposal o legisla ion, wa an o emo al. O he p eposi ions ha e been used only once o connec he modi- ie s: in - o de in council; in o - coming in o o ce. 2) N → Vin (+ N/N ph ase) The mul i-wo d e ms o his syn ac ic model may be o wo ypes – ei he wi h a ba e in ini i e o wi h an in ini e and a noun/nominal ph ase a ached o i : 2a) N → Vin 2 mul i-wo d e ms a e composed o he head noun and a ba e e b in ini i e: ailu e o ac , igh o ma y. 2b) N → Vin +N/N ph ase 7 mul i-wo d e ms a e o med by combining a head noun and a e b ph ase consis ing o an in ini i e which is ollowed by a noun o a nominal ph ase: powe o p o ogue pa liamen , powe o awa d damages, powe o make he ules, eedom o mani es one’s eligion o belie s, powe o amend o e oke subo dina e legisla ion, powe o amend p ima y legisla ion, igh o ound a amily. 3) N → N Se e al cases o he modi ying noun in he pos -head we e ound. This syn ac ic model is no ypical o English as modi ying nouns a e usu- ally in he p e-head posi ion. Te ms composed o he head noun mod- i ied by a noun in he pos -head posi ion a e: le ying money, Lo d Chancello , Lo d Keepe . 4) N → Adj A ew cases o modi ying adjec i es in he pos -head posi ion we e ound. This syn ac ic model, as he p e ious one, is no usual in Eng- lish. I is ypically used in ce ain pa icula g amma ical cons uc ions o modi y compound inde ini e p onouns such as some hing, someone, and o a chaic and poe ic uses. The s uc u e o he e ms ound esembles he s uc u e which is cha ac e is ic o he Romance lan- guages. Te ms composed o he head noun modi ied by an adjec i e in he pos -head posi ion a e: Lo d Spi i ual, Lo d Tempo al, she i p incipal. 6 2 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian 5) N → P ph ase 2 e ms o med on he basis o his syn ac ic model we e ound. In one case, he pa icipial ph ase is in he pos -head posi ion and is a complex s uc u e which con ains a pas pa iciple and a p eposi ional ph ase: obliga ion p esc ibed by law. In he o he , he pa icipial ph ase is in he pos -head posi ion and is a complex s uc u e which con ains a p esen pa iciple and a nominal ph ase: p oclama ion summoning a new pa liamen . Mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he p e-head and pos -head posi ion in English In his pa e n, he head noun is p eceded by a modi ie and is ollowed by a modi ie . The p e-head modi ie is an adjec i al wo d whe eas he pos -head modi ie is a p eposi ional ph ase. The adjec i al wo d in he p e-head posi ion may be an adjec i e o a pas pa iciple: 1) Adj ← N → P ep ph ase: en o ceable igh o compensa ion, ee as- sis ance o an in e p e e , g ea seal o England, peace ul enjoymen o possessions; 2) P ← N → P ep ph ase: unau ho ised en y in o he coun y. Gene alised esul s o he analysis o models o o ma ion o mul- i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English To sum up, he majo i y o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i- u ional na u e in English (see Table 1) ollow he pa e n o p e-nominal modi ica ion (153 e ms ou o 248, which is 62%). This pa e n o mod- i ica ion comp ises a numbe o di e en syn ac ic syn ac ic models. In gene al, he head is modi ied p eposi ionally by an adjec i al wo d (an adjec i e, a pa iciple (pas o p esen )), a noun o a combina ion o hem, howe e , he p e ailing syn ac ic model o o ma ion is an adjec i e in he p e-head posi ion. One hi d o mul i-wo d e ms (90 e ms ou o 248, which is 36%) a e o med on he basis o he pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n. The mos p oduc i e syn ac ic model o e m- o ma ion unde his pa e n is a head noun modi ied by a p eposi ional ph ase, wi h he p eposi ion o used mos equen ly. O he ypes o modi ie s in pos -head posi ion a e e b in ini i es, e b in ini i e ph ases, nouns, adjec i es and pa icipial ph ases. 6 3Te minologija | 2018 | 25 Table 1. Modi ica ion pa e ns and syn ac ic models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a con- s i u ional na u e in English Modi ica ion pa e ns Syn ac ic models Numbe o e ms Examples P e-nominal modi ica ion (153 e ms, 62%) Adj ← N 132 oyal p e oga i e N ← N 12 co ona ion oa h X ← [Adj/Num ← N]: Adj ← [Adj ← N] P ← [Adj ← N] N ← [Num ← N] 6 o dina y gene al elec ion supposed c iminal ma e s depu y i s minis e P ← [N ← N] 1au ho ised go e nmen depa men [Adj ← N] ← N 1judicial o ice holde Adj ← [Adj ← [Adj ← N]] 1ea ly pa liamen a y gene al elec ion Pos -nominal modi ica ion (90 e ms, 36%) N → P ep ph ase 73 Ac o Pa liamen N → Vin (+ N/N ph ase) 9 ailu e o ac ; powe o p o ogue pa liamen N → N 3Lo d Chancello N → Adj 3Lo d Spi i ual N → P ph ase 2obliga ion p esc ibed by law P e-nominal and pos - nominal modi ica ion (5 e ms, 2%) Adj/P ← N → P ep ph ase 5unau ho ised en y in o he coun y; en o ceable igh o compensa ion Finally, mul i-wo d e ms o med on he basis o he p e-nominal and pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n a e a e and cons i u e only 2%. In his case he head noun i modi ied by a pa iciple o an adjec i e in he p e- head posi ion and a p eposi ional ph ase in he pos -head posi ion. MODELS OF FORMATION OF MULTI-WORD TERMS IN LEGAL ACTS OF A CONSTITUTIONAL NATURE IN LITHUANIAN Mul i-wo d e ms ound in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in Li hua- nian a e o med on he basis o h ee pa e ns o modi ica ion o he head noun: modi ie s a e ei he in he p e-head posi ion, pos -head posi ion, o bo h. 7 0 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian in a pa icula case, o ins ance he p eposi ions iš’ and nuo equi e he subsequen noun o be in he geni i e case, he p eposi ions į and už’ equi e he noun o be in he accusa i e case, whe eas he p eposi- ion su equi es he noun o be in he ins umen al case. 2) Nx → Nloc Ano he syn ac ic model o pos -head modi ie s consis s o he head noun ollowed by ano he noun in he loca i e case. Only one e m o his ype was ound: a nyba ka iuomenėje ‘mili a y se ice’. The mod- i ying noun in his syn ac ic model o wo-wo d e ms can also occu in o he cases, such as da i e o ins umen al (Akelai is 2008: 7). 3) Nx → Vin (+P ep ph ase/N/P) The mul i-wo d e ms o his syn ac ic model may be o wo ypes – ei he wi h a ba e in ini i e o wi h an in ini i e ph ase: 3a) Nx → Vin Only one e m o his ype was ound: eisė s eikuo i ‘ igh o s ike’. 3b) Nx → Vin + P ep ph ase/N/P 3 e ms we e o med by combining a head noun and a e b ph ase consis ing o e b in ini i e ollowed by a p eposi ional ph ase, a noun o a pa iciple: eisė k eip is į eismą ‘ igh o apply o cou ’, eisė u ė i ad oka ą ‘ igh o an ad oca e’, eisė bū i iš ink am ‘ igh o s and o elec ion’. 4) Nx → Nx Finally, 2 cases o he modi ying noun in he same case as he head noun we e ound: Minis as Pi mininkas ‘P ime Minis e ’, als ybė na ė ‘Membe S a e’. This pa e n is no ypical o Li huanian as modi ying nouns a e usually ei he in he p e-head posi ion in he geni i e case, o in he pos -head posi ion in some o he cases (loca i e, da i e, in- s umen al). Mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he p e-head and pos -head posi ions in Li huanian In his pa e n o modi ica ion, he head noun is p eceded by a modi- ie and is ollowed by a modi ie . Two ypes o mul i-wo d e ms wi h modi ie s in he p e-head and pos -head posi ion we e ound: 7 1Te minologija | 2018 | 25 1) Ngen ← Nx → P ep ph ase In his syn ac ic model, he head noun is modi ied by a noun in he geni i e case and a p eposi ional ph ase, which consis s o a p eposi ion į and a noun in he accusa i e case: žmogaus eisė į gy ybę ‘ igh o li e o a human being’. 2) Ngen ← Nx → Nloc In his syn ac ic model, he head noun is modi ied by a noun in he geni i e case and a noun in he loca i e case: su uok inių eisės šeimoje ‘ igh s o spouses in he amily’. Gene alised esul s o he analysis o models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in Li huanian To sum up, he majo i y o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i- u ional na u e in Li huanian (see Table 2) ollow he pa e n o p e- nominal modi ica ion (329 e ms ou o 347, which is 95%). This pa e n o modi ica ion in Li huanian comp ises a g ea a ie y o di e en syn ac- ic models o e m- o ma ion. The wo mos p oduc i e syn ac ic models in he p e-nominal modi ica ion pa e n consis o he head noun modi- ied ei he by a noun in he geni i e case, o an adjec i e which ag ees wi h he head noun in gende , numbe and case. O he p oduc i e syn- ac ic models include a modi ie and a complex head (consis ing o wo cons i uen s) o a complex modi ie (consis ing o wo cons i uen s) and he head noun. In he in es iga ed ma e ial, some e ms o e en mo e complex syn ac ic models we e ound, bu hei numbe is low. Only 4.5% o mul i-wo d e ms (16 e ms) in Li huanian a e o med on he basis o he pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n. The mos p oduc - i e syn ac ic model o e m- o ma ion unde his pa e n is a head noun modi ied by a p eposi ional ph ase, wi h a a ie y o p eposi ions. O he ypes o modi ie s in pos -head posi ion a e e b in ini i es, e b in ini i e ph ases and nouns. The leas p oduc i e pa e n o e m- o ma ion in Li huanian is p e- nominal and pos -nominal modi ica ion, which cons i u es only 0.5% o he analysed mul i-wo d e ms. In his case he head noun is modi ied by a noun in he geni i e case in he p e-head posi ion and a p eposi ional ph ase o a noun in he loca i e case in he pos -head posi ion. 7 2 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian Table 2. Modi ica ion pa e ns and syn ac ic models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a con- s i u ional na u e in Li huanian Modi ica- ion pa - e ns Syn ac ic models Num- be o e ms Examples P e-nomi- nal modi- ica ion (329 e ms, 95%) Ngen ← Nx145 au os su e eni e as ‘so e eign y o he Na ion’ Adjx/Px/Numx ← Nx135 an ikons i ucinis eiksmas ‘an i-cons i u- ional ac ion’ enkamos pa eigos ‘elec i e o ice’ pi moji kadencija ‘ i s e m o o ice’ X ← [Ngen ← Nx]: Adjx ← [Ngen ← Nx] Px ← [Ngen ← Nx] Numx ← [Ngen ← Nx] Adjx × 2 ← [Ngen ← Nx] 16 ak y ioji inkimų eisė ‘ac i e elec o al igh ’ nemokama medicinos pagalba ‘medical aid p o ided ee o cha ge’, pi masis balsa imo a as ‘ i s o ing ound’, d asiniai i ma e ialiniai au o iaus in e e- sai ‘spi i ual and ma e ial in e es s o an au ho ’ X ← [Adjx ← Nx]: Adjx ← [Adjx ← Nx] Px ← [Adjx ← Nx] Ngen ← [Adjx ← Nx] Ngen ← [Adjx ← Nx×2] 13 aukščiausia su e eni galia ‘sup eme so - e eign powe ’; nep iklausoma demok a inė espublika ‘independen democ a ic epublic’; žmogaus p i a us gy enimas ‘p i a e li e o a human being’ asmens pag indinės eisės i lais ės ‘hu- man igh s and undamen al eedoms’ [X ← Ngen] ← Nx: [Adjgen ← Ngen] ← Nx [Pgen ← Ngen] ← Nx [Ngen ← Ngen] ← Nx 16 p i ačios nuosa ybės eisė ‘ igh o p i- a e owne ship’, nep iklausomos als ybės a kū imas ‘ es- o a ion o he independen s a e’, Seimo na io manda as ‘manda e o a membe o he Seimas’ [Nins ← Px] ← Nx1 e e endumu p iim as įs a ymas ‘ac adop ed by e e endum’ Adjx ← [[X ← Ngen] ← Nx]: Adjx ← [[Ngen ← Ngen] ← Nx] Adjx ← [Adjgen ← Ngen] ← Nx] 1al e na y ioji k aš o apsaugos a nyba ‘al e na i e na ional de ence se ice’, nuola inis adminis acinio iene o gy en- ojas ‘pe manen esiden s o he admin- is a i e uni ’ [[Ngen ← Ngen] ← Ngen] ← Nx11 įs a ymų leidybos inicia y os eisė ‘ igh o legisla i e ini ia i e’ Adjx ← [[Ngen ← [Pgen ← ← Ngen]] ← Nx] 1 y iausiasis als ybės ginkluo ųjų pajėgų adas ‘Commande -in-Chie o he A med Fo ces’ 7 3Te minologija | 2018 | 25 Modi ica- ion pa - e ns Syn ac ic models Num- be o e ms Examples Pos -nom- inal mod- i ica ion (16 e ms, 4.5%) Nx → P ep ph ase 9pajamos iš als ybinio u o ‘income om S a e p ope y’ Nx → Nloc 1 a nyba ka iuomenėje ‘mili a y se ice’ Nx → Vin (+P ep ph ase/ N/P): Nx → Vin Nx → Vin + P ep ph aseN/P 4 eisė s eikuo i ‘ igh o s ike’; eisė u ė i ad oka ą ‘ igh o an ad o- ca e’ Nx → Nx 2Minis as Pi mininkas ‘P ime Minis e ’ P e-nomi- nal and pos -mod- i ica ion 2 e ms (0.5%) Ngen ← Nx → P ep ph ase 1žmogaus eisė į gy ybę ‘ igh o li e o a human being’ Ngen ← Nx → Nloc 1su uok inių eisės šeimoje ‘ igh s o spouses in he amily’ CONCLUSIONS The analysis o models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in legal ac s o a cons i u ional na u e in English and Li huanian e eals ha in bo h English and Li huanian modi ie s in mul i-wo d e ms a e p edominan - ly a ached p eposi ionally. This p o es he endency o place he mos impo an in o ma ion, in his case he head noun, a he end o he mul i-wo d uni . In English, wo- hi ds o modi ie s in mul i-wo d e ms a e a ached o he head noun p eposi ionally (62%). The p edominan ype o he mod- i ie is an adjec i e. O he syn ac ic models a e a e and cons i u e a combina ion o an adjec i al wo d and a noun. Simila o English, in Li huanian he absolu e majo i y o modi ie s in mul i-wo d e ms a e a ached p eposi ionally (95%). The p edominan ypes o he modi ie s in he p e-nominal modi ica ion pa e n a e a noun in he geni i e case and an adjec i e which ag ees wi h he head noun in gende , numbe and case, o a combina ion o wo adjec i es o wo nouns in he geni i e case. This pa e n o modi ica ion in Li huanian comp ises a a g ea e a ie y o di e en syn ac ic models in compa ison wi h English. Unlike in Li huanian, he pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n is qui e p oduc i e in English. One hi d o mul i-wo d e ms (36%) a e o med 7 4 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian on i s basis. The p edominan ype o he modi ie in his pa e n is a p eposi ional ph ase. The pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n is qui e p o- duc i e in o ma ion o longe mul i-wo d e ms. Las , mul i-wo d e ms o med on he basis o he p e-nominal and pos -nominal modi ica ion pa e n a e a e in bo h languages. In conclusion, he esea ch esul s e eal ha al hough he dis ibu ion o p eposi ionally and pos posi ionally a ached modi ie s in English and Li huanian di e s, he p edominan pa e n o modi ica ion in bo h lan- guage is p e-nominal. In bo h languages, he same endency o language economy is obse ed – he mo e cons i uen s he syn ac ic model includes, he less p oduc i e i is. Fu he analysis o models o o ma ion o mul i-wo d e ms in o he a eas o law and classi ica ion he eo can be use ul o ansla o s and de elope s o new legal e ms. Mo eo e , u he esea ch on he use o he e ms and equency o pa icula models in legal discou se (based on co pus analysis) would be o g ea in e es and impo ance. REFERENCES Akelai is G. 2008: Sudė inių adminis acinių e minų s uk ū iniai modeliai. – Specialybės kalba: Te minija i s udijos. Mokslinių s aipsnių inkinys, Vilnius: Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as, 5-12. Blick A. 2012: Codi ying – o no Codi ying – he Uni ed Kingdom Cons i u ion: The Exis ing Cons i u ion, London: Cen e o Poli ical & Cons i u ional S udies, King’s College London. Cab é M. T., Condamines A. & Ibekwe-SanJuan F. 2007: Applica ion-D i en Te minology Enginee ing, Ams e dam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Cab é M. T. 1999: Te minology: Theo y, Me hods, and Applica ions, Ams e dam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 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KONSTiTuCiNėS TEiSėS aKTų DaugiažODžių TERMiNų DaRYbOS MODELiai aNgLų iR LiETu ių KaLbOSE S aipsnyje analizuojami daugiažodžiai kons i ucinės eisės e minai anglų i lie u ių kalbomis, siekiama nus a y i i sug e in i jų da ybos modelius bei ap a i e minų da- ybos endencijas i iamose kalbose. Iš i i 595 daugiažodžiai e minai (daik a a diniai junginiai, a liekan ys e minų unkcijas): 347 e minai iš Lie u os Respublikos (LR) eisės šal inio i 248 e minai iš Jung inės Ka alys ės (JK) eisės šal inių. Visi lie u iški e minai iš ink i iš ieno dokumen o – Lie u os Respublikos Kons i ucijos (1992). JK kons i ucinė eisės nė a kodi ikuo a, odėl angliški e minai bu o enkami iš s a biau- sių kons i ucinės eisės ak ų – į šiuolaikinę anglų kalbą iš e s ų senųjų, be ebegalio- jančių eisės ak ų Magna Ca a (1297), Habeas Co pus Ac (1679), Bill o Righ s (1689) i Ac o Se lemen (1700) bei XX–XXI amžių eisės ak ų Pa liamen Ac (1949), Human Righ s Ac (1998), House o Lo ds Ac (1999) i Fixed- e m Pa lia- men s Ac (2011). A lik a analizė leidžia da y i okias iš adas: •I anglų, i lie u ių kalboje dominuoja p epozicinė daugiažodžių e minų modi i- kacija, .y. a ibu iniai dėmenys eina p ieš pag indinį e minų dėmenį. Tai odo aiškią endenciją s a biausią in o maciją (pag indinį e mino dėmenį) nukel i į junginio pabaigą. •Iš i uose JK kons i ucinės eisės ak uose 62 p oc. daugiažodžių e minų y a suda- y i pag indiniam dėmeniui p isijungian a ibu inius dėmenis p epoziciškai. Vy- auja d ižodžiai e minai, ku ių a ibu inis dėmuo y a būd a dis (Adj ← N: oyal p e oga i e). •LR Kons i ucijoje ne 95 p oc. daugiažodžių e minų y a suda y i pag indiniam dėmeniui p isijungian a ibu inius dėmenis p epoziciškai. Dominuoja d ižodžiai e minai, ku ių a ibu inis dėmuo y a kilmininko linksnio daik a a dis a ba bū- d a dis, sude in as su pag indiniu dėmeniu (Ngen ← Nx, Adjx ← Nx: au os su e- eni e as, an ikons i ucinis eiksmas). •Lie u ių kalbos daugiažodžių e minų p epozicinių da ybos modelių į ai o ė di- desnė nei anglų kalbos: lie u ių kalbos medžiagoje nus a y i 9 p epoziciniai da y- 7 6 Liudmila Mockienė Models o Fo ma ion o Mul i-Wo d Te ms in Legal Ac s Sigi a Racke ičienė o a Cons i u ional Na u e in English and Li huanian bos modeliai, iš ku ių 4 u i į ai ių a ian ų, o anglų kalbos medžiagoje – 6, iš ku ių 1 u i kele ą a ian ų. •36 p oc. anglų kalbos daugiažodžių e minų y a suda y i pag indiniam dėmeniui p isijungian a ibu inius dėmenis pos poziciškai. Ta p šių e minų y auja jungi- niai, ku iuose a ibu inis dėmuo y a p ielinksninė kons ukcija (N → p ielinksni- nė kons ukcija: Ac o Pa liamen ). •Lie u ių kalbos medžiagoje pos pozicinė modi ikacija nus a y a ik 4,5 p oc. e minų, a ibu iniai dėmenys aip pa dažniausiai p isijungiami pe p ielinksnį (Nx → p ielinksninė kons ukcija: pajamos iš als ybinio u o). •Daugiažodžiai e minai, suda y i naudojan iek p epozicinę, iek pos pozcinę modi ikaciją, e i iek anglų, iek lie u ių kalboje, jų as a os po kele ą. •Abiejų kalbų medžiagoje pas ebė a a pa i endencija – kuo sudė ingesni mode- liai, uo jų p oduk y umas mažesnis. Tai odo, kad abiejų kalbų e minų kū ėjai s engiasi laiky is kalbos ekonomijos p incipo. Da ybos modelių analizė a skleidžia pag indines kons i ucinės eisės e minų da y- bos endencijas anglų i lie u ių kalbose. Analizės ezul a ai gali bū i naudingi e mi- nų kū ėjams i e ėjams, su eik i idėjų, kaip ku i naujus bei obulin i jau a ojamus e minus. Nus a y i e minų da ybos modeliai gali bū i naudojami, ku ian kompiu e- ines p og amas au oma iniam e minų a pažinimui. Gau a 2018-06-18 Liudmila Mockienė Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as A ei ies g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius E. paš as liudmila@m uni.eu Sigi a Racke ičienė Mykolo Rome io uni e si e as A ei ies g. 20, LT-08303 Vilnius E. paš as sig[email p o ec ed]