STUDIES OF
THE
LITHUANIAN
LANGUAGE
SANDARS
QUESTIONS OF
LITHUANIAN
LINGUISTICS,
XXVI (1987)
BONIFACAS
STUDIES 15 J.
BALCIKONIS
ACCENTOLOGY
J. Baléikonis
was
in e es ed in
accen ology,
as in mos
o he ields
o linguis ics,
as a
p ac i ione —
a passiona e
cul i a o o
language
cul u e, a
peculia
lexicog aphe-
. In 1919—1924,
while eaching
Li huanian
language a
he
Pane ėžys
Teache s’
Semina y, he
in oduced
he basics o
accen ology
and
in oduced
he p inciples
o co ec
spelling. In an
open le e o
he Minis e
o Educa ion
(I 75)*
published in
1927, he
lamen ed he
poo
hea ical
language and
poin ed ou a
ew e o s in
he sc ip
(medzZiagés,
iSmoky i). In
1929-1934, in
lec u es gi en
on Kaunas
adio, he
co ec ed
he mos
common
lexical, wo d
o ma ion
and spelling
e o s. Since
1935, J.
BalSikonis
was a membe
o he
Li huanian
Language
Socie y's
Commission
o he
P onuncia ion
and
P onuncia ion
Sec ion.
Ki éi's
mis akes
we e
co ec ed
la e , on
a ious
occasions: in
a icles,
e iews, in his
pedagogical
wo k. Ha ing
become
edi o o he
Li huanian
language
dic iona y, he
pu s a lo o
e o in o
en iching he
dic iona y
wi h
au hen ic
wo ds om
a ious pa s
o Li huania.
In se e al
a icles,
u ging he
gene al public
o collec he
easu es o
li ing
language, he
asked o
commen s on
hei
p ese a ion,
ele ance. J.
Baléikonis is
conside ed
he g ea es
and pe haps
he mos
consis en
ollowe o J.
Jablonski’s
adi ion. He
elied on
Jablonski,
coun ing on
his au ho i y
no only in
co ec ing
language
e o s, bu
also in eading
Li huanian
language
cou ses o
home
eache s.
This can be
seen e y
clea ly om
he lec u e o
Baléikonis
published in
he 2nd
olume o he
“Rink iniy
as y”,
whe e some
space is also
gi en o
c oss-sec io-
nal ma e s. A
syllable is
de ined as,,a
sound ha is
placed on a
syllable” (II 5);
plg. The
de ini ion
gi en in J.
Jablonski’s
g amma o
1922 is:,, he
passing o a
owel when
p onouncing
Zodj is i s
consonan ”
(RR 1.189). In
he lec u es
gi en a e
he G ea
Té yné Wa ,
“The wo d’s
in e jec ion
is no called a
oice’s ise,
bu a
s onge
( owel o
diph hong
beginning o
end) ise” (II
294). J.
Baléikonis, like
J. Jablonskis,
does no ye
use he e m
p onoun —
p onoun is
also called a
p onoun, so in
gene al
p onoun and
p onoun a e
dis inguished:
he le
p onoun
shows he
sho ness o
he syllable,
he igh
p onoun
shows he
leng h o he
syllable, he
igh p onoun
shows he
leng h o he
syllable.
Following J.
Jablonski’s
g amma o
1901, in he
summa y o
lec u es gi en
a he
Pane ėžys
eache
semina y i, wu
+ Rakii a zymi
‘, la e , as in
J. Jablonski’s
g amma o
1922, he u ns
o he
adi ion o F.
Ku Saié —he
begins o use
he g a e.
The e is also
men ion o
he seman ic
unc ion o
he ki éio (by
he way, all
examples wi h
empo a y
p eposi ion):
dus a — aiix a,
mé k i
—me k i, e c.
(IL 8). 1 In
pa en heses
he olume
and page o J.
Bal ikonis,,Ri-
nk iniy
a¥ y%* (V.,
1978, 1982).
When
speaking
abou J.
Jablonski, he
abb e ia ion
RR is used,
e e ing o
his,,Selec ed
Wo ks“ (V.,
p-2, excluding
mo . gim. ns.
néSan i, and 1
a. p., i8excep
o he i s
pe son
singula .
naudininka
neSandidm. J.
Jablonski is
also simila ly
ki éio aný,
wi h he
excep ion
— ns. a
lieu enan ,
ha ing only 1 a.
p. (in
su e ing,
sick).
Skai a dis
Sim as J.
Bal&ikonis
ki éiuoja
second
ki éio a,
Jablonskis
— ou h (2 a. p.
only as a
a ian ). J.
Bal ikonis has
also w i en a
numbe o
a icles
speci ically
o he en al
indus y. In
one o hem,
published in
1938, i is
shown ha
he o m
p dcen as, 0
no
p ose i as, is
app op ia e
o he
common
language; in
ano he ,
published in
1960, and
published
in,,Rink inieji
aS ai“ (I
354—357), he
ques ion o
he ki gizing
o he
p e-délé y (in
BalSikonio
e m
—p ieSdélé y)
ac ion is
discussed. By
no ing ha
_,,dél ki gio
kélimo i
p ie¥déli
ski iasi
daba inis
laikas nuo
bi iojo
ka inio“ (1
355), he
au ho ies
o dis inguish
only he
p esen - ime
phonomo pho-
logical classes
o e bs,
which a e
deduc ible
in o he
p esen - ime,
om he
non-deduc ib-
le ones. Mo e
p ospec i el-
y, he e i
would be
necessa y o
look o he
simila i ies
and
di e ences
be ween he
wo o ms o
w i ing in he
pas , which J.
Bal ikonis,
mos likely,
did and did (i
is clea ha
he a icle is
no comple e),
bu he ac s
p esen ed in
i a e aluable
in hemsel es.
In addi ion,
he a icle
al eady uses
he
p eposi ional
e m. The
1957,
1959),
19
Fo he
pu poses
o his
a icle, J.
Bal ikon-
is used
he e m
pa adig-
m. By he
way, un il
he end
o his
li e, he
linguis
did no
ag ee
wi h he
cu en
c oss-se-
c ional
classi ic-
a ion,
which
p e ailed
a e K.
Biiga's
s udy in
he i s
olume
o LKZ.
He, as did
J.
Jablonsk-
is un il
1925,
ollowed
he
Ku Sai i-
o-Jaunia-
us
scheme,
claiming
ha i
was
mo e
sui able
o he
p esen
day
language
(J
387—388).
Al hough,
as
al eady
said, J.
Bal&ikon-
is ollows
Jablonski
(mo e
speci ic-
ally his
1922
g amma-
), he e
a e
some,
albei
mino ,
di e en-
ces in he
d a ing
o he
abo e-m-
en ioned
abs ac-
. This is
pa icul-
a ly ue
o he
nouns,
he
named
e bs,
and he
ac i e
e bs.
Fo
example,
J.
Baléikon-
is gi es
he
a ian s:
i a dZiu
jis, ji,
as, a,
Sis, Si
ns.
inaginin-
ko jué
(juo), ja
(jd) e al.,
dgs. o
he las
pe son
juds
(jus), jas
(jds) e c.
; like and
o he s
p.n.s. he
bene i
o he
use, such
and such.
The i s
o ms
a e
p esen -
ed in J.
Jablonsk-
i's
g amma
o 1922,
only
pazymé-
a ha in
places i
is
p onoun-
ced
di e en-
ly, and
as. he
noun is so
wice
s i ed
up ( dkiai
i okiai;
1901
g amma-
).
I a dziu-
o iniy
biid a d-
ziy ns. J.
Baléikon-
is uses
he i s
syllable
(jdunaja-
m,
didziaja-
m), while
he mo e
common-
ly used
jaundj-
am
(jaundm-
jam),
gi en
a e
he wa ,
is
ea ed
as a
a ian (II
34). J.
Jablonsk-
is always
used he
las
syllables:
didzidmj-
am (1901
g amma-
, RR 1 84),
didzZidj-
am (1922
g amma-
, RRI211).
The
p esen
ense
pa icip-
an s o
he
ac i e
e b
we e
chosen
by J.
Baléikon-
is in he
3 d
cen u y.
g ea es and
undoub edly
he mos
aluable wo k
o he schola
on
accen ology is
he
a icle,,Bid a-
dzZiai su
p iesaga -inis
i ju
ki éia imas“,
w i en in
1951 (I 201—207).
He e J.
Bal ikonis,
based on he
abundan
ac s o
a ious
dialec s
(,,li ing
language“),
o mula es a
e y simple
ule, he
essence o
which is
obse ed
now®:,, o use
a su ix, i
i8
i
[bid a dziai.
—
B.
S.]
make a
iS
inal
in e sec ion
I mean,
ki gizi
Saknj
(kamienq)
—
i
i8
Roo s
( unk)
ki sch
ZodZiy’
(I
205).
Acco ding o
a
he same ule,
nouns wi h he
su ix -nik can
i
be mul iplied.
su
A icle 2
Abb e ia ion
a.p. =
accen ua ed
pa adigm
(ki ¢iuo é). 3
Plg. Laigonai e
A. Li huanian
language
accen ua ion.
—V., 1978, p. 58.
20
asime
co ec
obse a ion
ha
Zemai iai
i
close o
hem
yes e day
aukS aiéiai
ungene ali-
a
zuo i ki j
p iesagoje,
one ano he
0
De ia ions
om he
ules o he
wo d,
luc ua ions
a e no
dis u bed in
any dialec ,
e en he
pe son
o
himsel can
be bii i wice
ki éiuojama.
The mos
o iginal hing,
which can be
ple o y o a
mo e se ious
heo e ical
gene aliza io-
n, is
J.
Baléikonis'
obse a ion
ha he
ad e bs
-in he case o
a biwo d,
unknown o
he li ing
language, we
do no eel he
i egula
in e jec ion,
i i is a
o
c ea u e o
he li ing
language, he
unusual
in e jec ion
immedia ely
ca ches ou
eye
i
(I
206).
J.
Baléikonis,
appa en l-
y, el
ha he
new
Zod7iai always
ne
end o ollow
he es ablished
ules o
c ossing.
This is
shown by
he
dialec al accen s.
I
in gene al,
acco ding
o which
accen ua-
ion
pa adigm a
speci ic
Zodis, i
depends
i
on ha
a
The wo d is
no mal,
own,
unusual,
“ o eign”
o he use
a
o he
language.
He e we
come o he
p agma ic
hing, which
can be
conside ed
sepa a ely
(Z .
»Misy
language-
1985,
«, No.
6,
p.
9).
Eas e n
Da jeeli-
ng
Le me ell
you abou
i
o he
mo e
in e es i-
ng
obse a i-
ons o Baléikonis.
He was
pe haps
he i s
o d aw
a en i-
i
on o he
ac ha
Ve b
in e jec i-
on
singula ia
an um, in
ansi i e
need’me
used in
plu al,
j
passes o
inal
in e jec io-
n, e.g.,
duksas, be
knyga
su
auksais
(I
275,
286).
All
Baléikonio,
simila o
i
Jablonski’s
c edo,
p inciple o
Li huaniani-
s ac i i y
was o ely
on he ac s
o he li ing
language.
Fo
example,
1928
in 1999,
when
e iewing
V.
Kaman ausko
,,A Sho
S udy o
he
Li huani-
an Language“
(Kaunas, He
1928),
poin s ou
ha he
ad e b aiskus
in some
dialec s is he
i s , in o he s
he ou h
consonan ,
Baléikonis
seeks
—
esis ance in
he healing,
dialec al
(I
100),
—
language.
ka
Vis del o
i
su
dialec
ac s he
linguis
was
a he
cau ious:
“i is
always
possible o
ely solely
on wha is
now in he
dialec s;
ne
we ind a
lo he e
made"
ka
(I
95).
So, you
i
ia
ha e o
sepa a e
he g ids
om he
mouse.
To do his
o en
helps he
p inciple
o
analogy,
by which
J.
Bal&ikonis
elies, o
example, in he
same yea on
c i icizing
1928
S.
DabuSi,
he o m
o
common
language
lie u $s
—
lie u {
(such leasing
is known as
sou h-eas
neighbo hoo-
ds): i
i
ju
Salia
Ragu a,
Sedu d
(you can
also add
i
Linku d
a k .)
we ha e
ho ned,
Sedi is
(and he
squeake-
...), i
Salia
Li huania
u é y
bi i
lie i is
(I
95).
This is he
basic o m
o he
binomial
i
lie u iskas.
These
ad e bs
biidya dZiai,
as he
schola
u he
s a es,
iSlaiko
amewo k
ZodZio's
unk
C ossing
i
in he mis
(b éli
—
b éligkas,
sése j
sése ixkas,
—
gal ijg
gal ijiskas
—
i
.
.).
O elsewhe e i
is unde s ood
ha some imes
he in e jec ion
may be le elled
ne
by a nea
meaning
o he wise
su
ZodZiu's
hi ing
(I 206).
Howe e ,
i
he
applica i-
on o
analogy
ne
a om
always
p oduces
he expec ed esul s.
Fo
example, i
can be
shown
equally
e icien ly
ha i is
necessa y
o
i
ki éio ať
pe cen
pe cen , c .
wo-way
en ed
iden ical
s uc u es
indeb ed
b d o as
i
a é as,
sliéso ius
i
o 6 ius,
sulod
i
nabagas.
In p o iding
1938
in he yea
w i en
a icle
no ma i e
ly i
p écen as,
Baléikonis
J.
elies on he
adi ion
a ian
—
p oce i as
esas naujai
plin an is
(I
161—162).
Vis del o
In his case,
appa en ly,
i was
app op ia-
e o
ecognize
he
p oximi y
|
o
p écen as p océ i as, c .
Gd en as|ad e i as,
élen as| alen s
i
.
.
On he o he
hand, as can
be seen om
he
iS
p elimina y
de elopmen
o he
p esen
spoken
language,
some o he
h ee-syllab-
le
bo owings
a e
gene alized
in he i s
syllable, hus
—
J.
Bal ikonio
se lemen , i
seems, is e y
p omising.
21
Speaking
abou he
wi hd awal
o he
s ike and
he
nukélimg
J.
dialec ,
Baléikonis occasionally
They
we e w ong.
Wai .
1928
m.
op ions
occasion,
skin, ice
ime
su
Inco ec-
ly aken
ki-
&all
j
(I
95).
He e en
ies o
o mula e a
kind o
désninguma:
dialec ,
iSlaikiusios
ki i
gale,,,has a
p e e ence
dél Unknown
o igin o
e e ybody
else come
elsewhe e
i$
The wo d
o b ing
he ki ii
end“
(1
95),
e.g.,
leopa d
—>lie u s.
I is no
necessa y
o wo y
oo much
y
abou such
a si ua ion:
ki éio
a ac ion
esp.
The
con usion
su
o
ki éiuodgiy
di e enc-
es occu s
i
e en in
mode n imes.
O
dél lie u s
ipo
a ian y i
is said ha
he o m
o he inal
pa iciple
&ia may be
ela ed o
seman ic
su
easons: he
singula inal
pa iciple can
be gene alized
in o he o m
kuopinés
lie u iai, c .
i8
La ians,
Poles,
Ge mansCia
i
.
.°
O
ano he
example:
miné os
V.
The e iew o
Kaman ausk-
as's book
s a es ha
(I
100)
,, he
inc eased
syllable
some im-
es di e s om
Roo
wi hd a-
ws end
j
(hea ,
hea ),
0
some im-
es om
he end
pushes
j
he
beginning
( inge , kni e)“.
Al hough
b ie ly i
should be
said abou
i
he ac ual
lexicon,
he
s anda di-
za ion o which
J.
Bal¢ikonis
paid a lo o
a en ion. In
many
a icles,
e iews,
igh ing o
au hen ic
placename
uz
o ms, he
poin ed ou
he co ec
p onuncia i-
on, e.g. :
i
jy
Seedlings
2,
Galsia
4,
Black
3
(no
Jiéoda
1),
Madisxiagala
1,
Si in os
34,
Vilnia
1.
Ne
Names o
places
J.
Baléikonis was
himsel a
checke , a émési
in o man ,
un o una ely,
i
always
compe en , bu
ne
some
co ec ions in
ecen
onomas ics
wo ks ha e been
jo
abandoned, o
example, such
o ms as
Bilsas
1,
G iéZupé,
Léi é,
Tau agn-
as and
i
o he s.
(I
340,
372)°.
I would like
o poin
ou
ano he
aluable
obse a i-
on o he
gene al
Bal ic
(I
372):
zymé i singula
a-kamieniy
sho
ci cum lex
i
Roo
hyd ony-
ms
(Bik as,
Klana,
B adas,
i
e c.)
ki giuo e
—
2
a
4
—
né a
eisinga’-
S ill
dél o, as
ecen ly
poin ed
ou
déemesj
V.
Vi kauskas’,
in dialec s
whe e he
ilia i e is
used, such
oponymy
can be
iden i ied.
1965
me als
,,Science in
i
echnology“ in
he p in ed
a icle wi hou
Ka
delimi a ion
mus be done o
he language
science*
Bal ikonis,
be
o he wise,
a8é:
ssVe y
use ul
phone ics
o w i e
di e en
dialec
ex s...
Songs, ales
o he
olklo e
i
aSan need
o be also
compiled*
(I
379).
P ie
The
p o esso
o his wo k
i
himsel has
con ibu ed
nicely,
showing
examples: he
w o e
1953—1954
m.
abou olk
singe s
J.
Ju konienes
ansc ibed all
he songs she
lea ned, compiled
hem and
p epa ed a
publica ion, which
i
was published
a e he dea h
(,,D uskininku
dainos“, V., By he
way, he wo ds
po
a e a anged
acco ding o he
melody, as hey
a e used in he
1972).
colloquial
language. To
w i e as many
au hen ic dialec
ne
ex s as possible
is e y impo an
o
hese days, 4% .
i
—
Zinke iéius
Z.
The
depa u e o
i
he c ossing
om he ki éia ion pa adigm.
—
Linguis ics,
1979,
.
30(1),
p.
90-93.
5
Mo e M .
S undzia
B.
Plu al pe sonal
nouns a e
necessa y o
i
jy
he
econs uc ion
o adjec i es
and p onouns.
—
Kn. :
Lie u iy
onomas ikos
y inéjimai
(Li huanian
onomas ics
s udies).
V.,
1981,
.
21,
p.
192—193.
®
Au hen ic
Siy
hyd ony-
my o ms
a e
Bilsas,
G ieZipé,
Lei e,
Taii agnas,
2.
Vanagas
A.
"Li huanian
Hyd onymy
E ymologic-
al Zodynas".
—
V.,
1981.
7
So i was
done
,,Lie u os
TSR upiy
eZe y
i
a dyne’
(V., who
1963),
J.
Bal ikonis
e iewed
(@
371-373).
®
Z .
Masy
language,
1985,
No.
5,
p.
40-41.
22
o
iS ySkéjo
i
J.
Baléikonio
100 h
anni e sa y o
his bi h in he
lec u es and
discussions a
he con e ence.
In summa y, i
can be s a ed
ha , when
in es iga ing
he no ming o
he subjec s o
i
J.
a)
i§
J.
Jablonski’s
i
o he
adi ions
inhe i ed
he p inciple
o he
p io i y o
he »LIFE
b)
language«;
sha ply
dis inguish-
ed au hen ic
dialec al
ac s om
newly-accu-
mula ed
ac s; qui e
c)
success ully
ackled he
p inciple o
analogy.
Some
sub le
J.
Baleikonis’
obse a ions
abou he
ela ionship
be ween
seman ics
su
and
p agma ic
di e ences
o accen ual
pa adigms
can be
ex ensi ely
elabo a ed
u he .
M3
AKWEHTOJIOFHH
10.
BAJIbYHKOHHCA
Pesiome
TypH uccneqosanum
akieHTomo mueckux
mpoGnem, Kak
uw
B
I 's a ho opic, FO.
Banbunkonuc
ucxonum
13
mpHopu e a
2% o he
o al
Pasaesa
WCKOHHEIC
baxTsI
opopos
Mu
HOBOOOpa30BaHHA,
yMeno
I'm so y,
I'm so y.
B
e o
pabo ax
o6-
PallleHO
BHAMaHHe
Ha
HeKOTOpbIe
TOHKMe
BOMPOCHI
akyeHTyauHH.