170 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI
jonas PaLionis
Resea ch a eas: his o y o he Li huanian w i en language,
onomas ics.
Leszek bedna czuk
he image o he languageWy
P ince o Wales
o Li huania. In he case o
This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The Li huanian millennium, o a he […] millennium om he oldes known men ion o he Li huanian name
in w i en sou ces […] has ecei ed a wide a en ion no only in ou wo ld, bu also in he wo ld o science
o o he , especially neighbo ing, peoples. A numbe o a icles ela ed o he men ion o he name
Li huania (Li uae) in he annals o Quedlinbu g appea ed, as well as la ge s udies inspi ed by his
millennium jubilee, whe e a ious aspec s o he p oblems o he economic, poli ical, social and cul u al
li e o he G and Duchy o Li huania (Ldk) we e discussed. Some o hem also discuss language di e si y
and language ela ions in a na owe o b oade way. In his espec , he book "Językowy ob az
Wielkiego Księs wa Li ewskiego" by Leszek Bedna czyk (Leszek bedna czuk) published in 2010 in K akow is
pa icula ly no ewo hy. Millenium Li huania MIX[…]MMIX. This is a lis o ilms p oduced by Millenium
Li huania. This is he i s s udy o i s kind, which deals wi h a wide ange o complex no only linguis ic
bu also his o ical p oblems, which he au ho has been s udying since 1974 ( he book "Bibliog aphy"
con ains as many as 32 o his a icles o his kind). 1 Fo mo e in o ma ion, see The encyclopedia o
Li huanian language. Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Publishing o Science and Encyclopedias, 2 o he o he
au ho s' wo ks di ec ly ela ed o he jubilee o he Li huanian name, men ioned: Białuński g. Mission o
he P ussian-Li huanian Bishop B unona o Kwe u u, olsz yn: owa zys wo naukowe i o odek badań
2008, 74.
naukowych im. Wojciecha Ke zyńskiego, 2010; Meysz owicz W. Św. He is a membe o he boa d o
di ec o s o he Eu opean Ins i u e o Inno a ion and Technology. B un in Li huania in he yea 1009.
[…]Li huanian Sla ic Posnaniensia. […]Li huanian Sla ic Posnaniensia. […]Li huanian Sla ic Posnaniensia.
[…]Li huanian Sla ic Posnaniensia. […]Li huanian Sla ic Posnaniensia. […]Li huanian Sla ic Posnaniensia.
[…]Li huanian Sla ic Posnaniansia is a Sla ic language spoken in Li huania and is also spoken in Li huania.
S udia his o ica 13; Millenium o Li huania
= Millennium Li huaniae, ed.
and ex au ho
Mindaugas Šapoka.
Vilnius: Li huanian a museum, 2009; Li huania
1009[…]2009, edi ed by adomas bu imas, u a
janonienė, ojana ačiūnai ė.
Vilnius:
Publishing
house o he Vilnius Academy o A s, 2009;
Pie kiewicz k. The beginnings o he s a e o Li huania. […] S udy o his o y in he yea o he millennium o
he S a e o Li huania. Poznań: Wydawnic wo Poznańskie, 2010; zinke ičius z. ne ime as, zebedenas and k .
[…] Bal is ika 44 (1); also known as […] Bal is ika […] Li huanian name. Kilmė and he c ea ion o o ms. Vilnius: Cen e o he Publishing o Science and Encyclopedias, 2010.
językowy ob az Wielkiego księs wa Li ewskiego.
Millenium Li huaniae MiX–MMiX
171 e iews a e no only linguis ic ela ionships om he ea lies imes, bu also hei
iš knygos įžanginio žodžio („słowo ws ępne“) ma y i, kad au o iui ūpėję ne
de elopmen in ela ion o ou days ([…]do dzisiejszej si uacji językowej[…]), in
addi ion o he ac ha hei basis is made up o e-edi ed and e ised p e iously
published au ho 's a icles. The e o e, he e iewed book can be conside ed an
adjus ed syn hesis o his ea lie esea ch. The book consis s o 15 la ge o smalle
chap e s wi h an ex ensi e (586 uni s) bibliog aphy, a lis o abb e ia ions, summa ies
o he book w i en in ou (Li huanian, Bulga ian, English and Polish) languages, wo
maps (e hnolinguis ic Ldk and Vilnius egion oponyms wi h o m -enięn a) and a lis o
s ee names o Vilnius XV. In he in oduc o y wo ding o he p oblem o language,
he au ho has di ided […]w pewnym up oszczeniu[…] in o h ee hema ic g oups: 1)
Ldk language con ac s (i[…]iV chap e s); 2) Ldk e hnic onomas ics (V[…]iX sec ions) and
3) linguis ic egionalisms c ea ed in he Ldk lands. The mos app op ia e me hod o
s udy such p oblems, in he au ho 's opinion, is he a ea compa ison
(a ealo-po ównawcza), because i allows o in e p e language phenomena ega dless
o hei e i o ial p e alence (niezaleznie od językowych g anic). In his espec , he
closes hing o such an in e p e a ion is e hno-dialec ology, and he supposed
languages and e ms can be called e hno-languages (au ho 's e ms).
such e hnologies in he i s chap e […]s osunki e nolingwis yczne na ziemiach
Wielkiego księs wa Li ewskiego[…] (p. 13[…]26) a e conside ed o be: 1) Li huanian
language, 2) Bulga ian language, 3) Polish language, 4) Li huanian To o language, 5)
Ka ajan language, 6) No h-Eas e n Yiddish, 7) Na i e pagan language ([…]pogańskie
gwa y z na ewu[…]) and 8) Russian sen imen al slang. Al hough he exis ence o some
dis inc e hnic g oups he e, as well as he exis ence o some undoub ed ones, may be
ques ioned, hei dis inc ion and he in oduc ion o new e ms is jus i ied (i seems
o me ha he a ibu ion o he in e p e a ion o linguis ic phenomena o hei
e i o ial dis ibu ion is no always accu a e). In o de o ge a clea e pic u e o
he book's p oblems and o g asp he meaning o he au ho 's desc ip ion o ha
classi ica ion in he wo ds "wi h a ce ain simpli ica ion", i is app op ia e o gi e a
lis o all i een chap e s o he book. In addi ion o he i s sec ion men ioned, he
ollowing a e he u he ones: ii. D ogi ch is ianizacji Li wy (wi h he appendix
[…]Pogoń i wici[…]) (p. 27[…]40); (iii) he ollowing: E hnici y and language o Bela usians (p.
41 […] 60); he ollowing pa ag aph is inse ed: Polish language in win e WkL (p. 6199); V.
o he Polish-Li huanian Commonweal h (p. 100[…]108); Vi. name Wilna and i s inhabi an s
in he documen WkL (p. 109122); Vii. su name o e hnic esiden s WkL (p. 123[…]158); Viii.
Inno a ions in he oponymy o he WkL lands (p. 159-165); he iX. Hyd ome eo ological a eas in he WkL lands (p. 166180); X. Why Niemen? (p. 181.185) This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
Xi. he lowe o he lowe o he lowe o he lowe o he lowe o he
lowe o he lowe o he lowe o he lowe o he lowe o he
lowe o he lowe o he lowe Xii. The si ua ion in he language o e he be e (p. 194[…]200); Xiii. he language ch onicle o he ci y o Mohylewa and Wi ebska (p. 201 […] 212); The XiV. Polonism in Zaby kach and Gwa ach Smoleńskich (wi h he addi ion o […]Lis do
172 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI ilipa obuchowicza... and wi h he C oa ian ex o
jonas PaLionis
he Bulga ian le e om Vilnius om he i les o he chap e s and hei appendices,
i can be seen ha he book con ains subjec s di ec ly un ela ed o i s place name and
iška kopija bei jo kalbos analize) (p. 213–254) i XV. językowe dziedzic wo WkL
w wó czoci adama Mickiewicza (p. 255–280).
deals wi h p oblems, in addi ion o he ac ha i is mainly de o ed o Polish s udies,
ha linguis ic analysis is closely linked o he his o y o he Ldk. The la e ea u e,
which is cha ac e is ic o all sec ions, makes Bedna cik's wo k in e es ing and aluable
no only o e hnologis s o he Bal s and Sla s, bu also o esea che s o he
his o y o hese peoples. In gene al, he book men ions and conside s in a quali ied way
so many p oblems ela ed o he linguis ic mosaic and his o y o Ldk ha i is
impossible o co e hem all in a sho e iew o o commen on hem mo e b oadly.
The e o e, i is limi ed o some gene al ema ks and some Li huanian "e hnic"
subjec s, especially hose cha ac e ized by he au ho 's o iginal poin o iew. One o
such commen s ela es o he dimension o ime al eady men ioned. Al hough he book
adhe es o he adi ional iew ha Ldk co e s he pe iod om he pa i ion o he
Thi d Li huanian-Polish S a e (žečpospoli os) in Mindaugas in 1795 (p. 13), he ime limi o
his his o ical phenomenon is o en c ossed and e en he p esen imes a e eached.
This is pa icula ly e iden in he chap e s desc ibing he e hnolec o he Polish
language, he e hnic cha ac e is ics o he Polish language in he Ldk lands (iV, Vi
sky iai). Such a ime lapse can be jus i ied in chap e s ha explain he o igin o
e hnici ies, bu he g ea e de ia ions in o he 19 h and 20 h cen u ies in explaining he
linguis ic si ua ion and linguis ic ela ionships ha e no hing o do wi h he i le o he
book o he issues i add esses. I would ha e been nice o ha e included a map o Lydda
a he beginning o he book, clea ly indica ing i s bounda ies and he his o ical change
o hose bounda ies ( he map a he end o he book depic s only he no he n and
eas e n pa o he e i o y o Lydda). Ano he gene al ema k ela es o he Ldk
e hnolec classi ica ion ound in he i s chap e . On he one hand, he lis o he
men ioned eigh e hno-languages includes he s angely named e hno-language
[…]na e o pagoniškosios šnẽk os[…] ([…]pogańskie gwa y zwu[…]), and on he o he […] i
does no include he Low Ge man language ( esp. a my). As a esul o he alleged
"Na e e hnolec ", he basis o which was gi en in 1978, Viachesla Zino ie ound a
dic iona y in he eas e n se lemen o Belo ež in he illage o Gi a, explaining abou
200 Polish wo ds, he ziggu a o Zinkiewicz, he language o he conque o s in he
second hal o he 15 h o he beginning o he 15 h cen u y, as is known, he e a e
a ious opinions.
3
. I we we e o conside he linguis ic mix u e o he explana o y pa o he wo d,
which includes bo h La ian and Ug o-Finnish and Ge manic elemen s, as a sepa a e
e hnolec , hen he concep ma ked by his e m would be o e ly na owed ( he
3 Plg. schmid Wol gang P. die „ge manismen“ in sog. Polnisch-ja ingischen glossa . – Indoge manische
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
językowy ob az Wielkiego księs wa Li ewskiego.
Millenium Li huaniae MiX–MMiX
In he case o a e iew o 173 o unclea o igin, a w i en monumen and such
e hnolec u es could be ound in la ge numbe s. wi hou he need o include in he name
o he alleged e hnolec he wo ds "pogańskie gwa y", o which he e a e no se ious
a gumen s ( his is no su icien o he au ho 's e e ence o he Li huanian wo ds
in he book o Kons an in Jablonski in he Old Li huanian w i en language).
inclusion o his lowland dialec in he lis o e hnolec is a ai ly la ge gap, o which
he au ho a leas had o ag ee. I can be assumed ha i was no included because
he ic o y o he Ba le o he Bulge on he g ound, o en illed wi h bo h c osses
and swo ds, was like a e ea om Ldk. Howe e , in ac , hey ha e always been an
in eg al pa o he LDK, al hough hey ha e o en se ed he pu poses o i s
ule s. The dis inc ion be ween he e hnic g oups o he Low Coun ies, like hose
o o he e hnic g oups o Bal ic o igin (auk ai, dzuk), and hei ela ions wi h he
Sla ic (bal a ese, Polish, Russian) and non-Sla ic ( o o , Ka ai e, Yiddish, Hunga ian)
e hnic g oups seems o ha e ecei ed less a en ion om linguis s, al hough mo e
and mo e wo ks ela ed o his p oblem ha e appea ed in ecen decades.
4
.
I has al eady been men ioned ha Bedna czyk's book is mainly de o ed o polonis ics,
mo e p ecisely o he use o he Polish language in Ldk a di e en s ages o i s
de elopmen and in di e en e i o ies. he less e hnologically desc ibed aspec s o
he Bal ic languages, i.e. he eas e n Sla ic and a leas he Li huanian languages,
al hough some o he la e 's p oblems, especially onomas ics, ha e also been
examined mo e na owly o mo e widely. This is en i ely unde s andable, especially in
iew o he ac ha he book is based on a icles published by he au ho in a ious
publica ions, limi ing he choice and na u e o he p oblem. Speaking abou he
subjec s o Li huanian e hnology, i mus be said ha he au ho o he book has used
many di e en his o ical sou ces, published and unpublished in he wo ks o o he
(including Li huanian) esea che s, and has gi en many o iginal in e p e a ions o
his o ical and linguis ic ac s. He e I will p esen only one o he con o e sial ac o
Li huanian language and his o y o Li huania, o iginally ea ed in a e iewed book. I will
s a wi h he explana ion o he o igin o he name o he Li huanian coa o a ms.
This name o Li huanian speake s and his o ians is no always clea . P anas
Ska džius hough i was a new wo d c ea ed by Simona daukan o […] a ansla ion
om Polish pogoń o pogonia
5
. Howe e , his iew is no sha ed by he his o ian Inge Lukšai ė, who sees he s udy o he Ge man
his o ian Mo iejaus Nyndo o (Ma hias niendo ) Das G os ü s en um Li auen as pa icula ly
in e es ing and ui ul in his espec . S udies on na ional educa ion in he ea ly mode n pe iod
(1569-1795). Wiesbaden: Ha assowi z Ve lag, 2006, p. 329, which desc ibes e hno-li e a y ela ions in he
coun y in he chap e "Zemai en ein all e hinde en na ionsbildung", bu which is no used in he book
by Lešek Bedna cik.
5 This iew was exp essed in his answe o an anonymous eade 's ques ion in 1937 in Gim osios
kalbos n . 11, p. 152: "Is he wo d Vy is (na ional sign) no o he same o igin as usų i iaz?"
ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI gė neabejo iną o he wo d y is pėdsaką
jonas PaLionis
kons an ino jablonskio w i en om 1629 in he Kęcius ka šu os alsčia documen o
he locali y Vu ec Kalnsė (= 174 moun ain) and linked i wi h he pe sonal names
Vygailas, Vy enis, Vy au as (?)
6
7
. Al hough such a connec ion is ully jus i ied, i does no e eal ei he he o igin o he
meaning o he wo d "he b" in use o i s ela ionship o he Ldk o ice language i ʼ,
icʼ, lenkų wici. These p oblems a e p ecisely he subjec o Bedna czyk's a icle
[…]Pogon i wici[…], published in he Polish magazine Język polski (66, 1986, p. 165-170), which
was subsequen ly hea ily edi ed and ab idged and inse ed in he a o emen ioned
second chap e as an appendix (p. 38-40). In his a icle, he au ho has ci ed mo e sou ces
ha eco d he co espondence o he Polish language o pogoń, pogonia and i s
ela ionship o he wici, which had he meaning o a ce ain le e o edic sen by he
king o he Sejm. Bu he e's no a lo o space in he book o ha ela ionship,
p obably because he seman ics o hose wo ds a e e y di e en . Much mo e eliable
is Lukšai ė's indica ion ha he e exis ed in he old Li huanian a my […][...] Vyčiai
[ ansla ion o he au ho 's a icle] […] special ca al y, whose du y was o d i e away
he e ea ing enemy[…]
8
. hey could be called wici in Polish, al hough no such seman ic examples a e gi en in
Bedna czyk's a icle o in he book. Lukšai ės's indica ion suppo s he conclusion o
he au ho o his e iew ha " he o m o he Li huanian s a e coa o a ms was
c ea ed by he Li huanians hemsel es as ea ly as he 10 h cen u y (pe haps
ea lie ?)". In he book o Bedna chik, an impo an cla i ica ion o his conclusion is
9
gi en by he ac ha he image o he coa o a ms appea s in he Algi do
an spaude, p in ed in 1366 in he ea y wi h Kazimie z he G ea . he only copy o
ha con ac is kep in he Ča o iskių lib a y in K aków (p. 40). The au ho 's
app oach o he p oblem o he e hnogenesis o he Bulga ians, which is discussed in
chap e III, is de o ed o he o iginals ela ed o Li huanian e hnology. Based on
a chaeological, e hnog aphic, an h opological and linguis ic da a, Bedna cik makes an
assump ion made as ea ly as 1984.
10
ha he e hnici y and language o he Bela usians ha e de eloped due o hei
belonging o he g ea es kingdom o Li huania, whose poli ical bounda ies do
no p ecisely de ine he e hnog aphic space o Bela us
11
. This assump ion, based on he subs a e o he Bal ic hyd onym, seems qui e plausible.
The 6 h Cons an ine o Jablonsk. Li huanian wo ds in he old Li huanian w i en language.
Kaunas: Li huanian His o ical Socie y, 1941, 332. This is he i s ime ha he Li huanian
His o ical Socie y has been awa ded he p ize.
The se en h angel. because o he wo d y is. […] Ou pas Vilnius: Li huanian Ins i u e o His o y, 1990, numbe 122.
8 See also page 121.
9 Palion is Jonah. Who c ea ed he coa o a ms o Li huania? –
Li e a u e is a . 2002-11-22.
10 bedna czuk Leszek. Wha a e you doing? The epo on he posi ions o he Scien i ic Commi ees,
1987, 28 (1984), 117. 11 […]Wydaje się, że od ębny e nos i język biało uski wy wo zył się dzięki
p zynależnoci do Welkiego księs wa Li ewskiego, whose poli ical bounda ies he dis ic omal do
kładnie zasięg e nog a icznej biało usi[…] (p. 47[…]48). […]Wydaje się, że od ębny e nos i język biało uski wy wo zył się dzięki p zynależno[…]ci do Welkiego księs wa Li ewskiego, k ó ego poli yczne g anice ok eslają omal do kładnie zasięg e nog a icznej biało usi[…] (p. 47[…]48).

językowy ob az Wielkiego księs wa Li ewskiego.
Millenium Li huaniae MiX–MMiX
Many issues ela ed o he e hnology o he Li huanian language a e also discussed in he chap e s
de o ed o he a ious s ages o he exis ence o he Polish language. In he second hal o he 19 h
cen u y, he Bal ic s a es we e di ided in o he Bal ic s a es o Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania,
Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania,
Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania,
Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania, Li huania. This desc ip ion o he
Bal ic peoples is undoub edly in e es ing (i e lec s he close his o ical ies be ween he Bal ic and
Sla ic peoples), bu i has one o he al eady men ioned nega i e ea u es […] he limi a ion only o he
Ldk: i p o ides a lo o da a om he pocke s o he ime o he Uni ica ion Chu ch and he language o
he Sla s, o en e e ing o he wo d Słownik wspolczesny w Polsce używanych. k. based on ma e ials
om he Go e nmen In o ma ion Cen e PeseL, iX. K aków, 1992-1994, he na u e o which is al eady
indica ed by he name. The o iginal and, I hink, qui e eliable in e p e a ion o he wo d "na ion" is in ha
chap e . On he con a y, Kazimie as Buga, he au ho o he book unde e iew, associa es his na ional
name wi h he Li huanian adjec i e gudas, which has, among o he hings, he meaning "simple" (Lkž III 692),
which may ha e been ans e ed o "people who speak bad (ki okia, bad) slang, as hey we e conside ed
o be he las " (p. 133). This explana ion is also suppo ed, i seems o me, by he ac ha he e m
"landlo d" is used in a de oga o y sense o e e o ep esen a i es o o he languages (eas e n
highlande s) (Lkž, i.e. In he chap e s on he use o he Polish language in non-e hnic LDK lands, whe e he
au ho 's cha ac e is ic insigh desc ibes he linguis ic s udies o his p oblem, he e a e also
in e es ing Li huanian and gene ally Bal ic obse a ions, o iginals, in e p e a ions o ac s based on
his o ical sou ces. Fo example, Chap e Viii lis s 53 place names om Mazo ia (Mazowsza), Palies
(Podlasie) and Vilnius Region (Wileńszczyzna) wi h he o m -ę a -enię a, conside ed o be inno a ions o
he o me Ldk lands. Some o hem a e qui e igh ly associa ed wi h he Li huanian ounda ion: Balenię a
(ball), Dusinę a (d owning), Gi ę a (healing), Gudzienię z (gods), Klidzinię a (c ying), Miedzienię a ( ee),
Mieszkienię a ( o es ), Rumienię a ( umus), Rymszenię a ( imša), U lenię a (u liki, u likis), Wojnidzinię a
( aino i, *Vain idas). Howe e , only 12 o he au ho s o he book who exis ed du ing he Ldk pe iod ( om
he second hal o he 15 h cen u y) collabo a ed, so mos o hem a e he esul o a la e bending o
place names. In addi ion, su names a e usually no di ec ly ela ed o he common Li huanian wo ds
men ioned, bu a e (a leas mos o hem) o pe sonal o igin. In gene al, due o he in oduc ion o
Li huanian place names in Bedna chik's book olens nolens, i is necessa y o poin ou a e y ob ious
me hodological law. in which, in mos cases, Li huanian place names a e gi en only in he abb e ia ed o m.
No one denies (and he au ho o he book does no deny) ha he in luence o he Polish language a he
beginning o he 15 h cen u y on he Ldk Shi oks is one-sided, he p esen a ion o he oponymy o he
ci y is based only on ce ain w i en sou ces and he book was added a he end o he So ie e a. and
ha in he old Ldk pe iod (XIII-XVI cen u y) many o he s ee s o Vilnius had Li huanian names, which
we e w i en in Ge man, Polish, o ice Sla ic in ci y plans, maps o o he o icial w i ings, can ha dly be
doub ed. Fo example, he s ee names eco ded on he a o emen ioned b own map, die Deu sche gasse,
S. Johangasse, die Schloßgasse, a e none o he han he Li huanian Vokiečių, Š . Jono, he alues o he
bu o da gana silpna, kad e ninėse lie u ių žemėse lie u iškai kalbėjo ne ik als-
iečiai, baudžiauninkai, be i dauguma bajo ų, kunigaikščių, als ybės ado ų,
176 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXVI in o he wo ds, he eli e o he s a e. Li huanian
jonas PaLionis
in hose lands we e also he names o illages, ci ies and owns, mos o which
su i ed in he la e (XVII-XVIII) cen u ies (no a pa and no e en in ou ime).
The e o e, when examining he oponymy (and an h oponymy) o Li huanian o igin
om a scien i ic poin o iew, i is inco ec o ope a e only in he abb e ia ed
o ms o place names o pe sonal names. inco ec , in e alia, because a
non-Li huanian schola om he abb e ia ed o ms can e oneously es o e
au hen ic eal names, especially hose whose abb e ia ed o ms a e e y a om
he Li huanian ones (e.g. Soleczniki Šalčinykai, Wie zbołow o Vi balis). The endency
no o men ion Li huanian sexes is pa icula ly cha ac e is ic o Chap e VI o he
book, which, based on Gediminas' le e s and o he his o ical documen s, as well as
Alexande Vanago's 2004 s udy o he names o Li huanian ci ies, w i es abou he
ci y o Vilnius and i s su oundings. He e, a e he his o ical o e iew o he name
o he ci y o Vilnius, gi en in he i s sec ion o he pos , he e a e e y ew
au hen ic Li huanian o ms in he subsequen sec ions. In o he s, i is almos
en i ely w i en abou he loodplains o Vilnius wa e bodies, moun ains, subu bs,
old wall ga es, s ee s and squa es, cas les and owe s, some objec s ( il , mills,
ma ke s) and somewha abou he names o he inhabi an s o he ci y and he
egion.
s ee s o he cas le. The e a e many ansla ions o o he wise adap ed s ee names o he Polish
language sys em, as can be seen om he lis gi en in he book, al eady in 15 h-cen u y Polish w i ings, e.g.
The name o he ci y is de i ed om he ac ha i s i s coun ies we e no w i en in Vilnius's old
s ee names, bu ins ead used he names o se e al So ie s, among hem: Dominik […] Ga nelius, V. Pilies
12
[…] Go kio, V. T. Sou ce […] K . Muziek, e c. In addi ion, he names o he coun ies we e no changed in he
old coun ies. he ables a ached o he Vilnius place names o he Jono Ju kš a bookle (published in he
publica ion Kalba i ljudje), he bedna ciuko was eplaced by some chiuko […]do 11 iii 1990[…]. The names o 3,
12, 13, and 14 coun s we e changed, and he six h (1837) coun was issued.
g a ų pa adinimai: plg. ju kš o pi mos g a os pa adinimą „daba inis ga ės pa adinimas“ i bedna -
językowy ob az Wielkiego księs wa Li ewskiego.
Millenium Li huaniae MiX–MMiX
The e iews o 177 e iews, which a ha ime cons i u ed a conside able pa ,
al eady in Polish spoke he names o Polish w i ings.
O cou se, i is now impossible o es o e all he s ee names o Vilnius du ing he
exis ence o Ldk, as well as o he u banisms, due o he lack o w i en sou ces.
Howe e , e ospec i ely, a numbe o au hen ic Vilnius u banisms can be
econs uc ed om he Anuome ic and la e w i ings w i en in o he languages
(mainly Polish and Sla ic). This is qui e eliably done in he a o emen ioned wo k by he
his o ian Ju kš , who, i seems o me, is somewha disappoin ed wi h he au ho o
he book being e iewed (al hough his book also appea s in he bibliog aphy lis and, as
men ioned, he able o names o he s ee s o Vilnius was used by him). The e a e
also many in e es ing hough s in sec ion iX abou he Bal ic hyd onym a eas Ldk.
He e, based mainly on Vanago's esea ch, he p oduc ion and o igin aspec s a e
desc ibed, he hyd onyms wi h he o ma ions -n -, -k-, -ykšč- (-ykš -), -(n)yčia, -ing -us,
-da-, geog aphy, hei ela ionship o he Sla ic equi alen s, he e ymological
cha ac e is ics o some o hem a e p esen ed. Among o he hings, i is jus i ied o
a gue ha oponyms and hyd onyms wi h -eika on he e i o y o Bela us can
indica e a ela i ely ecen p esence o he Bela usian e hnic g oup (p. Howe e , he
assump ion, based on he opinion o Tadeusz Leh -Splawiński ( adeusz
Leh -Splawiński), ha he name o he la ges Ldk i e , Nemunas, may be o
Ug o-Finich o igin, ela ed o he Finnish wo d niemiškyšulys, p zydeklą, is nei he
da ybično no seman icially mo i a ed (p. 176). I is also di icul o belie e ha he
name o he lake and he own S y ia be ween Vilnius and Na u could be o
Ug o-Finich o igin and would no be ela ed o he Li huanian ac ion swo d.
and simila doub s o opics o discussion insigh ul Li huanian could be ound in he
new book o bedna chik and mo e. Bu ha 's wha makes his Polish linguis 's wo k
in e es ing and engaging, and i shows he au ho 's inno a ion and linguis ic ma u i y.
Since he e iew is limi ed mainly o ema ks on Li huanian s udies and does no allow
he book o examine and commen on a numbe o Sla ic, especially Polish, p oblems
men ioned, he au ho o he e iew does no claim o be a comp ehensi e e alua ion
o his book. Howe e , om wha has been said, i can be a gued ha his is a
signi ican wo k o a desc ip i e na u e, p o iding a lo o new da a and new
in e p e a ions o u he esea ch on he mosaic o he language o his ype o
Ldk. The e is no doub ha i will a ac a g ea deal o a en ion no only om
Li huanians and Bal s, bu also om Sla s, especially Poles.
Deli e ed on 15 Feb ua y 2012
jonas PaLionis
This Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.