ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS

Institute of the Lithuanian Language

THE FATE OF THE WORD VIENOK

We gain nothing and earn nothing through our deeds (as you have already heard), but still without good deeds [...] we cannot be in this world WP 148v,30–33.

KEYWORDS: borrowings, inherited lexicon, codification.

The article surveys the use of the word vienok in contemporary language, highlights its main functions, discusses issues in the development of its forms and meaning, and reveals the history of its codification. The aim here is not to investigate the matter in depth; the article has a different purpose—to raise the question of the codification of the word vienok and encourage more extensive research and discussion of its assessment in the standard language.

1. In all normative works on contemporary Lithuanian, the word vienok is considered unsuitable for the standard language. For example, in the Dictionary of Contemporary Lithuanian it is marked as nonstandard (compared with the Polish jednak) and replacement with the conjunction tačiau is recommended (DLKŽ 2000: 930); the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language also regards it as a borrowing (LKŽe, sub voce). As a nonstandard calque, it was also included in the Dictionary section of the State Commission of the Lithuanian Language’s List of Major Language Errors (DKKS) (www.vlkk.lt/lit/lt/klaidos/zodyno3):

1.3.12. vienok = but, however, nevertheless: He had all sorts of moments, but (=but, however, nevertheless) he did not break.

The Consultation Bank on the same website features a short article titled Is it correct to say “vienok jis nepalūžo” (http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/3599). It answers the question in the title as follows: “Incorrect. Vienok is a calque from Russian or Polish and should not be used. Other Lithuanian words should be used to express concession and contrast. Therefore, vienok should be corrected to: bet, tačiau, vis dėlto, for example: He had all sorts of moments, vienok (corrected to: but, however, nevertheless) he did not break.”

In the Institute of the Lithuanian Language’s computerized Bank of Language Consultations, the question “Why is the word ‘vienok’ recommended?” is answered as follows: “This word is a pure calque from Russian ‘однако’. We have our own words with that meaning: ‘tačiau’, ‘vis dėlto’.” (http://www.lki.lt/lki/kkb/zodis.php?selectzodis=vienok)

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2. Despite half a century of (see Chapter 9) efforts to correct it, the word “however” continues to be used not only in spoken but also in written language. The Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian (DLKT, accessed 2014 11 10) contained 277 instances of its use, as many as 215 of them from journalistic texts.

As the corpus data show, the word however most often serves as a conjunction (a) in compound coordinate sentences whose clauses express contrast, or as the second, postpositive, component of a correlative (double) conjunction in compound sentences classified as subordinate and expressing concession (b). Here are just a few examples of this usage:

a) The spirit of Polish literature may not appeal to us, but it is warm, it smells of ‘the depths of Latin culture’; Seeing much evil in the world, V. Bubnys nevertheless becomes neither a pessimist nor a cynic. b) Although the people of Klaipėda did not understand the depth of those sources of art, they had nevertheless grown accustomed to accepting it; Although I was not glad about this meeting, I nevertheless did not let it show; Of the Lithuanians, although several were seriously ill, not one died; No matter how unfavorable the objective conditions may be, nevertheless, one cannot build the foundations of one’s new life on cracked ground.

Another function of the word however, less frequently reflected in the corpus, is that of an intensifying particle following the conjunction but in compound adversative sentences, for example:

The whole months were dry and sunny, but nevertheless everyone was seriously ill; It is not surprising that distorted vital principles raged for a long time across our land: but nevertheless the majority of the nation, attached to noble ideals, fights.

Quite often, the word however begins an independent subordinate clause. In such cases, it functions more as a discourse marker than as a conjunction, for example:

Besides Lithuanians, a group of German musicians is also active in Klaipėda. However, their work shows no sincere artistic intentions; The country’s budget may lose a large share of its revenue, and instead of an economic upswing, bankruptcies may threaten. However, such a law encourages foreign direct investment; It seemed that the journey lasted an eternity. However, everything ended well.

In these and other similar examples, the word under discussion takes on various modal meanings. This may also be reflected in the tendency to set it off in writing with commas marking pauses, for example:

The forecasts here are very bleak. Perhaps things will not turn out quite so badly after all. However, lawyers really should not worry, because if anyone is sure to have plenty of work, it seems, they are; Scholars in various fields study the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: historians, art historians, and so on. However, there are very few written sources, and even fewer iconographic sources, describing Lithuania in the 13th–15th centuries.

Entering the word Googlehowever into the search engine also yields a wealth of examples of its use (accessed 2014 12 03). Many of them are close to spoken language. The word under discussion is used in them in even more varied ways. In this variety of language, the particle however also occurs with the conjunctions but (a) and however (b) in adversative sentences, for example:

a) well, everyone googles it pretty quickly here, there’s not much you can find out. but still, what kind of atv is this—I only saw one like this recently, so I’m curious, are they already known in Lithuania? (http://www.motomanai.lt/moto-forumas/moto-tema.8294.page-1.html#pid388139); Well, the newer the anime, the more psychedelic it gets.:) But neverthe-

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well, when you watch these clips, you can see where the Japanese have complexes:)(www.army777.lt/forum/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=2145&start=15).

b) To be honest, the exhibition did not seem particularly grandiose to me, but it did offer plenty of pleasant surprises. (www.games.lt/g/news.news_full/35486.2?sev=part); A win is a win... but still, it’s a pity we had to lose the third set (www.doublefault.lt/naujienos/Nesijaudinkit,%20laimėjom/;5).

Sentences have also been found in which the particle vienok is used in a concessive subordinate clause after the conjunction nors ‘although’, for example:

Speaking of swimming in lakes: the water there is strange—blue from a distance, although, once you’ve bathed in it, it’s not blue at all:). (www.aphex.lt/2008/07/tatrai/); Android, well, I wouldn’t say the sound of the Clavinova is all that plasticky, not even...:) Although, if you can afford it, a real grand piano wouldn’t go amiss:). (www.programing.lt/gitaraforumas/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=1596).

Of course, the internet also contains examples of the use of the word vienok that are harder to explain solely by the internal laws governing the development of the Lithuanian language, for example:

What an injustice, though, / That the fairest things are so rare, so brief... / At last the lost soul / Falls at the feet of faith. (zaliazole.lt/kuriniai/perziureti/17750); A brave girl, though. No traction, no brakes, but she still made it to Autodina under her own steam:) (www.skundailt.com/skundai-ausegra-ne-taiso-automobilius-o-sugadina-11504-komentarai).

This brief overview shows the various ways in which the word vienok is used in present-day written language.

3. Let us discuss the codification of the word vienok. Is it really to be condemned and driven out of standard language indiscriminately? I would say not. And here is why.

First, for phonetic reasons, the word under discussion cannot be a direct borrowing from Polish: the sound correspondence between the roots of Lithuanian vien-ok and Polish jedn-ak is not regular.

Second, the structure of these roots also differs: Polish jedn- derives from a compound formed by the pronominal-origin intensifying particle *(j)ed- and the numeral root *inb-; Lithuanian vien- corresponds only to the latter (see Sławski 1952–1956: 544).

Third, the word vienok and its variants have been widely used in Lithuanian from the earliest written records¹ to the present day. It is known in all varieties of the language of old Lithuanian writings: the western variety—in the writings of Martynas Mažvydas, the Wolfenbüttel Postil, the translations of Baltramiejus Vilentas, the works of Jonas Bretkūnas, Margarita Theologica, the grammars of Danielius Kleinas and later grammars, Lexicon Lithuanicum, and all the larger dictionaries published later in Prussia; the central variety—in the translations of Mikalojus Daukša, the catechism of Merkelis Petkevičius, the postil of Jokūbas Morkūnas, the Bible translation by Samuelis Baguslavas Chylinskis, and others; the eastern variety—in Konstantinas Sirvydas’s Punktai sakymų and dictionaries, Jonas Jaknavičius’s translation of the Gospels, and the catechism of Robertas Belarminas.

Fourth, variants of this conjunction have apparently been recorded in all Lithuanian dialects (see LKŽe, sub voce).

..........................

¹The Polish adversative conjunction jednak also began to be used only in 16th-century writings; in Old Polish (14th and 15th centuries), only the longer form jednako and its variants, used with this meaning, are recorded (see Słownik 1960–1962: 150).

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All this encourages us to seek the origin of the word vienok not elsewhere, but within Lithuanian itself. First of all, attention turns to the related adjectives and pronouns, widely used since ancient times: vienokas, vienokias, vienokis, vienoks.

4. Existing Lithuanian etymological dictionaries have little new to say about the origin of the word under consideration.

Ernsto Fraenkelio etimologijos žodyne (1965: 1242) jungtukas vienok neminimas, tačiau rašoma apie būdvardžius vienokas, vienokias, vienokis, prieveiksmį vienokiai. Jie vedami iš lietuvių vienas. Wojciecho Smoczyńskio etimologijos žodyne (2007: 748) jungtukas vienok, įvardis vienoks ir prieveiksmis vienokiai nuosekliai laikomi hibridinės darybos atitinkamų lenkų kalbos žodžių kalkėmis (bet ne tiesioginiais skoliniais!). Naujasis Senosios lietuvių kalbos etimologijos žodynas (vok. Altlitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, žr. ALEW) {v} raidės žodžių dar, deja, nepaskelbė.

5. We find considerably more on the question at issue in general works on word formation. The formation of the corresponding Lithuanian adjectives and pronouns is discussed perhaps most fully by Pranas Skardžius and Saulius Ambrazas. Neither considers the type of formation of these adjectives and pronouns with the suffix *-āk- to be foreign to Lithuanian or borrowed. P. Skardžius writes: “the formation of derivatives with the suffix -oka- is very ancient” (1996: 135). According to S. Ambrazas, “the relic character of numeral adjectives in -(i)okas, (-a) in Lithuanian shows that this type of formation is quite old.” (Ambrazas 2011: 95). It is associated with counterparts not only in Slavic, but also in Germanic (Gothic ainaha, Old High German einac ‘sole’), Italic (Latin ūnicus ‘sole, special’) and Iranian (Old Indian ēkakā- ‘sole, solitary’) languages (ibid., 112 and literature cited therein). Later, corresponding adjectives and pronouns in Lithuanian began to be displaced by new derivatives with the suffix -(i)op- (e.g., trejopas, keleriopas).

Thus, the nature of the word formation suggests that the word vienok was formed according to an old Baltic, and perhaps even Indo-European, type of adjective formation.

6. Next, let us survey the morphological variants of this word. The Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, volume 19, lists quite a few. These variants can be classified as follows: 1) vienok and vienog; 2) vienoki and vienogi; 3) vienokie; 4) vienokig; 5) vienokigi; 6) vienokiai, vienogiai. Let us briefly discuss their origins.

First of all, it should be said that I am inclined to regard forms ending in {g} as spelling variants rather than morphological ones, perhaps arising from the restoration of a consonant supposedly devoiced at the end of the word (hypercorrection). Such forms are often found in the writings of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (by Simonas Daukantas, Jonas Basanavičius and Antanas Juška), and in publications of Varpas. The unjustified spelling of these variants of the conjunction was discussed by Kazimieras Būga (see section 9.1).

Now for the other variants. It is clear that the form vienok (1) is a shortened form of a longer one—most likely vienoki (2). The origin of the latter has been explained in several ways in Lithuanian linguistics. K. Būga linked similar adverbial forms tolì, artì, ankstì to an o-stem singular locative form with metatony and the ending *-oi (Būga 1961: 690). Jonas Kazlauskas explained them as deriving from an i-stem singular locative with the long ending *-ēi (Kazlauskas 1968: 153). At present, there seems to be general agreement that long vowels in word-final position in Indo-European languages bear a circumflex accent (cf. Kortland 1975: 21ff., 1985; Villanueva Svensson 2011; Pronk 2012), so J. Kazlauskas’s proposed interpretation must be abandoned. Nevertheless, K. Būga’s

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explanation also faces considerable difficulties, since the acute intonation at the ends of the adverbs remains unexplained. Attempts have also been made to explain it (see Klingenschmitt 2008; Jasanoff 2009), but these are not entirely convincing either. Thus, the relationship between the related forms in –i and –ie (vienóki and vienókie) has not yet been adequately explained² (Danielis Petit also arrives at this view after examining the relationship between the adverbial forms anksti and ankstì; see Petit 2005: 147).

Zigmas Zinkevičius (1981: 169) has put forward a different opinion concerning the form vienóki (and *vienókia): he regards this form as the neuter nominative-accusative of an adjective, from which the conjunction vienók later developed.

The form vienokie (3) developed regularly from the singular locative of the old o-stem pronoun/adjective vienokas, with the ending *–oi; cf. the adverbs tókie ‘in such weather’ and anókie in northern and southern Samogitian dialects.

With the addition of the emphatic particle gi to vienoki, the form vienokigi (5) was formed, later shortened to vienokig (4).

The conjunction vienokiai (6) probably arose latest, by conversion from an adverb of the same form, made with the suffix -ai from the pronoun/adjective vienokis or vienokias.

7. It is not easy to explain how the adversative meaning of the conjunction vienok arose. One possible explanation is presented below.

Adjectival derivatives with the suffix *–āk– from the root vien- acquired the meaning ‘the same, identical’, based on the pronominal meaning ‘such, a certain’, e.g.: And all drank the same spiritual drink Bt1PvK10,4 (LKŽe, sub voce); The earth then had one language and the same words Skv1Noz11,1 (LKŽe, sub voce). The meaning of identity, ‘likewise, in the same way’, was apparently initially retained also by their case forms, which came to be used adverbially. In the forms vienok that developed from these, we can still discern the original meaning of identity in the following examples from old Lithuanian writing:

If it should be night, it is still dawn at daybreak; nevertheless, my heart trusts in God’s might, without worrying. MžG II 342,7 (Cf.: And though it last into the night / and return at morning’s light, / yet shall my heart in God’s might / neither despair nor worry).

For if you had wished for sacrifice, I would surely have offered it; but you do not delight in burnt offerings. MžG II 540,6 (Cf.: For if you had desired sacrifice, I would have given it; you will not delight in burnt offerings).

The particle used in this way, and the adverb that has become or is becoming a conjunction, vienok, could be compared with an adverb formed later from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix –(i)ai, for example:

[God] gives the sun its rising and shining, to the good and the wicked alike SP I 347 (LKŽe, sub voce); Those bees, both one kind and the other, behave alike Nz. (LKŽe, sub voce).

The adversative (contrastive) meaning of the forms under consideration may have arisen when they followed an adversative conjunction, as syntactic relations were reanalyzed—when the adverb (particle) was separated from the verb and associated with the conjunction. In such cases, it could gradually take on the conjunction’s semantics and later its function as well, for example:

² I sincerely thank Miguel Villanueva Svensson for helpful comments and references on this question.

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Chaczėinefanga per darbus (kaip iau efte girdeijen) neka neuβßluβiame nei pelname, bet wenakigi be gierru darbu ſha ant ſcha ſweta negalime buti WP 148v,30–33

muſu Ewangelikamus riagis daiktai priebus / iog Wieβpátis Chriſtus wiena karta ant’ krížiaus afierawoios / o vienok’ ii kiek’ dienos afierawoia ant’ altoriaus pagalei iſtatima io. DP 509,6–9 (Plg.: náβym Ewángelikom ʒdáʒa ſie rzeʒcy przećiwne / ʒe Pan Chryſtus raz ſie ná Krzyżu ofiárował / á przędſię go co dzień ofiáruia ná ołtarzu / według uſtawy iego. WuP 554,24–26).

An example from a considerably later period as well:

Whoever, believing in me, dies in this world, will nevertheless live forever beneath my majesty S. Dauk (LKŽe, sub voce).

The adversative meaning of the conjunction is especially clear when the content of the clauses it connects is itself in contrast (one predicate is negated or differs in some respect from the other), for example:

And even if I forget, I will not forget you WP 164r,31

It is true that man is God’s slave, like other creatures; nevertheless, the Lord gave him freedom, so that he may do as he wishes, according to his own desire. SP I 326,21 (Cf.: It is true that man is God’s slave, like other creatures; however, the Lord gave him freedom, so that he may do as he wishes, according to his own desire).

Let us also compare a later conjunction used in a similar way, derived from a suffixed adverb:

The old man did not dare, but at Jonas’s request he nevertheless recounted his whole life Rp (LKŽe, sub voce)

In such contexts, the meanings “all the same, nevertheless, in spite of that” may also have developed for the conjunction vienok. At certain stages of its development, the influence of Slavic functional equivalents of this word cannot be ruled out either. Its use in old texts and dialects, and the development of its semantics, still await careful study.

8. Let us see whether the development of the forms and meanings of the word vienok described above has parallels in Lithuanian and other languages.

8.1. In Lithuanian, a word of similar meaning, vienat, has followed a similar developmental path. Originating as an inflected form (locative?) of the adjective vienatis or *vienatas (derivatives with the suffix -at- from the numeral-pronoun stem vien-), in old texts it is used as a particle meaning “only, just” (a) and as a conjunction introducing exceptive clauses (b; cf. modern vien, tik):

a) then the devil’s servants are greatly troubled by those who are concerned about this and devote all their strength to it, so that they might expose, condemn, and destroy this craft WP 220r,21

b) Thus the Church of God has no enemies like heretics, whose whole concern is to destroy it, and there is no other reason why they creep and crawl into the Church, except to plunder and scatter the sheep into those sects—the sheep whom the Lord Jesus Christ, the true shepherd, gathered into one flock. DP 303,25

Its origin, development, and usage have likewise not yet been sufficiently studied and described.

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8.2. Latvian also has adjectival derivatives with the suffix *-āk-, but they denote a greater degree of a property (mazāks, labāks; cf. Lithuanian mažokas, gerokas, which denote a limited degree of a property). Derivatives with the suffix *-ādo- became widespread there as formations from numeral adjectives and qualitative pronouns (citāds, trejāds), and are considered an innovation in this language (Ambrazas 2011: 94–95).

8.3. Suffixal derivatives in *-āk- are not used in Prussian, but the word vienok probably underwent a similar semantic development: ainawijdi ‘however, indeed’. Vladimir Toporov regards it as morphologically ambivalent (i.e., unclear; 1975: 61), whereas Vytautas Mažiulis considers it an adverb whose -i arose in place of the older -ai (1988: 55). Jānis Endzelīnas had likewise explained the origin and development of the forms ainawīdai and ainawijdi. He compared their semantics with Lithuanian vienók: vienók(a)s and Polish jednak: jednaki (1943: 138). V. Mažiulis considers the adverb ainawīdai to be derived from the adjective *ainavīds, whose formation and meaning he explains as follows:

Prussian adjective *ainavīds ‘of one kind’ < *ainavīdas < aina- (see ains) + *vīda- (Endzelīns SV 84, 92), which is cognate with Latvian veīds ‘appearance, manner’, Lithuanian veídas ‘face; appearance’, Russian вид ‘appearance’, Serbian-Croatian vīd ‘seeing, appearance’, etc., Greek ϝεῖδος ‘appearance’, etc.; see s. v. widdai; Proto-Prussian *vīda- (noun) probably meant ‘sight’ > ‘appearance’ (cf. Trautmann AS 297, Endzelīns SV 84, Fraenkel LEW 1216); thus Proto-Prussian *ainavīda- meant ‘something of one (= one kind of) appearance’ > ‘of one kind, similar’; cf. Latvian vienveidīgs ‘of one kind, uniform’ (Mažiulis 1988: 54).

Albertas Rosinas, remdamasis V. Toporovu (1975: 51), nagrinėjamų žodžių komponentą *-vīd- jau laiko priesaga, kilusia iš žodžio, turėjusio reikšmes „rūšis, pavidalas, forma“. Jis rekonstruoja prūsų kalbos kokybinį įvardį *ainavīdas, priešin amą skiriamajam *kitavīdas (2009: 305).

8.4. Another parallel for the semantic development of the word vienok is found in Ancient Greek. There, from the pronoun ὁμός ‘of one kind, the same’, via the adverb ὁμῶς ‘likewise’, developed the adversative particle or conjunction ὅμως ‘however, nevertheless, still’ (see Bednarczuk 1966: 38; 1971: 127, 150; Frisk 1970: 390; LFE 2004: 706).

9. All the material presented seems to allow us to regard the word vienok as native, Lithuanian, rather than borrowed. Let us now return to the history of the codification of the conjunction vienok and consider when and why it began to be corrected. Let us start with the authorities of Lithuanian linguistics who laid the foundations of the standard language.

9.1. K. Būga in 1909 On Language Matters explained that this conjunction should be written with the ending <k>, and not <g> (he relies on the form of the same form in M. Daukša’s Catechism), does not even mention its possible Slavic origin, but merely points out that “Vienók, as shown by Daukša’s (1595 Catechism, ed. E. Volteri, p. 9₂₈) vienoki-g’, originated from the older first-syllable-stressed form vienóki, cf. go= go.” (Būga 1958: 113).

Jonas Jablonskis mentions the conjunction vienok as early as his 1901 grammar, but only as a means of linking concessive subordinate clauses:

If the introductory clause is concessive (Concessivsatz) or has the meaning of a concessive clause, then the main clause placed after it often has the conjunction vienok, tik (tikt).

Pavyzdžiai. Kad ir tėvai jau išmirė, vienok vaikai neišvirko. (Jablonskis 1957: 156).

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In the 1922 grammar, the same sentence is already given with the paired conjunction kad ir... tačiau (ibid., 351). The grammar goes on to say: “if the subordinate [clause] contains nors, norint, kad ir, then the main clause may contain tačiau or bet...” – as can be seen, the conjunction vienok is not mentioned here (ibid., 352). J. Jablonskis includes this conjunction in his most important work on syntax, Lietuvių kalbos sintaksėje, published in 1911. As correct subordinate clauses of concession, he gives the following examples from Žemaitė:

Nors though they did not say a single word to one another, they nevertheless told each other a great deal. Though the house nors was dilapidated, I nevertheless accommodated four women. Nors the weather had cooled a little, nevertheless sweat beaded on everyone’s forehead³. Nors their hands were red and their noses blue, the children nevertheless romped in the soft snow and splashed through the puddles. (Jablonskis 1957: 502).

It is true that in these examples the word vienok is the second component of a compound conjunction. Jablonskis corrected a sentence with the single conjunction vienok in 1925:

Even those who know Lithuanian would be ashamed to use it in public, although they know it; =even those who normally speak and know Lithuanian are ashamed to use it publicly (even those who ordinarily speak it are ashamed to speak Lithuanian in public) (quoted from: Piročkinas 1986: 163).

However, in this example it is not (only) the conjunction vienok that has been corrected; the entire syntactic structure of the original sentence has been rearranged. Juozas Balčikonis also cites one of the sentences given by J. Jablonskis (now without a reference to Žemaitė) in his notes for a syntax course taught to Vilnius University students until 1959: Though the weather had cooled a little, sweat nevertheless beaded on everyone’s forehead. (Balčikonis 1982: 128). In Pranas Skardžius’s important work Die slavischen Lehnwörter im Altlitauischen (Skardžius 1998), the conjunction vienok is not mentioned, perhaps because it is not considered a loanword.

9.2. In the first postwar decades, the conjunction vienok is presented cautiously, but is not yet corrected. It is explained as a synonym of tačiau in the Lietuvių kalbos vadove, published in Germany by the Lithuanian Exile Community (LKV 1950, sub voce). In the first edition of the Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno (DLKŽ 1954, sub voce), it is classified as an adverb and likewise is not corrected; the reader is simply referred, for its meaning and usage, to the entry for the conjunction tačiau. In Jonas Balkevičius’s Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos sintaksėje, the conjunction vienok is mentioned neither in the sections on adversative coordinate clauses nor in those on subordinate clauses of concession, but it is still listed as a possible correlative element of a double conjunction (with nors in the subordinate clause) (Balkevičius 1963: 317). In Jonas Palionis’s monographic study of the language of 16th–17th-century Lithuanian writings, eleven paragraphs are devoted to the use of conjunctions (Palionis 1967: 201–208). One of them specifically discusses conjunctions of non-Lithuanian origin, but does not mention the conjunction vienok, which is frequently used in old writings.

9.3. One of the first to declare the conjunction vienok incorrect was apparently Julija Žukauskaitė. In the introductory paragraph on adversative conjunctions in the chapter she wrote for the second volume of Lietuvių kalbos gramatikos (LKG 2 1971), it is stated:

3Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, in the nineteenth volume, published in 1999, this sentence by Žemaitė, which J. Jablonskis considered correct, with the paired conjunction although... nevertheless is presented as inadmissible (LKŽe, under the entry).

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Here and there (in older writings and dialects – A. J.) one encounters conjunctions that are not used at all in the literary language because they are nonstandard—not Lithuanian (alè, àle) or not entirely Lithuanian (bile tik, vienók). (ibid., 663)

The following is added on the next page:

The adversative conjunction vienók has long been known. However, in the present-day literary language it, too (like the conjunction ale—A. J.), can be said to have fallen out of use. (ibid., 664).

The subsection on subordinating concessive conjunctions also mentions the correlative conjunction nors... vienok: “§ 1058. In older writings we occasionally find the correlative conjunction nórs... vienók.” Two examples from the writings of Žemaitė and Jonas Biliūnas are then given:

Although their hands were red and noses blue, they nevertheless splashed through the soft snow, waded through little puddles... ŽemR I 288. Although the trees burst into bloom and blossomed in the air, I nevertheless sat in my room, preparing for the examinations _BilR¹ I 53. (ibid., 695).

Nothing is said here about this conjunction being non-Lithuanian or unsuitable for use. In the third volume of this grammar, devoted to matters of syntax (LKG 3 1976), neither the simple conjunction vienok nor the correlative nors... vienok is mentioned at all—apparently they are considered “not entirely Lithuanian” and inadmissible. One would search in vain for the conjunctions under discussion in DLKG as well—they are not mentioned there. Perhaps this is due to the explicitly prescriptive nature of that grammar.

9.4. In publications for the general public and schools that appeared after the academic grammar, the conjunction vienok is consistently corrected, often without even stating the reason for the correction. The same few illustrative examples make their way from one book to another...

The Short Language Guide links the conjunction to Russian однако and Polish jednak and corrects it to tačiau. The following example is given: There were many difficult hours for him, vienok (= however) the hardy Samogitian held out. (TKV 1972: 79).

Already in the first edition of the popular publication for the general public, Advice on Language Practice, vienok is judged to be an inadmissible calque (n. vert.), which is recommended for replacement with the conjunction tačiau (KPP 1976: 305). In the second edition, the conjunction vis dėlto was also added to the alternatives. Two examples of such correction are given:

He had many kinds of difficult hours, vienok (= however, nevertheless) he did not give in. Vienok (= However) that treatment was unsuccessful. (KPP 1985: 343).

Aldono Pupkio aukštųjų mokyklų vadovėlyje Kalbos kultūros pagrindai (1980) vienok taisomas ne sintaksės, o leksikos skyriuje kaip „visai neįmanomos darybos“ vertalas. O „vertalais kalbos kultūroje vadiname tik tokius žodžius, kurie neteikiami vartoti bendrinėje kalboje jokiame kontekste“ (Pupkis 1980: 108).

In the chapter “Conjunctions and Particles” of Arnoldas Piročkinas’s The Culture of Administrative Language, we read:

The old calque однако, jednak of Slavic conjunctions, vienok, still occurs and is easily replaced by the Lithuanian conjunction tačiau, e.g.: Vienok (= However) the city’s public education department does not always provide information about events. (Piročkinas 1990: 107).

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Prano Kniūkštos sudarytame Lietuvių kalbos žinyne (1998) jungtukas vienok minimas skyriuje „Nevartotini netaisyklingi vertiniai“ (autorė Danutė Tarvydaitė). Kaip įprasta, jį siūloma keisti jungtukais bet, tačiau, pateikiamas tas pats chrestomatinis pavyzdys apie nepalūžusį žemaitį (LKŽin 1998: 438). Atitinkamame sudėtinio sakinio skyriuje šis jungtukas visai neminimas.

9.5. This brief overview of the codification of the conjunction vienok in Lithuanian linguistics shows that it began to be corrected indiscriminately around the beginning of the 1970s, after the publication of the second volume of the Grammar of the Lithuanian Language, in which it was declared nonstandard and unsuitable for use in the standard language.

10. In conclusion, I will repeat that the conjunction and particle vienok is an old Lithuanian word. It is most likely neither a borrowing nor a calque, but a derivative formed with the shortened suffix *-āk- from the root vien- of the numeral pronoun. Therefore, it could be considered suitable for standard Lithuanian.

ŠALTINIAI

ALEW: Altitauisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, projekto vadovas W. Hock. Prieiga internete: http://www2.hu-berlin.de/indogermanistik/alew.php.

DLKT: Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas. Prieiga internete: http://tekstynas.vdu.lt/.

DKKS: Didžiųjų kalbos klaidų sąrašas. Prieiga internete: http://www.vlkk.lt/lit/lt/klaidos/%20zo-dyno3.

DP: Połtilla CATHOLICKA. Táí eft: Ižguldimas Ewangeliu kiekwienos Nedelos ir ßwetęs per wiłłús metús. Per Kúnigą MIKALOIV DAVKSZ{Ą} Kanonîką Médnikų / iž ǯękißko pergůldita. Su walá ir daładimu wíreuliuiu. W Wilniui / Drukárnioi Akademios SOCIETATIS IESV, A. D. 1599. Prieiga internete: http://www.lki.lt/seniejiirastai/db.php?source=2.

LKŽe 2005: Lietuvių kalbos žodynas 1–20 (elektroninis variantas). Vyr. red. G. Naktinienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas. Prieiga internete: www.lkz.lt.

MzG II: Gesmes Chrikłςonikas gedomas baßnicz̧ofu per Welikas ir Sekminias ik Aduenta. Ißchƀpaulas Karalauczui / nůg Jona Daubmana. Metu Diewa / M. D. LXX. Cituojama iš: G. Subačius, red., Martynas Mažvydas. Katekizmas ir kiti raštai. Catechismus und andere Schriften, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 1993, 287–636.

SP I: PUNKTY KAZAN od Adwentu áž do Postu / Litewskim językiem, z wytłumáczeniem ná Polskie PRZEZ Kśiędźá KONSTANTEGO SZYRWIDA / Theologá Societatis IESV / Z DOZWOLENIEM STARSZYCH wydáne. W WILNIE W Drukárniéy Akademiey Societatis Iesv Roku M.DC.XXIX. Cituojama iš: Šy̆rwid̄s Punktay sakimu (Punkty kazań), Teil I: 1629, Teil II: 1644, litauisch und polnisch mit kurzer grammatischer Einleitung herausgegeben von Dr. Franz Specht, Professor an der Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1929.

WP: ISCHGVLDIMAS EVANGELIV PER WISVS METTVS, SVRINKTAS DALIMIS ISCH DAVGIA PASTILLV̇, TAI EST ISCH PASTILLAS NICVLAI HEMINGY, ANTONY CORVINI, IOANNIS SPANGENBERGI, MARTINI LVTHERI, PHILIPPI MELANTHONIS, IOANNIS BRENTY, ARSATY, SCHOPER, LEONARDI KVLMĀNI IODOCY WILICHI IR ISCH KITTV̇ φ. Prieiga internete: http://www.lki.lt/seniejiirastai/db.php?source=37.

WuP: Połtilla Catholicka Mniẹyza. To ieft: Krotkie Kazánia / álbo wykłády świętych Ewángeliy / ná káżdą Niedźielę / y ná káżde święto przez cały rok / według náuki prawdziwéy Kośćiołá Chrześćijáń-kiego Powßechnego. [...] Przez D. Iakvba Wvyka z Wągrowcá / Theologá Spcietatis Iesv. [...] W KRAKOWIE, w Drukárniey Andrzeia Piotrkowczyká / Roku Páńskiego / 1590. Cituojama iš:

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Mikalojaus Daukšos 1599 metų POSTILĖ ir jos šaltiniai. Leidimą parengė J. Palionis, Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2000.

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THE FATE OF THE WORD VIENOK

S u m m a r y

The article discusses the origins of the word vienok, its use and codification. It is considered that this word is not a loan-word but an own word resulting from autonomous Lithuanian language. Its use in the standard language should not be reprehended.

KEYWORDS: loan-words, inherited lexis, codification.

ARTŪRAS JUDŽENTIS

Lietuvių kalbos institutas

Petro Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius

[email protected]

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