doi.org/10.35321/term27-10

Two-word composite names with the head element disease and adjectival dependent elements in the late 19th–early 20th century

PALMIRA ZEMLEVIČIŪTĖ

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

A B S T R A C T

The article examines two-word composite names with the head element disease and adjectival dependent elements, used in late 19th–early 20th-century popular medical publications (books, booklets, and newspaper and calendar articles). It investigates the semantic aspects by which dependent elements describe the head element disease and the specific features of how these elements are expressed. The head element disease may be described by its dependent element through various semantic aspects, according to its association with non-material (usually) (time, manner of manifestation, etc.) and material (rarely) (the organism, bodily fluid, organ, etc.) entities. Dependent elements are expressed by simple, pronominal, and (predominantly) derived adjectives. In a minority of two-word composite names with the head element disease, dependent elements denote specific concepts: they mark an inherent feature and should be regarded as proper terms. In most cases, these elements denote a temporary feature and should be regarded as descriptive word combinations.

KEYWORDS: medicine, term, two-word composite name, disease name, head element, dependent element

A B S T R A C T

The article sets out to analyse two-word composite names with liga as the head element and dependent elements expressed by adjectives, which were used in the medical press of the late 19^th century–early 20^th century written in popular scientific style (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles). It attempts to determine by which semantic aspects dependent elements describe the head element liga and what specific features of expression of these elements are. The dependent element may describe the head element liga by various semantic aspects – by the latter’s association with some non-material (usually) (time,

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type of manifestation, etc.) and material (rarely) (organism, body liquid, organ, etc.) matter. Dependent elements take the form of simple, pronominal and derivative (in most cases) adjectives. In rare cases the dependent elements of the composite names with the head component disease indicate superordinate concepts – they mark a general specific feature and should be considered proper terms. In most cases dependent elements specify a temporary quality and should therefore be considered descriptive word phrases.

KEYWORDS: medicine, term, two-word composite name, name of disease, head element, dependent element

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

Medical books in Lithuania began to be printed in Latin at the end of the 16th century. The first printed Lithuanian medical texts appeared only in the 18th century (for more detail, see Zemlevičiūtė 2009: 39–42), and their numbers began to increase from the 19th century onwards. This period could aptly be called a time of breakthrough and flourishing for medical writing in Lithuanian. At that time, not only did a substantial body of medical books and booklets of varying length, written in a popular style, appear in print¹, but health and treatment issues also began to be discussed in other kinds of publications—newspapers and calendars.

The abundance of these writings undoubtedly also determined the need for and variety of medical terms. To the credit of Lithuanian physicians and representatives of other professions who wrote about medical issues, it should be said that they first sought terms in the living language; when they could not find words suited to naming the concepts, they did not choose the easiest route—borrowing from other languages (although, of course, they did not reject this option)—but the harder, creative route: they tried to coin terms themselves. In my view, this is why the Lithuanian medical terminology of that time, although perhaps it seems underdeveloped from today’s perspective, is distinctive and interesting to study, offering not only insights into medical history but also bearing witness to the inexhaustible resources of the Lithuanian language for meeting the needs of terminology.

Most writing of the time concerned diseases and their treatment. This was a pressing problem of the period (for more on the state of the country’s health affairs, see Grinius 1929; Micelmacheris 1959; Мицельмахерис 1967; Meškauskas 1987; Šuminas et al. 1988; Miežutavičiūtė 2001; Gurevičius 2007). It is therefore understandable that names of diseases, or word combinations describing diseases from various perspectives, are among the most frequent items in publications of the period under discussion.

¹ It is important to note that their authors included not only Lithuanian physicians (notable among them were Petras Avižonis, Juozas Bagdonas, Kazys Grinius, Stasys Matulaitis, Antanas Vileišis, and others), but also Lithuanian intellectuals from other professions—linguists, priests, engineers, lawyers, writers, and others.

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Palmira Zemlevičiūtė

XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

One feature that allows a word combination to be considered a term is that it names a specific concept within a particular sphere of professional human activity (Kvašytė 2005: 70; Кузовлева 2014: 107). In a compound term², the focus is on words from the general lexicon, and it is only their combination that becomes a term (Левенкова 2015: 1399). Semantically, a two-word or multiword compound term is a complex designation that combines two or more lexical units into a single whole. Like a simple term, it performs a naming function, but the ways in which these terms are formed differ: a simple term is formed lexically and semantically, whereas a compound term is formed syntactically (Татаринов 2006: 188, 192; Кузовлева 2014: 108). Terminological literature notes that compound terms expressed by attributive word combinations are quite common and productive. This type of word combination is a convenient means of creating terms. In two-word compound terms, adjectives, participles, and numerals, as well as nouns, may serve as attributes (Демьянова 2019: 44).

It is believed that compound terms are more characteristic of young and actively developing sciences. At the same time, however, an opposite process takes place over time, and simple terms emerge to designate concepts that previously required word combinations (Гросс 2015: 55).

Thus, a compound term³ is defined as a subordinate or coordinate, free or phraseological combination formed through the grammatical and semantic cohesion of two or more words, which names a single complex specific concept in a particular subject field and is used in specialist texts (Даниленко 1977: 104; Головин, Кобрин 1987: 47, 132; Татаринов 2006: 192; Кузовлева 2014: 108).

All Lithuanian terminologists have discussed compound terms to a greater or lesser extent in their terminological publications. There are quite a number of studies devoted exclusively to compound terms (see Gaivenis 1963; Gaivenis 1968; Auksoriūtė 1996; Gaivenytė 2000a; Gaivenytė 2000b; Gaivenis 2004; Umbrasas 2004; Drukteinis 2011; Kitkauskienė 2011; Litevkienė 2013; Litevkienė 2014; Zemlevičiūtė 2014; Litevkienė 2015; Mitkevičienė 2019). The most comprehensive study of two-word compound terms in Lithuanian was carried out by Kazimieras Gaivenis in his 1969 doctoral dissertation Compound Terms in Contemporary Lithuanian.

² Plačiau apie sudėtinio termino bruožus žr. Турчинская 2001: 1; Паршина 2009: 12; Кузовлева 2014: 109.

³ Dar plg. terminai žodžių junginiai (термины словосочетания) (Даниленко 1977: 37, 104, 132; Головин, Кобрин 1987:72), терминологiniai žodžių junginiai (терминологические словосочетания, терминосочетания) (Головин, Кобрин 1987: 43, 45; Татаринов 2006: 192).

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Compound names⁴ with the head element liga and dependent elements expressed by adjectives⁵ were collected from popular medical and health publications from the late 19th to the early 20th century, as well as from other publications addressing topics in these fields (newspapers, calendars). The research material consists of 128 two-word compound names (excluding variants). The aim of the article is to investigate the semantic aspects by which adjective-expressed dependent elements characterize the head element liga and the expressive features of those elements. To achieve this aim, the following tasks are set: 1) to collect two-word compound names with the head element liga and dependent elements expressed by adjectives from popular medical and health books, booklets, and articles from the late 19th to the early 20th century; 2) to divide these names into groups according to the types of adjectives expressing their dependent elements; 3) to identify the meanings and forms of expression of the dependent elements within those groups.

The material is examined using the analytical-descriptive method (primarily), as well as the interpretive and comparative methods. The latter is used to determine the current equivalents of disease names used in the late 19th to the early 20th century, although, truth be told, it is not always possible to identify the diseases named by terms from the past. Latin equivalents, of course, sometimes provided alongside the terms, are most helpful, as is the context, that is, the subject matter of the texts in which the terms are used. Sentences illustrating the terms are often provided to clarify their meaning. Terms are presented in their original spelling with bibliographic information—the source abbreviation, year of publication, issue number (for periodicals), and page. The data are arranged chronologically. Two-word compound names are set in italics, and their dependent elements are highlighted in bold. Variants of names⁶ are given after a slash. Quantitative data are provided in tables.

⁴ The article uses the semantically broader term compound name, since not all names with the head element liga can be considered terms (for more, see the section “On the (non-)terminological status of two-word compound names with the element liga”).

⁵ It should be noted that the research material includes two-word compound names with the head element liga whose dependent elements are expressed by nouns in the genitive case and by participles; however, given the abundance of material, this article is limited to names whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives.

⁶ In the article, variants are understood as dependent elements that differ in form of expression, e.g.: bjauri and biauri, baisi and baigė, aštri and asztri, lytiška and lytiškos, vandeninė and vandeninė, epidemiska and epidėmiška, etc. The head element also sometimes varies, e.g., liga and Liga.

236

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė

XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

ON THE (NON-)TERMINOLOGICAL STATUS OF TWO-WORD COMPOUND NAMES WITH THE ELEMENT LIGA

The texts under study contain two-word compound names with the head element liga that can be interpreted in two ways. First, one must distinguish disease names (so-called proper terms), such as kruvinoji liga (Latin dysenteria), mėlynoji liga (Latin cyanosis), etc., which designate specific clinical concepts. There are also so-called descriptive names, which most often occur in descriptions of diseases. For example, the proper disease names cholera, sifilis are replaced by the descriptive name baisi liga. In this case, baisi liga is not a term. The same word combination may, however, be a proper disease name in one text and merely a description of the disease in another. For example, in many publications syphilis is called by the term bjauri liga, whereas elsewhere this word combination is merely a description of the disease (usually evaluative)—scabies is called an ugly disease.

1. Two-word compound names with the head element liga whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives⁷

K. Gaivenis has written that modifiers in compound terms can characterize the head element in various respects. Consequently, compound terms, even those with the same head element, may form several thematic groups (in rare cases, even a dozen or more) (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 70).

Two-word compound names with the head element liga are divided into 3 groups according to the type of adjective (simple, derived, or pronominal) expressing the dependent element.

In the research material, the dependent elements of two-word compound names with the head element liga are expressed by three types of adjectives: simple, derived (suffixed, prefixed, or compound), and pronominal (see Table 1).

⁷ This article examines only two-word compound names whose dependent elements are of purely Lithuanian origin or are hybrids, that is, words containing components of foreign origin (usually the root) and Lithuanian origin (usually affixes, e.g., prefixes and suffixes). Hybrids containing only components of foreign origin are excluded, e.g., prancūzas (a root of international origin and a Slavic-origin suffix) (the term prancūzka liga LieUK 1905 36), although compound names with dependent elements of this origin were almost never encountered, apart from the term just mentioned.

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Table 1. Expression types of the structural model Adj ← N_liga and their percentage distribution

TYPES OF EXPRESSION

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION

Bdv_ppr ← Dktv_liga

23%

Bdv_išv ← Dktv_liga

59%

Bdv_įvardž ← Dktv_liga

18%

In attributive phrases, the object⁸ is described directly, i.e. a direct property is ascribed to it, expressed by words with an unmotivated meaning—that is, described as inherently belonging to it (see Bunevičiūtė 1998: 33).

1.1. Two-word composite names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by simple⁹ adjectives. This subgroup discusses two-word composite names whose dependent elements are expressed by simple adjectives. Most are composite names expressing a descriptive relation. Their dependent element serves to indicate some essential feature of the entity being described (Bunevičiūtė 1998: 34). According to the predominant semantic features, a dependent element expressed by a simple adjective can describe the head element liga in various respects; accordingly, the following groups of names are distinguished:

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’ s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h i n t e r n a l (n o n - m a t e r i a l) p r o p e r t i e s. These names clearly reveal the author’s evaluative, usually negative, attitude towards the disease described: terrible disease LKv 1891 (1890) 27, RM 1893 13, U 1895 13 100, TSp 1898 8 9, DžLA 1899 3, PmP 1899 2, UK 1900 (1899) 60, LtUK 1901 (1900) 34, NK 1905 (1904) 19, VŽ 1905 232 1: Already in Warsaw, Łódź and elsewhere, people are falling ill and dying of that t e r r i b l e d i s e a s e¹⁰, VŽ 1905 56 3, DN 1906 36, UK_T 1907 53, MGV 1909 216, ŪK_T 1910 45, Svk 1911 5 1, Svk 1914 4 16, PR 1915 1, LUL 1915 30, UkK 1917 70, LietK 1918 75, Svk 1920 1 3 / frightful disease LKA 1895 120, horrible disease DMS 1912 31 / dreadful disease Szv 1888 3 81: Yet scarcely could one be found who would wish to fall ill

⁸ In this case, the head element is liga.

⁹ This group consists mainly of adjectives with primary suffixes (for more on primary and secondary adjective suffixes, see LKG I 551, 555–556). The adjectives in question have an individual qualitative meaning (LKG I 551).

¹⁰ Cholera. In this and the other illustrative sentences, emphasis added by me – P. Z.

238

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė

XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

itch; everyone knows what a h o r r i b l e d i s e a s e it is, U 1895 21 167: So what can be used to treat rabies? Until recent years doctors did not know a true remedy for that h o r r i b l e d i s e a s e; <...> Svk 1910 1 6, Svk 1910 8 5, Svk 1914 3 10, bilious¹¹ disease DMS 1912 16, good disease¹² ZGL 1886 9: g o o d d i s e a s e, syphilis (Syphilis), LieUK 1905 36, great disease¹³ Svk 1909 6 3, threatening¹⁴ disease SK 1905 26, annoying disease SK 1905 50, sensitive disease NG 1908 88, minor disease Svk 1920 5–6 1: Therefore, the only advice we can give is to go to a doctor immediately, even with a m i n o r d i s e a s e / minor disease DK 1908 161, malignant disease MGV 1909 190, DMS 1912 61 / malignant Disease VL 1890 27 4: <...> children tend to suffer from certain m a l i g n a n t d i s e a s e s, such as measles, whooping cough, croup, and so on. <...>, SK 1905 65, NLC 1910 9 33, common disease – syphilis V 1897 3 42, serious disease DN 1906 93, important disease BK 1911 44, true disease TSp 1898 4 7, Svk 1912 10 39: it [burning spirit - P. Z.] is very suitable for lamps and boiling machines, but we advise no one to drink it, because that will cause a t r u e d i s e a s e or even death.

n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n p a t t e r n: acute¹⁵ disease V 1891 4 54: Another is quite unlike consumption; it rarely begins as an a c u t e d i s e a s e, <...>, VŽ 1908 9 4, Žin 1911 192, DMS 1912 81 / acute disease LAK 1885 56, common disease PR 1915 4, mild disease LKᵥ 1891 (1890) 26, DN 1906 139, lē-ni¹⁶ (–a?) disease UK 1900 (1899) 38, slight disease SK 1901 1, DMK 1912 77: <...> a slight disease may occur, which can be removed with simple home remedies and medicines, simple disease SK 1905 18, DMS 1912 17, rare disease VL 1890 30 4, severe disease MGV 1909 161, Svk 1915 1 1: Cholera is also a s e v e r e d i s e a s e, which has killed millions of people, sudden disease Žin 1911 127, DMS 1912 17, serious disease LAK 1885 55, SŽL 1886 4, U 1892 4/5 137, U 1892 9 340, Hyg 1897 58, TSp 1898 8 10, LietUK 1901 (1900) 39, SK 1901 3, SŽK 1902 129, NK 1903 (1902) 152, VŽ 1905 56 3, VŽ

¹¹ See bilus see bylus “talkative, chatty; eloquent” LKŽe.

¹² Syphilis.

¹³ Epilepsy.

¹⁴ See grėsmus “threatening” LKŽe.

¹⁵ Strong, severe; manifesting itself intensely.

¹⁶ See lēnus, -i, lēnas, -a 4. “gentle, not severe” LKŽe.

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1906 146 4: If the cause of the cold continues, for instance, when travelling by sleigh or staying in cold rooms, a more or less serious illness may occur: nasal catarrh, sore throat, dry pleurisy, etc., DN 1906 114, MGV 1909 196, DS 1910 34, Žin 1911 187, DMS 1912 81, DMK 1914 78, PR 1915 1, Kol 1915 5, LietK 1917 70, ŽmK 1919 51 / thin disease LKA 1903 108, dense disease SK 1905 46, fresh disease VŽ 1908 8 4.

names according to the dependent element’s association with time: long disease Hyg 1897 88, SK 1901 23, Vlt 1913 130 1, old disease LPr 1883 49, DK 1908 149, fresh disease DMS 1912 17.

1.2. Two-word composite names with the head element liga whose dependent elements are expressed by derived¹⁷ adjectives. The specific elements of this group of composite names are expressed by adjectives formed with suffixes and prefixes, as well as by compound adjectives (see Table 2).

Table 2. Structural models and types of expression of two-word composite names with the head element liga

STRUCTURAL MODEL | TYPE OF EXPRESSION Bdvₚₚᵣ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdvᵢšᵥ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdv₋ᵢₙᵢₛ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdv₋ᵢšₖₐₛ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdv₋ᵢₙgₐₛ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdv₋ₜₐₛ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdv₋ėₜₐₛ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdv₋(ᵢ)ᵤₒₜₐₛ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdv₋ᵤₜė ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdvₙₑ₋ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdvₐₚᵢ₋ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdvₚₐ₋ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ | Bdvₛդᵣₜ ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ Bdvᵢᵥₐᵣždž ← Dktvₗᵢgₐ |

¹⁷ This group includes adjectives formed with secondary suffixes that have a qualitative meaning (LKG I 556).

240 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Two-word composite names with the head element liga and adjective-expressed dependent elements in the late 19th–early 20th century

1.2.1. Two-word composite names with the head element liga whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives with the suffix –inis. Relational adjectives serving as dependent elements do not describe an object directly, but denote a property determined on the basis of its relation to another object or phenomenon, and this relation is an essential property of the object (see Bunevičiūtė 1998: 33). These are attributive constructions expressing a relation of belonging. They indicate that an object is linked to another object through various relations of dependence; that belonging to something characterizes the object. The relation in question is expressed by relational adjectives (see Bunevičiūtė 1998: 35).

In the Academic Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, the first relational meaning of nominal adjectives with the suffix –inis, –ė is identified as the material from which or with which something is made, e.g., sugary beer (made with sugar) (LKG I 568). However, in medical terminology, to use K. Gaivenis’s words, there are other kinds of phrases. Consider the following two-word composite names: alcoholic disease, sugar disease. Here, the nominal adjectives with the suffix –inis indicate a material, but the designatum named by the head element of the composite name is not made from it (Gaivenis 2014 [1975]: 73).

“Nominal adjectives with the suffix –inis denote the properties of an object through the relation of the object expressed by the head word, and on the basis of this relation distinguish the objects designated from other objects of the same kind, or express the kind of the objects designated. The principal relations by which an object may be distinguished or a kind of object designated are as follows” (LKG I 568):

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t ’ s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e o r g a n i s m: stone disease Žin 1911 199, syphilitic diseases V 1889 X 153, V 1889 XI 168, UKₜ 1907 51: <...>, for we know that most cases of s y p h i l i t i c d i s e a s e are treated on the basis of autosuggestion, cervical disease NamG 1907 5: Measles (miliary eruption)¹⁸ – this is the most dangerous childhood c e r v i c a l d i s e a s e: the palate and lips are covered with a millet-like rash, bloody disease SK 1901 7, menstrual disease¹⁹ LKA 1903 108, nervous disease DMS 1912 75, skin diseases VŽ 1908 6 4, organic disease DMS 1912 32: <...> a soft chancre should not be mistaken for o r g a n i c d i s e a s e <...>, pulmonary diseases V 1889 X 152, skin diseases VL 1890 30 5: Therefore, in treating s k i n d i s e a s e s, one cannot be satisfied with ointments taken orally or applied externally alone, but must improve one’s health and

¹⁸ Italicized in the original.

¹⁹ Menstrual.

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the whole existence on which health depends, cerebral disease DK 1908 116, „temperamental disease²⁰ VL 1890 37 9, biliary disease SK 1901 5, middle disease²¹ SK 1905 10, DK 1908 148 / middle diseases VŽ 1908 194 2, Svk 1912 3 12: Consult doctors who treat diseases of the middle.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with internal (non-material) properties: permanent disease SK 1901 23, simple disease LtUK 1901 (1900) 35 / simple diseases DžLA 1899 4–5, LUK 1901 (1900) 35, fatal disease VL 1891 10 116, moderate disease LKA 1902 (1902) 35.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with the disease-causing microorganism: infectious disease Gdt 1915 6 22, infectious disease Art 1910 26 97: If a contagious (infectious) disease suddenly begins to affect a larger number of people, then an epidemic of that disease is said to occur, microbial diseases Svk 1914 3 10, parasitic disease ULB 1915 4: As bacteriology becomes increasingly advanced, <...> the number of parasitic diseases grew, as the causes of one form of disease or another became increasingly clear.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with external (material) properties. The dependent element expresses signs of disease visible to the naked eye; for example, urticaria manifests as itchy skin and a rash resembling nettle stings (see ME I 188); in dropsy, the subcutaneous tissue swells, while various bodily spasms are characteristic of tetanic disease (see ME I 235): urticarial disease VL 1890 30 4: U r t i c a r i a (urticaria), according to Hillier, has the following causes: deep and sudden emotional agitation; certain foods, such as snails, pork, sausages, cheese; certain medicines, such as copaiba, valerianum and turpentinus; intestinal worms, abdominal pains, as in hysteria (a bodily eruption resembling nettle stings), external diseases MGV 1909 6, tetanic disease²² MGV 1909 161, dropsical disease U 1896 3 17, V 1897 3 41, SK 1905 58, LŪ 1906 10 142, Svk 1910 9 5, Svk 1911 3 3,

²⁰ Moral disorders—hysteria—are called “diseases of temperament” VL 1891 37.

²¹ Intestinal disease is meant.

²² Mėšluitis “seizure.” This word is not recorded in LKŽe.

2 4 2 Palmira Zemlevičiūtė | Late 19th–early 20th-century two-word compound names with the head element liga and dependent elements expressed by adjectives

Vlt 1914 123 1, DL 1915 5, Skarl 1915 11, LytL 1915 13, Svk 1921 2 2, ŽL 1921 40 / watery disease Žin 1911 127 / watery disease – anasarca V 1897 3 42.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with a substance: alcoholic disease²³ V 1895 9/10 156: This congestion of blood, which at first appears only while drinking alcohol, later becomes continuous and gives rise to various liver diseases, even directly called alcoholic diseases, sugar disease²⁴ SK 1901 7, VŽ 1908 159 2, NG 1908 86: Sugar disease. Symptoms of this disease: insatiable thirst and copious urination, Svk 1912 3 12, Vad 1913 16 64 400, NG 1924 98.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with prevalence: international disease²⁵ DžPK 1909 6: It [consumption – P. Z.] more than others deserves to be called an international disease; it claims many more victims than the worst epidemics; it is widespread among all peoples, in every part of the globe, universal diseases VL 1890 28 3.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with sexual intercourse. These names designate diseases that spread during sexual intercourse: sexual diseases Svk 1911 3 5, venereal diseases Svk 1913 2 7

• names according to the dependent element’s association with time: summer disease SK 1901 33, SK 1905 65.

1.2.2. Two-word compound names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives with the suffix –iškas. “Nominal adjectives with the suffix –iškas can also denote a feature characteristic of the thing expressed by the head word or in some way associated with that thing.” They “may also indicate that the thing expressed by the head word constitutes the essence or basis of the thing denoted by the adjective. Sometimes the type of thing is also identified in this case. In older writings, nominal adjectives with the suffix –iškas adjec

²³ Today—alcoholism. This is a disease caused by frequent consumption of alcoholic beverages (see ME I 38).

²⁴ This disease develops when carbohydrate metabolism is disrupted. Then too much sugar accumulates in the blood, and the kidneys begin to excrete it in the urine. Along with the sugar, a great deal of water is also lost; thirst sets in (see ME I 152).

²⁵ This is what consumption was called.

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adjectives are also used to express the meaning of belonging to someone or something” (LKG I 558–559). The following groups of names are distinguished:

• names according to the dependent element’s association with a disease. These adjectives, which describe diseases, unite them into certain groups according to characteristic feature(s) of the disease, for example, fever, rickets, or syphilis: diathetiszka²⁶ liga VL 1890 27 4: Diathetiszkas ligas. Among these, Rachitis most greatly distresses and affects children, drugiskos Ligos LPr 1883 18, rachitiszka liga VL 1890 27 4, reimatiska Liga LPr 1883 46 / reimatiskos Ligos LPr 1883 31 / rumatiska liga DK 1908 150, Syfilytiskos Ligos LPr 1883 11 / sifilitiskaliga DMS 1912 85 Sifilitiškas ligas gydydavo dažniausiai su gyvsidarbio (merkuriaus) pagalba, <...>, tyfejiska²⁷ Liga LPr 1883 18.

• pavadinimai pagal priklausomojo dėmens sąsają su organizmu: moraliszkos ligos VL 1890 37 8, nerviſzkos ligos VL 1890 36 8, VL 1890 38 8, VL 1890 41 8 / nerviſkos ligos V 1897 3 42: Iszgąstis – <...> tai yra tik priežastis tulų nerviškų ligų / nerviſka liga DN 1906 73, UKₜ 1907 51, DK 1908 150, VŽ 1908 176 3, DS 1910 26, DMS 1912 34, organiſka liga DMS 1912 79, 85, protiſka liga DMS 1912 34, psychiszka liga VL 1890 38 8 / psychiſkos ligos V 1895 9/10 157: Tarp psichiškų ligų nuo alkoholio pirmiausiai eina delirium tremens <...>.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with sexual intercourse: lytiſka liga DMS 1912 32 / lytiſkos ligos DžA 1911 21: He [Doctor Hyslap – P. Z.] also includes those whose insanity stems from venereal diseases, since most of those diseases are contracted under the influence of alcohol, LytL 1915 3, Svk 1914 6 24, veneriſka liga RAK 1895 6 / veneriſkos ligos LytL 1915 17.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with the inhabitants of a country: angliſka liga VŽ 1905 29 3, NamG 1907 10, MGV 1909 82, azijatiſka liga TS 1902 1B 53: Others maintained that Jews mostly die of cholera because cholera is an Asiatic disease, and therefore it strikes Asians more than anyone else.

²⁶ Diathesis (Greek diathesis, ‘predisposition’), a predisposition to certain diseases or to inadequate reactions to ordinary stimuli. It most often manifests itself in infancy and childhood (see VLE IV 669).

²⁷ Cf. Latin typhus – typhoid fever.

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XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

• names according to the dependent element’s association with a disease-causing microorganism: bakteriska liga V 1891 4 55: Smallpox is undoubtedly also a bacterial disease; <...>, parazitiskaliga V 1890 10 154: Pasteur once remarked: “if my opinion is correct, that the very emergence of the science of microorganisms is a chimera, then the eradication of parasitic diseases on this planet is beyond human power”

• names according to the dependent element’s association with sex: moteriska liga U 1896 IV 28, SK 1901 9, DN 1906 87, DK 1908 148, DMS 1912 73 / moteriskos ligos U 1896 IV 28, SK 1901 9, vyriška liga DMS 1912 95.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with spread: epidemiskos ligos VL 1890 27 5: <...> whooping cough ranks fifth in mortality among the epidemic diseases of Ireland / epidēmiskaliga NamG 1907 3 / epidemiška liga Žin 1911 130, DS 1910 13.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with time: chroniska liga V 1891 4 54: Fever rarely develops into a chronic disease <...>, SK 1905 2, Šlt 1910 18 282, DMS 1912 16, Vlt 1914 144 1, AVKv 1919 (1918) 51 / kroniska liga DK 1908 146, Art 1910 33 126: I must also add that this “sport” [swimming – P. Z.] is equally beneficial to men and women. An exception is made for people suffering from some chronic disease, fever, heart disease, and epilepsy.

1.2.3. Two-word compound names with liga as the head element, whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives with the suffix –ingas. Adjectives with this suffix are formed from nouns (most commonly), adjectives, and verbs” (LKG I 556). “When formed from nouns, such adjectives denote an abundant possession of properties associated with the entity expressed by the head word, or a high degree of properties associated with that entity <...>”; adjectives formed with the aforementioned suffix from adjectives “indicate an intensified property expressed by the head word” (LKG I 556, 558). The following groups of names are distinguished:

• names according to the dependent element’s association with internal (non-material) properties: bauginga liga LUK 1887 (1886) 46: That frightening disease²⁸, having broken out more than once, did not

²⁸ There is a discussion of cholera.

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in individual homes they pick out all the children one by one, special disease DMS 1912 47, dangerous disease NK 1905 (1904) 23, SK 1905 26, Žin 1911 124, DMS 1912 50, DMK 1914 79, Svk 1914 3 10, LietK 1918 75, AVK_v 1919 (1918) 54 / dangerous diseases UK_T 1907 49, DMK 1911 77, DMK 1914 78, UkK 1917 70 / dangerous diseases TS 1897 8 2, threatening²⁹ disease LPr 1891 18, blistering diseases SK 1905 1, painful disease DMS 1912 43.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with sexual intercourse: palejstuw ingos diseases ZGL 1886 43: From the moment of the appearance of brandy, people, then, need not be tempted into every particular sin; it is enough to teach them to drink brandy, and, once drunk, they commit all kinds of misdeeds, start fights, waste their wealth, contract p a-l e j s t u w i n g a s l i g a s, or burn themselves with brandy ZGL 1857 43.

1.2.4. Two-word composite disease names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives with the suffix –tas. A few cases were found in which the dependent elements are derived from unprefixed and prefixed verbs with primary suffixes. These are prigimtas and slaptas. The adjective slaptas indicates that the thing it denotes has features of the action expressed by the verb or is otherwise associated with that action (see LKG I 552), whereas prigimtas indicates a quality arising from the result of an action (see LKG I 555):

• names according to the dependent element’s association with internal (non-material) qualities: prigimta disease SK 1901 3, slapta disease LytL 1915 3.

1.2.5. Two-word composite names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives with the suffix –ėtas. “Denominal adjectives with the suffix –ėtas most often denote possession of some distinct, additional surface qualities, the presence of something on, in, or associated with the thing denoted” (LKG I 560):

• names according to the dependent element’s association with external (material) qualities. Denominal adjectives with this suffix “most often denote possession of some distinct, additional surface qualities, the presence of something on, in, or associated with the thing denoted” (LKG I 560): pūsleta disease Svk 1921 1 4, ŽL 1921 31 (disease with blisters).

²⁹ See xpriegadingas “threatening, dangerous” LKŽe.

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1.2.6. Two-word composite names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives with the suffix –(i)uotas. Denominal adjectives with this suffix indicate “abundant possession of qualities associated with the thing denoted by the base word, or an intensification of qualities associated with that thing” (LKG I 562):

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s association with external (material) qualities: karszčiūta disease LAK 1885 56.

1.2.7. Two-word composite names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives with the suffix –utis. The dependent element is expressed by an adjective formed with the diminutive suffix –utis; it does not have a diminutive meaning, but serves only to add emphasis (see LKG I 580–582):

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s association with the nature of the manifestation: lengvutė disease Svk 1909 5 5.

1.2.8. Two-word composite names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives with the prefix ne-. Such adjectives “indicate a quality opposite to that expressed by the base word” (LKG I 589):

• names according to the dependent element’s association with internal (immaterial) qualities: “sinful disease” RAK 1895 6 / sinful disease DMS 1912 77, unpleasant disease MGV 1909 113, unfortunate disease LKᵥ 1891 (1890) 27: We know of no other way to cure this u n f o r t u n a t e d i s e a s e, but it can only be cured by improving the general state of health, unpleasant disease DMS 1912 43, considerable disease SK 1901 28, extraordinary disease LtAK 1886 (1885) 87, not terrible disease Svk 1909 66.³⁰

1.2.9. Two-word composite names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives with the prefix api-. Only one dependent element was found, formed from the adjective piktas with this prefix and denoting a less than complete degree of the quality (see LKG I 590–591):

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s association with internal (non-material) qualities: apipiktė disease MGV 1909 29.

³⁰ It refers to epilepsy.

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1.2.10. Two-word composite names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by adjectives formed with the prefix pa-. The adjective pavienis, formed with the prefix pa-, has a fused, unitary meaning derived from both elements (LKG I 590):

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h s p o r a d i c o c c u r r e n c e: pavienė liga MGV 1909 35.

1.2.11. Two-word composite names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by compound adjectives. The material under study contained only one dependent element expressed by a compound adjective, whose first element is the pronoun savas, and the second is the noun stovis. LKG states that “this type is unproductive”; “such formations denote features dependent on the relations of the designated object to the object expressed by the second element of the compound adjective” (LKG I 598):

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h i n t e r n a l (n o n - m a t e r i a l) p r o p e r t i e s: savistove³¹ liga SK 1905 60.

1.3. Two-word composite names with the head element liga, whose dependent elements are expressed by definite-form adjectives. The dependent elements of a considerable number of two-word composite names are expressed by definite-form adjectives, which confirm the terminological status of those names. Sometimes, however, the definite form seems redundant, e.g., ilgoji liga. The following groups of names are distinguished:

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h i n t e r n a l (n o n - m a t e r i a l) p r o p e r t i e s: bjaurioji liga Ū 1897 9 140, Ū 1897 12 189 / bjaurioji liga ŠŽK 1902 46: Most often, the brain and spinal cord and nerves are affected by inflammation, syphilis (the d i s g u s t i n g d i s e a s e) and growths) Svk 1911 1 1, baisioji liga LUK 1887 (1886), MGV 1909 114, DMS 1912 17, Svk 1914 6 23, Svk 1915 1 1, LUL 1915 9, Skarl 1915 1 / bajioji Liga TKK 1897 91, LtvK 1912 (1912) 156, b logoji liga RAK 1895 6, AS 1904 3: <...> syphilis or so-called “the b l u e d i s e a s e or French disease,” <...>, VŽ 1905 29 3, VŽ 1907 189 2, VŽ 1907 218 3, Šlt 1909 1 7, Šlt 1909 25 389, 390, Art 1910 38 146, Art 1910 41 157, Šlt 1911 30 352, Šlt 1911 32 377, Vlt 1914 40 2, didžioji liga LK_V 1891 (1890) 27: Epilepsy, the g r e a t d i s e a s e,

³¹ See xsavistovis, see xsavistovus (cf. Russian самостоятельно) ‘self-sufficient, independent’ LKŽe.

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a fatal illness, ipatingoji liga VL 1891 10 116, piktoji liga U 1892 VI/VII 231, RAK 1895 6, Ū 1897 9 140, PM 1899 5, VŽ 1905 5 3: syphilis (the d i s g u s t i n g d i s e a s e), MGV 1909 113, MG 1913 1 19, Svk 1913 4 13, Sif 1915 3, ŽLL 1921 6 / “piktoji liga³² NK 1905 (1904) 20, vidutinioji liga LKA 1903 107.

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h c o l o u r: baltoji liga³³ – fluvia alba V 1897 3 41 / baltajė liga ZGL 1886 8: Płudims išz macicas skistimu wisokie pawejksła, wadinas b a l t o i l i g a, ana szioj gadinej tarp moteriszku didej isikieriejųsi, <...>, geltonoji liga³⁴ TS 1902 1B 13: It is no wonder that drunkards often get the y e l l o w d i s e a s e (jaundice) / liga geltonoji SK 1905 34: d i s e a s e y e l l o w or jaundice, which is due to an outpouring of bile, mėlynoji liga³⁵ (cyanosis) VL 1890 30 4, raudonoji liga³⁶ V 1897 3 42: R e d d i s e a s e (rings, laundry) – menstrua, LtvK 1912 (1912) 155.

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e m a n i f e s t a t i o n p a t t e r n: aštrioji liga DMS 1912 49, paprasčiausioji liga Svk 1909 5 1, staigioji liga DMS 1912 17: <...> however, in various dangerous emergencies such as typhus, scarlet fever, diphtheria, and other a c u t e d i s e a s e s, in which life is in danger for a short time, one should immediately call even the first doctor nearby, to provide first aid and the necessary instructions, sunkioji liga MGV 1909 191.

• p a v a d i n i m a i p a g a l p r i k l a u s o m o j o d ė m e n s s ą s a j ą s u o r g a n i z m u: kruvinoji liga MGV 1909 224, Svk 1911 1 2 (plg. kruvinoji Svk 1911 12 1), nerviškoji liga A 1885 10/11 321, pometiškoji³⁷ liga DMK 1908 74.

• n a m e s a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e p e n d e n t e l e m e n t’s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t a s t e: saldžioji liga³⁸ DŽPK 1909 19.

³² Syphilis.

³³ Now baltosios (discharge from the female genital organs) (Latin fluor albus) MedŽ 207.

³⁴ Jaundice.

³⁵ Now skin blueness (Latin cyanosis) MedŽ 130.

³⁶ Today menstruation (Latin menstruatio) MedŽ 334.

³⁷ See xpometis (Belarusian памяць) “memory; mind” LKŽe.

³⁸ Today diabetes (Latin diabetes mellitus) MedŽ 146.

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• names according to the dependent element’s association with time: long-lasting illness Svk 1912 IV 15.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with sex: female illness U 1896 4 28.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with the inhabitants of a country: English illness³⁹ U 1897 12 183, SŽK 1902 13, VŽ 1905 225 4, KŪ 1906 11, VŽ 1907 217 2, NG 1908 91, Žmd 1909 3 12, DMK 1911 79, Šlt 1913 32 504, OK 1913 37, Gdt 1915 1 4, LytL 1915 101, UkK 1917 69, LietK 1917 69, NG 1924 103 / English illness LKA 1902 (1902) 37.

• names according to the dependent element’s association with disease: rheumatic illness DMK 1908 74.

CONCLUSIONS

Rampant diseases in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were one of the most grievous scourges of human health. The shortage of learned physicians and other medical personnel was partly compensated for by the educating power of the written word: medical books and booklets were written and published, and articles appeared in periodicals and calendars, aiming to acquaint ordinary people with various matters of health protection and maintenance. Writings about human diseases, their symptoms, treatment, and prevention were particularly numerous. Thus, popular medical literature can be said to have been one of the important means by which efforts were made to prevent the emergence and spread of disease and to strengthen people’s health. The publications aimed not only to educate readers medically but, above all, to warn people against disease.

In the texts examined, disease is often personified and assigned anthropomorphic qualities. For instance, a disease may be bad, evil, terrible, ugly, sensitive, old, immoral, or unfortunate. This was, of course, determined both by the intended audience (ordinary people) and by the type of publication (presenting medical knowledge in an accessible way). Such names are vivid, stylistically connotative, and reveal the writer’s attitude toward the phenomenon being described. This reinforces the warning character of the publications, prompting readers to take notice and pay attention. Thus, it seems to me that the writer’s aim is achieved in this way.

Since most writing of the time concerned diseases and their treatment, it is therefore understandable that disease names, or names describing diseases from various perspectives,

³⁹ Today rickets (bone deformity due to vitamin D deficiency) (Latin rachitis) MedŽ 470. Medical literature states that this disease was first described in 1650 by the Englishman Francis Glisson (see ME II 200); in my view, this is why the authors of the texts examined called it English.

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XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pavadinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

Such word combinations are especially abundant in medical publications from the period under discussion.

In the structural model Bdv ← Dktv_liga, the dependent element is expressed by three types of adjectives: simple, derived, and pronominal. Derived adjectives are most often used as the dependent element. Their predominant pattern of expression is Bdv_-inis ← Dktv_liga.

As the study showed, the head element liga can be characterized by its dependent element from various semantic perspectives—according to its association with immaterial (usually) (time, manner of manifestation, etc.) and material (rarely) (organism, bodily fluid, organ, substance) entities.

In terms of semantic aspects, two-word composite names associated with internal (immaterial) properties and time predominate; somewhat fewer names are associated with external (material) properties, sexual intercourse, the organism, and manner of manifestation; names associated with a disease-causing microorganism, sex, or the inhabitants of a country are less frequent, while some others occur only singly.

With regard to the relationship between the types of expression of dependent elements and their meanings, it is evident that elements expressed by adjectives of all types (simple, pronominal, and derived) denote an internal (immaterial) property. Adjectives with the suffix -inis should be singled out: dependent elements formed with these adjectives characterize the head element liga mainly through its association with the organism.

Only a relatively small proportion of the two-word composite names under study, with liga as the head element, are proper terms (names of diseases) that designate individual clinical concepts and whose dependent elements denote an inherent property. These are exclusively names whose dependent elements are expressed by pronominal adjectives and adjectives with the suffix -inis. Names whose dependent elements are also expressed by adjectives with the suffix -iškas seem somewhat more terminological. More than one such name designates collective concepts—particular groups of diseases, for example: drugiškos ligos, sifilitiškos ligos, lytiškos ligos, nerviškos ligos, moteriškos ligos. In the texts, such names are most often used in the plural.

A considerable proportion of two-word composite names with liga as the head element are merely descriptive word combinations whose dependent elements denote a temporary property. For example, any disease can be terrible, chronic, and so on.

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TWO-WORD COMPOSITE NAMES OF LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY WITH LIGA AS HEAD ELEMENT

AND DEPENDENT ELEMENTS EXPRESSED BY ADJECTIVES

Summary

The article sets out to analyse the meaning and expression of dependent elements taking the form of adjectives, which were used as part of two-word composite names with liga as the head element in the medical press of the late 19^th and early 20^th century written in popular scientific style (books, booklets, newspaper and calendar articles).

An attempt was made to compensate the shortage of educated doctors and other medical staff by the educating power of the word, i.e., by writing and publishing medical books, booklets and articles in the newspapers and calendars of that time. The aim of the publications of this type was to make ordinary people familiar with various topics of disease prevention and health promotion. It can be said that the medical publications written in popular scientific style were one of the major means to prevent the occurrence and spread of diseases and to strengthen people’s health. The aim of the publications was not only to expand people’s knowledge in medicine but, most importantly, to protect them from diseases.

The disease is often attributed human, anthropomorphic, properties in the texts. For example, the disease can be bad, evil, terrible, nasty, old, indecent, miserable. Such names are vivid and bear stylistic connotations; they also show the writer’s approach towards a given phenomenon.

The names of diseases or the word phrases describing diseases from different perspectives are probably most numerous in the medical publications of the period concerned.

The dependent element of the structural model Bdv←Dktv_liga is expressed by the adjectives of three types – simple, derivative and pronominal. It usually takes the form of derivative adjectives. The dominant type of their expression is Bdv_-inis ← Dktv_liga.

As revealed by the study, the dependent element may describe the head element liga by various semantic aspects – by the latter’s association with some non-material (usually) (time, type of manifestation, etc.) and material (rarely) (organism, body liquid, organ, substance, etc.) matter.

In respect of semantic aspects, two-word composite names formed on the basis of the relationship between the dependent element and inner (non-material) properties as well as time prevail; the names formed according to the association of the dependent element and external (material) properties, sexual interaction, organism, type of manifestation are slightly less common; the names based on the connection between the dependent element and the microorganism causing the disease, gender, a country’s population are even less commonly used; others are used in isolated cases only.

As regards the relationship between the types of expression and meanings of the dependent element, we can see that the elements taking the form of all types of adjectives (simple, pronominal and derivative) express some inner (non-material) quality. The adjectives with the suffix -inis deserve a special mention: the dependent elements expressed by such adjectives usually describe the head element liga by the association with the organism.

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XIX a. pab.–XX a. pr. dvižodžiai sudėtiniai pava- dinimai su pagrindiniu dėmeniu liga ir būdvardžiu reiškiamais priklausomaisiais dėmenimis

Only a comparatively small part of the two-word composite names with the head element liga under analysis are proper terms (names of diseases), which are used to denote specific clinical concepts and the dependent elements of which express some specific feature. These are such names whose dependent elements are expressed by pronominal adjectives or the adjectives with the suffix -inis. The names whose dependent elements are expressed by the adjectives with the suffix -iškas also resemble scientific terms. Quite a few names of this type specify collective concepts – certain groups of diseases, e.g., drugiškos ligos, sifilitiškos ligos, lytiškos ligos, nerviškos ligos, moteriškos ligos. Such names are usually used in the plural form in the text as well.

A considerable part of two-word composite names with the head element liga are only descriptive word phrases with dependent elements expressing a temporary quality. For example, any disease may be described as terrible, chronic etc.

ŠALTINIAI

L A I K R A Š Č I A I

A₁ – Auszra 1883 4 112, 1885 10/11 321

Art – Artojas 1910 15 54; 1910 19 69; 1910 25 93; 1910 26 97; 1910 30 113; 1910 33 126; 1910 38 146; 1910 41 157

Gdt – Gydytojas 1914 1 2; 1914 2 5; 1914 3 9; 1914 4 14; 1914 5 18; 1914 6 21; 1914 7 25; 1915 1 1–4; 1915 3 9; 1915 6 22

LŪ – Lietuvos ūkininkas 1906 10 142

NLC – Nauja lietuwiszka ceitunga 1910 9 33

MG – Medicina ir gamta 1913 1 19

Svk – Sveikata 1909 1 7; 1909 5 1, 3, 5; 1909 6 3, 6; 1910 1 6; 1910 2 6; 1910 3 1; 1910 8 5; 1910 9 5; 1910 11 4; 1911 1 1; 1911 3 3–5; 1911 5 1; 1912 3 12; 1912 4 15; 1912 7 28; 1912 8 29, 32; 1912 10 39; 1913 2 7; 1913 4 13, 15; 1913 5 20; 1914 2 7; 1914 3 10; 1914 4 15, 16; 1914 5 19; 1914 6 23–24; 1915 1 1; 1920 1 3; 1920 3 1, 4; 1920 4 1; 1920 5–6 1; 1921 2 2; 1921 6 2

Szv – Szviesa 1888 3 81

Šlt – Šaltinis 1909 1 7; 1909 5 69; 1909 25 389, 390; 1910 18 282; 1911 30 352; 1911 32 377; 1912 3 36; 1912 7 105; 1912 21 328; 1912 40 632; 1913 32 504; 1913 46 729

TS – Tėvynės sargas 1897 8 2; 1898 8 9; 1902 1B 13, 53

TSp – Tėvynės sargo Priedas⁴⁰ 1898 4 7; 1898 8 10

U – Ukininkas 1891 2 77; 1892 4/5 137; 1892 6/7 230, 231; 1892 9 340; 1895 13 100; 1895 21 167; 1896 4 28; 1896 3 17; 1897 3 41; 1897 12 183

Ū – Ūkininkas 1897 9 140, 1897 12 189

V – Varpas 1889 10 152–153, 153–154; 1889 11 168; 1891 4 54–55; 1895 9 ir 10 155–157; 1897 3 41–42

Vad – Vadovas 1913 16 62, 169; 1913 16 63 277; 1913 16 64 400

VL – Vienybė lietuvininkų 1890 27 4–5; 1890 28 3–4; 1890 30 4–5; 1890 36 8; 1890 37 8–9; 1890 38 8; 1890 41 8; 1891 10 116

Vlt – Viltis 1913 62 2; 1913 130 1; 1914 40 2; 1914 83 1; 1914 123 1; 1914 144 1; 1914 159 3; 1915 70 2; 1915 88 2; 1914 101 2

VŽ – Vilniaus žinios 1905 5 2, 3; 1905 29 3; 1905 56 3; 1905 124 4; 1905 225 4; 1905 232 1; 1906 146 4; 1906 222 3; 1907 189 2; 1907 217 2; 1907 218 3; 1908 2 1; 1908 6 4; 1908 8 4; 1908 9 4; 1908 159 2; 1908 176 3; 1908 194 2

Žmd – Žemdirbys 1909 3 12

⁴⁰ 1896–1904 Tilžėje ėjęs mėnesinis lietuvių žurnalas Tėvynės sargas turėjo neperiodinių priedų (nuo 1898 prie kiekvieno numerio) – grožinės literatūros kūrinių, ūkinių patarimų, mokslo populiarinimo knygelių (VLE XXIII 714).

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KNYGOS IR KNYGELĖS

AS 1904 – Apie blogąją ligą arba syfilį (prancus). Pagal d-ro M. Člėnovo veikalėlį sutaisė d-ras A. V., Tilžėje.

DK 1908 – Daktaras kišenjuje: aiškus pamokinimai kaip užlaikyti sveikatą ir kaip nuo ligų apsiginti, su daugeliu receptų surinktų nuo geriausių daktarų / sutaisė M. Paltanavičia, Worcester, Mass: spausdinta spaustuvėje M. Paltanavičiaus.

DL 1915 – Apie drugio ligą / Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 7 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.).

DMS 1912 – Daktaras bei mokslas apie sveikatą: naujausia knyga, Philadelphia, Pa.: išleido The Philadelphia Medical Clinic.

DN 1906 – Daktaras namuose, arba, Apraszymas ligu ir jų gydymas / pagal daktarus Basanavičiu, Vileiszi, Collins, Stout ir daugelį kitu sutaisė K. W. Gedeminas, So. Boston, Mass.: [išleid. ir] spauda Gedemino ir Mickevičiaus.

DS 1910 – Darbininko sveikata / pagal daktarą A. Kats’ą parašė P. Norkus, Philadelphia, Pa.: turtu ir spauda „Kovos“.

DžA 1911 – Džiova: referatai, surengti „Aušros“ draugijai / dr. F. Matulaitis, [JAV: s.n.] (Chicago, Ill.: spauda „Lietuvos“).

DžLA 1899 – Džiova ir Kaip tos ligos apsisaugoti. Pagal S. Sterlingą. Sutaisyta L., Tilžėje.

DžPK 1909 – Dr. K. Jokanto. Džiova, jos priežastis ir kova su ja, Vilnius.

Hyg 1897 – Hygiena arba Mokslas apie užlaikymą sveikatos. Pagal Berners‘ą, d-rą Noll ir kitus sutaisė Szernas, Chicago, Ill.: kasztu ir spaustuwe „Lietuvos“.

Kol 1915 – Apie kolerą ir kaip nuo jos apsisaugoti / Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 8 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.).

KU 1906 – Kaip užsilaikyti pavasarį, vasarą, rudenį ir žiemą. Pagal D-rą Med. L. Volbergą sutaisė d-ras A. Vileišis, Vilnius.

LPr 1883 – Ligonijų Prietelius. Kelrodys wisiems tiems, kurie prie atsirandanczių Ligų patys saw pirmąję Pagalbą prisiteikti nor ir tai Progai geras Namų Pryprowas įsitiekti wėlyjas / Friedrich Adolph Richter. Leipcikej‘Rikterio Iszleidimo Itaisymas. (Drukowatos prie F. Ad. Richter&Draugai, Rudolstadt).

LPr 1891 – Ligonijų prietelius: kelrodys wisiems tiems, kurie prie atsirandanczių ligų patys saw pirmąję pagalbą prisiteikti nor ir ant to geras namų pryprowas įsitiekti wėlyjas / sudarė Friedrich Adolph Richter, Leipcikej‘: Richterio knyginyczia ([Rudolstadt: Richterio drukorija]).

LytL 1915 – Lytiškos Ligos ir Kaip nuo jų apsisaugoti. Parašė D-ras F. Matulaitis. Antra, peržiūrėta ir pagerinta laida, So Bostona, Mass.

LUL 1915 – Apie limpamąsias arba užkrečiamas ligas: (daktaro pasikalbėjimas su žmonėmis) / Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 5 vertimas, Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.).

MGV 1909 – Mano gydymas vandeniu sulig 40-metinių patirimų. Parašė kunigas S. Kneipp. Iš vokiečių kalbos vertė Aguonaitis, Ryga: A. Macijausko knygynas.

NamG 1907 – Naminis gydytojis / parašė A. Aitvaras, Ryga: lėšos A. Macejevskio, [i.e. 1906] (Ryga: H. Hempel ir ko).

NG 1908 – Naminis gydytojas: Trumpas aprašymas prasčiausių ligų ir prasčiausių vaistų kovoje su jomis: / D. 1. Apie žmonių ligas ir jų gydymą. Sutaisė D-rs A. Vileišis, Seinai.

NG 1924 – Naminis gydytojas. Trumpas prasčiausių ligų aprašymas ir jų gydymas. Antrasis pataisytas leidimas, Kaunas.

OK 1913 – Oras ir klimatas ir jų svarbumas žmogaus sveikatai. Pagal Zolotariną. Dras A. Vileišis, Seinai.

PM 1899 – Patar mės moterims, kurios nori būti sveikos. Pagal Zielčaka parašė Dr. A. V. Tilžėje.

PmP 1899 – Pamokinimas, kaip nuo pagedimo apsaugoti žmones, pagedusių šunų aprėtus, Tilžėje.

PR 1915 – Kaip pasisaugoti rauplių? / [Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 1 vertimas]. Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.).

RAK 1895 – Rodos motinoms apie auginimą žindomų kūdikių. Sutaisyta pagal Michailovą; [vertė J. Račiūnas?], Tilžėje: [Ūkininkas].

RM 1893 – Negirdėtas daiktas, ir Geros rodos mūsų moterelėms, Vilniuje.

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Sif 1915 – Apie sifilį / Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 3 vertimas. [Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.).

Skarl 1915 – Apie skarlatiną (karùs) / [Pirogovo draugijos skyriaus sveikatos žinioms platinti leidinio Nr. 14 vertimas]. [Maskva: Lietuvių d-ja aukštųjų Maskvos m-klų moksleiviams šelpti. Leidimo komisija], (Vilnius: Martyno Kuktos sp.).

SŽK 1902 – Kaip sutaisytas žmogaus kunas. Parašė S. M., Plymouth, Pa.

SŽL 1886 – Svarbiausios žmonių ligos. Petro Nėrio, Tilžėje.

ULB 1912 – Užkrečiamųjų - limpamųjų ligų išsiplėtojimo budai ir kova su jomis / dr. A. L. Graičiunas, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.: „Draugo“ [išleid. ir] sp..

ZGL 1886 – Zinia apie gydima ligu kuno ir duszes, Wilniuje: kasztu ir spaustuwieje Juozapa Zawadzkia, 1857⁴¹.

Žin 1911 – Žinynas: knyga žinių iš mitologijos, historijos, etnografijos, astronomijos, aritmetikos, medicinos ir kitų mokslų bei jų šakų / iš įvairių šaltinių surinko J. Laukis [Domininkas Keleiauninkas], Chicago, Ill.: „Aušros“ knygynas, (Chicago, Ill.: „Lietuvos“ spauda).

ŽL 1921 – Žmonių ligos. D-ras K. Grinius, Kaunas: „Varpo“ bendrovės leidinys.

ŽLL 1920 – Kas reikia žinoti apie lyties ligas. Vertė iš vokiečių kalbos D-ras J. Bagdonas, Kaunas: Vidaus reikalų ministerijos Sveikatos departamento leidinys.

K A L E N D O R I A I

AVK_v 1919 (1918) – Aušros Vartų kalendorius 1919, Vilniuje, 1918.

BK 1911 – Biržų kalendorius 1911, Tilžėje.

DMK 1908, 1911, 1912, 1914 – Didysis Marijos Kalendorius Lietuvos ir Žemaičių Katalikams, New York.

LAK 1885 – Lietuwiszkas Auszros kalendorius ant metu 1885, Bitėnai.

LietK 1918 – 1918 metams Lietuvos Kalendorius, Vilniuje.

LKA 1895 (1895) – Lietwiškos kalendros su abrozais metui 1902, Tilžėje, 1895.

LKA 1902 (1902) – Lietwiškos kalendros su abrozais metui 1902, Tilžėje, 1902.

LKA 1903 – Lietuwiškos kalendros su abrozais metui 1903, Tilžėje, 1903.

LK_v 1891 (1890) – Lietuwiszkas kalendorius ant metų nū Kristaus užgimimo 1891, Vilniuje, 1890.

LtAK 1886 (1885) – Lietuwiszkas Auszros kalendorius ant metu 1886, Tilžėje, 1885.

LtUK 1901 (1900) – Lietuvos ūkininkų kalendorius ant metų 1901, Vilniuje, 1900.

LtvK 1912 – Lietuwiškos kalendros metui 1912, Tilžėje, 1912.

LUK 1887 (1886) – Lietuvos ūkininkų kalendorius ant meto 1887, Tilžėje, 1886.

LUK 1901 (1900) – Lietuvos ūkininkų kalendorius ant metų 1901, Vilniuje, 1900.

NK 1903 (1902) – Naujas kalendorius 1903 metams, Tilžėje, 1902.

NK 1905 (1904) – Naujas kalendorius 1905 metams, Tilžėje, 1904.

SK 1901 – Severos kalendorius lietuviams metui 1901, W. F. Severa, Cedar Rapids Iowa.

SK 1905 – Severos kalendorius dėlėi Lietuviui, W. F. Severa Co. Cedar Rapids, Iowa.

TKK 1897 – Tilžės keleiwio kalendros ant Meto 1897, Tilžėje.

UK 1900 (1899) – Ukiškasis kalendorius ant metų 1900, Vilniuje, 1899.

UkK 1917 (1916) – Ūkininkų kalendorius 1917 metams, Vilniuje 1916.

UK_T 1907 – Ukiškasis kalendorius metams 1907, Tilžėje.

UK_T 1910 – Ukiškasis kalendorius 1910 metams, Tilžėje.

ŽmK 1919 – Žemaičių kalendorius Tilžės keleivio 1919 metams, Tilžėje.

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Gauta 2020-07-02

Palmira Zemlevičiūtė Lietuvių kalbos institutas P. Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius E. paštas [email protected]

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