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Статус и узус общественно-политического термина в аспекте культуры речи

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Статус и узус общественно-политического термина в аспекте культуры речи

Author: Тамила Ивановна Панько
Year: 1985
Source: https://journals.lki.lt/actalinguisticalithuanica/article/download/1680/1778
MOKSLO
KALBOS
KULTOROS
IR
TERMINOLOGIJOS
PROBLEMOS
LIETUVIU
KALBOTYROS
KLAUSIMAI,
XXIV(1985)
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115