MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES: Prevalent Metaphorical Source Domains in Hungarian Legal Texts

155Te minologija | 2024 | 31 doi.o g/10.35321/ e m31-08 MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES: P e alen Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in Hunga ian Legal Tex s JUDĖJIMAS i KRYPTYS, KONSTRUKCIJOS i JĖGOS: Veng ijos eisės eks uose y aujančios me a o ų šal inio s i ys RÉKA SÓLYOM Depa men o Hunga ian Linguis ics Ká oli Gáspá Uni e si y o he Re o med Chu ch in Hunga y, TERMIK ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-0620-9262 ABSTRACT By employing a unc ional cogni i e ame, his pape ocuses on he seman ics o me apho ical echnical e ms in he Hunga ian legal language. Al hough he impo ance o unambiguous e ms in such language use is o en emphasised, con- cep ual me apho s os e unde s anding o echnical ex s. The p esen esea ch concen a es on h ee ypes o equen ly occu ing me apho s in he Hunga ian echnical ex s o quali y managemen and Hunga ian laws. These me apho s and me apho ical exp essions con ain he sou ce domains MOVEMENTS and DIREC- TIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES. The analysis cha ac e ises hese p o o- ypical me apho s and hei unc ions in legal ex s, employing examples om he Hunga ian ex s o wo impo an laws, namely he Fundamen al Law o Hunga- y, and Ac C o 2012 he C iminal Code o Hunga y. KEYWORDS: concep ual me apho , me apho ical exp essions, legal ex s, Hunga ian laws, echnical e ms. ANOTACIJA S aipsnyje pag indinis dėmesys ski iamas me a o inių e minų seman ikai eng ų eisės kalboje, aikan unkcinį kogni y inį eimą. No s dažnai y a akcen uojama e minų iena eikšmiškumo s a ba eisės kalboje, koncep ualiosios me a o os pa- leng ina specialiųjų eks ų sup a imą. Šiame y ime daugiausia dėmesio ski iama ijų ipų me a o oms, ku ios dažnai pasi aiko Veng ijos specialiuosiuose kokybės Réka Sólyom156 MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES: P e alen Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in Hunga ian Legal Tex s adybos eks uose i Veng ijos įs a ymuose. Šioms me a o oms i me a o iniams posakiams būdingos okios šal inio s i ys: JUDĖJIMAS i KRYPTYS, KONSTRUK- CIJOS i JĖGOS. Apibūdinamos šios p o o ipinės me a o os i jų unkcijos eisi- niuose eks uose, panaudojan d iejų s a bių eng ų įs a ymų eks ų pa yzdžius – pag indinį Veng ijos įs a ymą i 2012 m. Veng ijos baudžiamojo kodekso C ak ą. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: koncep ualioji me a o a, me a o iniai posakiai, eisiniai eks ai, eng ų eisė, e minai. 1. INTRODUCTION This pape ocuses on he seman ics o me apho ical echnical e ms in wo Hunga ian laws: in he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y, and in Ac C o 2012 he C iminal Code o Hunga y. By employing a unc ional cogni i e ame, based on he heo y o Concep ual Me apho s (Lako , Johnson 1980; Kö ecses 2005, 2015), he analysis ocuses on h ee ypes o me- apho ical exp ession, namely hose ha con ain he sou ce domains o mo emen s & di ec ions, cons uc ions, and o ces. The eason o he analysis o hese ypes o me apho s is ha in p e ious esea ch ega ding Hunga ian ex s on quali y managemen and law, he au ho ound ha hese ypes o me apho s a e widesp ead (c . Sólyom 2020a, 2022). In ac , hese sou ce domains ha e p o en o be he mos common ypes in he Hunga ian ex o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y (Sólyom 2023). The aim o he in es iga ion is wo old. Fi s , i e eals and p esen s me apho ical exp essions ha a e ela ed o he h ee sou ce domains. Second, his analysis shows p o o ypical examples o such me apho ical exp essions, e.g., “előmozdí ja együ működésüke ” (‘shall p omo e hei co- ope a ion’, li e ally ‘shall mo e o wa d hei coope a ion’); “az embe i lé alapja” (‘human exis ence is based on <…>’, li e ally ‘ he basis o human exis ence’); “elhá í ha a lan akadályba ü közik” (‘impossible by insu moun- able obs acles’, li e ally: ‘bumps in o insu moun able obs acles’), which be- long o he concep ual me apho s wi h hese h ee ypes o sou ce domain. 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND, FORMER RESEARCH, AND HYPOTHESIS As Ri a Temme man highligh ed, unambiguous e ms a e impo an in ideal scien i ic communica ion (Temme man 2002: 211). I is ue ha “A consis en and uni ied e minology is a undamen al componen in e icien echnical communica ion” (Bölcskei 2021: 88). Howe e , i has become clea ha meaning cons ual p ocesses, such as me apho and 157Te minologija | 2024 | 31 me onymy, can os e he p ocess o unde s anding in he case o scien i ic languages (c . Temme man 2007, U eña, Fabe , Buendía 2013 in he ields o medical language and ma ine biology). Clea ly, “concep ual pa hways” (Kö ecses 2021), such as me apho , ac ually help us unde s and echnical e ms (c . Fó is, Faludi 2021). In he case o a unc ional cogni i e analysis, i is impo an o s udy he ole o cogni ion and he p esence o linguis ic c ea i i y. As Temme - man and Van Campenhoud emphasise: “Renewed in e es in bo h he dynamics o cogni ion and he c ea i e po en ial o language has shi ed he pe spec i es o e minology s udies o he c ea ion o neologisms in special languages, he monosemy e sus polysemy deba e, esea ch con- ce ning ambigui y, synonymy, me apho , ph aseology, e c.” (Temme man, Van Campenhoud 2014: 1). Seman ic and s ylis ic esea ch o Hunga ian echnical e ms in quali y managemen has e ealed ha many ypes o me apho s occu , wi h a io- us sou ce domains. Fo ins ance, in he Hunga ian echnical ex s o s an- da ds, in Eu opean Union egula ions, and in use manuals (c . Sólyom 2020a, 2022). S udies on he neologisms in hese ex s e ealed ha me- apho ical meaning can signi ican ly impac he p ocess o unde s anding, so me apho s play an impo an ole in sp eading a no el e m. Resea ch has shown ha hose sou ce domains, which a e common in e e yday language use and li e a y ex s, a e common in scien i ic language. Sou ce domains, including cons uc ions (e.g., buildings), jou ney, o ces, mo- emen s, di ec ions, music, and ma ke occu ed equen ly in he case o Hunga ian ex s abou quali y managemen , and many o hem can be de ec ed in he ex o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y (Sólyom 2023). The amewo k o he p esen analysis is (as in he analysis o he e ms in quali y managemen ) he classical cogni i e heo y o concep ual me- apho s, based on Lako and Johnson’s book, Me apho s We Li e By (1980). In hei book, Lako and Johnson poin ed ou ha “me apho is pe a- si e in e e yday li e, no jus in language bu in hough and ac ion. Ou o dina y concep ual sys em, in e ms o which we bo h hink and ac , is undamen ally me apho ical in na u e” (Lako , Johnson 1980: 3). Du ing he analysis, h ee p e alen me apho ical sou ce domains, which ha e p o en o be he mos equen in o me analyses, will be s u- died in he case o he wo Hunga ian legal ex s. These sou ce domains a e mo emen s and di ec ions, cons uc ions and o ces. In he case o Réka Sólyom158 MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES: P e alen Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in Hunga ian Legal Tex s hese legal ex s, he hypo hesis o he pape is ha hese domains bo h occu alone and in combina ion, cons i u ing “clea ” and “mixed” ypes o sou ce domains in such exp essions. Since Lako and Johnson’s esea ch, we ha e known ha : “The wo domains ha pa icipa e in concep ual me apho ha e special names. The concep ual domain om which we d aw me apho ical exp essions o un- de s and ano he concep ual domain is called he sou ce domain, while he concep ual domain ha is unde s ood his way is he a ge domain. <…> The a ge domain is he domain ha we y o unde s and h ough he use o he sou ce domain” (Kö ecses 2010: 4). E e yday me apho s play an impo an ole in he meaning cons ual p ocesses o “o dina y” people. We o en use hem in daily con e sa ion o help elabo a e no el meanings and neologisms. The la e is also ue in he case o scien i ic and echnical languages, as me apho s and me apho- ical exp essions aid he p ecise unde s anding o neologisms (c . Sólyom 2020b). In he case o legal ex s, wi h he analysis o he sou ce domains in he me apho ical exp essions e ealed, examples o he me apho s wi h he h ee mos equen sou ce domains can be p esen ed. In his analy- sis, 136 me apho ical exp essions om he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y, and 470 me apho ical exp essions om he C iminal Code o Hunga y we e collec ed. Al oge he 606 me apho ical exp essions we e collec ed and en e ed in o a da abase, bu he p esen pape ocuses only on he mos equen ypes. I became clea ha he e we e o e laps among he h ee main ypes o me apho ical exp essions: mixed ypes o e.g., mo emen s and di ec ions + o ces, o mo emen s and di ec ions + cons uc ions. As hese ypes o en o e lap (o , a leas , occu oge he wi hin he same sou ce domain), mixed ca ego ies o me apho ypes we e de ised du ing his p ocess. 3. TYPES OF PREVALENT SOURCE DOMAINS OF METAPHORS IN THE TWO ANALYSED LEGAL TEXTS: GROUPING, OVERLAPS, QUESTIONS OF CATEGORIZATION Du ing he analysis, i became clea ha no only we e he e “clea ” ypes o sou ce domain in he case o he me apho ical exp essions in he ex s o he wo laws analysed bu also he mo emen and di ec ions sou ce domain was equen ly combined wi h he o ce and some imes wi h he 159Te minologija | 2024 | 31 cons uc ions sou ce domains. Simila ly, he sou ce domain cons uc i- ons equen ly occu wi h he sou ce domain cons uc ions o wi h o - ces. This phenomenon ga e bi h o o e lapping ca ego ies, bu no all o hem could be de ec ed in he ex s o bo h laws. The numbe o me apho ical exp essions in he case o he wo laws can be seen in Figu es 1 and 2. As Figu es 1 and 2 show, in he case o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga- y, he mos common ype o concep ual me apho was he one wi h mo e- men s and di ec ions + cons uc ions (a mixed ype wi h 61 me apho i- cal exp essions), whe eas in he case o he C iminal Code o Hunga y, he mos equen ype was he mo emen s and di ec ions (wi h 143 exam- ples). cons uc ions sou ce domain played an impo an ole in he case o bo h laws (wi h 36 examples in he Fundamen al Law and 48 examples in he C iminal Code). mo emen s and di ec ions ype was he hi d bigges Figu e 1. A ypology o he mos equen me apho ical sou ce domains in he Hunga ian ex o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y Figu e 2. A ypology o he mos equen me apho ical sou ce domains in he Hunga ian ex o he Ac C o 2012 he C iminal Code o Hunga y Réka Sólyom160 MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES: P e alen Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in Hunga ian Legal Tex s g oup in he case o he Fundamen al Law (29 examples), and ha was he case in he C iminal Code, bu he e his sou ce domain was combined wi h o ces (123 examples). The “pu e” o ces sou ce domain p o ed o be mo e impo an in he case o he C iminal Code: i was he second bigges g oup wi h 124 me apho ical exp essions, whe eas in he case o he Fundamen al Law i p o ed o be he ou h bigges ca ego y, wi h only 8 examples. cons uc ions and o ces we e combined, howe e , in bo h ex s: 31 examples occu ed o i in he C iminal Code, and only 8 examples in he Fundamen al Law. I is wo h no ing ha , on he one hand, in he ex o he Fundamen al Law, acco ding o i s name and unc ion, he p opo ion o me apho ical exp essions wi h he sou ce domain cons uc ions was highe (26,47 %) han in he ex o he C iminal Code (10,21 %). On he o he hand, ac- co ding o he opics and he unc ion o he ex , he ype o o ce occu - ed in highe p opo ion in he ex o he C iminal Code (26,38 %) han in he ex o he Fundamen al Law (5,88 %). These esul s unde pin he phenomenon ha he opics o he echnical ex s can ha e an impac on he sou ce domains o he me apho s and me apho ical exp essions, which occu in hem. This way, me apho s can help os e he p ocess o elabo a- ing and unde s anding he meanings o he echnical e ms. 4. ANALYSIS Since he e a e 606 me apho ical exp essions in he whole co pus (in he ex s o he wo laws), i is no possible o lis and discuss all o hem. The e o e, he p esen pape discusses he main g oups o he me apho s, be o e discussing p o o ypical examples o he subg oups om he co - pus. The analysis s a s wi h examples om he Fundamen al Law o Hun- ga y and hen discusses examples om he C iminal Code in de ail. In he case o bo h legisla ions, he pape discusses he “clea ” g oups o me- apho ical exp essions a i s ( iz. hose ypes, in which no con amina ion o he sou ce domains can be ound), and hen he “mixed” ypes o he me apho ical exp essions ( iz. hose ypes, in which mo e sou ce domains occu ) a e going o be analysed. A e each e m, he English meanings om he ansla ed e sion o he laws a e gi en, bu as he ques ions o ansla ion a e no he opics o his pape , I will only e e o he meaning o he Hunga ian e ms in English o highligh he me apho ical language in he Hunga ian legal ex s, bu I will no elabo a e on he ques ions o 161Te minologija | 2024 | 31 ansla ion o equi alence. Howe e , i simila me apho s can be ound in he English equi alen s, I will men ion hem. 5. METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS FROM THE FUNDAMENTAL LAW OF HUNGARY: SUBGROUPS AND EXAMPLES 5.1. “Clea ” ypes o me apho ical exp essions CONSTRUCTIONS (36 e ms) In he ex o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y, 36 e ms belong o his ca ego y. In he case o hese me apho ical exp essions, he sou ce domain o he concep ual me apho is cons uc ions. di e en pa s o cons uc- ions a e used in he me apho ical exp essions o highligh he legal e ms. As in he i le o his law ( undamen al), he base (i.e., a ounda ion) o a cons uc ion (e.g., building, house) is usually e e ed o in he Hunga ian ex . In he case o he English ansla ion, he same sou ce domain is no mally elabo a ed. Fo example: az embe i lé alapja (p. 2) – human exis ence is based on (li e ally: ‘ he basis o human exis ence’), alap e ő é ékei (p. 2) – ou undamen al <…> alues, alap e ő jogai (p. 7) – ( hei ) undamen al igh s. MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS (29 e ms) In he case o his sou ce domain, he no ions o mo emen and di ec ions occu oge he , as i he e is an en i y, which is in mo ion, he di ec ion o ha mo ion is always included. The p ocess o mo ion can e e o an ac ion, o o he esul o he ac ion o mo ion ( iz. he s a e o he place o an en i y can be seen as he esul o a mo emen in he me apho ical exp ession). Fo example: előmozdí ja együ működésüke egymással és Magya o szággal (p. 3) – shall p omo e hei coope a ion wi h each o he and wi h Hunga y (whe e he e b előmozdí ja li e ally means ‘i mo es o wa d’), leg őbb ügyész (p. 15) – he P osecu o Gene al (whe e he adjec i e leg őbb li e- ally means ‘ he highes ’), elada - és ha áskö (p. 24) – unc ions and powe s (whe e he noun kö li e ally means ‘ci cle’). FORCES (8 e ms) In he case o hese me apho ical exp essions, o ces a e in ol ed in he Hunga ian e ms. The ypes o he o ces can ei he e e o g oss (e.g. e hel ‘encumbe ’), o o iolen ac ions (e.g. megdön ‘demolish’). Fo example: Réka Sólyom162 MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS, CONSTRUCTIONS and FORCES: P e alen Me apho ical Sou ce Domains in Hunga ian Legal Tex s e helik azok a kö eleze ségek (p. 7) – obliga ions, which <…> shall be gua an- eed (whe e he e b e hel li e ally means ‘encumbe ’), nemze közi sze ződésbe ü köző jogszabály (p. 20) – a law which con lic s wi h an in e na ional ea y (whe e he pa iciple ü köző li e ally means ‘bumping’), az alko mányos end megdön ésé e <…> i ányuló (p. 27) – aimed a o e h o- wing he cons i u ional o de (whe e he noun megdön és li e ally means ‘bea ing down, demolishing’). 5.2. “Mixed” ypes o me apho ical exp essions MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS + FORCES (61 e ms) This ca ego y con ains he mos nume ous echnical e ms, 61 exp essions in he case o he law analysed. In his ype o me apho ical exp ession, wo main g oups, mo emen s and di ec ions and o ces a e combined. The combina ion o hese sou ce domains is logical, as o ces can a ec dis inc di ec ions, making objec s o people mo e o change hei pla- ces – in he case o hese exp essions, many imes in a dynamic way. Fo example: el üggesz he i (p. 28) – may be suspended (whe e he e b el üggesz means ‘may be hung’), Az Alap ö ény ha álybalépése <…> (p. 30) – The en y in o o ce o he Funda- men al Law ha álybalépés (p. 6) – en y in o o ce. CONSTRUCTIONS + FORCES (2 e ms) Only 2 examples all in o his ca ego y in he Fundamen al Law o Hun- ga y. In he case o his subg oup, he sou ce domain cons uc ions and o ces a e combined. The e ms, which can be ega ded as examples o his g oup, a e linked o he Hunga ian noun ko lá , which means ‘ ence, ba ie ’ in English. I can ei he be associa ed wi h he no ion o a cons- uc ion o i s es ic i e unc ion e e s o he o ce, which does no le some hing happen o be done. Fo example: jogok gyako lása <…> ko lá ozha ó (p. 30) – a <…> igh may only be es ic ed (whe e ko lá ozha ó means ‘blocked by a ba ie ’), az Alko mánybí óság működése nem ko lá ozha ó (p. 30) – he ope a ion o he Cons i u ional Cou may no be es ic ed (nem ko lá ozha ó, which li e ally me- ans ‘canno be blocked by a ba ie ’). 163Te minologija | 2024 | 31 6. METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS FROM THE CRIMINAL CODE OF HUNGARY: SUBGROUPS AND EXAMPLES 6.1. “Clea ” ypes o me apho ical exp essions MOVEMENTS and DIRECTIONS (143 e ms) In he case o he C iminal Code o Hunga y, he g oup o me apho ical e ms, which con ains he mos examples, al oge he 143 e ms, is he mo- emen s and di ec ions ype. As in he case o he Fundamen al Law o Hunga y, a mo emen and i s di ec ions a e combined in he me apho ical exp essions, which belong o his ca ego y. Fo example: a égszükség (p. 4) – necessi y (whe e he noun égszükség means ‘ e minal neces- si y’) az elkobzo dolog ulajdonjoga (…) az állam a száll (p. 18) –The owne ship o a con isca ed hing shall pass o he S a e (whe e he e b száll li e ally means ‘ lies’) az engedély ke e ei úllép e (p. 43) – exceeding he limi s o a licence (whe e he e b úllép li e ally means ‘s ep pas sg’) FORCES (124 e ms) The second g oup, whe e one me apho ical sou ce domain can be wi nes- sed is he o ces ype in he case o he C iminal Code o Hunga y. He e, 124 e ms occu , o example: a bün e és ko lá lanul enyhí he ő (p. 4) – The punishmen may be educed wi- hou limi a ion (whe e he pa iciple enyhí he ő li e ally means ‘i can be mode- a ed’) a szabadlábon lé ő e hel (p. 6) – he de endan a libe y (whe e he pa iciple e hel li e ally means ‘loaded’) a ize ési kö eleze ség e ejéig (p. 18) – o he ex en o a paymen obliga ion (whe e e ejéig means ‘un il/wi hin he o ce o sg’, and con ains he wo d e ő ‘ o ce’ as he oo o he Hunga ian wo d) CONSTRUCTIONS (48 e ms) The hi d “clea ” me apho ical ype is me apho ical exp essions wi h he sou ce domain cons uc ions, o which 48 e ms belong in he case o he C iminal Code o Hunga y. This subg oup usually con ains ei he pa o cons uc ions o ac i i ies connec ed o cons uc ions in he sou ce do- main o he me apho s. Fo example: e e a el e és e alapos oka an (p. 4) – he has a easonable g ound o his as- sump ion (whe e he adjec i e alapos means ‘p o ound’)