LIETUVIY
KALBOTYROS
QUESTIONS
XXXVI
(1996)
LIETUVIY
LANGUAGE:
TYRES
IR
STUDIES
Dalia
PAKALNISKIENE
LIETUVIY
LANGUAGES
In e locu o y
IR
e bs a e
p esen in
almos all
Indo-Eu opean
languages, in
some mo e han
in o he s.
—
Jy
de elopmen in
indi idual
languages is
di e en : in
some
languages
in e jec ions
a e
disappea ed
dél phonee iniy
ki okiy
a
p iezaséiy
(e.g., pe ejo
p iesaginiy
j
e bozodziy
klase, plg.
a m.
lk°anem
‘ esidua-
i
l’ lo .
linquo,
sk .
indk i), in
o he
—
cases, i has
dec eased.
The mos
abundan
in e jec io-
nal e bs
appea ed in
he eas e n
Bal ic
languages,
especially in Li huanian.
In hese
languages he
inse ion, as a
i
su ix s a,
pe o med
ce ain
unc ions
ha we e no
p esen in
o he
Indo-Eu opean
languages.
An especially
impo an ole in
he o ma ion o
Eas e n Bal ic
in e jec i e
s em e bs was
played by
i
ca ego ical
seman ics and
he eme gence o
he
sel -objec i e
e b, associa ed
wi h he
—
o ma ion o
dia eziniy
mo
opposi ional e b
pai s, e.g., i ka
eikia, u ika
su
a kia
/
/
(A umaa;
Endzelins
LVG;
Queen
BKSBK;
Kazlauskas
LKIG;
Kolln;
Paulauskienes
GVK;
S epano
VZP;
Themes
RGF k . ).
i
Thus, i is
impo an o
analyze he
in e jec ions
o he same
e bs in he
i
Li huanian
language.
su
Roo s
(7)a s ems wi h
some o he
i
s uc u al
ac ionazodies.
I ai iy
Acco ding
o he
sou ces, in
Li huanian
he e a e
ixed
356
in a piniy
esp.
s a
kamieniy
i
(i)a s one and
egyp ian ype
ac ionazodziy
opposi ions.
The analysis o
he linguis ic
opposi ion o
he gene ic
unc ional
s ings allows
i
o iden i y he
diach onic
laye s o
in e posi ion
o Li huanian
in o he s one
unc ional
wo ds.
i
1.
P aindoeu opeiskajam
in e piniy ac ionazodZiy
sluoksniui! bidingi
Sie žymiai:
inse ion
usually joins
o he
dec easing
deg ee
Sakny
(e.g., lo .
linquo
‘ es ’:
sk .
indk
‘ emain’:
p .
pos -line
‘ emain’;
lo .
umpo
“dauzau,
plésiu,
g iaunu”:
sk .
lumpd i
‘lauzo’.
Roo end
consonan
bi s a e
ai ly
limi ed
mos o
he ime
—
The oo ends wi h
explosi e consonan s,
a ely wi h puding
consonan s.
P e-Indo-Eu opean
in e jec ional
ac ionThe seman ic
posi ions o he wo ds
we e
undi e en ia ed, hey
mean bo h ac i e and
sel -ac ing ac ion
i
(appa en-
ly,
daznesné
was
ac i e
ac ion),
e.g., la .
s ing
‘paunu’,
a .
minimum
‘maiso’
(plg.
lie.
Sel -ac i-
ng
eiSkianc-
ius
s iniga,
mys a)
i
lo .
nobody
(= lie.
sni iga).
Bu hey
we e
di e e-
n om
each o he
a
Acco ding o us, he
in e jec ional e bs o
12
Li huanian a e inhe i ed
om he
p e-Indo-Eu opean
pe iod.
is
(snow,
skin,
clean,
s ing,
dial.
line
*lieka”
,
mys a, bunda,
du isa,
ku ika,
mu ika,
u ipa, senka
(PeGiule iéiu é
VEIK).
83
e bazodziy
one aspec o
i8
ca ego ical
seman ics o
he mo i e o
—
ac ion, ha is
Te mina i e
ac ion
(z .
Kuipe
IN;
Collapsed:
Ma s ande
NIC k . ).
i
2.
Whi e
should
ha e
spoken in
he same
a
way.
This is shown by he
in e jec ion e bs in
he ela i e meaning o
u
ac i e ac ion,
appa en ly inhe i ed
om he
su
p e-Indo-Eu opean
pe iod, e.g., p .
i8
po-linka
”
palieka”,
common
Li huani-
an-La i-
i
an
de i a i-
es
b enda
i
b iedu,
Ciumpa
i
éupu,
anda
i
iodu e c.
i
; lie u iu
enda
‘ idena’,
b u ika
”b uka,
e pia,
sp audZia,
kiSa” e c.
i
3.
Many
changes
occu ed
in he
ea ly
Bal ic epoch.
P asideda
e baliniy
Wi h he
su
quali a i e
change o
he owels
in he
sen ence,
—
he p ocess
o speech is
o med by
seman ic
mo phologic-
/
al opposi ion causa i e esul a i e
(e.g., kélia
kyla: la.
/
celes ial,
/
c ea ion-
al: la.
/
c ess,
/
e c. ).
i
This
p ocess is
simila o
i
he Eas
Bal ic
languages,
excep ha
—
many
Li huanian--
speaking
opposi ions
ha e no
equi alen
in La ian.
In eas e n
Bal ic
languages,
nex o he
in a pa ion,
he e is he
possibili y o
inse ion in o
a s one, a
p oli e a ion
o in a pa ion
i
in o a s one.
—
The oo can end
only wi h
explosi e, blowing
ne
consonan s, bu
wi h sona es,
semi owels aoe.
i
The
consonan ism o
he oo end
leads o
di e en
mo phological
s uc u e o
he p esen
ense in
Li huanian and
i
La ian, e.g.
su
Jau u
lie u iy
has
in e jec -
ional
p esen
ense
o ms
(e.g., lgja,
g iu a,
b@la), in
la iy s a
o
kamienes
—
(shee s,
boa ds,
suppo -
s) o
a
unks
(Laugh e )
In
addi ion
o he
in e jec-
ional
i
p esen
i
ense
o ms
lie u iy,
la iy in
he
language
inc easingly becomes s a kamienés
(especially
o
in la ables)
The oo
end
consonan -
s, sonan s,
e.g. duz a
du iza,
||
bi s a
bi a).
||
The inse ion in
i
his s em
acqui es a
speci ic
meaning o
spon aneous
ac ion,
associa ed wi h
he o ma ion
su
o dia eziniy
opoziciniy
ac ionazZodziy
po y:
bal ikosios
The change
su
o he owels
o he oo s
dis inguishes
{
sepa a e
lexems,
o ming
dia he ic
opposi ions,
e.g., bal .
* e -
/
* i lie.
>
u ning,
u ning,
u ning,
i
u ning,
u ning,
u ning, u ning.
The o ma ion
o he
/
opposi ion
causa i a
esul a i a
i
inspi ed o he
p ocesses o
eg ouping in
he s em:
Ve b e bs wi h
undi e en ia ed
dia hesis a e
he his o ical
meaning, new
p esen ense
o ms,
pab éziané ac ion
o ms, he
ac i i y o he
agen in ela ion
o he objec ,
e.g., ac ion wo d
déga
i
su
"bu ns,
hea s” in
dialec s
has oo
ia
in e jec -
i
ions o
he
p esen
ense:
dégia, c .
la.
bu ning
(causa i e)
i
dengue
(mu a i e).
4.1.
In Li huanian
language,
be
men ioning he
p ocesses ha
began in he
Eas e n Bal ic
epoch, on he
i
basis o he
causa i e- esu-
l a i e
opposi ion, a
/
new seman ic
ope a i e
opposi ion, he
du a i e- e mi-
na i e
opposi ion,
begins o o m,
whose
membe s'
ca ego ical
/
seman ics
a,
di e en ia ed
acco ding o
he na u e o
he ac ion.
(non-de ini e
i
du a ion
ac ions)
Ea lie , i
seems,
o med
in a piniy
esp.
s a
kamieniy
i
The oo o he
a
e b is a
da ybiné
opposi ion,
o mally
adequa e o he
opposi ion
esul a i a
causa i a, p Z.,
/
spi iga spiégia,
- i ks a e kia,
-Su ika sa kia.
/
|
/
La e i
begins o
g ow
in a pin-
84
iy esp.
s a kamieniy
da iniy
mi iojo ype
i8
e bazodiiy,
e.g. gla gli,
-é i; k impa
k épia, -e i.
/
|
The seman ics
o hese
i
in e jec ions
becomes e y
de ined, as all
o hem
equi e a
ansi ion
om one e b
—
o ano he .
iS
{
Mos
e mina i y a e
used as
su
p eposi ions,
acqui ing he
meaning o he
beginning o an ac ion.
:
Rela ion-
ships
be ween
wo
di e e-
n ypes o opposi ion
( esul a i a
/
causa i a
i
e mina i a
du a i a),
/
appa en ly,
galé y show
ce ain
ac ions
*b idges”,
in which he
ca ego ical
seman ic
ela ions
a e as i
in e media-
e be ween
bo h
opposi ion
ypes, such
ju
as:
S i i a
/
Swea ,
yks a
/
éiskia,
gils a
/
gélia.
In he p esen
language,
hese ac ion
wo ds o m
he opposi ion
e mina i a
du a i a, bu
we can easily
/
see causal links
be ween he
opposi ional
lexems (S iés i
kauzuoja
i
eiksmazodj
Swea
i
. . ).
4.2.
When p esen
ense
o man s a e
used in
di e en ia ed
ca ego ical
use, in
Li huanian
language he e
is a di ec
imi a i e o m,
a sound o a
s uc u e
change.
4q.
The imi a i e
oo has a
p ope
ja
mo phological
s uc u e,
ealized by
ca ego ical
conc e e e b
i
seman ics, e.g.
bliu b i, -ia,
(du a i e,
-é
o sound)
bliu bé i,
bli ba,
—
bliu béjo
( ib a i e
wi h
i e a i e
su
shades, o
sound)
blii b i, -s a,
(mu a i e,
o
—
s uc u e
change).
-o
Sa aiminiy
in a piniy
s a kamieniy
imi a y y
ka ego iné
seman ika
i
neapib éz a
all o hem
a e
mu a i es,
usually
signi ying
s uc u ii-
—
os ki img
(decay,
sh inkage,
con ac i-
on o
expansion),
some imes
ansien
j
physiologi-
a
cal and
men al
p ocess sphe e.
Phone ic
and
imi a i e
is
possibili y
and
meaning unlimi ed
—
The oo
can begin o
end wi h any
i
consonan ,
ocalism is
e y a ied,
bu mos
a
jy
o en in he
declina ion
(e.g.,
squealin-
g,
squealin-
i
g, whining, e c.).
LITTERA-
CY AND
SOURCES
A umaa
P.
1957:
Von de
Eigenha
des
Ablau s
un
de
Dia hesis
im
Bal ic.
—
Magazine
i Sla ic
Philology
26,
Heidelbe g,
118—149.
DLKZ
—
Cu en
Li huanian
Languages
Zodynas
/
A s.
ed.
J.
A c ooked one.
Vilnius,
1972.
Endzelins
J.
1951:
G amma
o he
La ian
language, Riga.
Ka aliunas
S.
1987:
Bal y
kalby
s uk a y
bend ybés
i
ju
kilme,
Vilnius.
Kazlauskas
J.
1968:
His o ical
g amma
o he
Li huanian
language, Vilnius.
K
g11n
H.
1969:
Opposi ions
o
oice
in
G eek,
Sla ic
and
Bal ic.
— I
Royal
Danish
The Academy o Sciences
Company
His o ical
—
Philosophical
No i ica ions
43,
4.
Kgbenha n.
:
Kuipe
F.B.
J.
1937:
Die
Indo-Eu opean languages
Nasalp dsen ia,
Ams e dam.
LKZ
I —
Lie u iy
languages
Zodynas
I,
Vilnius,
1968.
LLKZ
—
Balke icius
J.,
Handbag
J.
La ian-le u -
iy kalby
Zodynas.
Vilnius,
1977.
Ma s ande
Ca lJ.S.
1924:
Obse a ions
on
Indo-Eu opean
p esen s a
Cel ic nasal
in ixed,
Ch is iania.
en
2
I is
a
ha dly
possible
i
ha such
an
in e lac-
ed s one
ae
empi e
began in
he
common
epoch o
Eas e n Bal ic languages.
In La iy
language
he e a e
se e al
3io ype
ac ionazodziy
pai s, bu
be ween
jy
ne
only does
no o m a
cons uc i-
e
opposi ion
/
e mina i a
du a i a,
bu , i
seems, i is
no possible
o
dis inguish
any clea e
seman ic
di e ence, e.g.
check
||
- You' e ou .
85
Paulauskiene
A.1979:
G ama inés
lie u iy kalbos
eiksmazodzio
ka ego ijos,
Vilnius.
;
Pegeiule ieu es
V.
1994:
Lie u y kalbos
in a piniy s a
kamien y
i
e bozodziy
e ymology in
Indo-Eu opean
languages
(dipl.
wo k,
manusc -
ip ),
Klaipeda.
S epano
J.S:
—
C enauos
WW.
C.
Bung, 3ano ,
nepexoquocTb
(Baa o-caapancKkaa
npo6sema).
—
Mseecmus
AH
CCCP.
Cep.
maT.
u
A3biKa.
1976,
35.
P.
408—420
(1
1977,
36. P.
135—152
(2
1978,
37. P.
344—355
(4).
Themes
S.L.:
—Temuun
C.
JI.
O
pacnpeqenenun
ia oabHEix
cbopMaHTOB
-n-u
-The e's no
s
Gaa Tuiicxom.
—
Jaunyjy
ilology
da bai,
Vilnius.
DIACHRONIC
SCHICHTEN
DER
INFIX-
AND
STAMMIGEN
VERB
IM
LITHUANIAN
Summa y o his
In
A icle is
es ablished
es
da8 he
Meaning o
he
In ix e bs
in
Respec
o
Ca ego y seman ics
im
U bal ic as
well
im
Indo-Eu opean
was i s
undi e en ia ed.
Diese
Ve bs
mean as
well as
ac i e
(c .
ap eu8. polinka
emains”, la .
linguo
”bleibe”,
ai.
line
* e la ”),
as well as
independen
Ac ion
(c .
li .
powe
”i
snows”
and la .
ningui ).
Im
U bal ic o ms
i sel
mo phological
Opposi ion
de
causa i e
/
esul a i e
(c .
li .
some im-
J
es chills
”has
/
isen”,
le .
cephalos-
/
po ins).
In
eas Bal ic
languages
a ises he
Wo d o ma ion
opposi ion o
du a i a
e mina i a
/
(c .
spinga
/
sp egia”
gell
/
k eisch ”
).
oe
a e only o
he
Li huanian
Language
eigen
(c .
li .
bhu bs a
*
sich
a ge ”
).
86