82 ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
esMiniai ŽodŽiai: pie ų aukš aičių pa ibio salų šnek os, s ebimasis laikas, a chajiškosios
he cha ac e is ics o he e b, he inno a i e cha ac e is ics o
he e b, he in e ac ion o languages.
Keywo ds: sub-dialec s o bounda y mic o-a eas o sou he n aukš ai ian, appa en
ime, a chaic peculia i ies o he e b, inno a i e peculia i ies o he e b,
in e ac ion o languages.
nijoLė uoMienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
The di ec ion o scien i ic esea ch is dialec ology,
mo phology o dialec s, sociolinguis ics, in e ac ion o languages.
a chaic and inoVacine
The wo k o MaŽodŽio yPa ybės
In his a icle, he wo sou he n dialec s o he Bela usian dialec a e analyzed, and he p onuncia ion,
p onuncia ion and seman ics o he sou he n dialec o he Bela usian dialec a e e iewed. I is based
a chaic and inno a i e Peculia i ies o he Ve b
no only on dialec ological bu also on sociolinguis ic da a om he las wen y yea s, so i is possible o
desc ibe no only he e y a chaic and inno a i e usage o he e b in he language ha e lec s he
consump ion ends ha we e cha ac e is ic o he ad ice a leas hal a cen u y ago, bu also he
ajone, eiksmažodžio ypa ybės: a chajiškosios liekanos i ino aciniai eiškiniai. Šiais aspek ais
younge […] cu en , cha ac e is ic o he same ad ice al eady hal a yea la e . he a icle p o ides
unique Li huanian da a, as some o he ea u es o he e b discussed in i a e no a all o li le
cha ac e is ic o he language o he inhabi an s o he main sou he n highland a ea, so hey a e no
o mas, be i a skleis i jų a osenos į ai a imą, nus a y i ki imo k yp į. duomenys apie pakai-
inį a ba lygiag e ų šių eiksmažodžio o mų a ojimą bu o kaup i iek iš y esniosios, iek i
iš jaunesniosios ka os pa eikėjų, adinasi, galima jų analizė s ebimuoju laiku, nes senesniųjų
eco ded o a e e y a ely eco ded. On he one hand, he long- e m isola ion o o he dialec s and
hei isola ion om he main Li huanian-speaking a ea has led o an inc easing p ese a ion o he
Va anasi dialec , so he e is, albei e y spo adically, an inc ease in he use o mic o-a eas o sou he n
Li huania. he a icle ollows bo h dialec ological and sociolinguis ic da a o he pas wen y yea s;
The e o e, he e is a possibili y o desc ibe he mos a chaic and inno a i e e bal o ms, as well as o
e eal he a ia ion o hei use and o iden i y he di ec ion o hei change. Da a on he al e na i e o
equi alen use o hese e b o ms we e collec ed om he in o ma ion p o ide s o bo h he olde
a chajiškosios i ino acinės eiksmažodžio ypa ybės
Pie ų aukš aičių pa a mėje bal a usijoje
The 83-line a icles o ou , ex emely a chaic Li huanian e b o ms, inhe i ed om a e y dis an
pas , (mos ly […] wi h bal a usi) a e examples o such inno a i e changes ha a e ich in o ms and
gal ne siekiančios gen ines bal ų kalbas. ki a e us, dėl nuola inės są eikos su sla ų kalbomis
inc easingly in ensi e in seman ic calques. he g ea di e si y and une enness o he use o he e b
ne su o ma o neploną sla iškų apnašų sluoksnį.
a chajiškųjų ypa ybių pa yzdžių u imuose pa a mės į ašuose labai nedaug, jie spo adiški,
o apsk i ai šiai isai beišmi š ančiai pa a mei bal a usijoje būdinga g e u inių eiksmažodžių
o ms unde s udy has led o he ac ha he analysis o e b o ms desc ibed in he a icle
some imes gi es he imp ession o disp opo ion o episodici y.
and he younge gene a ions, enabling hei analysis a he appa en ime because he language o he
he a icle add esses wo- old peculia i ies o e bs o he con inui y o he sou he n
aukš ai ian sub-dialec in bela us, Vo ana a dis ic : a chaic emains and inno a i e phenom-
ena. conjuga ion, o ma ion and seman ics o e bs om he sub-dialec s o he bounda y
olde gene a ion e lec ed he usage ends cha ac e is ic o he subdialec a leas i y yea s ago,
while he language o he younge gene a ion e lec s con empo a y ends cha ac e is ic o he
same subdialec i y yea s la e . The a icle p o ides unique da a on he Li huanian language because
ce ain e bal peculia i ies discussed in he a icle a e ei he no cha ac e is ic o li le
cha ac e is ic o he language sub-dialec om he main a ea o he Li huanian language. The e o e,
al hough e y spo adically used, hey ea u e especially a chaic o ms o Li huanian e bs inhe i ed
om he emo e pas , pe haps e en da ing back o ibal Bal ic languages. On he o he hand, due o he
con inuous in e ac ion wi h Sla ic languages (mos ly Bela usian), he sub-dialec s unde analysis
unde wen such inno a i e changes ha ha e e en o med a a he solid Sla ic co e . he a ailable
eco ds o he sub-dialec con ain e y ew examples o a chaic p ope ies; hey a e spo adic.
Gene ally speaking, his sub-dialec , which is on he e ge o ex inc ion in Bela us, can be cha ac e ized
o esiden s om he main a ea o sou he n aukš ai ian; hey a e he e o e no eco ded o
sca cely eco ded. on he one hand, a long- e m o eign en i onmen and he isola ion o he
by a high numbe o con iguous o ms and he in ensi ying use o seman ic loan ansla ions. A high
a ia ion and inconsis ency o e bal o ms unde analysis de e mined ha he analysis o e b o ms
desc ibed in he a icle c ea es an occasional exp ession o non-p opo ionali y o episodici y.
84 ac a
nijoLė uoMienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
0. ĮVadas
The new dialec ological and sociolinguis ic da a om he Li huanian language on he
islands o Pa ibas gi e esea che s he oppo uni y o obse e and e alua e he
de elopmen o isola ed syllables and compa e he esul s o hese s udies wi h
hose al eady published. This cla i ies bo h he synch onous and he diach onic
ė, užpildomos jau u imų dialek ologinių duomenų sp agos, pa eikiama naujų
kalbų są eikos ezul a ų. ai i in s a bu XXi a. apusių sunkiau pasiekiamomis
image o he islands, e ealing he di e si y o he islands in Bela us. he e is a loss
o he oppo uni y o eco d no only impo an and in e es ing ac s o he
de elopmen o he Li huanian language and i s unc ioning, bu also a loss o
e idence o he e hnic o igin and a ilia ion o he oldes local inhabi an s. This
wo k seeks o accomplish a leas some o he abo e asks.
The pu pose o he a icle is o s udy he ea u es o he wo-wo d e b sys em: o p ese e he old and o
inno a e he new. The ela ionship be ween hese wo cha ac e is ics is analyzed on he basis o he la es ,
unique dialec ological ma e ial om he end o he 20 h cen u y and he beginning o he 21s cen u y om
he Li huanian islands in Bela us, in he Va anasi egion. in o he wo ds, an a emp is made o de e mine he
mos s able and mos p one o change he cha ac e is ics o he e b by e asing and e asing Li huanian
slang in gene al. he sociolinguis ic ci cums ances in which he Li huanian language exis ed on he Li huanian
islands o Bela us a e aken in o accoun in he examina ion o he collec ed ma e ial. In his a icle, we'll look
a he di e ences be ween he wo e ms, and hen we'll look a he di e ences be ween he wo e ms,
and hen we'll look a he di e ences be ween he wo e ms, and hen we'll look a he di e ences be ween
he wo e ms. he cu en pic u e o he language is cap u ed by using bo h be e and less
Li huanian-speaking local in o man s. In indi idual expedi ions, he possibili y o compa ing he use o
di e en o ms o e bs is used by lis ening di ec ly o he speake s, ying o ind ou he eliabili y o he
possible a ian s: whe he such a e b is conscious, accep able o he speake s, whe he i is a lapsus
linguae o a w i e 's e o . The sen ences illus a ing he claims, whe e e possible, a emp o indica e a
speci ic illage in which he e we e 1 In his a icle, choose o use he e ms "high-al i ude islands" o
"Va anasi islands" mo e speci ically. hey ha e no ye se led, bu , in he au ho 's opinion, i is mo e
app op ia e o desc ibe Li huanian-language egions ha , o one eason o ano he , a e ou side he
e i o y o Li huania han he e m pe iphe al e i o ies (as also p oposed by Vy au as Ka delis (2014)).
The e m "obse able ime" (an appa en ime) became mo e widesp ead in he wo ks o linguis ics in he
se en h decade o he wen ie h cen u y. The i s obse a ional ime hypo hesis was o mula ed by William
Labo (1963: 207309; 1975: 199228): o a change in language o be ixed in he cou se o ac ion, i mus be
obse ed in he language o se e al gene a ions li ing a he same ime. In he pe iod unde obse a ion, a
su ey o he name o one o he se e al Li huanian islands in he Va anasi a chipelago, Ramaškoni, was
ca ied ou ( uomienė 2010).
a chajiškosios i ino acinės eiksmažodžio ypa ybės
Pie ų aukš aičių pa a mėje bal a usijoje
85 a icles a e an example, because he Li huanian island o Va anasi has been isi ed no once, bu
se e al imes. This island is loca ed abou 50 km along he cu en s a e bo de in a cu ed s ip (once
i was one and joined wi h Li huania) om he ou c op o he gods o he dis ic o Pelesõs (see Fig.
1). 3 The map shows he main poin s […] he dis ic cen e , owns, se lemen s, pa ishes and kolkhoz
cen e s. These poin s a e om he ime when, in he middle o he 20 h cen u y, he e was no such
hing as a ansla ion ma e ial as he nigh ingale, he asa oj, he non-na i e people, he well-speaking
Li huanians, no longe exis . This wo k examines language da a, usually eco ded no only in he a ious
Lie u ių kalbos a lasui. ačiau pas a ųjų me ų y imai pa odė, kad, pa yzdžiui, nei pačiame Va anã e,
illages o hese poin s, bu also in he illages […] whe e a leas one local pe son who spoke Li huanian
well in he las wen y yea s was ound. he name o he place whe e each sen ence o wo d
combina ion illus a ing he s a emen was w i en is a emp ed o be indica ed in he a icle. 1 o V.
The sou he n highlands a e bo de ed by he sou he n pa o Bela us […] he Li huanian islands o he
Va anasi egion3: Va anasi, Ne asiai, Asa (poin Vi o he Li huanian language a las); he nigh (poin
VIII); he municipali y o Plkiai (poin VIII); Pelesà (poin iX) is he name o he municipali y in which he
municipali y is si ua ed. The a ea o he desc ibed e i o y does no include he Aze i (X) and he New
Gue nsey (Xi). The map is aken om he Li huanian dic iona y ch es oma ics
(co-au ho ed by Edmund T ump).
86 ac a
nijoLė uoMienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
I should be no ed ha he linguis ic wo ks o ecen yea s ela ed o he Pa ibian
islands (and Li huanian dialec s in gene al) o en ely on da a eco ded in he pas ,
ela i ely undi e en ia ed in e ms o ime - usually a ious dic iona ies, collec ions
o spoken ex s, he w i en legacy o ex inc wo ds and phone ic insc ip ions, he
a las o he Li huanian language, which eco ds se e al simul aneous occu ences o
he Li huanian language, some imes 100 and mo e yea s ago. The e o e, some linguis ic
phenomena and hei a ia ion a e di icul o e en impossible o in e p e
sociolinguis ically because he e is no obse able ime pe spec i e. This a icle
con inues he s udy o he mo phology o he Li huanian islands […] amaškoni[…],
ne ãšių, ódūnios, Pl[…]kių, nočiõs, Pãa adnės, asa õs, Pelesõs[…]4 […] šnek ų, which a e
(o we e qui e ecen ly) loca ed on he sou he n ou ski s o Bela us. In e es ingly,
he leas discussed pa o he language is he e b […]. The a icle ies o look a
he Va anasi egion's slang sys em in an unusual way: (a) p ima ily aims o se e he
eco ded a chaic emains o he e b gende (including hei ea lie de i a i es); b)
secondly, i is wo h discussing a ew mo e in e es ing changes, ac ions, meanings
and o he ea u es o he e b.
kiama ap ašy i ino acinius eiškinius, susijusius su kalbų są eika, odėl ne engia-
In he ou la ges illages o he Li huanian island o Pelesõs, which ha e su i ed o he p esen day,
Li huanian is spoken in public and a home. Since 1992, Peles has been a Li huanian school. I is he i s
Li huanian p ima y school in Bela us and he cul u al and educa ional cen e o he Peles egion. The
ounde s o he school a e he Cul u al Fund o he Republic o Li huania and he Minis y o Cul u e and
Educa ion. In 2012, he school launched i s 13 h Abi u cou se. mos o hem a e success ully s udying in
highe educa ion ins i u ions in he Republic o Li huania. se e al o me pupils o his school e u ned o
wo k as eache s in he Li huanian school a e hei s udies. The local Li huanian communi y and he
miami Lie u os als ybės.
Pelesõs kaimo apylinkių lie u ių šnek os aida pas ebimai ski iasi nuo ki ų Va anã o ajone bei
communi y associa ion Gim inė a e suppo ed and e ised in he Lydõs egion o exis ing and o me
Li huanian sh ines. The e is no doub ha speech needs a sepa a e and mo e in-dep h look (pe haps he
mos impo an and la ges wo k on Peles' speech in ecen yea s is Edmund T ump's 2008 monog aph Peles'
Speech Phonemes and Thei Va ian s). In his a icle, he ocus is mo e on he smalle , ex inc o e en
comple ely ex inc snails geog aphically belonging o he e i o y o he p esen -day Va anasi dis ic .
The i s de ailed desc ip ion o he synch onous p onuncia ion sys em o he dialec o he island o
Li huania is gi en in he book Ramaškonių šnek os daik a a dis: socioling is inis y imas, published in 2010.
The publica ion also desc ibes in de ail he sociolinguis ic si ua ion o he en i e Va anasi egion in he
obse ed ime, compa es he pa adigms o all ypes o wo d change o med by ep esen a i es o wo
gene a ions (old and condi ionally young), discusses he p oblem o code change. and he in oduc o y pa
o he 2008 edi ion o he Ramaškonių šnek os eks ų (wi h compac pla es) p esen s in de ail he
cha ac e is ic ea u es o he šnek os, he subjec s o he ci cumcision. bo h books p o ide an o e iew
o he wo ks o ea lie au ho s who ha e s udied his mic o-a ea. We do no ye ha e any esea ch on he
de elopmen o he Li huanian language in he newly men ioned islands. The e o e, a comp ehensi e examina ion o all pa s o he language is awai ed in he u u e.

a chajiškosios i ino acinės eiksmažodžio ypa ybės
Pie ų aukš aičių pa a mėje bal a usijoje
87 a icles by a icle
1. he old cas le o Modelio Liekanos
[…] he old cas le o Veiksmažodžio
yPa ybės
1.1. some alleged ac ions o he e bs
nuosakos o mos
Lie u ių kalbos a mėse a iamosios nuosakos o mos labai į ai uoja (kazlaus-
2000: 385 o 403). Essen ially all sou he n highlande s, dzūkai, ha e hei own
so-called consonan , he composi ion o which is no en i ely clea o his day, e.g.
one-syllable 1 pe son being, 2 pe son being, and 3 pe son being […]; plu al 1 pe son o
be (p obably), 2 people o be (p obably). The plu al o ms o he i s and second
pe sons a e he new ones, o med by adding o he hi d pe son he o m o he
o me pe son, being, s ill used in he suppe o he uppe classes. In he case o
eiksmažodžių asmena imo pa yzdžiu. Šių o mų išlaiky a i ap adė p iegaidė
he i s and second o ms o he monosyllabic o m, he new alphabe is
explained by he ac ha he ends -au and -ai, being acu e, acu e ends, a o he
imes could only be c ossed in he sys em o he alleged sedimen (see Kazlauskas 2000: 101[…]102).
daba inėse Va anã o apylinkių šnek ose už ašy a nemažai a iamosios nuosakos
The i s and second owels o he e bs a e used in e changeably, e.g. " o be" and " o be" and " o be"
and " o be" and " o be" and " o be" and " o be". I'm going o die. I'm going o die. I'd wo k, you'd wo k; I'm
going o jail. I'm going o jail. I'm going o jail. I would like o ask he Commissione whe he he is awa e o
es á.i ‘aš esčiau, u es umʼ i k . jos a iamos su paki usiu baigmeniu, pap as ai
ki čiuojamu gale, o p iegaidė – iš esmės isuome išlaikoma i ap adė. kaip i iso-
je šiandieninėje pie ų aukš aičių pa a mėje (plg. Lka iii 107–109, žemėl. n . 103–
he ac ha he Commission has no ye aken a decision on his ma e , and i so wha is he
Commission's posi ion? The i s and second de i a i es o he noun o m (e.g., " " and "d") a e he
as es -g owing de i a i es o he well-known noun o m (e.g., " " and "d"), and i "ch" occu s only
once in he sen ence, he pa adigm is equa ed and is always used in he noun pa adigm (e.g., " " and "d").
g andpa en s, daugh e s, as well as e bs, e.g. á.uåu, maåũ. "Oh, I saw i ". The e o e, he bu·åu, d båu,
ɛ.åu is equa ed wi h he bu. á.u, di p á.u, ɛi á.u. In he whole pa adigm, he e b conjuga ion emains
eš á.u, eš á.i ‘ echčiau, ež um. he a e cases whe e he oo […] ε[…]. åu šy.ná.u[…], […]le labα[…] is
kie as, odėl i a iamosios nuosakos ienaskai os 1 i 2 asmens o mos a iamos
kie ai, p z.: mæs á.u, mæs á.i ‘mesčiau, mes umʼ; k á.u, k á.i ‘ ėkčiau, ėk umʼ;
in e sec ed a e eco ded in he s udied snec s. l[…]jα […]I didn' know his, bu e y much so[…]; I 's no
like I don' know wha I'm doing. I don' know, I don' know, I don' know, I don' know, I don' know. The
lyjaʼ; ès αi u.‿mẹ.gu. iȓ‿gi. ǽ.n αi sá.u ‘ es um ą me gą (me gai ę) i gy en um
i s and second pe son o ms o he so-called "unico n" a e e y a e in he Va anasi dialec , along
lenkiškai ašy i nemoki, nep ašyčiauʼ (pa yzdžiai daugiausia iš ódūnios apylinkių
88
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
wi h he end o ms o he "unico n," which mos likely a ose due o he e o s o in o man s o
speak "co ec ly" and "g amma ically", i.e. o y o make he Li huanian language common. Al hough
he o ms men ioned in he ki is b anch place and app oach, e.g. gal ó· åu, gal ó· āi ‘ hink, hink; I
know, I know, I know, I'd pay, I'd pay. I'm going o w i e, I'm going o w i e, I'm going o w i e. I'm going o
y a iksuojamas daugumoje didžiojo pie ų aukš aičių plo o šnek ų (ž . Lka iii 108;
Leskauskai ė 2006: 60; 2009: 65).
P iesaginiai eiksmažodžiai Va anã o šnek ose pap as ai išlaiko bend a ies ki čio
ead i . I'm going o ead i . I'm going o shoo you, I'm going o shoo you, I'm going o shoo you. I'd like o
see i , I'd like o see i . The place o he c oss usually emains a he end, e.g. næsupá.isi. åu, isùs
bu õ·kus nu åu á.i ‘nepaisyčiau (I would no look), all bu okus ( unkelius) nu au um ù (samonys); I I
could, I'd make you some b ead om he bake y. I'm going o jail. I'm going o jail. I'm going o kill you and
I'm going o kill you and I'm going o kill you. "I'll h ow he ou o he house, bu wha will all he people
say?" In he opinion o many linguis s, he ending o he i s and second pe son o ms o he alleged
sedimen is he o m o being (Ld 367 […] 368; Lka ii 128, map no. 109). as Zigmas Zinke ičius says, he
ans e o he chu ch did no happen suddenly […] appa en ly, he e we e wo chu ches o some
ime. The second ki is is also hea d in he examples o Va anã o's speeches: a sùk á.u u. I 's called a
"næ u ". wi h […]ku[…]. "I'll ake his kni e, bu I don' ha e any hing o do wi h i ". I'm no going o le you
ge away wi h his. I'm no going o le you ge away wi h his. I'm no going o le you ge away wi h
mų ki čia imas y a ėly esnis. jis galėjo susi o muo i dėl 3 asmens o mos į akos, nes
nemaža dalis pie ų aukš aičių, kaip i y ų aukš aičiai u eniškiai bei ilniškiai, u i 3
his. I'm going o die, I'm going o die, I'm going o die. I 's you s. "Take i , man, and un away om hose
So ie s" (Plunky); This is a lis o ai po s in Li huania, g ouped by ype and so ed by loca ion. and […]
wi h n[…]š á.u s[…]. wi h. I 's his one. A e he meal, a e he meal, and I'll ge all his s u o
mysel . I could be assumed ha he a chaic ci cumcision was p ese ed in he snails unde s udy.
al hough wi hou special esea ch i is di icul o p o e whe he i is a "di ided" ki is, o simply an
emphasized, u e ed, speech ela ed o he in ona ion o he ex . In addi ion, he majo i y o he
s uden s a e no na i e Li huanians and do no speak he language luen ly. he mo e common
Li huanian language can be imi a ed by he main locali ies (only […] on i s bo de ) Li huanian channels can
be seen only wi h special digi al a achmen s). Se en c ossed double owels, i.e. a a ying deg ee o
uni y (e.g., a speech wi h a e lec ion o one o he owels, e c.) is cha ac e is ic o mos o he
Va anasi e bs s udied. Mos o hese a e spoken by he same people in he Ramaškoni dis ic s ( o
mo e in o ma ion, see uomienė 2008: 46; 2010a: 6267).
lie u iai, lie u iškai skai y i i ašy i p amokę a puka io lie u iškose mokyklose-skai yklose, dažniau
žiū in ys Lie u os ele iziją (bū ų iksliau - žiū ėję, nes pas a aisiais me ais bal a usijos e i o ijoje
a chajiškosios i ino acinės eiksmažodžio ypa ybės
Pie ų aukš aičių pa a mėje bal a usijoje
The a icle s a es ha in o he sou he n highland pa e ni y sh ines, he 1s and 2nd pe son
o ms o hese e bs a e also clea ly explained wi h wo syllables, e.g. d[…] á.u, ne[…] á.u,
sùk á.u, sak[…] á.u […] abou Púnia, in he sh ines o he Kuchi moun ains (see Ld 363; Ma ke
33 ičienė 1999: […]34; Leskauskai ė 2006: 60). In he a ious slang o he Va anasi egion, he e
a e wo o ms o he h ee-pe son singula o he alleged sedimen : he longe one wi h -u
and he sho e one wi hou -u, e.g. im á.u, kà anʼà εi ũ· ʻimčiau (mo e), ha ana would go
( o go) and ó kà kàs ε and má.n. pad· ʻo, ha someone would go and help me; "No one who
asks o i asks o i , bu he one who asks o i asks o i ". I know. You' e go o punch
he sain . B ide and g oom, you' e welcome. I don' know wha you' e alking abou . "My
b o he would come and ix my oo ". I you' e going o do i , you' e going o ha e o do i . i
someone would ix my bicycle; The abbi says, "Oh, my God". c G eek. as ‘ he p ies would
say ha his is G eek (noodėmė) ‘; I don' know wha you' e alking abou . say, n.ko ki àp
næbùs ‘whoe e says some hing o me, no hing will be di e en ; I'm going o ake he ain,
bu I don' ha e o buy a icke . P š, as he was d i ing, asked Lidn o ake his sis e o Lydon
(in Lydą) (s o ies om he su ounding illage o Ramaškoni). he o m wi h - would be mo e
equen , howe e , as in many sou he n and eas e n coas al Li huanian dialec s. In gene al,
he mos commonly abb e ia ed bilingual wo ds a e (see Lk iii 110[…]111, no e 106; Ld 114).
1.2. The e a e e y ew emnan s o he a ema ic (p iebalsic) nomencla u e and new
adap a ions in he cu en Li huanian language, bu he e a e s ill su i ing a ema ic
(p iebalsic) e b o ms. The mos common elic o he p esen ense is he h ee-pe son
o m, which has he meanings o s a e and in ansi i i y (see Lk ch 2004: 33; 202;
kazlauskas 2000: 309[…]311), plg. ne[…]š i […]ne šia[…]; I 's called a bone, i 's called a nail, i 's
called a yellow, i 's called a peach, i 's called a peach, i 's called a peach, i 's called a peach,
i 's called a peach. he sound o a whis le; As Jonas Kazlauskas says, he use o e b
o ms wi h a ema ine lexion in Li huanian w i ings o he 15 h and 17 h cen u ies
indica es ha he ansi ion o hema ic a ema ic e bs began ea lie han he
a ema ic lexion (2000: 309). F om he abo e-men ioned ancien w i ings, i can be seen
ha hese e bs o m wi h he ending - i, wi h he ending -i, e y p imi i e i-kamienius
suda ė leksinę-seman inę g upę su būsenos i in anzi y umo eiškme. okia g u-
pė galėjo susida y i g eičiausiai dėl o, kad a ema inių eiksmažodžių 3 asmens
e bs, wi h he ending -i and he meaning o he s a e, e.g. ẽs i and gùli. In he case o he
h ee-pe son a oma ic elics (peš i, niẽž i, e c.) in mode n e minology, hey ha e
su i ed because hei o m esembles ha o he h ee-pe son ac ion-s a ions (plg.
he newly o med communi y o pe š i, niež i). In addi ion, he longing o he
exis ence o a ema ic e bs was also in luenced by he p oximi y o hei meanings o
he ac ions o he s ones.
Linguis ica Li huanian LXX (Language o he Li huanian Language, 2000: 311-313). In he
nijoLė uoMienė
mid- o-la e 19 h cen u y and ea ly 20 h cen u y, he e we e also emnan s o he
a ema ical e bs o he p esen ense (c . Shukys: 182; Tuomenä: 2008: 70), which we e
used spo adically, o example, in he Ramaskonis, he i s -pe son o m o he e b
was eco ded on he basis o he emainde o he hi d-pe son o m (pa) liʹkma (pa)
lkma (pa) liʹkma (pa). Acco ding o his model o main ained o m, appa en ly, he whole
pa adigm was c ea ed. The e a e some examples om o he p o e bs: ka(p)pasaå, àš
liekù cæn.jaka, næ až.ou wi h jù mim, adù .ni.s man. When I said, "I will s ay he e, I will no
go wi h you", hey bea me. I'm going o bed. I asked my gi l iend i she wan ed o s ay
wi h me. he a ema ic o he h ee-pe son high-pi ched slang and he al eady ex inc
Li huanian slang o Zhe elos in Bela us, is a ibu ed o he high-pi ched slang o he
e ening. The whole pa adigm is based on his o m o speech: I s ay, you s ay, we s ay,
you s ay (plg. Ld 348[…]349; Lka iii 89; Vidugi is 2004: 243[…]244; d Ž 2005: 21; Leskauskai ė 2006:
o mą liẽk i ‘lik iʼ u i g e ima die niškių šnek a i daugelis didžiojo plo o pie ų
60; 2009: 64). Ramaškoni, ódūnios, nočiõs, Pelesõs in he su ounding illages, a ewo king
o he sleeping wi h a hema ic name. And his is whe e he whole pa adigm seems o
ha e been buil , like, "I'm asleep, I'm going o sleep, I'm going o sleep, I'm going o sleep, I'm
going o sleep, I'm going o sleep, I'm going o sleep". a( ) p ison o jail. "Did you sleep
well?" He sleeps on he bed, I'm on he shoulde (ca iage) (ca go) I'm going o sleep, and
I'm going o wo k, and I'm going o wo k. I 's all igh . Whe e a e you sleeping on his
lawn? I 's no like I don' know wha I'm doing. I'm going o ell you some hing. I don' know
wha you' e alking abou . I 's been a long ime since I' e slep . I 's been a long ime since
I' e wo ked. These o ms had disappea ed Ze elos, Laznų šnek os (see Z i: 29;
ja osla ienė, uomienė 2013: 31). The e a e a ew ex emely a e o ms o his e b
wi h an s in he Va anasi syllables, such as: I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm
sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm
sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm
sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm sleeping, I'm
sleeping, I'm sleeping. You' e asleep, you can s ay. He sleeps, he s ays; I'm no going o do
i . l[…].knαm […]we a e sleeping, we a e sleeping[…]; You' e going o sleep, you' e going o
keliuosʼ ( ùsamonys)8.
s ay. […]ni.s m[…].kna, l[…].kna […] hey sleep, hey s ay[…] ( o mo e on hese o ms see
Kaukienė, Pakalniškienė 2002: 113[…]131). These ypical in e linea e b conjuga ions ha e
long been obse ed in he adjacen dei y slang (see Ld 348 […] 351; Lka iii 82 […] 83, map no.
85 […] 87). In addi ion, in he islands o he Pa ibas, as well as h oughou he sou he n
highlands, he e is a e y common o m o he p esen ense in he o m o he hi d
pe son o he eigh h.
a chajiškosios i ino acinės eiksmažodžio ypa ybės
Pie ų aukš aičių pa a mėje bal a usijoje
The a icles and ema ks, e.g. á.m gα.u isàs plù(n)ksnas šu à ap ó· è ‘ ha he
wai ess has all he plunksnas šu a nu o ėʼ ( ùsamonys), ic. I don' know wha you' e
alking abou . The child en om his illage will gi e me an apple ( amaskónys). This
p e ix has no meaning in Li huanian. i is mos likely a mo phological de i a i e o he
local Bulga ian language (plg. b u. aba-d a-c-ap-d as-ki - i, aba - a-aplup i); b) he
p e ix a a i inka b. k. a , e.g. a ã·jọ žeb õ·kas, daå is used in he e bs. The begga
came, I ga e him wo eggs. I' e opened he ga es, I' e en e ed he ga e. I'm going o gi e
i o you. I'm going o gi e i o you. I'm going o gi e i o you. So I packed up my hings
and le . Howe e , he e a e many examples o Li huanian-language o eign language
ansla ions, such as a[…]ki[…]. u so[…].su. I'm going o kill you. (plu al o ad ubau suq)
d ied d y b anch (asa a) The ho se was knocked down and d i en o he hu (in he
hu ) a nigh . The b o he d o e home only in he mo ning (Plkiai); c) he p e ix ažu- až-
(bk za-) is usually used o ma k he end o an ac ion, e.g. à e ẹ gá.l u. And he u ned his
head and looked a me. - Wha 's ha ? I'll see you la e . I always does. I always shu he
midday cow in he ba n (in he ba n) (ca gauda) I'm going o ell you some hing. I didn'
make a lo o money in Russia. Some imes his p e ix can also mean he beginning o an
ac ion: ažusi gå., αic·lu. I know. I' e been sick all win e . I' e been sick all win e . I hea ,
he child is igh -handed. and some imes i is used in he sense o some o he p e ixes,
e.g. asilá.idọ sá.ul (pl. b u. slonca zašlo) ‘ he sun has se ; The ho se was sca ed. The
mos likely bo owing o he meaning o he la e p e ix is he wo d ge […]čių (plg.
ge […]čių, Z[…]e elos a mėse: g ina eckienė 1973: 226; Vidugi is 2004: 278); d) The Sla ic
p e ix da-, which is o en used ins ead o he p e ix pa-, p i-, is-, nu- (plg. Leskauskai ė
2006: 61-62; 2009: 66), is e y common in he Va anasi dialec , e.g. dasak·k jåu sku. (See
also oo no e.) o say say say e e y hing; I 's been a long ime since I' e been he e. And
he came o he doo , and knocked, and knocked, and knocked, and knocked, and knocked,
and knocked, and knocked, and knocked, and knocked, and knocked, and knocked. (e) he
comple e comple ion o an ac ion (mos o en epea ed) in he pas (o possible
comple ion in he u u e) is indica ed be o e he p e ix. In his case, his p e ix he e,
as in many o he sou he n Li huanian bo de dialec s, is added o o he p e ix e bs
in he example o he Bal ic language o is e en epea ed wice, e.g. ã·ni.s jå. They' e
all dead. They' e all dead. The ollowing is a summa y o he main indings o he
Commi ee on he En i onmen , Public Heal h and Consume P o ec ion:

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I 's all igh . I 's all igh . (pl. b u. pa azyhodzilya) […] om he coun yside (pa+ az+si+
ėjo) all he people who li e he e […]; I 's been a long ime since I' e been he e. I 's been a
long ime since I' e been he e. I 's been a long ime since I' e been he e. ) The p e ix a
Va anã is also used in he e bs o o he p eposi ions (a -, pa-, ap-), mos likely in
loanwo ds, e.g. àš nẹiškā. p ýpazýnåũ. You' e he one who's in cha ge o e e y hing.
b u. я нi зразу прызнала цябе) ‘aš ne iš ka o a pažinau a eʼ ( ùsamonys); p ыsi-
 .ikinåu g ažε. su‿ isa.s (plg. b u. папрыветствовала усiх) ‘pasis eikinau g a-
I 's called a b ake. "Abedwe's daugh e s a e beau i ully d essed, beau i ully d essed,
beau i ully d essed, beau i ully d essed". g) he Sla ic p e ix az-, used bk pa-, and he
k . om he p eposi ional meanings, e.g. sku, is also cha ac e is ic o he e bs o
he e bs unde conside a ion. The ansom o all ou people (locals) has been bough by
he ansom o all ou people (locals). I don' know wha you' e alking abou . And he
h ew away ou cloaks and ou collec i e a ms and u ned hem in o baske s.
kolūkį) paėmėʼ; i α. kã·cinas b·gọ i( )‿ à eȓ ẹ kã·šыku. (plg. b u. развярну)
2.4. The emaining non-a ibu i e o ms o e bs unc ion in he e bs o non-a ibu i e
o ms o e bs. Fo example, he pa icipan s o he p esen ense o he e bs: kek
kiamosios i ne eikiamosios ūšies esamojo i bū ojo ka inio laiko daly iai bei
dåũ.k šy.m. bú.bu. I'll ake ca e o i . ‘how many po a oes a e o en his yea (Pelesà);
he pa icipan s o he ime o he old ca d: and […] […]l bù ō sæsu à ọ[…]a ažã[…] us […]i
again was wounded (in Sibe ia) was aken ou […] (Pl[…]kiai); In he case o a hal -pa icipan :
sesuo oj a ažia us, . y. oji a ažia usiʼ (nočià); ne eikiamosios ūšies bū ojo ka -
inio laiko daly iai: jilgα. iná.i gul·jọ žmõ·gus nušá.u as ‘ilgai enai gulėjo žmogus
nušau asʼ ( amaškónys); mànọ d·dẹ i.gi sibi αñ. bù ọ jš eš as ‘mano dėdė i gi sibi-
al hough i is no possible, i is no possible. In he case o a hal -pa icipan , i is no
possible. In he case o a hal -pa icipan , i is no possible. In he case o a
hal -pa icipan , i is no possible. Pelesojè is w i en in se e al pa iciple o ms wi h he
meaning o he p esen and u u e ca dinal ime, e.g. om[…]jọ mùms dá. bemiẽgαn ‘he
came o us s ill sleeping[…]; I 's all igh . you.dbi l u ljn ‘who is wo king in he ain (plg. Ld
387) (asa à). I is no uled ou ha hese cases a e due o he in luence o he common
language. no pa icipa o y o ms a e eco ded in o he sou he n high-al i ude council
su bū ojo dažninio i būsimojo laiko daly ių, pusdaly ių i padaly ių o momis.
eikiamybė, bū inybė i galimybė eiškiama sin aksinėmis kons ukcijomis daik-
chambe s. also unhea d o and unw i en examples o a su name o a gi en name
a dininkas + modalinis eiksmažodis + eiksmažodžio bend a is, e.g. ɛ.kæ linα. I need a new
. y. g ikius pjau iʼ ( ódūnia); · αi, sakå., ɛ.kæ nå.jαs k ·žus s ac· ‘ y ai,
c oss, I need a new c oss, I need o build a new one. mliju, gijåũ mòžna bùbọs kà ‘misliju
a chajiškosios i ino acinės eiksmažodžio ypa ybės
Pie ų aukš aičių pa a mėje bal a usijoje
99s aipsniai / a icles
( hinking), and i is al eady possible o cas he bulbs (bulbs), i.e. he bulbs cas iʼ
( amaškónys); The i s hing ha came o mind was a ho se, o a ho se, pulling a ball,
ollowed by a ca iage, o a ca iage. These old syn ac ic cons uc ions (especially wi h
he need) a e well p ese ed in he numbe o eas e n names and a e ela ed o ela ed
i pie ų aukš aičiai bei iš esmės isos lie u ių kalbos salose bal a usijoje (ž . am-
b azas 2006: 35–36, 331–332).
ne eikiamosios ūšies daly iai, einan ys sudė inio a inio a dine dalimi, de i-
nouns, in sen ences hey ul ill he unc ion o ac ion, e.g. à ō kã·šikas g ažɛ. "You bag is
beau i ully w apped" (Pelesà); I 's all igh . B o he , you' e going o ha e o go o he
ba h oom. The d agons ail is he clump o he b o he , he hin d agons ail ( he am's
ail). Mo e o en, howe e , nei he he genus no he numbe o he noun is aken in o
accoun , and he common pa iciple o ms o he genus a e used, e.g. akõ· à ō· pas
a(d)da · a ‘ a why you sklepas ( ūsys) is open, i.e. opened (s anšiai); he doo . pi[…].os
zaslã·nas s ou pas ac[…] a […] idu y house zaslanas (so-called chai ) is s anding buil , i.e.
buil […] (asa à); The g ass is p uned, i.e. p uned (pa uoš i) ( amaškónys). This phenomenon is
obse ed no only in he sou he n highland pa e ni y nes s, bu also in o he highland
nes s, especially in Pa ibia (see Ld 384[…]385; Leskauskai ė 2006: 63 e al.).
3. aPibend iniMas
3.1. socioling is inės aplinkybės
Un a ou able and di icul condi ions o he Li huanian language exis ed in he
Va anasi egion o se e al cen u ies, bu he changes in he in e nal s uc u e o
he ne wo k canno be conside ed inal oday. In his small e i o y, sepa a ed om
he Li huanian e hnog aphic landscape, one can see he di e en s ages o he once
uni o m linguis ic si ua ion: om bilingualism, which was main ained only by he old
inhabi an s ( amaskoniai, ódūnios and Pelesõs dis ic s) o he comple e
disappea ance o he language (asa õs, Pãa adnės, nočiõs, ne ãšių dis ic illages),
some imes emembe ed only by he names o a ew buildings. 7 These
Li huanian-Bal a ian island snacks, al hough quickly popula wi h Li huanians, a e
cons an ly changing and a e s ill qui e consis en . 3.2. The long- e m isola ion and
isola ion o he a chaic o ms o he e b p omo ed he inc easing p ese a ion o
he Va anasi snake. This has helped hem o main ain se e al laye s o cha ac e is ics:
he cu en adi ional, consis ing o he main phone ic and mo phological ea u es o
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ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
he slang, o med o e he long cen u ies o he de elopmen o he slang, and he
e y unclea , p obably inhe i ed om he deep pas , laye o he languages o he
Bal ic ibes: • he i s and second pe son singula o ms o he alleged decay
(bu. á.u, bu. á.i ‘bučiau, bū umʼ; ɛi á.u, ɛi á.i ‘eičiau, ei ʼum) wi h he hi d pe son
a chajiškesniu ki čia imu;
• esamojo laiko a ema inių (p iebalsinių) eiksmažodžių liekanos – daugiausia
singula o m (liẽkma ‘liekaʼ; us i ‘čiaudiʼ; niẽg ‘sninga); • main ained na-kamien
p esen ense o ms (mi.knù ‘mieguʼ, mi.kn ‘miegiʼ, m·kna ‘miegaʼ) and single-pe son
o ms wi h con amina ed galūne -mu
I'm going o go, I'm going o go, I'm going.
• he old spelling o he 3 pe son o ms o he ime o he blood ans usion ac ions
( ads ‘ adosiʼ; s ojs ‘s ojosiʼ) has been main ained. 3.3. inno a i e language
phenomena […] e ec s o language con ac s due o cons an in e ac ion wi h
Sla ic languages (mos ly wi h he local Bal ic dialec , o a lesse ex en wi h he
local Polish and Russian languages) Va anasi Li huanian dialec s unde wen complex
s uc u al changes. he e i is easy o see clea ly a new and abundan laye o Sla ic
insc ip ions […] adjacen e b o ms, seman ic calcula ions, e c. :
• he absence o e bs in he non-iden i iable o m; • he o m usually used in he hi d
pe son in a con e sa ion is a ely used no only in he hi d pe son bu also in o he
pe sons. he eme gence o such a summa ized h ee-pe son suple y in o m is also
encou aged by he local Bulga ian language, which in he pa adigm o he p esen ime
bo h singula and plu al o ms a e iden ical […] wi h ë […]y a[…]; The pas ense is used o
e e o he pas ense o he pas ense, which is ep esen ed by he addi ion o he
3 d pe son singula o m. his is one o he cases whe e he means o exp ession o he
Bela usian language a e aken o g an ed, easily inco po a ed in o he Li huanian
language; • he p eposi ional e b (mos o en wi h he nega i e no) has he a ix o
blood in he back, as in Sla ic languages; he signi icance o he sepa a e blood-washing
o ms o he ac ion is aken o e by he Bal a ian;
• many ad e bs a e used in a o eign sense in Li huanian:
1) he p e ix is also used in he p onuncia ion o he local Bal a ese language;
(2) he p e ix "a e ed" has a o eign nui pa eikšmes in he Li huanian language;
3) he p e ix až- (ažsi-) can mean he beginning o an ac ion and is bo owed
om he meanings o some o he p e ixes;
(4) he Sla ic p e ix dane e ai is used ins ead o he p e ix pa-, p i-, iz-, nu-; I is also
a chajiškosios i ino acinės eiksmažodžio ypa ybės
Pie ų aukš aičių pa a mėje bal a usijoje
101 a icles by a icles
(5) he p eposi ion is added o o he p eposi ional e bs o is e en epea ed
wice by a sample o he subs i u ed language; (6) he p e ix is p epa ed by
he loan p e ix a -, pa-, ap eikšmēm; 7) he Sla ic p e ix is b oken down by he
meanings o he p eposi ions.
The his o y o he Li huanian language and he syn ax o he Li huanian language by Vy au as
Vy au as. Vilnius: Li huanian language dic iona y […] Cu en Li huanian language dic iona y:
ins i u as.
six h ( hi d elec onic) edi ion. The edi o s a e he ollowing: S asys Keynys (edi o ), Laimu is
Bilkis, Jonas Paulauskas, and Vy au as Vi kauskas. Vilnius: Ins i u e o Li huanian Language,
2006; online e sion, 2011. In e ne access is a ailable a www.dz.lki.l .
known as Laima g umadienė, Mikulėnienė danguolė, Mo kūnas kazys, Vid ug i i s a loyzas.
The dic iona y o he di ine slang 1. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e, g i na ec
2005.
kienė elena 1973: some o he ea u es o he g amma o he Ge manic languages. […]
Ques ions on he Li huanian language 14, 221[…]229. In 1997 she published a book i led
"The alues o isola ed Li huanian slang in he e hnic communi ies o he Li huanian
lands in Bela us". […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 37, 185 […] 195 in he con ex
g uma dienė Laima 2005: kodų kai a lie u ių a mėse. – Valoda-2006. Valoda daża-
o wo cul u es. The scien i ic a icle collec ion XV. The ci y o Daegu: sun, 4248.
J.A.R.O.L.E.N.D.E. (J.A.R.O.L.E.N.D.) is a 2013 ilm di ec ed by J.A.R.O.L.E.N.D.E. (J.A.R.E.N.D.) and w i en by J.A.R.O.L.E.N.D.E. The Vilnius:
Li huanian language ins i u e.
Elie Wiesel, The Island o Li huanian Language: P oblema ic Aspec s. Li huanian
language 8. In e ne access: www.lie u iukalba.l . Kaukonenė Aud onė (1994): The
his o y o ac ion wo ds in Li huanian language. Klaipėda: he publishing house o
he Uni e si y o Klaipėda.
The His o y o he Li huanian Language in he Age o Enligh enmen , published by
Klaipėda Uni e si y P ess, 2002.
Kaukienė aud onė, Pakalniškienė dalia 2002: The s uc u e and o igin o he Veiksmažodžių
o emain, o snow, o mel . Wo ds and aspec s o esea ch. I'm w i ing o s ock 6, 113, 131.
The Liepaja. "Kazlowski" is a 2000 ilm by Rinkens ein, di ec ed by Albe Rosin. Vilnius:
Ins i u e o Science and Encyclopedia Publishing
William Labo (1963): The social mo i a ion o a sound change. […] Wo d 19,
207[…]309 Wha is he meaning o he name […]? Ld […] Zinke ičius Zigmas. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . Li huanian dialec ology. Vilnius: The Min , 1966
102 ac a
nijoLė uoMienė
Linguis ica Li huanica LXX
In 2006 he published a book i led "The Tex s o he Kuchiun Land Snake." Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
This is he 2009 edi ion o he Ma cinkon's Schnek os ex . Vilnius: Li huanian
Language Ins i u e.
Lka ii […] A las o he Li huanian language 2. phone ics, ed. by Kazys Mo kūnas. Vilnius:
1982.
Science, Lka iii […] A las o he Li huanian language 3. Mo phology, edi ed by Kazys
Mo kunas. Vilnius: Science, 1991. This is he i s ime ha he Eu opean Pa liamen has been consul ed on his ma e .
Lkg ii […] G amma o he Li huanian language 2. Mo phology, edi ed by Kazys Ul ydas.
is, 1971.
Lk ch – b a ce i čiū ė i ma, i a nau ski e nė a ud a, Les kau s ka i ė a s a,
Vilnius: Min umpa Edmundas. He is a membe o he Eu opean Pa liamen . he
ch es oma ics o Li huanian dialec s. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house, 2004.
Ma ke ičienė Žane a 1999: The ex s o he high-le el alks 1. Vilnius: Vilnius
Uni e si y publishing house.
Mikulė Nienė da Ngulė 2012: on he ela ionship be ween a chaism and inno a ion in
language (acco ding o Zie elos Li huanian Schnek os). This Regula ion shall
en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. Vilnius: Li huanian Academy o Sciences.
Janua y 1956: G amma o he Li huanian language 3. (educa ion and aining). Wa saw:
he na ional publishing house.
The Pakh unkhwa go e nmen has issued a gene al policy on he use o he language in
public discou se. The mo phological s uc u e. Wo ds and aspec s o esea ch. This
Decision shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s publica ion. The Liepaja.
Palionis Jonas 1967: Li huanian li e a y language XViXVii a. Vilnius: Min is. Palinis Jonas (1979):
His o y o he Li huanian li e a y language. Vilnius: The science. In he case o he
Rhae ians, he wo d o "c ossing" is used in he con ex o he sou he n highlands and
eas e n highlands o he Vilnius egion. he doc o al hesis. Vilnius: Li huanian Language
Ins i u e. S ang Ch is ian 1942: The Sla ic and Bal ic Ve bum was published. This Regula ion
shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. John Hancock, in his 1960 book, The Cha ac e is ics o he Ramachand an Snake. […] Ques ions on he Li huanian language 3, 177[…]187.
The e m "Au el" is de i ed om he La in adjec i e "au el," which means " o
ma k an inde ini e quan i y o an a ibu e." […] Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica 68, 126
[…] 145. This is he i s ime in he his o y o he Eu opean Union ha a Li huanian
language has been included in he lis o o icial languages o he Eu opean Union. T ompus Edmonds, Phonemes and hei Va ian s. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e.
In he 2006 ilm, "Tumblin' Down," Ramak ishnan's code o speech is changed. Language cul u e 79. The Vilnius:
Li huanian Language Ins i u e publishing house, 161172.

a chajiškosios i ino acinės eiksmažodžio ypa ybės
Pie ų aukš aičių pa a mėje bal a usijoje
The ollowing is an exce p om he a icle "The Pe iphe y o Li huanian Exclusion" by
Tuomie nė nijolė 2006a. […] Language […] yea 2006 Language in he con ex o di e en
cul u es. The land o he i een h cen u y. Academic dis ic o he Uni e si y o
Dauga pils […]saule[…], 2006. 80.[…]86.pp. The Taming o he Sh ew 2008: Ramak ishna's Sh oud
ex s. Vilnius: Li huanian Language Ins i u e. In he 2010s, he e was no such hing as a
uomienė nijolė 2010: Ramaškonių šnek os daik a a dis: socioling is inis y imas
(= Ope a linguis ica Li huanica 13). Vilnius: Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as.
wo- oice end in he pe iphe al egions o Va anasi. Man and he wo d 2(1). Vilnius: Vilnius
Pedagogical Uni e si y, 62[…]67, also known as Vilnius Pedagogical Uni e si y In he 2010s,
he e was no such hing as a "black hole" in he wo ld o high-speed in e ne , and he
"black hole" in he wo ld o high-speed in e ne was a "black hole" in he wo ld o
high-speed in e ne . This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he day ollowing ha o i s
publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union. The "Vidugis aloyas" (2004) is a
Z i – Vidugi is aloyzas, Mikulėnienė danguolė. Zie elos šnek os eks ai 1.
Li huanian sho s o y by Zie elos. Vilnius is called P es ika. Zinkiewicz-Zigmas (1987): His o y o he Li huanian language om he second o he i s w i ings. Vilnius: The Min . Vilnius: Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language, 2005.
Лабов Уильям 1975: О механизме языковых изменений. – Новое в лингвистике
7. Москва: Прогресс, 199–228.
a chaic and inno a i e Peculia i ies o he Ve b
in he sou he n Aukš ai ian sub-dialec in Bela usian suMMa y mic o-a eas o sou he n
Aukš ai ian a e e iewed in his pe spec i e. he a icle ollows he la es dialec ological and
sociolinguis ic da a. i e eals he a ia ion o he use o a chaic and inno a i e e b o ms and
he a icle add esses wo- old peculia i ies o e bs o he con inui y o he sou he n
aukš ai ian sub-dialec in bela us, Vo ana a dis ic : a chaic emains and inno a i e phenom-
ena. conjuga ion, o ma ion and seman ics o e bs om he sub-dialec s o he bounda y
iden i ies he di ec ion o hei change. da a a e analysed a he appa en ime. he cu en
si ua ion o language is eco ded wi h local in o man s mo e and less luen in Li huanian. In
o he wo ds, he pape aims o de e mine he peculia i ies o e bs which a e mos s able and
mos p one o change as he Li huanian sub-dialec is gene ally declining.
he ma e ial o sub-dialec s om 7 small Li huanian mic o-a eas analysed in he pape shows
ha wi h apid dena ionaliza ion o Li huanians, he changes occu ing in Li huanian ha e been
a he consis en . he small e i o y, sepa a ed om he s em o he Li huanian e hnog aphic
Linguis ica Li uaniana, LXX land, wi nesses he di e en s ages o once he same linguis ic
nijoLė uoMienė
si ua ion: om bilingualism p esub-dialec s. I helped hem main ain se e al laye s o linguis ic
peculia i ies. Fi s and o emos , he con empo a y adi ional laye o peculia i ies made up o
se ed by he oldes esiden s (en i ons o amashkan sy, adun’ and Pelyasa) o he comple e
ex inc ion o language ( illages o he en i ons o asa a, Paha odna, nacha, nia ošy).
a long- e m o eign en i onmen and isola ion led o inc eased conse a ion o Vo ana a
he main phone ic and mo phological ea u es o he sub-dialec ha o med o e long cen u ies
o de elopmen o he sub-dialec . The i s and second pe son singula o ms o e bs in he
condi ional ense o e lexi e e bs a e main ained. Due o con inuous in e ac ion wi h Sla ic
languages, he Li huanian sub-dialec s o Vo ana a unde wen complex s uc u al changes. a
wi h mo e a chaic accen ua ion; b) emains o p esen ense a hema ic (consonan al) e bs
(singula 3 d pe son o ms); c) na-s em p esen ense o ms and singula 1s pe son o ms wi h
a con amina ed ending –mu p ese ed; d) he old ending accen ua ion o he 3 d pe son pas
clea ly new and nume ous sla ic co e can easily be iden i ied: (a) he g owing use o con iguous
e bal o ms as well as seman ic loan ansla ions is eco ded; (b) Non-conjuga ed o ms o e bs
end o decline; (c) he o m is usually used in he hi d pe son acqui es he o ms o o he
pe sons in sub-dialec s; The pas i e a i e ense, when epe i i e e en s in he pas a e old, is
exp essed by adding a hi d-pe son o m o "was." As in Sla ic languages, he a ix o he e lexi e
o m o p e ixal e bs is o en a he end. he Bela usian meaning o e lexi e o ms o indi idual
e bs is in e cep ed; e) a numbe o e bal p e ixes a e used in he meaning o eign o Li huanian.
Deli e ed on 16 May 2014
nijoLė uoMienė
Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as
Pe o Vileišio g. 5, LT-10308 Vilnius, Li huania This Decision is add essed o he Membe S a es.
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