155Te minologija | 2024 | 31
doi.o g/10.35321/ e m31-08
MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS,
CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES: P e alen
Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in
Hunga ian Legal Tex s
JUDĖJIMAS i KRYPTYS, KONSTRUKCIJOS i JĖGOS:
Veng ijos eisės eks uose y aujančios me a o ų
šal inio s i ys
RÉKA SÓLYOM
Depa men o Hunga ian Linguis ics
Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y o he Re o med Chu ch in Hunga y, TERMIK
ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0620-9262
ABSTRACT
By employing a unc ional cogni i e ame, his pape ocuses on he seman ics
o me apho ical echnical e ms in he Hunga ian legal language. Al hough he
impo ance o unambiguous e ms in such language use is o en emphasised, con-
cep ual me apho s os e unde s anding o echnical ex s. The p esen esea ch
concen a es on h ee ypes o equen ly occu ing me apho s in he Hunga ian
echnical ex s o quali y managemen and Hunga ian laws. These me apho s and
me apho ical exp essions con ain he sou ce domains MOVEMENTS and DIREC-
TIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES. The analysis cha ac e ises hese p o o-
ypical me apho s and hei unc ions in legal ex s, employing examples om he
Hunga ian ex s o wo impo an laws, namely he Fundamen al Law o Hunga-
y, and Ac C o 2012 he C iminal Code o Hunga y.
KEYWORDS: concep ual me apho , me apho ical exp essions, legal ex s, Hunga ian laws,
echnical e ms.
ANOTACIJA
S aipsnyje pag indinis dėmesys ski iamas me a o inių e minų seman ikai eng ų
eisės kalboje, aikan unkcinį kogni y inį eimą. No s dažnai y a akcen uojama
e minų iena eikšmiškumo s a ba eisės kalboje, koncep ualiosios me a o os pa-
leng ina specialiųjų eks ų sup a imą. Šiame y ime daugiausia dėmesio ski iama
ijų ipų me a o oms, ku ios dažnai pasi aiko Veng ijos specialiuosiuose kokybės
Réka Sólyom156 MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES:
P e alen Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in Hunga ian Legal Tex s
adybos eks uose i Veng ijos įs a ymuose. Šioms me a o oms i me a o iniams
posakiams būdingos okios šal inio s i ys: JUDĖJIMAS i KRYPTYS, KONSTRUK-
CIJOS i JĖGOS. Apibūdinamos šios p o o ipinės me a o os i jų unkcijos eisi-
niuose eks uose, panaudojan d iejų s a bių eng ų įs a ymų eks ų pa yzdžius –
pag indinį Veng ijos įs a ymą i 2012 m. Veng ijos baudžiamojo kodekso C ak ą.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: koncep ualioji me a o a, me a o iniai posakiai, eisiniai eks ai, eng ų
eisė, e minai.
1. INTRODUCTION
This pape ocuses on he seman ics o me apho ical echnical e ms in
wo Hunga ian laws: in he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y, and in Ac C o
2012 he C iminal Code o Hunga y. By employing a unc ional cogni i e
ame, based on he heo y o Concep ual Me apho s (Lako , Johnson
1980; Kö ecses 2005, 2015), he analysis ocuses on h ee ypes o me-
apho ical exp ession, namely hose ha con ain he sou ce domains o
mo emen s & di ec ions, cons uc ions, and o ces. The eason o he
analysis o hese ypes o me apho s is ha in p e ious esea ch ega ding
Hunga ian ex s on quali y managemen and law, he au ho ound ha
hese ypes o me apho s a e widesp ead (c . Sólyom 2020a, 2022). In ac ,
hese sou ce domains ha e p o en o be he mos common ypes in he
Hunga ian ex o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y (Sólyom 2023).
The aim o he in es iga ion is wo old. Fi s , i e eals and p esen s
me apho ical exp essions ha a e ela ed o he h ee sou ce domains.
Second, his analysis shows p o o ypical examples o such me apho ical
exp essions, e.g., “előmozdí ja együ működésüke ” (‘shall p omo e hei co-
ope a ion’, li e ally ‘shall mo e o wa d hei coope a ion’); “az embe i lé
alapja” (‘human exis ence is based on <…>’, li e ally ‘ he basis o human
exis ence’); “elhá í ha a lan akadályba ü közik” (‘impossible by insu moun-
able obs acles’, li e ally: ‘bumps in o insu moun able obs acles’), which be-
long o he concep ual me apho s wi h hese h ee ypes o sou ce domain.
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND,
FORMER RESEARCH, AND HYPOTHESIS
As Ri a Temme man highligh ed, unambiguous e ms a e impo an in
ideal scien i ic communica ion (Temme man 2002: 211). I is ue ha
“A consis en and uni ied e minology is a undamen al componen in
e icien echnical communica ion” (Bölcskei 2021: 88). Howe e , i has
become clea ha meaning cons ual p ocesses, such as me apho and
157Te minologija | 2024 | 31
me onymy, can os e he p ocess o unde s anding in he case o scien i ic
languages (c . Temme man 2007, U eña, Fabe , Buendía 2013 in he ields
o medical language and ma ine biology). Clea ly, “concep ual pa hways”
(Kö ecses 2021), such as me apho , ac ually help us unde s and echnical
e ms (c . Fó is, Faludi 2021).
In he case o a unc ional cogni i e analysis, i is impo an o s udy
he ole o cogni ion and he p esence o linguis ic c ea i i y. As Temme -
man and Van Campenhoud emphasise: “Renewed in e es in bo h he
dynamics o cogni ion and he c ea i e po en ial o language has shi ed
he pe spec i es o e minology s udies o he c ea ion o neologisms in
special languages, he monosemy e sus polysemy deba e, esea ch con-
ce ning ambigui y, synonymy, me apho , ph aseology, e c.” (Temme man,
Van Campenhoud 2014: 1).
Seman ic and s ylis ic esea ch o Hunga ian echnical e ms in quali y
managemen has e ealed ha many ypes o me apho s occu , wi h a io-
us sou ce domains. Fo ins ance, in he Hunga ian echnical ex s o s an-
da ds, in Eu opean Union egula ions, and in use manuals (c . Sólyom
2020a, 2022). S udies on he neologisms in hese ex s e ealed ha me-
apho ical meaning can signi ican ly impac he p ocess o unde s anding,
so me apho s play an impo an ole in sp eading a no el e m. Resea ch
has shown ha hose sou ce domains, which a e common in e e yday
language use and li e a y ex s, a e common in scien i ic language. Sou ce
domains, including cons uc ions (e.g., buildings), jou ney, o ces, mo-
emen s, di ec ions, music, and ma ke occu ed equen ly in he case
o Hunga ian ex s abou quali y managemen , and many o hem can be
de ec ed in he ex o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y (Sólyom 2023).
The amewo k o he p esen analysis is (as in he analysis o he e ms
in quali y managemen ) he classical cogni i e heo y o concep ual me-
apho s, based on Lako and Johnson’s book, Me apho s We Li e By (1980).
In hei book, Lako and Johnson poin ed ou ha “me apho is pe a-
si e in e e yday li e, no jus in language bu in hough and ac ion. Ou
o dina y concep ual sys em, in e ms o which we bo h hink and ac , is
undamen ally me apho ical in na u e” (Lako , Johnson 1980: 3).
Du ing he analysis, h ee p e alen me apho ical sou ce domains,
which ha e p o en o be he mos equen in o me analyses, will be s u-
died in he case o he wo Hunga ian legal ex s. These sou ce domains
a e mo emen s and di ec ions, cons uc ions and o ces. In he case o
Réka Sólyom158 MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES:
P e alen Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in Hunga ian Legal Tex s
hese legal ex s, he hypo hesis o he pape is ha hese domains bo h
occu alone and in combina ion, cons i u ing “clea ” and “mixed” ypes
o sou ce domains in such exp essions.
Since Lako and Johnson’s esea ch, we ha e known ha : “The wo
domains ha pa icipa e in concep ual me apho ha e special names. The
concep ual domain om which we d aw me apho ical exp essions o un-
de s and ano he concep ual domain is called he sou ce domain, while
he concep ual domain ha is unde s ood his way is he a ge domain.
<…> The a ge domain is he domain ha we y o unde s and h ough
he use o he sou ce domain” (Kö ecses 2010: 4).
E e yday me apho s play an impo an ole in he meaning cons ual
p ocesses o “o dina y” people. We o en use hem in daily con e sa ion
o help elabo a e no el meanings and neologisms. The la e is also ue in
he case o scien i ic and echnical languages, as me apho s and me apho-
ical exp essions aid he p ecise unde s anding o neologisms (c . Sólyom
2020b).
In he case o legal ex s, wi h he analysis o he sou ce domains in
he me apho ical exp essions e ealed, examples o he me apho s wi h
he h ee mos equen sou ce domains can be p esen ed. In his analy-
sis, 136 me apho ical exp essions om he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y,
and 470 me apho ical exp essions om he C iminal Code o Hunga y
we e collec ed. Al oge he 606 me apho ical exp essions we e collec ed
and en e ed in o a da abase, bu he p esen pape ocuses only on he mos
equen ypes. I became clea ha he e we e o e laps among he h ee
main ypes o me apho ical exp essions: mixed ypes o e.g., mo emen s
and di ec ions + o ces, o mo emen s and di ec ions + cons uc ions.
As hese ypes o en o e lap (o , a leas , occu oge he wi hin he same
sou ce domain), mixed ca ego ies o me apho ypes we e de ised du ing
his p ocess.
3. TYPES OF PREVALENT SOURCE DOMAINS OF METAPHORS
IN THE TWO ANALYSED LEGAL TEXTS: GROUPING, OVERLAPS,
QUESTIONS OF CATEGORIZATION
Du ing he analysis, i became clea ha no only we e he e “clea ” ypes
o sou ce domain in he case o he me apho ical exp essions in he ex s
o he wo laws analysed bu also he mo emen and di ec ions sou ce
domain was equen ly combined wi h he o ce and some imes wi h he
159Te minologija | 2024 | 31
cons uc ions sou ce domains. Simila ly, he sou ce domain cons uc i-
ons equen ly occu wi h he sou ce domain cons uc ions o wi h o -
ces. This phenomenon ga e bi h o o e lapping ca ego ies, bu no all o
hem could be de ec ed in he ex s o bo h laws.
The numbe o me apho ical exp essions in he case o he wo laws can
be seen in Figu es 1 and 2.
As Figu es 1 and 2 show, in he case o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga-
y, he mos common ype o concep ual me apho was he one wi h mo e-
men s and di ec ions + cons uc ions (a mixed ype wi h 61 me apho i-
cal exp essions), whe eas in he case o he C iminal Code o Hunga y, he
mos equen ype was he mo emen s and di ec ions (wi h 143 exam-
ples). cons uc ions sou ce domain played an impo an ole in he case o
bo h laws (wi h 36 examples in he Fundamen al Law and 48 examples in
he C iminal Code). mo emen s and di ec ions ype was he hi d bigges
Figu e 1. A ypology o he mos equen me apho ical sou ce domains in he Hunga ian
ex o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y
Figu e 2. A ypology o he mos equen me apho ical sou ce domains in he Hunga ian
ex o he Ac C o 2012 he C iminal Code o Hunga y

Réka Sólyom160 MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES:
P e alen Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in Hunga ian Legal Tex s
g oup in he case o he Fundamen al Law (29 examples), and ha was he
case in he C iminal Code, bu he e his sou ce domain was combined
wi h o ces (123 examples). The “pu e” o ces sou ce domain p o ed o
be mo e impo an in he case o he C iminal Code: i was he second
bigges g oup wi h 124 me apho ical exp essions, whe eas in he case o
he Fundamen al Law i p o ed o be he ou h bigges ca ego y, wi h
only 8 examples. cons uc ions and o ces we e combined, howe e , in
bo h ex s: 31 examples occu ed o i in he C iminal Code, and only 8
examples in he Fundamen al Law.
I is wo h no ing ha , on he one hand, in he ex o he Fundamen al
Law, acco ding o i s name and unc ion, he p opo ion o me apho ical
exp essions wi h he sou ce domain cons uc ions was highe (26,47 %)
han in he ex o he C iminal Code (10,21 %). On he o he hand, ac-
co ding o he opics and he unc ion o he ex , he ype o o ce occu -
ed in highe p opo ion in he ex o he C iminal Code (26,38 %) han
in he ex o he Fundamen al Law (5,88 %). These esul s unde pin he
phenomenon ha he opics o he echnical ex s can ha e an impac on
he sou ce domains o he me apho s and me apho ical exp essions, which
occu in hem. This way, me apho s can help os e he p ocess o elabo a-
ing and unde s anding he meanings o he echnical e ms.
4. ANALYSIS
Since he e a e 606 me apho ical exp essions in he whole co pus (in he
ex s o he wo laws), i is no possible o lis and discuss all o hem.
The e o e, he p esen pape discusses he main g oups o he me apho s,
be o e discussing p o o ypical examples o he subg oups om he co -
pus. The analysis s a s wi h examples om he Fundamen al Law o Hun-
ga y and hen discusses examples om he C iminal Code in de ail. In
he case o bo h legisla ions, he pape discusses he “clea ” g oups o me-
apho ical exp essions a i s ( iz. hose ypes, in which no con amina ion
o he sou ce domains can be ound), and hen he “mixed” ypes o he
me apho ical exp essions ( iz. hose ypes, in which mo e sou ce domains
occu ) a e going o be analysed. A e each e m, he English meanings
om he ansla ed e sion o he laws a e gi en, bu as he ques ions o
ansla ion a e no he opics o his pape , I will only e e o he meaning
o he Hunga ian e ms in English o highligh he me apho ical language
in he Hunga ian legal ex s, bu I will no elabo a e on he ques ions o
161Te minologija | 2024 | 31
ansla ion o equi alence. Howe e , i simila me apho s can be ound in
he English equi alen s, I will men ion hem.
5. METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS FROM THE FUNDAMENTAL
LAW OF HUNGARY: SUBGROUPS AND EXAMPLES
5.1. “Clea ” ypes o me apho ical exp essions
CONSTRUCTIONS (36 e ms)
In he ex o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y, 36 e ms belong o his
ca ego y. In he case o hese me apho ical exp essions, he sou ce domain
o he concep ual me apho is cons uc ions. di e en pa s o cons uc-
ions a e used in he me apho ical exp essions o highligh he legal e ms.
As in he i le o his law ( undamen al), he base (i.e., a ounda ion) o a
cons uc ion (e.g., building, house) is usually e e ed o in he Hunga ian
ex . In he case o he English ansla ion, he same sou ce domain is
no mally elabo a ed. Fo example:
az embe i lé alapja (p. 2) – human exis ence is based on (li e ally: ‘ he basis o
human exis ence’),
alap e ő é ékei (p. 2) – ou undamen al <…> alues,
alap e ő jogai (p. 7) – ( hei ) undamen al igh s.
MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS (29 e ms)
In he case o his sou ce domain, he no ions o mo emen and di ec ions
occu oge he , as i he e is an en i y, which is in mo ion, he di ec ion
o ha mo ion is always included. The p ocess o mo ion can e e o an
ac ion, o o he esul o he ac ion o mo ion ( iz. he s a e o he place
o an en i y can be seen as he esul o a mo emen in he me apho ical
exp ession). Fo example:
előmozdí ja együ működésüke egymással és Magya o szággal (p. 3) – shall
p omo e hei coope a ion wi h each o he and wi h Hunga y (whe e he e b
előmozdí ja li e ally means ‘i mo es o wa d’),
leg őbb ügyész (p. 15) – he P osecu o Gene al (whe e he adjec i e leg őbb li e-
ally means ‘ he highes ’),
elada - és ha áskö (p. 24) – unc ions and powe s (whe e he noun kö li e ally
means ‘ci cle’).
FORCES (8 e ms)
In he case o hese me apho ical exp essions, o ces a e in ol ed in he
Hunga ian e ms. The ypes o he o ces can ei he e e o g oss (e.g. e hel
‘encumbe ’), o o iolen ac ions (e.g. megdön ‘demolish’). Fo example:
Réka Sólyom162 MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES:
P e alen Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in Hunga ian Legal Tex s
e helik azok a kö eleze ségek (p. 7) – obliga ions, which <…> shall be gua an-
eed (whe e he e b e hel li e ally means ‘encumbe ’),
nemze közi sze ződésbe ü köző jogszabály (p. 20) – a law which con lic s wi h
an in e na ional ea y (whe e he pa iciple ü köző li e ally means ‘bumping’),
az alko mányos end megdön ésé e <…> i ányuló (p. 27) – aimed a o e h o-
wing he cons i u ional o de (whe e he noun megdön és li e ally means ‘bea ing
down, demolishing’).
5.2. “Mixed” ypes o me apho ical exp essions
MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS + FORCES (61 e ms)
This ca ego y con ains he mos nume ous echnical e ms, 61 exp essions
in he case o he law analysed. In his ype o me apho ical exp ession,
wo main g oups, mo emen s and di ec ions and o ces a e combined.
The combina ion o hese sou ce domains is logical, as o ces can a ec
dis inc di ec ions, making objec s o people mo e o change hei pla-
ces – in he case o hese exp essions, many imes in a dynamic way. Fo
example:
el üggesz he i (p. 28) – may be suspended (whe e he e b el üggesz means ‘may
be hung’),
Az Alap ö ény ha álybalépése <…> (p. 30) – The en y in o o ce o he Funda-
men al Law
ha álybalépés (p. 6) – en y in o o ce.
CONSTRUCTIONS + FORCES (2 e ms)
Only 2 examples all in o his ca ego y in he Fundamen al Law o Hun-
ga y. In he case o his subg oup, he sou ce domain cons uc ions and
o ces a e combined. The e ms, which can be ega ded as examples o
his g oup, a e linked o he Hunga ian noun ko lá , which means ‘ ence,
ba ie ’ in English. I can ei he be associa ed wi h he no ion o a cons-
uc ion o i s es ic i e unc ion e e s o he o ce, which does no le
some hing happen o be done. Fo example:
jogok gyako lása <…> ko lá ozha ó (p. 30) – a <…> igh may only be es ic ed
(whe e ko lá ozha ó means ‘blocked by a ba ie ’),
az Alko mánybí óság működése nem ko lá ozha ó (p. 30) – he ope a ion o he
Cons i u ional Cou may no be es ic ed (nem ko lá ozha ó, which li e ally me-
ans ‘canno be blocked by a ba ie ’).
163Te minologija | 2024 | 31
6. METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS FROM THE CRIMINAL
CODE OF HUNGARY: SUBGROUPS AND EXAMPLES
6.1. “Clea ” ypes o me apho ical exp essions
MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS (143 e ms)
In he case o he C iminal Code o Hunga y, he g oup o me apho ical
e ms, which con ains he mos examples, al oge he 143 e ms, is he mo-
emen s and di ec ions ype. As in he case o he Fundamen al Law o
Hunga y, a mo emen and i s di ec ions a e combined in he me apho ical
exp essions, which belong o his ca ego y. Fo example:
a égszükség (p. 4) – necessi y (whe e he noun égszükség means ‘ e minal neces-
si y’)
az elkobzo dolog ulajdonjoga (…) az állam a száll (p. 18) –The owne ship o
a con isca ed hing shall pass o he S a e (whe e he e b száll li e ally means
‘ lies’)
az engedély ke e ei úllép e (p. 43) – exceeding he limi s o a licence (whe e he
e b úllép li e ally means ‘s ep pas sg’)
FORCES (124 e ms)
The second g oup, whe e one me apho ical sou ce domain can be wi nes-
sed is he o ces ype in he case o he C iminal Code o Hunga y. He e,
124 e ms occu , o example:
a bün e és ko lá lanul enyhí he ő (p. 4) – The punishmen may be educed wi-
hou limi a ion (whe e he pa iciple enyhí he ő li e ally means ‘i can be mode-
a ed’)
a szabadlábon lé ő e hel (p. 6) – he de endan a libe y (whe e he pa iciple
e hel li e ally means ‘loaded’)
a ize ési kö eleze ség e ejéig (p. 18) – o he ex en o a paymen obliga ion
(whe e e ejéig means ‘un il/wi hin he o ce o sg’, and con ains he wo d e ő
‘ o ce’ as he oo o he Hunga ian wo d)
CONSTRUCTIONS (48 e ms)
The hi d “clea ” me apho ical ype is me apho ical exp essions wi h he
sou ce domain cons uc ions, o which 48 e ms belong in he case o he
C iminal Code o Hunga y. This subg oup usually con ains ei he pa o
cons uc ions o ac i i ies connec ed o cons uc ions in he sou ce do-
main o he me apho s. Fo example:
e e a el e és e alapos oka an (p. 4) – he has a easonable g ound o his as-
sump ion (whe e he adjec i e alapos means ‘p o ound’)